Ver0.1 1 A1 PROs A1 PROs Ai9943 Complete 10-bit , 25MHz CCD Signal Processor General Description Features The Ai9943 is a complete analog signal processor for CCD applications. It features a 25 MHz single-channel architecture designed to sample and condition the outputs of interlaced and progressive scan area CCD arrays. The signal chain for the Ai9943 consists of a correlated double sampler (CDS), a digitally controlled variable gain amplifier (VGA), and a black level clamp. The Ai9943 offers 10-bit ADC resolution. - 25 MSPS correlated double sampler (CDS) - 6 dB to 40 dB 10-bit variable gain amplifier (VGA) - Low noise optical black clamp circuit - Preblanking function - 10-bit, 25 MSPS A/D converter - No missing codes guaranteed - 3-wire serial digital interface - 3 V single-supply operation - Space-saving 32-lead, 5 mm × 5 mm QFN package Applications The internal registers are programmed through a 3-wire serial digital interface. Programmable features include gain adjustment, black level adjustment, input clock polarity, and powerdown modes. The Ai9943 operates from a single 3 V power supply and typically dissipates 79 mW. - Digital still cameras - Digital video camcorders - PC cameras - Portable CCD imaging devices - CCTV cameras Functional Block Diagram 1 Ai9943 General Specifications (TMIN to TMAX, AVDD = DVDD = DRVDD = 3 V, fSAMP = 25 MHz, unless otherwise noted) Value Parameter Unit Min Typ Max Operating -20 +85 ℃ Storage -65 +150 ℃ Power Supply Voltage (AVDD, DVDD, DRVDD) 2.7 3.6 V Temperature Range Power Consumption Normal Operation 79 mW Power-down Mode 150 μW Maximum Clock Rate 25 MHz Digital Specifications ( DRVDD = DVDD = 2.7 V, CL = 20 pF, unless otherwise noted.) Value Parameter Symbol Unit Min Logic Inputs Logic Outputs Typ Max High Level Input Voltage VIH Low Level Input Voltage VIL High Level Input Current IIH 10 μA Low Level Input Current IIL 10 μA Input Capacitance CIN 10 pF High Level Output Voltage IOH = 2 mA VOH Low Level Output Voltage IOL = 2 mA VOL 2 2.1 V 0.6 2.2 V V 0.5 V Ai9943 System Specifications (TMIN to TMAX, AVDD = DVDD = DRVDD = 3 V, fSAMP = 25 MHz, unless otherwise noted) Parameter Value Min Typ Unit Max Conditions CDS Maximum Input Range before Saturation (*1) 1.0 Vp-p Allowable CCD Reset Transient 500 mV Maximum CCD Black Pixel Amplitude 100 mV 1024 steps See input waveform in footnote Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) Gain Control Resolution Guaranteed Gain Monotonicity Minimum gain 5.3 dB 41.5 dB 256 steps Minimum clamp level 0 LSB Maximum clamp level 63.75 LSB Gain Range Maximum gain 40 See “Variable Gain Amplifier” section for VGA gain equation and the VGA gain curve. Black Level Clamp Clamp Level Resolution Clamp Level Measured at ADC output A/D Converter Resolution 10 Bits ± 0.3 Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) No Missing Codes LSB Guaranteed Data Output Coding Straight binary Full Scale Input Voltage 2.0 V Reference Top Voltage (REFT) 2.0 V Reference Bottom Voltage (REFB) 1.0 V Voltage Reference Specifications include entire signal chain. System Performance 5.3 dB 41.5 dB ±1 dB Peak Nonlinearity 500 mV Input Signal 0.1 % Total Output Noise 0.3 LSB rms AC grounded input, 6dB gain applied Power Supply Rejection (PSR) 50 dB Measured with step change on supply Gain Range Low gain (VGA code = 0) Maximum gain (VGA code = 1023) Gain Accuracy 40 (*1): 3 12 dB gain applied Ai9943 Timing Specifications ( CL = 20 pF, fSAMP = 25 MHz. See CCD-mode timing in the section “CCD-mode Timing”) Parameter Symbol Value Min Typ Max Unit Sample Clocks DATACLK, SHP, SHD Clock Period tCONV 40 DATACLK High / Low Pulse Width tADC 16 SHP Pulse Width SHD Pulse Width CLPOB Pulse Width (*1) SHP Rising Edge to SHD Falling Edge SHP Rising Edge to SHD Rising Edge tSHP ns ns 10 ns 20 ns tID 3.0 ns tOD 9.5 ns 9 Cycles 16 Pipeline Delay SCK Falling Edge to SDATA Valid Hold 10 Pixels tS2 Serial Interface Maximum SCK Frequency SL to SCK Setup Time SCK to SL Hold Time SDATA Valid to SCK Rising Edge Setup ns 10 2 tS1 Data Outputs Output Delay 20 20 tSHD tCOB Internal Clock Delay ns tSCLK 10 MHz tLS 10 ns tLH 10 ns tDS 10 ns tDH 10 ns (*1): Minimum CLPOB pulse width is for functional operation only. Wider pulses are recommended to obtain low noise clamp performance. 4 Ai9943 Absolute Maximum Ratings Rating Parameter (with respect to) Min Supply Voltage Typ Unit Max AVDD (AVSS) - 0.3 + 3.9 V DVDD (DVSS) - 0.3 + 3.9 V DRVDD (DRVSS) - 0.3 + 3.9 V SHD, SHP, DATACLK (DVSS) - 0.3 DVDD + 0.3 V CLPOB, PBLK (DVSS) - 0.3 DVDD + 0.3 V SCK, SL, SDATA (DVSS) - 0.3 DVDD + 0.3 V CCDIN (AVSS) - 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 V D0 - D9 (DRVSS) - 0.3 DRVDD + 0.3 V REFT, REFTB (AVSS) - 0.3 AVDD + 0.3 V Input Voltage Output Voltage NOTE : Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. 5 Ai9943 NC NC NC NC NC SCK SDATA SL Pin Configuration 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 REFB REFT CCDIN AVSS AVDD SHD SHP CLPOB 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pin 1 Indicator D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 D8 D9 DRVDD DRVSS DVDD DATACLK DVSS PBLK ( Bottom View ) Pin Description No. Symbol Type (*1) Description 1 to 10 D0 to D9 DO 11 DRVDD P Digital Output Driver Supply 12 DRVSS P Digital Output Driver Ground. 13 DVDD P Digital Supply 14 DATACLK DI Digital Data Output Latch Clock 15 DVSS P Digital Supply Ground 16 PBLK DI Preblanking Clock Input 17 CLPOB DI Black Level Clamp Clock Input 18 SHP DI CDS Sampling Clock for CCD Reference Level 19 SHD DI CDS Sampling Clock for CCD Data Level 20 AVDD P Analog Supply 21 AVSS P Analog Ground 22 CCDIN AI Analog Input for CCD Signal 23 REFT AO A/D Converter Top Reference Voltage Decoupling 24 REFB AO A/D Converter Bottom Reference Voltage Decoupling 25 SL DI Serial Digital Interface Load Pulse 26 SDATA DI Serial Digital Interface Data Input 27 SCK DI Serial Digital Interface Clock Input 28 to 30 NC NC Internally pulled down. Float or connect to GND 31 to 32 NC NC Internally not connected Digital Data Outputs. (*1) Type: AI = analog input, AO = analog output, DI = digital input, DO = digital output, P = power, and NC = no connect 6 Ai9943 Terminology Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) Power Supply Rejection (PSR) An ideal ADC exhibits code transitions that are exactly 1 LSB apart. DNL is the deviation from this ideal value. Therefore every code must have a finite width. No missing codes guaranteed to 10-bit resolution indicates that all 1024 codes, respectively, must be present over all operating conditions. The PSR is measured with a step change applied to the supply pins. This represents a very high frequency disturbance on the Ai9943’s power supply. The PSR specification is calculated from the change in the data outputs for a given step change in the supply voltage. Peak Nonlinearity Internal Delay for SHP/SHD Peak nonlinearity, a full-signal chain specification, refers to the peak deviation of the output of the Ai9943 from a true straight line. The point used as zero scale occurs 1/2 LSB before the first code transition. Positive full scale is defined as a level 1 1/2 LSB beyond the last code transition. The deviation is measured from the middle of each particular output code to the true straight line. The error is then expressed as a percentage of the 2 V ADC full-scale signal. The input signal is always appropriately gained up to fill the ADC’s full-scale range. The internal delay (also called aperture delay) is the time delay that occurs from the time a sampling edge is applied to the Ai9943 until the actual sample of the input signal is held. Both SHP and SHD sample the input signal during the transition from low to high, so the internal delay is measured from each clock’s rising edge to the instant the actual internal sample is taken. Total Output Noise The rms output noise is measured using histogram techniques. The standard deviation of the ADC output codes is calculated in LSB and represents the rms noise level of the total signal chain at the specified gain setting. The output noise can be converted to an equivalent voltage, using the relationship 1 LSB = ( ADC Full Scale / 2N codes ) where N is the bit resolution of the ADC. For example, 1 LSB of the Ai9943 is 1.95 mV 7 Ai9943 Equivalent Input Circuits Digital Inputs CCDIN (Pin 22) —SHP, SHD, DATACLK, CLOB, PBLK, SCK, SL Data outputs 8 Ai9943 Typical Performance Characteristics Power Vs Sample Rate Typical DNL Performance 9 Ai9943 Internal Register Map (All register values default to 0x000 at power-up except clamp level, which defaults to 128 decimal, corresponding to a clamp level of 32 LSB.) Register Name Operation Control Address Bits A2 0 0 A1 0 0 A0 0 1 Function Data Bits D0 Software Reset (0 = normal operation, 1 = reset all registers to default). D2, D1 Power-Down Modes (00 = normal power, 01 = standby, 10 = total shutdown). D3 OB Clamp Disable (0 = clamp on, 1 = clamp off). D5, D4 Test Mode. Should always be set to 00. D6 PBLK Blanking Level (0 = blank output to zero, 1 = blank to ob clamp level). D8, D7 Test Mode 1. Should always be set to 00. D11 to D9 Test Mode 2. Should always be set to 000. D0 SHP/SHD Input Polarity (0 = active low, 1 = active high). D1 DATACLK Input Polarity (0 = active low, 1 = active high). D2 CLPOB Input Polarity (0 = active low, 1 = active high). D3 PBLK Input Polarity (0 = active low, 1 = active high). D4 Three-State Data Outputs (0 = outputs active, 1 = outputs three-stated). D5 Data Output Latching (0 = latched by DATACLK, 1 = latch is transparent). D6 Data Output Coding (0 = binary output, 1 = gray code output). D11 to D7 Test Mode. Should always be set to 00000 Clamp Level 0 1 0 D7 to D0 OB Clamp Level (0 = 0 LSB, 255 = 63.75 LSB) VGA Gain 0 1 1 D9 to D0 VGA Gain (0 = 6dB, 1023 = 40dB) 10 Ai9943 Serial Interface Serial Write Operation NOTE: 1. SDATA bits are internally latched on the rising edges of SCK. 2. System update of loaded registers occurs on SL rising edge. 3. All 12 data bits D0-D11 must be written. If the register contains fewer than 12 bits, zeros should be used for undefined bits. 4. Test bit is for internal use only and must be set low. Continuous Serial Write Operation to All Registers NOTE: 1. Multiple sequential registers may be loaded continuously. 2. The first (LOWEST address) register address is written, followed by multiple 12-bit data-words. 3. The address automatically increments with each 12-bit data-word. (All 12 bits must be written.) 4. SL is held LOW until the last desired register has been loaded. 5. New data is updated at the next SL rising edge. 11 Ai9943 Circuit Description and Operation CCD Mode Block Diagram The Ai9943 signal processing chain is shown in the above “CCD Mode Block Diagram”. Each processing step is essential for achieving a high quality image from the raw CCD pixel data. Optical Black Clamp The optical black clamp loop is used to remove residual offsets in the signal chain and to track low frequency variations in the CCD’s black level. During the optical black (shielded) pixel interval on each line, the ADC output is compared with the fixed black level reference selected by the user in the clamp level register. The resulting error signal is filtered to reduce noise, and the correction value is applied to the ADC input through a D/A converter. Normally, the optical black clamp loop is turned on once per horizontal line, but this loop can be updated more slowly to suit a particular application. If external digital clamping is used during the post processing, the optical black clamping for the Ai9943 may be disabled using Bit D3 in the operation register. Refer to the sections “Serial Interface” and “Internal Register Map”. DC Restore To reduce the large dc offset of the CCD output signal, a dc restore circuit is used with an external 0.1 μF series coupling capacitor. This restores the dc level of the CCD signal to approximately 1.5 V, which is compatible with the 3 V single supply of the Ai9943. Correlated Double Sampler The CDS circuit samples each CCD pixel twice to extract video information and reject low frequency noise. The figure “CCD Mode Timing” illustrates how the two CDS clocks, SHP and SHD, are used, respectively, to sample the reference level and data level of the CCD signal. The CCD signal is sampled on the rising edges of SHP and SHD. Placement of these two clock signals is critical for achieving the best performance from the CCD. An internal SHP/SHD delay (tID) of 3 ns is caused by internal propagation delays. When the loop is disabled, the clamp level register may still be used to provide programmable offset adjustment. Horizontal timing is shown in the “Typical CCD Mode Line Clamp Timing” below. The CLPOB pulse should be placed during the CCD’s optical black pixels. It is recommended that the CLPOB pulse be used during valid CCD dark pixels. The CLPOB pulse should be a minimum of 20 pixels wide to minimize clamp noise. Shorter pulse widths may be used, but clamp noise may increase and the loop’s ability to track low frequency variations in the black level is reduced. 12 Ai9943 A/D Converter The ADC uses a 2 V input range. Better noise performance results from using a larger ADC full-scale range. The ADC uses a pipelined architecture with a 2 V full-scale input for low noise performance. Variable Gain Amplifier The VGA stage provides a gain range of 6 dB to 40 dB, programmable with 10-bit resolution through the serial digital interface. The minimum gain of 6 dB is needed to match a 1 V input signal with the ADC full-scale range of 2V. A plot of the VGA gain curve is shown on the right. VGA Gain (dB) = (VGA Code × 0.035dB) +5.3 dB 13 Ai9943 CCD Mode Timing CCD Mode Timing Typical CCD Mode Line Clamp Timing 14 Ai9943 Applications Information The Ai9943 is complete analog front end (AFE) products for digital still camera and camcorder applications. As shown in the “CCD Mode Block Diagram” , the CCD image (pixel) data is buffered and sent to the Ai9943 analog input through a series input capacitor. The Ai9943 performs the dc restoration, CDS, gain adjustment, black level correction, and analogto-digital conversion. The Ai9943’s digital output data is then processed by the image processing ASIC. The internal registers of the Ai9943—used to control gain, offset level, and other functions—are programmed by the ASIC or microprocessor through a 3-wire serial digital interface. A system timing generator provides the clock signals for both the CCD and the AFE. System Applications Diagram Recommended Circuit Configuration for CCD Mode 15 Ai9943 Internal Power-on Reset Circuitry as possible to the package pins. A single clean power supply is recommended for the Ai9943, but a separate digital driver supply may be used for DRVDD (Pin 11). DRVDD should always be decoupled to DRVSS (Pin 12), which should be connected to the analog ground plane. Advantages of using a separate digital driver supply include using a lower voltage (2.7 V) to match levels with a 2.7 V ASIC, and reducing digital power dissipation and potential noise coupling. If the digital outputs must drive a load larger than 20 pF, buffering is the recommended method to reduce digital code transition noise. Alternatively, placing series resistors close to the digital output pins may also help reduce noise. After power-on, the Ai9943 automatically resets all internal registers and performs internal calibration procedures. This takes approximately 1 ms to complete. During this time, normal clock signals and serial write operations may occur. However, serial register writes are ignored until the internal reset operation is completed. Grounding and Decoupling Recommendations As shown in the “Recommended Circuit Configuration for CCD Mode” on the previous page, a single ground plane is recommended for the Ai9943. This ground plane should be as continuous as possible. This ensures that all analog decoupling capacitors provide the lowest possible impedance path between the power and bypass pins and their respective ground pins. All decoupling capacitors should be located as close Note: The exposed pad on the bottom of the Ai9943 should be soldered to the GND plane of the printed circuit board. 16 Ai9943 Package Dimension ( Ai9943: QFNWB5 × 5 − 32 L( P0.50T 0.75 / 0.85) ) (Top View) (Bottom View) (Side View) SYMBOL DIMENSIONS IN MILIMETERS DIMENSIONS IN INCHES MIN MAX MIN MAX A 0.700 / 0.800 0.800 / 0.900 0.028 / 0.031 0.031 / 0.035 A1 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.002 0.203REF A3 0.008REF D 4.924 5.076 0.194 0.200 E 4.924 5.076 0.194 0.200 D1 3.300 3.500 0.130 0.138 E1 3.300 3.500 0.130 0.138 0.200MIN k b 0.180 0.300 0.007 0.500TYP e L 0.008MIN 0.324 0.012 0.020TYP 0.476 17 0.013 0.019