LM1876 Overture™ Audio Power Amplifier Series Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes General Description Key Specifications The LM1876 is a stereo audio amplifier capable of delivering typically 20W per channel of continuous average output power into a 4Ω or 8Ω load with less than 0.1% THD+N. jTHD+N at 1kHz at 2 x 15W continuous average Each amplifier has an independent smooth transition fadein/out mute and a power conserving standby mode which can be controlled by external logic. jTHD+N at 1kHz at continuous average The performance of the LM1876, utilizing its Self Peak Instantaneous Temperature (˚Ke) (SPiKe™) protection circuitry, places it in a class above discrete and hybrid amplifiers by providing an inherently, dynamically protected Safe Operating Area (SOA). SPiKe protection means that these parts are safeguarded at the output against overvoltage, undervoltage, overloads, including thermal runaway and instantaneous temperature peaks. output power into 4Ω or 8Ω: output power of 2 x 20W into 8Ω: jStandby current: 0.1% (max) 0.009% (typ) 4.2mA (typ) Features n n n n n n n SPiKe protection Minimal amount of external components necessary Quiet fade-in/out mute mode Standby-mode Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package Non-Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package Wide supply range 20V - 64V Applications n High-end stereo TVs n Component stereo n Compact stereo Connection Diagram Plastic Package 01207202 Top View Isolated Package Order Number LM1876TF See NS Package Number TF15B Non-Isolated Package Order Number LM1876T See NS Package Number TA15A SPiKe™ Protection and Overture™ are trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2003 National Semiconductor Corporation DS012072 www.national.com LM1876 Overture™ Audio Power Amplifier Series Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes July 2003 LM1876 Typical Application 01207201 FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit *Optional component dependent upon specific design requirements. Note: Numbers in parentheses represent pinout for amplifier B. www.national.com 2 LM1876 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Resistance (Notes 4, 5) Isolated TF-Package If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Non-Isolated T-Package θJC 2˚C/W θJC Supply Voltage |VCC| + |VEE| 1˚C/W Soldering Information (No Input) 64V TF Package (10 sec.) Supply Voltage |VCC| + |VEE| 260˚C Storage Temperature (with Input) −40˚C to +150˚C 64V Common Mode Input Voltage Operating Ratings (Notes 4, 5) (VCC or VEE) and |VCC| + |VEE| ≤ 54V Differential Input Voltage Output Current Temperature Range TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX 54V Internally Limited Power Dissipation (Note 6) 62.5W ESD Susceptability (Note 7) 2000V Junction Temperature (Note 8) 150˚C −20˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C Supply Voltage |VCC| + |VEE| (Note 1) 20V to 64V Electrical Characteristics (Notes 4, 5) The following specifications apply for VCC = +22V, VEE = −22V with RL = 8Ω unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C. Symbol Parameter |VCC| + Power Supply Voltage Conditions Typical Limit (Note 9) (Note 10) GND − VEE ≥ 9V |VEE| (Note 11) PO Output Power THD + N = 0.1% (max), (Note 3) (Continuous Average) f = 1 kHz |VCC| = |VEE| = 22V, RL = 8Ω |VCC| = |VEE| = 20V, RL = 4Ω (Note 13) THD + N LM1876 Units (Limits) 20 V (min) 64 V (max) 20 15 W/ch (min) 22 15 W/ch (min) Total Harmonic Distortion 15 W/ch, RL = 8Ω 0.08 % Plus Noise 15 W/ch, RL = 4Ω, |VCC| = |VEE| = 20V 0.1 % Xtalk Channel Separation f = 1 kHz, VO = 10.9 Vrms 80 SR (Note 3) Slew Rate VIN = 1.414 Vrms, trise = 2 ns 18 12 Standby: Off 50 80 mA (max) Standby: On 4.2 6 mA (max) 2.0 15 mV (max) 20 Hz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz, AV = 26 dB Itotal Total Quiescent Power Both Amplifiers VCM = 0V, (Note 2) Supply Current VO = 0V, IO = 0 mA dB V/µs (min) VOS (Note 2) Input Offset Voltage VCM = 0V, IO = 0 mA IB Input Bias Current VCM = 0V, IO = 0 mA 0.2 0.5 µA (max) IOS Input Offset Current VCM = 0V, IO = 0 mA 0.002 0.2 µA (max) IO Output Current Limit |VCC| = |VEE| = 10V, tON = 10 ms, 3.5 2.9 Apk (min) VO = 0V VOD Output Dropout Voltage |VCC–VO|, VCC = 20V, IO = +100 mA 1.8 2.3 V (max) (Note 2) (Note 12) |VO–VEE|, VEE = −20V, IO = −100 mA 2.5 3.2 V (max) PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio VCC = 25V to 10V, VEE = −25V, 115 85 dB (min) 110 85 dB (min) (Note 2) VCM = 0V, IO = 0 mA VCC = 25V, VEE = −25V to −10V VCM = 0V, IO = 0 mA 3 www.national.com LM1876 Electrical Characteristics (Notes 4, 5) (Continued) The following specifications apply for VCC = +22V, VEE = −22V with RL = 8Ω unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C. Symbol CMRR Parameter Common Mode Rejection Ratio (Note 2) Conditions VCC = 35V to 10V, VEE = −10V to −35V, LM1876 Units (Limits) Typical Limit (Note 9) (Note 10) 110 80 dB (min) VCM = 10V to −10V, IO = 0 mA AVOL (Note 2) Open Loop Voltage Gain RL = 2 kΩ, ∆ VO = 20 V 110 90 dB (min) GBWP Gain Bandwidth Product fO = 100 kHz, VIN = 50 mVrms 7.5 5 MHz (min) eIN Input Noise IHF — A Weighting Filter 2.0 8 µV (max) (Note 3) SNR RIN = 600Ω (Input Referred) Signal-to-Noise Ratio PO = 1W, A — Weighted, 98 dB 108 dB Measured at 1 kHz, RS = 25Ω PO = 15W, A — Weighted Measured at 1 kHz, RS = 25Ω AM Mute Attenuation Pin 6,11 at 2.5V VIL Standby Low Input Voltage Not in Standby Mode VIH Standby High Input Voltage In Standby Mode VIL Mute Low Input Voltage Outputs Not Muted VIH Mute High Input Voltage Outputs Muted 115 80 dB (min) 0.8 V (max) 2.0 2.5 V (min) 0.8 V (max) 2.5 V (min) Standby Pin Mute pin 2.0 Note 1: Operation is guaranteed up to 64V, however, distortion may be introduced from SPiKe Protection Circuitry if proper thermal considerations are not taken into account. Refer to the Application Information section for a complete explanation. Note 2: DC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit #1. Note 3: AC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit #2. Note 4: All voltages are measured with respect to the GND pins (5, 10), unless otherwise specified. Note 5: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance. Note 6: For operating at case temperatures above 25˚C, the device must be derated based on a 150˚C maximum junction temperature and a thermal resistance of θJC = 2˚C/W (junction to case) for the TF package and θJC = 1˚C/W for the T package. Refer to the section Determining the Correct Heat Sink in the Application Information section. Note 7: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor. Note 8: The operating junction temperature maximum is 150˚C, however, the instantaneous Safe Operating Area temperature is 250˚C. Note 9: Typicals are measured at 25˚C and represent the parametric norm. Note 10: Limits are guarantees that all parts are tested in production to meet the stated values. Note 11: VEE must have at least −9V at its pin with reference to ground in order for the under-voltage protection circuitry to be disabled. In addition, the voltage differential between VCC and VEE must be greater than 14V. Note 12: The output dropout voltage, VOD, is the supply voltage minus the clipping voltage. Refer to the Clipping Voltage vs. Supply Voltage graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. Note 13: For a 4Ω load, and with ± 20V supplies, the LM1876 can deliver typically 22W of continuous average output power with less than 0.1% (THD + N). With supplies above ± 20V, the LM1876 cannot deliver more than 22W into a 4Ω due to current limiting of the output transistors. Thus, increasing the power supply above ± 20V will only increase the internal power dissipation, not the possible output power. Increased power dissipation will require a larger heat sink as explained in the Application Information section. www.national.com 4 LM1876 Test Circuit #1 (Note 2) (DC Electrical Test Circuit) 01207203 Test Circuit #2 (Note 3) (AC Electrical Test Circuit) 01207204 Bridged Amplifier Application Circuit 01207205 FIGURE 2. Bridged Amplifier Application Circuit 5 www.national.com LM1876 Single Supply Application Circuit 01207206 FIGURE 3. Single Supply Amplifier Application Circuit Note: *Optional components dependent upon specific design requirements. Auxiliary Amplifier Application Circuit 01207207 FIGURE 4. Special Audio Amplifier Application Circuit www.national.com 6 LM1876 Equivalent Schematic (excluding active protection circuitry) LM1876 (per Amp) 01207208 7 www.national.com LM1876 External Components Description Components 1 Functional Description RB Prevents currents from entering the amplifier’s non-inverting input which may be passed through to the load upon power down of the system due to the low input impedance of the circuitry when the undervoltage circuitry is off. This phenomenon occurs when the supply voltages are below 1.5V. Inverting input resistance to provide AC gain in conjunction with Rf. 2 Ri 3 Rf Feedback resistance to provide AC gain in conjunction with Ri. 4 Ci (Note 14) Feedback capacitor which ensures unity gain at DC. Also creates a highpass filter with Ri at fC = 1/(2πRiCi). 5 CS Provides power supply filtering and bypassing. Refer to the Supply Bypassing application section for proper placement and selection of bypass capacitors. 6 RV (Note 14) Acts as a volume control by setting the input voltage level. 7 RIN (Note 14) Sets the amplifier’s input terminals DC bias point when CIN is present in the circuit. Also works with CIN to create a highpass filter at fC = 1/(2πRINCIN). Refer to Figure 4. 8 CIN (Note 14) Input capacitor which blocks the input signal’s DC offsets from being passed onto the amplifier’s inputs. 9 RSN (Note 14) Works with CSN to stabilize the output stage by creating a pole that reduces high frequency instabilities. 10 CSN (Note 14) Works with RSN to stabilize the output stage by creating a pole that reduces high frequency instabilities. The pole is set at fC = 1/(2πRSNCSN). Refer to Figure 4. 11 L (Note 14) 12 R (Note 14) Provides high impedance at high frequencies so that R may decouple a highly capacitive load and reduce the Q of the series resonant circuit. Also provides a low impedance at low frequencies to short out R and pass audio signals to the load. Refer to Figure 4. Provides DC voltage biasing for the transistor Q1 in single supply operation. 13 RA 14 CA Provides bias filtering for single supply operation. 15 RINP (Note 14) Limits the voltage difference between the amplifier’s inputs for single supply operation. Refer to the Clicks and Pops application section for a more detailed explanation of the function of RINP. 16 RBI Provides input bias current for single supply operation. Refer to the Clicks and Pops application section for a more detailed explanation of the function of RBI. 17 RE Establishes a fixed DC current for the transistor Q1 in single supply operation. This resistor stabilizes the half-supply point along with CA. Note 14: Optional components dependent upon specific design requirements. Typical Performance Characteristics THD + N vs Frequency THD + N vs Frequency 01207213 www.national.com 01207214 8 LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) THD + N vs Output Power THD + N vs Frequency 01207215 01207216 THD + N vs Output Power THD + N vs Output Power 01207217 01207218 THD + N vs Output Power THD + N vs Output Power 01207219 01207220 9 www.national.com LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) THD + N vs Output Power Clipping Voltage vs Supply Voltage 01207222 01207221 Clipping Voltage vs Supply Voltage Clipping Voltage vs Supply Voltage 01207223 01207224 Output Power vs Load Resistance Power Dissipation vs Output Power 01207226 01207225 www.national.com 10 LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Power Dissipation vs Output Power Output Power vs Supply Voltage 01207227 01207228 Output Mute vs Mute Pin Voltage Output Mute vs Mute Pin Voltage 01207229 01207230 Channel Separation vs Frequency Pulse Response 01207232 01207231 11 www.national.com LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Power Supply Rejection Ratio Large Signal Response 01207233 01207234 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio Open Loop Frequency Response 01207235 01207236 SPiKe Protection Response Safe Area 01207238 01207237 www.national.com 12 LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Supply Current vs Supply Voltage Pulse Thermal Resistance 01207239 01207240 Pulse Thermal Resistance Supply Current vs Output Voltage 01207242 01207241 Pulse Power Limit Pulse Power Limit 01207243 01207244 13 www.national.com LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Supply Current vs Case Temperature Supply Current (ICC) vs Standby Pin Voltage 01207245 01207246 Supply Current (IEE) vs Standby Pin Voltage Input Bias Current vs Case Temperature 01207247 01207248 Output Power/Channel vs Supply Voltage f = 1kHz, RL = 6Ω, 80kHz BW Output Power/Channel vs Supply Voltage f = 1kHz, RL = 4Ω, 80kHz BW 01207252 www.national.com 01207253 14 LM1876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Output Power/Channel vs Supply Voltage f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω, 80kHz BW 01207254 15 www.national.com LM1876 155˚C. This greatly reduces the stress imposed on the IC by thermal cycling, which in turn improves its reliability under sustained fault conditions. Application Information MUTE MODE Since the die temperature is directly dependent upon the heat sink used, the heat sink should be chosen such that thermal shutdown will not be reached during normal operation. Using the best heat sink possible within the cost and space constraints of the system will improve the long-term reliability of any power semiconductor device, as discussed in the Determining the Correct Heat Sink Section. By placing a logic-high voltage on the mute pins, the signal going into the amplifiers will be muted. If the mute pins are left floating or connected to a logic-low voltage, the amplifiers will be in a non-muted state. There are two mute pins, one for each amplifier, so that one channel can be muted without muting the other if the application requires such a configuration. Refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics section for curves concerning Mute Attenuation vs Mute Pin Voltage. DETERMlNlNG MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION Power dissipation within the integrated circuit package is a very important parameter requiring a thorough understanding if optimum power output is to be obtained. An incorrect maximum power dissipation calculation may result in inadequate heat sinking causing thermal shutdown and thus limiting the output power. STANDBY MODE The standby mode of the LM1876 allows the user to drastically reduce power consumption when the amplifiers are idle. By placing a logic-high voltage on the standby pins, the amplifiers will go into Standby Mode. In this mode, the current drawn from the VCC supply is typically less than 10 µA total for both amplifiers. The current drawn from the VEE supply is typically 4.2 mA. Clearly, there is a significant reduction in idle power consumption when using the standby mode. There are two Standby pins, so that one channel can be put in standby mode without putting the other amplifier in standby if the application requires such flexibility. Refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics section for curves showing Supply Current vs. Standby Pin Voltage for both supplies. Equation (1) exemplifies the theoretical maximum power dissipation point of each amplifier where VCC is the total supply voltage. (1) PDMAX = VCC2/2π2RL Thus by knowing the total supply voltage and rated output load, the maximum power dissipation point can be calculated. The package dissipation is twice the number which results from equation (1) since there are two amplifiers in each LM1876. Refer to the graphs of Power Dissipation versus Output Power in the Typical Performance Characteristics section which show the actual full range of power dissipation not just the maximum theoretical point that results from equation (1). UNDER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION Upon system power-up, the under-voltage protection circuitry allows the power supplies and their corresponding capacitors to come up close to their full values before turning on the LM1876 such that no DC output spikes occur. Upon turn-off, the output of the LM1876 is brought to ground before the power supplies such that no transients occur at power-down. DETERMINING THE CORRECT HEAT SINK The choice of a heat sink for a high-power audio amplifier is made entirely to keep the die temperature at a level such that the thermal protection circuitry does not operate under normal circumstances. The thermal resistance from the die (junction) to the outside air (ambient) is a combination of three thermal resistances, θJC, θCS, and θSA. In addition, the thermal resistance, θJC (junction to case), of the LM1876TF is 2˚C/W and the LM1876T is 1˚C/W. Using Thermalloy Thermacote thermal compound, the thermal resistance, θCS (case to sink), is about 0.2˚C/W. Since convection heat flow (power dissipation) is analogous to current flow, thermal resistance is analogous to electrical resistance, and temperature drops are analogous to voltage drops, the power dissipation out of the LM1876 is equal to the following: (2) PDMAX = (TJMAX−TAMB)/θJA where TJMAX = 150˚C, TAMB is the system ambient temperature and θJA = θJC + θCS + θSA. Once the maximum package power dissipation has been calculated using equation (1), the maximum thermal resistance, θSA, (heat sink to ambient) in ˚C/W for a heat sink can be calculated. This calculation is made using equation (3) which is derived by solving for θSA in equation (2). θSA = [(TJMAX−TAMB)−PDMAX(θJC +θCS)]/PDMAX (3) Again it must be noted that the value of θSA is dependent upon the system designer’s amplifier requirements. If the ambient temperature that the audio amplifier is to be working under is higher than 25˚C, then the thermal resistance for the heat sink, given all other things are equal, will need to be smaller. OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION The LM1876 contains over-voltage protection circuitry that limits the output current to approximately 3.5 Apk while also providing voltage clamping, though not through internal clamping diodes. The clamping effect is quite the same, however, the output transistors are designed to work alternately by sinking large current spikes. SPiKe PROTECTION The LM1876 is protected from instantaneous peaktemperature stressing of the power transistor array. The Safe Operating graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section shows the area of device operation where SPiKe Protection Circuitry is not enabled. The waveform to the right of the SOA graph exemplifies how the dynamic protection will cause waveform distortion when enabled. THERMAL PROTECTION The LM1876 has a sophisticated thermal protection scheme to prevent long-term thermal stress of the device. When the temperature on the die reaches 165˚C, the LM1876 shuts down. It starts operating again when the die temperature drops to about 155˚C, but if the temperature again begins to rise, shutdown will occur again at 165˚C. Therefore, the device is allowed to heat up to a relatively high temperature if the fault condition is temporary, but a sustained fault will cause the device to cycle in a Schmitt Trigger fashion between the thermal shutdown temperature limits of 165˚C and www.national.com 16 using some external components to create a half-supply bias which is used as the reference for the inputs and outputs. Thus, the signal will swing around half-supply much like it swings around ground in a split-supply application. Along with proper circuit biasing, a few other considerations must be accounted for to take advantage of all of the LM1876 functions. (Continued) SUPPLY BYPASSING The LM1876 has excellent power supply rejection and does not require a regulated supply. However, to improve system performance as well as eliminate possible oscillations, the LM1876 should have its supply leads bypassed with lowinductance capacitors having short leads that are located close to the package terminals. Inadequate power supply bypassing will manifest itself by a low frequency oscillation known as “motorboating” or by high frequency instabilities. These instabilities can be eliminated through multiple bypassing utilizing a large tantalum or electrolytic capacitor (10 µF or larger) which is used to absorb low frequency variations and a small ceramic capacitor (0.1 µF) to prevent any high frequency feedback through the power supply lines. The LM1876 possesses a mute and standby function with internal logic gates that are half-supply referenced. Thus, to enable either the Mute or Standby function, the voltage at these pins must be a minimum of 2.5V above half-supply. In single-supply systems, devices such as microprocessors and simple logic circuits used to control the mute and standby functions, are usually referenced to ground, not half-supply. Thus, to use these devices to control the logic circuitry of the LM1876, a “level shifter,” like the one shown in Figure 5, must be employed. A level shifter is not needed in a split-supply configuration since ground is also half-supply. If adequate bypassing is not provided, the current in the supply leads which is a rectified component of the load current may be fed back into internal circuitry. This signal causes distortion at high frequencies requiring that the supplies be bypassed at the package terminals with an electrolytic capacitor of 470 µF or more. BRIDGED AMPLIFIER APPLICATION The LM1876 has two operational amplifiers internally, allowing for a few different amplifier configurations. One of these configurations is referred to as “bridged mode” and involves driving the load differentially through the LM1876’s outputs. This configuration is shown in Figure 2. Bridged mode operation is different from the classical single-ended amplifier configuration where one side of its load is connected to ground. A bridge amplifier design has a distinct advantage over the single-ended configuration, as it provides differential drive to the load, thus doubling output swing for a specified supply voltage. Consequently, theoretically four times the output power is possible as compared to a single-ended amplifier under the same conditions. This increase in attainable output power assumes that the amplifier is not current limited or clipped. 01207212 FIGURE 5. Level Shift Circuit When the voltage at the Logic Input node is 0V, the 2N3904 is “off” and thus resistor Rc pulls up mute or standby input to the supply. This enables the mute or standby function. When the Logic Input is 5V, the 2N3904 is “on” and consequently, the voltage at the collector is essentially 0V. This will disable the mute or standby function, and thus the amplifier will be in its normal mode of operation. Rshift, along with Cshift, creates an RC time constant that reduces transients when the mute or standby functions are enabled or disabled. Additionally, Rshift limits the current supplied by the internal logic gates of the LM1876 which insures device reliability. Refer to the Mute Mode and Standby Mode sections in the Application Information section for a more detailed description of these functions. A direct consequence of the increased power delivered to the load by a bridge amplifier is an increase in internal power dissipation. For each operational amplifier in a bridge configuration, the internal power dissipation will increase by a factor of two over the single ended dissipation. Thus, for an audio power amplifier such as the LM1876, which has two operational amplifiers in one package, the package dissipation will increase by a factor of four. To calculate the LM1876’s maximum power dissipation point for a bridged load, multiply equation (1) by a factor of four. This value of PDMAX can be used to calculate the correct size heat sink for a bridged amplifier application. Since the internal dissipation for a given power supply and load is increased by using bridged-mode, the heatsink’s θSA will have to decrease accordingly as shown by equation (3). Refer to the section, Determining the Correct Heat Sink, for a more detailed discussion of proper heat sinking for a given application. CLICKS AND POPS In the typical application of the LM1876 as a split-supply audio power amplifier, the IC exhibits excellent “click” and “pop” performance when utilizing the mute and standby modes. In addition, the device employs Under-Voltage Protection, which eliminates unwanted power-up and powerdown transients. The basis for these functions are a stable and constant half-supply potential. In a split-supply application, ground is the stable half-supply potential. But in a single-supply application, the half-supply needs to charge up just like the supply rail, VCC. This makes the task of attaining a clickless and popless turn-on more challenging. Any uneven charging of the amplifier inputs will result in output clicks and pops due to the differential input topology of the LM1876. SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIER APPLICATION The typical application of the LM1876 is a split supply amplifier. But as shown in Figure 3, the LM1876 can also be used in a single power supply configuration. This involves 17 www.national.com LM1876 Application Information LM1876 Application Information the unloaded voltage which is usually about 15% higher. The supply voltage will also rise 10% during high line conditions. Therefore the maximum supply voltage is obtained from the following equation. (Continued) To achieve a transient free power-up and power-down, the voltage seen at the input terminals should be ideally the same. Such a signal will be common-mode in nature, and will be rejected by the LM1876. In Figure 3, the resistor RINP serves to keep the inputs at the same potential by limiting the voltage difference possible between the two nodes. This should significantly reduce any type of turn-on pop, due to an uneven charging of the amplifier inputs. This charging is based on a specific application loading and thus, the system designer may need to adjust these values for optimal performance. As shown in Figure 3, the resistors labeled RBI help bias up the LM1876 off the half-supply node at the emitter of the 2N3904. But due to the input and output coupling capacitors in the circuit, along with the negative feedback, there are two different values of RBI, namely 10 kΩ and 200 kΩ. These resistors bring up the inputs at the same rate resulting in a popless turn-on. Adjusting these resistors values slightly may reduce pops resulting from power supplies that ramp extremely quick or exhibit overshoot during system turn-on. Max supplies ≈ ± (VOPEAK + VOD) (1 + regulation) (1.1) For 15W of output power into an 8Ω load, the required VOPEAK is 15.49V. A minimum supply rail of 20.5V results from adding VOPEAK and VOD. With regulation, the maximum supplies are ± 26V and the required IOPEAK is 1.94A from equation (5). It should be noted that for a dual 15W amplifier into an 8Ω load the IOPEAK drawn from the supplies is twice 1.94 Apk or 3.88 Apk. At this point it is a good idea to check the Power Output vs Supply Voltage to ensure that the required output power is obtainable from the device while maintaining low THD+N. In addition, the designer should verify that with the required power supply voltage and load impedance, that the required heatsink value θSA is feasible given system cost and size constraints. Once the heatsink issues have been addressed, the required gain can be determined from Equation (6). (6) From equation 6, the minimum AV is: AV ≥ 11. By selecting a gain of 21, and with a feedback resistor, Rf = 20 kΩ, the value of Ri follows from equation (7). (7) Ri = Rf (AV − 1) Thus with Ri = 1 kΩ a non-inverting gain of 21 will result. Since the desired input impedance was 47 kΩ, a value of 47 kΩ was selected for RIN. The final design step is to address the bandwidth requirements which must be stated as a pair of −3 dB frequency points. Five times away from a −3 dB point is 0.17 dB down from passband response which is better than the required ± 0.25 dB specified. This fact results in a low and high frequency pole of 4 Hz and 100 kHz respectively. As stated in the External Components section, Ri in conjunction with Ci create a high-pass filter. use 39 µF. Ci ≥ 1/(2π * 1 kΩ * 4 Hz) = 39.8 µF; The high frequency pole is determined by the product of the desired high frequency pole, fH, and the gain, AV. With a AV = 21 and fH = 100 kHz, the resulting GBWP is 2.1 MHz, which is less than the guaranteed minimum GBWP of the LM1876 of 5 MHz. This will ensure that the high frequency response of the amplifier will be no worse than 0.17 dB down at 20 kHz which is well within the bandwidth requirements of the design. AUDIO POWER AMPLlFIER DESIGN Design a 15W/8Ω Audio Amplifier Given: Power Output Load Impedance Input Level Input Impedance Bandwidth 15 Wrms 8Ω 1 Vrms(max) 47 kΩ 20 Hz−20 kHz ± 0.25 dB A designer must first determine the power supply requirements in terms of both voltage and current needed to obtain the specified output power. VOPEAK can be determined from equation (4) and IOPEAK from equation (5). (4) (5) To determine the maximum supply voltage the following conditions must be considered. Add the dropout voltage to the peak output swing VOPEAK, to get the supply rail at a current of IOPEAK. The regulation of the supply determines www.national.com 18 LM1876 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted Isolated TO-220 15-Lead Package Order Number LM1876TF NS Package Number TF15B Non-Isolated TO-220 15-Lead Package Order Number LM1876T NS Package Number TA15A 19 www.national.com LM1876 Overture™ Audio Power Amplifier Series Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes Notes LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Americas Customer Support Center Email: [email protected] Tel: 1-800-272-9959 www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Customer Support Center Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: [email protected] Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Support Center Email: [email protected] National Semiconductor Japan Customer Support Center Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 Email: [email protected] Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.