DM117 - Silicon Touch Technology Inc.

DM117
Version
: A.001
Issue Date : 2007/9/18
File Name : SP-DM117-A.001.doc
Total Pages : 22
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver
with Error Detection
新竹市科學園區展業一路 9 號 7 樓之 1
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
9-7F-1, Prosperity Road I, Science Based Industrial Park,
Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.
Tel：886-3-5645656
Fax：886-3-5645626
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
DM117
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver
with Error Detection
General Description
DM117 is a constant-current sink driver specifically designed for LED display applications.
The device incorporates shift registers, data latches, and constant current circuitry on the silicon
CMOS chip. The maximum output current value of all 8 channels is adjustable by a single external
resistor. Its built-in open/short detection and thermal alarm circuits help users detect LED failures
and overheating. There are two methods to communicate the error messages to the system. One is
through serial output data to indicate which channel has failure. The other is by means of dedicated
Alarm pin.
Features
z
Constant-current outputs: 5mA to 90mA adjustable by one external resistor
z
Maximum output voltage: 17V
z
Maximum clock frequency: 25MHz
z
Built-in real-time LED open/short detection: real-time monitor or smart detection modes
z
Fast detecting response: 0.1us (min.)
z
Over temperature protection:
Alarm((junction temperature > 110°C)
Shutdown (junction temperature >180°C)
z
Power supply voltage: 3.3V to 5.5V
Applications
z
Indoor/Outdoor LED Video Display
z
LED Variable Message Signs (VMS) System
Package
z
PDIP20, SSOP20
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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Page 1
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Block Diagram
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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Page 2
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Pin Connection
Pin Description
*1
PIN No.
PIN NAME
FUNCTION
1
VCC
2
EN
Output enable terminal:
‘H’ for all outputs are turned off ,
‘L’ for all outputs are active.
3
LAT
Input terminal of data strobe. Data on shift register goes through at the rising
edge of LAT (edge trigger). Otherwise, data is latched.
4
CLK
Synchronous clock input terminal for serial data transfer. Data is sampled at the
rising edge of DCK.
5
DAI
Serial data input terminal.
6
OS
Input open/short detection selection:
‘H’ for LED short detection mode
‘L’ for LED open detection mode.
‘Edge’*1 for smart detection mode.
7~14
OUT0~7
Sink constant-current outputs (open-drain)
15
DAO
16
ALARM
17
SDO
Serial data output trigger mode selection:
‘H’ means data is shifted out on synchronization to falling edge of CKO
‘L’ means data is shifted out on synchronization to rising edge of CKO
18
REXT
External resistors connected between REXT and GND for output current value
setting.
19
RESERVED
20
GND
Supply voltage terminal.
Serial data output terminal.
Output open drain terminal: (connected to a pull-high resistor)
Terminal for testing, user should leave this pin open.
Ground terminal
Rising edge or falling edge. See detailed description (page 13~15)
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Equivalent Circuit of Inputs and Outputs
1. CLK, DAI, LAT, EN, OS terminals
2. DAO terminals
3. ALARM terminal
VDD
ALARM
VSS
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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Page 4
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Maximum Ratings (Ta=25°C, Tj(max) = 120°C)
CHARACTERISTIC
Supply Voltage
Input Voltage
SYMBOL
RATING
UNIT
VCC
-0.3 ~ 7.0
V
VIN
-0.3 ~ VCC+0.3
V
Output Current
IOUT
100
mA
Output Voltage
VOUT
-0.3 ~ 17
V
Input Clock Frequency
FCLK
25
MHz
GND Terminal Current
IGND
800
mA
PD
1.81 ( DIP20 : Ta=25℃ )
1.09 ( SSOP20 :Ta=25℃ )
W
Rth(j-a)
69 ( DIP20 )
115 ( SSOP20 )
°C/W
Operating Temperature
Top
-40 ~ 85
°C
Storage Temperature
Tstg
-55 ~ 150
°C
Power Dissipation
(4 layer PCB)
Thermal Resistance
Recommended Operating Condition
CHARACTERISTIC
Supply Voltage
Output Voltage
SYMBOL
CONDITION
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
UNIT
VCC
⎯
3.3
5.0
5.5
V
1.0
⎯
0.5VCC
⎯
⎯
17
VOUT
Output Voltage
VOUT
Output Current
Driver On
*2
Driver Off
OUTn
5
⎯
90
IOH
VOH = VCC – 0.2 V
⎯
⎯
+1.6
IOL
VOL = 0.2 V
⎯
⎯
-1.5
VIL
VCC = 3.3 V ~ 5.5V
0.8VCC
⎯
VCC
0.0
⎯
0.2VCC
Single Chip Operation
Input Clock Frequency
V
IO
VIH
Input Voltage
*1
FCLK
Cascade Operation
(SDO=’H’, CL=13pF)
⎯
⎯
15
tw LAT
15
⎯
⎯
DCK Pulse Width
tw CLK
15
⎯
⎯
Set-up Time for DAI
tw EN
15
⎯
⎯
Set-up Time for DAI
Tw OS
15
⎯
⎯
Set-up Time for DAI
tsetup(D)
10
⎯
⎯
Hold Time for DAI
thold(D)
10
⎯
⎯
Set-up Time for LAT
tsetup(L)
10
⎯
⎯
Hold Time for LAT
thold(L)
10
⎯
⎯
tsetup(OS)
25
⎯
⎯
tdet
100
⎯
⎯
Open/Short Detection Response
*1
*2
MHz
25
LAT Pulse Width
Set-up Time for Open/Short
V
25
Cascade Operation
(SDO=’L’, CL=13pF)
VCC = 5.0V
mA
ns
Notice that the power dissipation is limited to its package and ambient temperature.
The driver output voltage including any overshoot stress has to be compliant with the maximum voltage (17V).
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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Page 5
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Electrical Characteristics (VCC = 5.0 V, Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL
CONDITION
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
Input Voltage “H” Level
VIH
CMOS logic level
0.8VCC
⎯
VCC
Input Voltage “L” Level
VIL
CMOS logic level
GND
⎯
0.2VCC
Output Leakage Current
IOL
VOH = 17 V
⎯
⎯
±1.0
VOL
IOL = 1.5 mA
⎯
⎯
0.2
VOH
IOH= 1.6 mA
VCC-0.2
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
±3
%
23.5
25
26.5
mA
Rrext = 2.2 KΩ
VOUT = 1 V ~ 3 V
⎯
±0.1
±0.5
Rrext = 2.2 KΩ
⎯
±1
±4
⎯
0.3
⎯
⎯
0.5VCC
⎯
⎯
110
⎯
⎯
180
⎯
Output Voltage (S-OUT)
Output Current Skew
(Channel-to-Channel)
IOL1
*1
V
IOL2
*2
Output Voltage Regulation
% / VOUT
Supply Voltage Regulation
% / VCC
LED Open Detection Threshold
V(od)
LED Short Detection Threshold
V(sd)
Thermal Shutdown Threshold
T(alm)
V
°C
junction temperature
Thermal Shutdown Threshold
*3
V
%/V
all outputs turn on
Supply Current
uA
VOUT = 1.0 V
Rrext = 2.2 KΩ
Output Current Skew
(Chip-to-Chip)
UNIT
T(sht)
IDD(off)
power on
all pins are open
unless VCC and GND
⎯
2.0
⎯
IDD(off)
input signal is static
Rrext = 2.9 KΩ
all outputs turn off
⎯
3.1
⎯
IDD(on)
input signal is static
Rrext = 2.9 KΩ
all outputs turn on
⎯
4.0
⎯
IDD(off)
input signal is static
Rrext = 560 Ω
all outputs turn off
⎯
7.5
⎯
IDD(on)
input signal is static
Rrext = 560 Ω
all outputs turn on
⎯
8.1
⎯
mA
*1
Channel-to-channel skew is defined as the ratio between (any Iout – average Iout) and average Iout, where average
Iout = (Imax + Imin) / 2.
*2
Chip-to-Chip skew is defined as the range into which any output current of any IC falls.
*3
IO excluded.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Switching Characteristics (VCC = 5.0V, Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL
CONDITION
EN-to-OUT7
Propagation Delay
LAT-to-OUT7
tpLH
(‘L to ‘H’)
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’L’)
VIH = VCC
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’H’)
VIL = GND
EN-to-OUT7
Rrext = 2.9 KΩ
Propagation Delay
LAT-to-OUT7
tpHL
(‘H’ to ‘L’)
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’L’)
VL = 5.0 V
*1
CL
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’H’)
= 13 pF
Ra = 470 Ω
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
⎯
19
⎯
⎯
19
⎯
⎯
21
⎯
⎯
14
⎯
⎯
22
⎯
⎯
16
⎯
⎯
19
⎯
⎯
13
⎯
⎯
4.5
⎯
Output Current Rise Time
tor
Output Current Fall Time
tof
⎯
6.5
⎯
Output Delay Time (OUT(n)-to-OUT(n+1))
tod
⎯
2.1
⎯
UNIT
ns
Switching Characteristics (VCC = 3.3V, Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL
CONDITION
EN-to-OUT7
Propagation Delay
(‘L to ‘H’)
LAT-to-OUT7
tpLH
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’L’)
VIH = VCC
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’H’)
VIL = GND
EN-to-OUT7
Rrext = 2.9 KΩ
Propagation Delay
LAT-to-OUT7
tpHL
(‘H’ to ‘L’)
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’L’)
VL = 5.0 V
*1
CL
DCK-to-DAO (SDO=’H’)
*1
= 13 pF
Ra = 470 Ω
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
⎯
38
⎯
⎯
26
⎯
⎯
18
⎯
⎯
17
⎯
⎯
24
⎯
⎯
33
⎯
⎯
16
⎯
⎯
17
⎯
⎯
23
⎯
Output Current Rise Time
tor
Output Current Fall Time
tof
⎯
10
⎯
Output Delay Time (OUT(n)-to-OUT(n+1))
tod
⎯
2.8
⎯
UNIT
ns
CL means the probe capacitance of oscilloscope.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
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點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Timing Diagram
1. CLK-DAI, DAO
twDCK
50%
twDCK
50%
50%
50%
DCK
t setup(D)
DAI
thold(D)
50%
50%
50%
DAO
50%
t pLH
(SDO= ˊLˊ )
tpHL
50%
DAO
(SDO= ˊHˊ )
50%
t pLH
tpHL
2. CLK-LAT
50%
50%
DCK
t setup(L)
t hold(L)
50%
LAT
50%
twLAT
3. LAT-OUT7
50%
50%
LAT
tor
tof
90%
90%
50%
OUT7
50%
10%
10%
tpLH
(current)
t pHL
4. EN-OUT7
twEN
50%
50%
EN
tor
tof
90%
OUT7
(current)
90%
50%
50%
10%
tpLH
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
10%
tpHL
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DM117
5. OUTn+1-OUTn
OUTn+1
50%
(current)
tod
50%
OUTn
(current)
6. OS-LAT, DCK (EN=’L’)
DCK
50%
LAT
50%
DCK
50%
50%
LAT
t setup(OS)
OS
(rising edge)
50%
tdet
OS
(falling edge)
50%
tdet
OS
(low-high-low)
50%
50%
tw OS
OS
(high-low-high)
50%
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
50%
Version:A.001
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DM117
Constant-Current Output
Constant-current value of each output channel is set by an external resistor connected between
the REXT pin and GND. Varying the resistor value can adjust the current scale ranging from 5mA to
120mA. The reference voltage of REXT terminal (Vrext) is approximately 0.6V. The output current
value is calculated roughly by the following equation:
Iout(mA)
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
M
98.1
96.5
94.4
92.6
91
89.4
87.6
85.7
83.7
83
In order to obtain a good performance of constant-current output, a suitable output voltage is
necessary. Users can get related information about the minimum output voltage above.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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DM117
Serial Data Interface
The serial-in data (DAI) will be clocked into 8 bit shift register synchronized on the rising edge
of the clock (CLK). The data ‘1’ represents the corresponding current output ‘ON’, while the data
‘0’ stands for ‘OFF’. The data will be transferred into the 8 bit latch synchronized on the rising edge
(edge trigger) of the strobe signal (LAT); otherwise, the data will be held. The latch pulse should be
sent after the falling edge of the last clock within a frame data.
The trigger timing of the serial-out data (DAO) can be selected by the SDO pin. When SDO is
set to ‘H’, the data will be shifted out on synchronization to the falling edge of the clock(CLK). And
when SDO is set to ‘L’, the data will be shifted out on synchronization to the rising edge of the
clock.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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DM117
Alarm Function
It can detect the operating status by connecting a pull-high resistor to the open-drain ALARM
pin. The ALARM pin is kept ‘H’ for normal conditions, and shifted to ‘L’ if there is any failure like
LED open/short, overheating or both occurrence. User can determine the different status from the
truth table below:
ALARM
EN
OS
Status
H
L
don't care
Normal Operation
H→L
L
L
LED Open or Thermal issue
H→L
L
H
LED Short or Thermal issue
H→L
H
don't care
Thermal Alarm or Shutdown
When the latch is at its rising edge, the ALARM pin will reset to high level and start to detect
once again. It will send out the test result after the next clock pulse. The detection cycle of the alarm
signal will continue until it reaches the rising edge of the latch pulse again. Please see the timing
diagram below:
CLK
LAT
ALARM
(SDO=`L`)
ALARM
(SDO=`H`)
status1
status2
normal
LED open/short or theraml alarm/shutdown
normal
abnormal
normal
normal
For actual application, the controller could connect all the ALARM pins with one pull-high
resistor to simplify circuit designs and feedback loops
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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DM117
Thermal Alarm and Shutdown
During operation, when the junction temperature of the IC will reach about 110℃, the ALARM
pin will shift to low level and produce a warning signal. Suggested cooling measures is to start the
fan, lower the output currents and etc. If no cooling measures were activated, the junction
temperature might continue to rise. Once it reaches approximately above 180℃, it will cause the
driver to shutdown all the outputs. Basically, the IC will cool down and return to the safe operating
temperature which is approximately below 110℃. The ALARM pin will reset to high level, disable
the warning, and restart all the outputs at the same time. Operation in the thermal situation for a long
time may cause chip damage permanently.
LED Open/Short Detection
Test result of DM117’s open/short detection could be retrieved from ALARM pin or serial-out
(DAO) data. Setting the OS pin to low level (L) will activate OPEN detection; which identifies a
LED open failure when there is a current passing through the output but the voltage is below 0.3V.
Setting the OS pin to high level (H) will activate SHORT detection; which identifies a LED short
failure when there is a current passing through the output but the voltage is above 1/2 VCC.
DM117 will execute LED open/short detection then save the result within the particular shift
register with the following conditions: 1) the shift register corresponding the particular output
channel saves an image data of ‘1’, 2) the output enable terminal is activated (EN=’L’), and 3) the
rising edge of the latch pulse takes place. By using the error message sent by serial-out, the
controller can identify the status of every LED driven by each channel. For the process of either
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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DM117
open or short detection, the image data of the particular channel is always sent as ‘1’ , however, if
‘0’ is retrieved, there must be a LED failure. If the input of image data is ‘0’ or the output enable
terminal is inactive (EN=’H’), it will not execute any detection for the particular channel. The
original image data will be retrieved by serial-out.
With the above operating principle, the controller could continuously retrieve data from
serial-out and compare it with the frame data which have been sent and kept in the memory one by
one. Therefore, once any discrepancy occurs (‘1’→’0’), any fail LED of a particular channel can be
clearly identified. Since the detection is now a continuous action, and is able to exist without
shifting between image and detection modes, it does not interrupt the image data flow and the output
display. This is known as “real-time monitor”.
The above mentioned detection method is more suitable for LED Variable Message
Signs(VMS) system. However, for large LED display applications, there could be an additional load
to the system since the frame data that needs to be compared and retrieved is greater within the
memory. Therefore, DM117 provides two alternative solutions for LED open/short detection: The
first solution is to activate the output enable terminal (EN=’L’) and send image data of ‘1’ to all
channels. Failures will be identified when any data of ‘0’ is retrieved from serial-out. By counting
the number of clock pulse, failure channels can be pointed out accurately. With this solution the load
and memory resource of the system can be greatly minimized.
The second method, which is also known as DM117’s “smart” detection, is triggered by using
any change of edge (including rising edge, falling edge, low-high-low, high-low-high) produced by
OS pin. It is recommended placing the signal between strobe signal (LAT) and the first clock (CLK)
of one frame data will activate the detection. LED’s open or short failure is determined by the final
kept level of the OS pin. Turn on all output channels (EN=‘L’) simultaneously, DM117 will
complete the following two actions automatically:
1) Resetting all image data stored within latch registers to’1’. This will save the system
resources and the time of sending at least one frame containing all image data of ‘1’ mentioned
before.
2) Lowering the maximum output current at the same time to about 1/10 of its original value
until the next rising edge of the latch pulse. This is to prevent a glitch perceived when all outputs are
turned on. Finally, counting again the clock to identify the locations of any channels with fail LED.
The impression of “invisible failure detection” is achievable.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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DM117
Timing Diagram for LED Open/Short Detection
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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Page 15
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
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(current)
OUTn
ALARM
OS
OS
OS
OS
SD O
EN
LAT
DAO
CLK
DAI
Version:A.001
0
1
1
DM117
reset to high
6
7
EA[8n-2]
1
2
EA[1]
8
2
9
DM117
Frame Data A
14
ALARM Function
EA[8n-3]
8n-1
15
E A[0]
8n
EB[8n-2]
2
E B[1]
8n-1
DC [ 1 ]
E B[0]
8n
D C [0]
tdet
DC[8n-1]
Frame Data C
reset to high
tdet(OS)
tdet(OS)
EC [8n-1]
DD [ 8n-1 ]
2
n
8n-8
8n-7
E C [0]
8n
DD [0]
ALARM Function
DM117
8n-2
8n-1
~ 1/10 base current
EC[8n-1] EC[8n-2 ]
1
DD [ 8n-2 ]
E[x] : Error Message of LE Open/Short Detection
ALARM Function
DC [ 8n-2 ]
D[x] : Image Data
reset to high
tdet
EB[8n-1]
1
DC [ 8n-1 ]
Invisible detection cycle
tdet
reset to high
ED[8n-1 ]
Frame Data D
DAO
D D[8n-1]
DE [ 8n-1 ]
off
on
low
high
low
high
0
1
low
high
0
1
low
high
0
1
low
high
0
1
low
high
0
1
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
There are n x DM117 connected in cascade.
DAI
Frame Data Z
ALARM Function
tdet
DA[ 8n-1] EA[8n-1]
8n
8n-1
E Z[0]
DA [0]
DA[1]
Real-time monitor cycle
caculate clocks cycle
點晶科技股份有限公司
DM117
Page 16
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Outputs Delay
Large in-rush currents will occur when the system activates all the outputs at once. To reduce
this effect, DM117 is designed to have a constant unit of delay (around 1.5ns) between every output.
The delay for every output goes like this: there is no delay for OUT7, 1 unit of delay for OUT6, 2
units of delay for OUT5 and so on.
Global Brightness Control
DM117 has no built-in global brightness control feature. In order to obtain a lower resolution of
global brightness control effect, two methods could be utilized. One is providing PWM signal
synchronized on latch pulse to modulate the output enable terminal (EN pin). The other is to adjust
the Rrext value or voltage drop across the external resistor. Please see the reference circuit below:
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
未經授權而逕予重製、複製、使用或公開本文件，行為人得被追究侵權之相關民刑事責任
Unauthorized reproduction, duplication, use or disclosure of this document will be deemed as infringement.
Page 17
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Power Dissipation
The power dissipation of a semiconductor chip is limited to its package and ambient
temperature, in which the device requires the maximum output current calculated for given
operating conditions. The maximum allowable power consumption can be calculated by the
following equation:
Pd(max)(Watt) =
Tj(junction temperature)(max)(°C)– Ta(ambient temperature)(°C)
Rth(junction-to-air thermal resistance)(°C/Watt)
The relationship between power dissipation and operating temperature can be refer to the figure
below:
Power Dissipation Pd(W)
2
PDIP20
Tj(max)=150°C
1.5
Rth(PDIP16)=69°C/W
SSOP20
Rth(SSOP16)=115°C/W
1
0.5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Ambient Temperature Ta(℃)
The power consumption of IC can be determined by the following equation and should be less than
the maximum allowable power dissipation:
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
未經授權而逕予重製、複製、使用或公開本文件，行為人得被追究侵權之相關民刑事責任
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Page 18
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Package Outline Dimension
PDIP20
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
未經授權而逕予重製、複製、使用或公開本文件，行為人得被追究侵權之相關民刑事責任
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Page 19
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
Package Outline Dimension
SSOP20
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
未經授權而逕予重製、複製、使用或公開本文件，行為人得被追究侵權之相關民刑事責任
Unauthorized reproduction, duplication, use or disclosure of this document will be deemed as infringement.
Page 20
點晶科技股份有限公司
SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC.
DM117
The products listed herein are designed for ordinary electronic applications, such as
electrical appliances, audio-visual equipment, communications devices and so on. Hence,
it is advisable that the devices should not be used in medical instruments, surgical
implants, aerospace machinery, nuclear power control systems, disaster/crime-prevention
equipment and the like. Misusing those products may directly or indirectly endanger
human life, or cause injury and property loss.
Silicon Touch Technology, Inc. will not take any responsibilities regarding the misusage
of the products mentioned above. Anyone who purchases any products described herein
with the above-mentioned intention or with such misused applications should accept full
responsibility and indemnify. Silicon Touch Technology, Inc. and its distributors and all
their officers and employees shall defend jointly and severally against any and all claims
and litigation and all damages, cost and expenses associated with such intention and
manipulation.
8-bit Constant Current LED Driver with Error Detection
Version:A.001
未經授權而逕予重製、複製、使用或公開本文件，行為人得被追究侵權之相關民刑事責任
Unauthorized reproduction, duplication, use or disclosure of this document will be deemed as infringement.
Page 21