Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Integrated Circuits (ICs), and managing ripple voltage as it relates to ESR of capacitors • Low voltage ICs require supply voltage (Vcc) to have reduced levels of ripple voltage • Low ESR capacitors, such as solid polymer, hybrid and high cap ceramic chip (MLCCs) are used in combination to minimize ripple voltage in powering ICs www.NICcomp.com | Page 1 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics • Electronic products require power to operate • Sources of the power can be from AC line (from electric utilities), Green Power (wind and solar) or from batteries • Integrated circuits (ICs) are used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics & digital appliances • This presentation looks at the requirements of capacitors used to power Integrated Circuits (ICs) Advances & Trends in Integrated Circuits Among the most advanced high speed integrated circuits are microprocessors or "cores", which control everything from computers, servers and cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Integrated Circuits (ICs) www.NICcomp.com | Page 2 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics • Converting AC Line Voltage to DC Voltage • Goal is to convert as efficiently as possible and provide clean & steady DC voltage (Vcc) to power integrated circuits sub‐circuits + AC Voltage DC Voltage _ Vcc1.5 + _ Vcc2.0 + AC‐DC Converter, Switched Mode Power Supply _ Vcc3.0 www.NICcomp.com | Page 3 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics • DC to DC converters are important in sub subsystems and in portable electronic devices, which are supplied with power from batteries g level • Such electronic devices often contain several sub‐circuits,, each with its own ((Vcc)) voltage requirement often different from that supplied by the battery. • Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its stored power is drained. • DC to DC converters maintain (regulate) steady voltage (Vcc) to ICs from a decreasing battery voltage sub‐circuits Vcc Unregulated DC Voltage Regulator Regulated DC Voltage + _ Vcc1.5 + Battery _ Vcc2.0 + DC‐DC Converter _ Vcc3.0 www.NICcomp.com | Page 4 Ripple Voltage & ESR DC Voltage (Vcc) Ripple Voltage ‐ Small unwanted residual periodic variation of the direct current (DC) output of a power supply Ripple voltage is undesirable in many high speed electronic circuit applications (such as ICs): • Within digital g circuits,, ripple pp voltage g reduces the threshold at which logic g circuits ggive incorrect outputs p and data is corrupted • Undesired noise in audio & video ICs Magnified View of Vcc Ripple Voltage www.NICcomp.com | Page 5 Ripple Voltage & ESR National Semiconductor / Application Note 2146 / August 9, 2011 Power supply design for high speed devices can often drive the need for low noise, low ripple voltage rails. ... high speed Power supply design for high‐speed devices can often drive the need for low noise, low ripple voltage rails. ... high‐speed devices require the control of output voltage (Vcc) ripple and noise in order to fully maximize their performance. ... Typically VCC ripple and noise requirements can range from 5‐100mV (0.005V ~ 0.100V) [ i.e. ‐ very low levels ] – See Figure 1 Below 2.2 High Ripple Lower Ripple Lower Ripple 2.1 Lowest Ripple 2 2 VDC Vcc Best 1.9 VDC Poor 1.8 40mV Ripple i l Better 10mV Ripple 10mV Ripple 100mV Ripple 1.7 2.0 VDC Vcc 1.6 With 100mV, 40mV and 10mV ripple voltage i h 100 0 d 10 i l l 1.5 1.4 Figure 1 1.3 1.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 When designing any switch‐mode power supply (SMPS), including a power module, it’s important to select output capacitors for minimizing voltage ripple. For many SMPS, this means selecting a sufficient amount of output capacitance with low ESR (effective series resistance). Voltage ripple is a function of the inductor ripple current, the switching frequency (FSW) and the output capacitor’s ESR. Therefore, minimizing the ESR in the output capacitors will minimize the output voltage ripple. www.NICcomp.com | Page 6 Ripple Voltage & ESR Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of Capacitors Capacitors are needed for storage and smoothing of DC output (Vcc) of power supplies and converters. • The equivalent series resistance or ESR of a capacitor is particularly important in power supply designs. y g , p p q g • When analyzing a circuit, a capacitor should be depicted as its equivalent circuit including the ideal capacitor, but also with its series ESR value (show in Figure 2 below). ESR ESR Electrostatic Capacitor Non Non‐Polarized Polarized Type: Ceramic & Film Electrolytic Capacitor Polarized l i d Type: Aluminum & Tantalum Figure 2 V = I x R Ripple Voltage = I x ESR • To reduce ripple voltage, circuit designers must use capacitors with Low ESR www.NICcomp.com | Page 7 Ripple Voltage & ESR Multiple Parallel Capacitors • Multiple capacitors are typical wired in parallel connection (see Figure 3 below) to reduce ESR (and ripple voltage) and handle high current ESR 1 ESR 2 ESR 3 ESR 4 Figure 3 1/ ESR Total = 1/ ESR 1 + 1/ ESR 2 + 1/ ESR 3 + 1/ ESR 4 Parallel Equivalent Resistance Parallel Equivalent Resistance Ripple Voltage = I x ESR Ripple Voltage = I x ESR Total Example: ESR ESR Total 1 = ESR 2 = ESR 3 = ESR 4 … All = 0.120 Ω (120mΩ) = 0.030Ω (30mΩ) Ripple Voltage @ 1A = 0.030V (30mV) www.NICcomp.com | Page 8 Ripple Voltage & ESR Capacitor Type Comparison: SMT / 100uF / 6.3V ~ 100VDC Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) & Ripple Voltage Capacitor Type Size Capacitance Voltage Rating 100KHz ESR Ripple Current Rating * MLCC / X5R Ceramic 1210 (3.2mm X 2.5mm) 100uF ±20% 6.3VDC Not Specified Typ <0.005 Ω Not Specified < 0.005V < 5mV Polymer (Solid) Aluminum Electrolytic D (7343) 100uF ±20% 6.3VDC ≤ 0.010 Ω 3500mA ≤ 0.010V <10mV 6.3mm x 6.3mm 6.3VDC ≤ 0.036 Ω 1630mA ≤ 0.036V <36mV 6.3mm x 8mm 10VDC ≤ 0.035 Ω 1910mA ≤ 0.035V <35mV 10VDC ≤ 0 018 Ω ≤ 0.018 Ω 1680mA ≤ 0 018V ≤ 0.018V <18mV 8mm x 10.8mm 35VDC ≤ 0.030 Ω 1800mA ≤ 0.030V <30mV 10mm x 10.8mm 40VDC ≤ 0.015 Ω 1630mA ≤ 0.010V <10mV A (3216) 6.3VDC ≤ 0.024 Ω 2400mA ≤ 0.024V < 24mV 6.3VDC 6 3VDC ≤ 0.025 Ω 0 025 Ω 1844mA 1844 A ≤ 0.025V 0 025V < 25mV 25 V V (7343) 10VDC ≤ 0.015 Ω 2886mA ≤ 0.015V <15mV 6.3mm x 6.3mm 6.3VDC ≤ 0.360 Ω 250mA ≤ 0.360V <360mV 35VDC ≤ 0.080 Ω 850mA <0.080V <80mV 50VDC ≤ 0.230 Ω 490mA ≤ 0.230V <230mV 16mm x 17mm 100VDC ≤ 0.170 Ω 793mA ≤ 0.170V <170mV B (3528) 6.3VDC ≤ 1.2 Ω 258mA <1.2V <1200mV 6.3VDC ≤ 0.90 Ω 350mA <0.90V <900mV 10VDC ≤ 0.50 Ω 500mA <0.50V <500mV Hybrid Polymer y y Aluminum Electrolytic y Polymer Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic Liquid Electrolyte Aluminum Electrolytic Aluminum Electrolytic Std MnO2 Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic 8mm x 10 8mm 8mm x 10.8mm B (3528) B (3528) 8mm x 10.5mm 12.5mm x 14mm C (6032) V (7343) 100uF ±20% 100uF ±20% 100uF ±20% 100 F 20% 100uF ±20% 100uF ±20% Ripple Voltage @ 1000mA (1A) * Ripple Current Ratings limited by component Joule heating limitations (also referred to as ohmic heating or resistive heating): Self ‐heat temperature ΔT limit of +5°C for aluminum electrolytic capacitors & and maximum permissible ΔT of MLCCs generally restricted to +10°C ~ +20°C www.NICcomp.com | Page 9 Capacitor Technology Comparison – CV Range 1uF ~ 2200uF 1uF ~ 2200uF // 2.5VDC ~ 100VDC SMT Capacitor Offering by Technology Capacitance Voltage Range Comparison Voltage Aluminum Electrolytic 100VDC 80VDC ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 63VDC 50VDC 35VDC 25VDC 16VDC 12.5VDC ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 10VDC 8VDC ↑ ↑ 6.3VDC 4VDC 2.5VDC ↑ ↑ Capacitance 1.0uF Icon ↑ ↑ 2.2uF 3.3uF ↑ 4.7uF 10uF Type Format Tantalum Electrolytic SMT Flat Chip Ceramic Chip ‐ MLCC SMT Flat Chip Aluminum Electrolytic Aluminum Electrolytic SMT V Chip SMT V‐Chip Solid Aluminum Electrolytic SMT Flat Chip 22uF 33uF 47uF 100uF 150uF 220uF 330uF 470uF 1000uF 2200uF Component Image Use NIC QuickBUILDER Tool Easily select & compare capacitors www.niccomp.com/quickbuilder/qb_capacitor.php www.NICcomp.com | Page 10 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Comparison in Application: Ri l V Ripple Voltage lt over T Temperature t DC-DC Converter ADVANTAGE: Hybrid Construction NSPE Has stable ESR over Temperature Stable Ripple Voltage over Temperature Room Temperature: +25C Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap NSPE Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Vcc Ripple Voltage Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Vcc Liquid Technology Liquid Technology Cold Temperature: -20C Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap Hybrid Technology Hybrid Technology NSPE Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Vcc Ripple Voltage Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Vcc www.NICcomp.com | Page 11 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Typical 100KHz ESR over Temperature Comparison 100uF @ 35VDC / 8m m Diam eter 10000 Capacitor Type Comparison ESR over Temperature Hybrid Construction NSPE 100KHz ESR: 1.30Ω @ -55°C Much lower ESR & Z over Temperature NSPE-H101M35V8x10.8F 1000 NACY101M35V8x10.5F ESR（ （mΩ） Poor Liquid Electrolyte NACY Liquid Technology q gy 100 Advantage Hybrid Construction NACY Hybrid Construction NSPE-H 100KHz ESR: 0.023Ω @ -55°C Best Hybrid Technology NSPE 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Temperature（Ԩ） www.NICcomp.com | Page 12 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Type Comparison: Li id & H b id C t ti Liquid Hybrid Construction Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Liquid Technology Hybrid Technology Series / Type NACY / Liquid NSPE-H / Hybrid Case Size 16mm X 17mm 8mm X 10.8mm 100KHz ESR 0.060 Ω 0.035 Ω 100KHz RCR 1610mArms 1670mArms Life Rating @ +105°C 2000 hours 10,000 hours WVDC 50VDC 50VDC Capacitance 1000uF 33uF NIC PN NACY102M50V16X17 NSPE-H330M50V8X10.8 SMT Format S o at Soldering Heat 17mm Height 8mm Diameter 10.8mm Height +235°C Reflow +260C Reflow 16mm Diameter Hybrid Advantages Much Smaller Size & Lower Profile Lower ESR Higher Current Rating Much Longer Life Higher Reflow Rated www.NICcomp.com | Page 13 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison ESR over Frequency Comparison Capacitor 1.00 Type Comparison ESR over Frequency 100uF @ 35V 8mm Diameter NSPE-H101M35V8x10.8F ESR（ Ω） NACY101M35V8x10.5F @ 100KHz: 0.097Ω @ 1MHz: 0.085Ω Liquid Electrolyte NACY 0.10 Poor NACY Hybrid Construction NSPE-H Hybrid Construction NSPE Lower ESR & Z over Frequency Advantage Hybrid C t ti NSPE Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Best @ 100KHz: 0.020Ω @ 1MHz: 0.014Ω 0.01 100 1 000 1,000 10 000 10,000 100 000 100,000 1 000 000 1,000,000 10 000 000 10,000,000 Frequency (Hz) www.NICcomp.com | Page 14 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Comparison in Application: Li id & H b id C t ti Liquid Hybrid Construction In DC-DC Converter Application: DC-DC converter Input: 6VDC Output: 3.5VDC Current: 5A Frequency: 250KHz 1 3 2 4 6 7 8 5 8 x 330uF/ 10VDC P/N: NACZ331M10V Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap Low ESR Hybrid Capacitors: Reduce component count Less PCB space Fewer placements 1 3 2 3 x 330uF/ 10VDC 8 replaced by 3 P/N: NSPE331M10V Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Hybrid Advantages R d Reduce N Number b off Components per PCB www.NICcomp.com | Page 15 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Application: DC DC C DC-DC Converter t ffor POE 48VDC application using LTC1871-1 PoE application … High capacitance value with ESR less than 0.1 Ohm, current rating of >1.5A, and voltage rating of 63VDC (or higher) LTC1871-1 DESCRIPTION Wide Input Range, Boost, Flyback and SEPIC Controller . .. Please note that the input capacitor can see a very high surge current when a battery is suddenly dd l connected d to the h input off the h converter and d solid lid tantalum l capacitors i can fail f il catastrophically under these conditions. Be sure to specify surge-resistant capacitors! Hybrid Advantage: Suggested Part Number: Ability to handle surge transient events NSPE-H330M63V10X10.8NBF Excellent inrush current characteristics 10,000 Hours @ 105°C Low ESR at High VDC 33uF @ 63VDC Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Low ESR = 0.030 Ω Ripple Current = 2100mA 10 x 10.8mm SMT Size www.NICcomp.com | Page 16 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Application: DC DC Converter DC-DC C t - Fan F Driver D i 150uF / 35VDC 34VDC, 10A (340W) Fan Driver Target Driver Chip Nat Semi - LM5116 Synchronous Buck Controller Wide output from 1 1.2V 2V to 80V PN: NSPE-H151M35V10X10.8NBYF Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Operating Temperature ‐55°C ~ 105°C Capacitance 150uF ± 20% / Voltage 35VDC ESR 23mΩ (+20°C/100KHz) Ripple Current Rating 2470mA (100KHz/+105°C) Load Life 10 000Hrs @ +105°C C Load Life 10,000Hrs @ +105 Dimensions: D = 10mm x L max. = 10.8mm www.NICcomp.com | Page 17 Ripple Voltage & ESR – Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors NSPE Series – Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Series S i Temp Range T R Life Rate @ Max Temp g Voltage Rating Cap Range C R 100KHz ESR 100Hz RCR @ Max Temp Reflow Limit NSPE‐S ‐55°C +105°C 3K & 5KHrs 6.3 ~ 16VDC 10 ~ 1000uF ≥0.015Ω ≤3.89A +250°C NSPE‐H ‐55°C +105°C +105 C 5K ~ 10KHrs 25 ~ 125VDC 2.7 ~ 270uF ≥0.022Ω ≤2.53A +260°C NSPE‐T ‐55°C +125°C 1.5 ~ 3KHrs 25 ~ 125VDC 3.9 ~ 270uF ≥0.022Ω ≤1.52A +260°C NSPE‐U ‐55°C +125°C 2KHrs 6.3 ~ 16VDC 22 ~ 560uF ≥0.016Ω ≤2.19A +250°C NSPE‐Y ‐55°C +135°C 2KHrs 25 ~ 63VDC 22 ~ 270uF ≥0.022Ω ≤1.22A +260°C Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Case Sizes: (D x H) mm 6.3 x 4.8 8 x 10.8 6.3 x 6.3 10 x 10.8 6.3 x 8 10 x 12.8 www.NICcomp.com | Page 18 Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors – Road Map S i P l H b id Al i El t l ti C it NSPE Series – Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Current NSPE Specifications: NSPE‐H +105°C 25V ~ 100VDC NSPE‐T +125°C 25V ~ 100VDC NSPE‐Y +135°C 25V ~ 63VDC 2011 2012 125V (10uF, 10x10.5) Higher Voltage NSPE‐H S & NSPE‐T & S Higher Voltage 160VDC 10 x 10.5 size New Sizes 6.3X4.8 Low Profile 10x12.5 High Cap ‐ 0 5 g ap Volt o NSPE‐H, NSPE‐T & NSPE‐Y Next Size 8x9.5 & 10x9.5 Low Profile Higher Temp Rating +150°C 8x12.8 & 10 x 14.8 sizes www.NICcomp.com | Page 19 Summary Summary: Industry trends require output circuit capacitors, with low ESR, to meet reduced supply bias noise requirements (reduced ripple voltage) Minimizing the ESR in the output capacitors is continuing goal Lowest ESR capacitors types include; Lowest ESR capacitors types include; MLCC Ceramic Solid Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Hybrid (Liquid & Solid Polymer) Construction Aluminum Electrolytic Hybrid (Liquid & Solid Polymer) Construction Aluminum Electrolytic Polymer Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic For Higher VDC circuit applications Hybrid (Liquid & Solid Polymer) Construction Aluminum El t l ti C Electrolytic Capacitors it h have advantage of low ESR, stability over temperature, space savings and d t f l ESR t bilit t t i d working voltage ratings up to 125VDC www.NICcomp.com | Page 20 Technical Support Additional Information Needed? Need Samples? European Engineering Support Technical Support: tpmg@niccompcom Sales Support: [email protected] Sales Support: sales@niccomp com North America Engineering Support SE Asia Engineering Support NIC Components offers unique performance passive components that provide advantages to design engineers to NIC Components offers unique performance passive components that provide advantages to design engineers to create high performance end products in smaller and lower total cost formats • Surface Mount SMT formats (high speed auto placement) • Pb‐Free Reflow Compatible (high temperature reflow) • Performance advantages over competing technologies www.NICcomp.com | Page 21