TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Introduction Technical Note Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM® 2 Introduction With a unique eight-bank architecture optimized for high frequency and ultra-low random access times, Micron’s reduced latency DRAM (RLDRAM® 2) addresses the high bandwidth memory requirements for communication and data storage applications. Because system designers need to accurately project power supply requirements for their systems—and also determine the cooling needs for ATCA and other form factors— they are concerned about calculating RLDRAM 2 power usage. An accurate way to determine a power budget is essential, but not always provided, in the device data sheets. This technical note explains how RLDRAM 2 devices consume power. It also provides tools to help better estimate the system power specifically consumed by the RLDRAM 2. These tools can be modified to fit a wide variety of different systems. Because all systems need to manage heat, power consumption, and performance while meeting the requirements of a given application, the tools provided in this technical note identify methods for adjusting the RLDRAM 2 system usage to consume less power without greatly impacting overall system performance. In addition to detailing RLDRAM 2 power consumption, this technical note provides examples and specifications. Because the values provided in the examples here may change over time, the device data sheet must be referenced for the most current values. Note that the underlying concepts of the calculations will remain the same. For more complete details about the RLDRAM 2, refer to the RLDRAM 2 data sheets at www.micron.com.rldram and to Micron technical note, “RLDRAM 2 Design Guide.” DRAM Operation To estimate the power consumption of the RLDRAM 2, it is necessary to understand the basic functionality of the device (see Figure 1 on page 2). The master operation of the RLDRAM 2 is controlled by chip select (CS#). When CS# is HIGH, the RLDRAM 2 command decoder is disabled, and incoming commands are ignored. For the RLDRAM 2 to recognize incoming commands, CS# needs to be LOW; this enables the command decoder. After CS# is LOW, commands can be sent to and registered by the RLDRAM 2. When the RLDRAM 2 device is enabled, it has a simple command set that includes AUTO REFRESH (AREF), READ, WRITE, and MODE REGISTER SET (MRS) commands. Unlike conventional DRAM, ACTIVATE or PRECHARGE commands are not required with RLDRAM 2. Each time a READ or WRITE command is issued, the RLDRAM 2 device automatically activates the required bank and row addresses to transfer the data to the sense amplifiers, and then it restores the data to the cells in the array. This enables reads and writes to take place any time the device is enabled, assuming tRC is met for the bank being accessed. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 1 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Products and specifications discussed herein are subject to change by Micron without notice. TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 DRAM Operation A READ command that is issued to the RLDRAM 2 decodes the bank, row, and column addresses. Data at this address location is temporarily stored in the sense amplifiers until it is driven through the I/O gating to the internal DQ read latch. Once in the latch, data is sent to the output drivers and made available on the DQ pins. When a WRITE command is issued, the same process occurs in the opposite order. Data from the DQ pins is latched into the data receivers/registers and transferred to the internal data drivers. These drivers then transfer the data to the sense amplifiers through the I/O gating to the decoded bank, row, and column address. RLDRAM 2 also has on-die termination (ODT) on the data I/O and on the DM signal. When enabled in the mode register, the ODT is controlled dynamically by the RLDRAM 2 and disabled when the RLDRAM 2 is driving the data bus. Because the ODT is terminated to the midrail, additional power is only consumed when the RLDRAM 2 is being written. Figure 1: 288Mb RLDRAM 2 Functional Block Diagram ZQ ZQ CAL Ouput drivers ODT control CK CK# Command decode CS# REF# WE# Control logic VTT Refresh counter Mode register Bank 7 Bank 6 Bank 5 Bank 4 Bank 3 Bank 2 Bank 1 Bank 0 13 Row-address MUX Row-address latch and decoder 13 CK/CK# Bank 0 13 18 RTT ODT control 8,192 Bank 0 memory array (8,192 x 32 x 4 x 36) DLL ZQ CAL 144 READ n logic n 36 36 (0...35) 36 DQ latch Drivers SENSEamplifiers AMPLIFIERS Sense 4 QVLD QK0–QK1/ QK0#–QK1# QK/QK# generator 8,192 144 DQ0–DQ35 22 Address register 3 1 I/O gating DQM mask logic 8 8 32 144 5 6 8 Column-address counter/latch WRITE FIFO and drivers CLK in Column decoder DK0–DK1/ DK0#–DK1# 4 n n 36 36 Input logic A0–A18 BA0–BA2 Bank control logic RCVRS 36 VTT RTT 6 1 ODT control DM PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 2 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators RLDRAM Power Calculators The IDD values referenced in “Data Sheet Specifications” on page 22 are taken from the 288Mb RLDRAM 2 CIO data sheet. Although the values provided in data sheets may differ among vendors and devices, the concepts for calculating power are the same. It is important to verify all data sheet parameters prior to using the information in this technical note. Methodology Overview To calculate system power, complete the required four steps: 1. Calculate the power subcomponents from the data sheet specifications. (This calculation is denoted as Pds[XXX], where XXX is the subcomponent power.) 2. Derate the power based on the command scheduling (Psch[XXX]). 3. Derate the power to the system’s actual operating VDD and clock frequency (Psys[XXX]). 4. Sum the subcomponents of the system’s operating conditions to calculate the total power consumed by the DRAM. Background Power Unlike standard DRAM devices, no CKE signal is present in RLDRAM 2 to disable the propagation of the clock through the RLDRAM 2. The lowest power state (ISB1) is attained when the RLDRAM 2 is idle and no inputs (including the clocks) are toggling. In this state, the RLDRAM 2 device draws about 75mA of current. Figure 2 on page 4 shows the typical current usage of the RLDRAM 2 device when the input signals are idle. Rather than stopping the input clocks from toggling as is required to obtain the ISB1 values, the user can reduce the current demand of the RLDRAM 2 simply by bringing the CS# pin HIGH. This state is called active standby and is represented by ISB2 in the data sheet. This mode (see Figure 2 on page 4) is the lowest power state in which the device can function properly. As noted, CS# controls the master operation of the RLDRAM 2. When CS# is HIGH, the command decoder is disabled, and all incoming commands are ignored. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 3 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Figure 2: Standby Current Consumption CLK CS# VDD current profile ISB2 ISB1 VEXT current profile To perform any command on the RLDRAM 2, CS# must be taken LOW. On the first rising edge of CK after CS# goes LOW, a command is registered, assuming setup and hold times are met as specified by the RLDRAM 2 CIO data sheet. Calculation of the power consumed by the RLDRAM 2 during active standby is easily completed by multiplying the ISB2 value and the voltage applied to the device VDD and VEXT. For the VDD supply: Pds(SB) = ISB2 x VDD (Eq. 1) For the VEXT supply: Pds(SB) = ISB2 x VEXT (Eq. 2) The data sheet specification for the ISB2 values are taken at the worst-case VDD (1.9V) and VEXT (2.63V). The calculations for the VDD supply are as follows: Pds(SB) = 288mA x 1.9V Pds(SB) = 547.2mW (Eq. 3) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 4 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators The calculations for the VEXT supply are as follows: Pds(SB) = 26mA x 2.63V Pds(SB) = 68.38mW (Eq. 4) Active Power When CS# is LOW, the RLDRAM 2 device is active and must read or write data. To read or write data, the controller needs to issue a READ or WRITE command along with the appropriate address to an open bank. Because each READ or WRITE command automatically activates the appropriate bank and row, an ACTIVATE command is not necessary. A PRECHARGE command is also automatic after a READ or WRITE command is executed. Write Power Whenever CS# is LOW, data can be read from or written to the RLDRAM 2 device. An example of a WRITE cycle is shown in Figure 3 on page 5; Figure 4 on page 6 illustrates the effect of the WRITE command on the current consumption of the RLDRAM 2. Figure 3: WRITE Cycle (Single Bank Active) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 CK# CK Command Address WR WR Bank a Add 0 Bank n Add 7 WL = 9 DK# DK DI a DQ DI b Don’t Care Notes: PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 1. WR = WRITE command with BL = 2, tRC = 20ns, and tCK = 2.5ns. 5 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Figure 4: Current Consumption Profile of WRITE (Single Bank Active) t RC = 8 WR WR WR Data in WR Data in Data in Total consumption Active standby WRITEs When a single WRITE command is issued, a single bank of the RLDRAM 2 is activated. If a new WRITE command is issued every tRC, only one bank is active in a BL = 2 mode. The amount of current consumed by having a single bank written is represented by IDD1. In BL = 4 (IDD2) or BL = 8 (IDD3) modes, similar values are available. To identify the power associated with only the WRITE command and not the active standby current, ISB2 must be subtracted. The calculation for the data sheet write component of power, Pds(WR), for BL = 2 is shown in Equation 5 and Equation 6. For the VDD supply: Pds(WR) = (IDD1 - ISB2) VDD Pds(WR) = (374mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(WR) = 163.4mW (Eq. 5) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 6 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators For the VEXT supply: Pds(WR) = (IDD1 - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(WR) = (41mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(WR) = 39.45mW (Eq. 6) When constant writes are made in a BL = 2 mode (as shown in Figure 5), the consumption of current associated with the WRITE becomes IDD2W. For BL = 4 and BL = 8, these values are IDD4W and IDD8W, respectively. The effect on current consumption associated with continuous writes to the RLDRAM 2 can be seen in Figure 6 on page 8. Figure 5: Continuous WRITE Cycle T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR Bank a Add n Bank b Add n Bank c Add n Bank d Add n Bank e Add n Bank f Add n Bank g Add n Bank h Add n Bank a Add n Bank b Add n Bank c Add n Bank d Add n CK# CK Command Address WL = 9 DK# DK DI a DQ DI b DI a DI b DI a DI b Don’t Care PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 7 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Figure 6: Continuous Current Write Consumption Profile WL = 9 WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR Data in Total consumption WRITEs Active standby The continuous write current consumption profile represents the total power consumed by the RLDRAM 2. To calculate the power consumed by the writes, remove the active standby power from the equation. The continuous write component of the power, Pds(CW), can easily be calculated in BL = 2 mode, as shown in Equation 7 and Equation 8. For the VDD supply: Pds(CW) = (IDD2W1 - ISB2) x VDD Pds(CW) = (990mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(CW) = 1333.8mW (Eq. 7) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 8 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators For the VEXT supply: Pds(CW) = (IDD2W1 - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(CW) = (100mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(CW) = 194.62mW (Eq. 8) To scale the data sheet power to actual power based on command scheduling, first determine the ratio of the available bandwidth being used for write activity. This is denoted as WRsch%, which is the total number of write data cycles that are on the data bus versus the total number of clock cycles. WRsch% = (tCK x BL x WR) tRC x 2 (Eq. 9) Where • BL = burst length • WR = number of WRITE cycles per tRC • tRC = random cycle time (in nanoseconds) • tCK = clock cycle time (in nanoseconds) If we assume tCK = 2.5ns, tRC = 20, BL = 2, and WR = 3, then: WRsch% = 2.5ns x 2 x 3 20 x 2 WRsch% = 37.5% (Eq. 10) After the ratio of writes is known, the power associated with the scheduled writes, Psch(WR), can be easily calculated from Pds(CW). For the VDD supply: Psch(WR) = Pds(CW) x WRsch% Psch(WR) = 1333.8mW x 37.5% Psch(WR) = 500.2mW (Eq. 11) For the VEXT supply: Psch(WR) = Pds(CW) x WRsch% Psch(WR) = 194.62mW x 37.5% Psch(WR) = 72.98mW (Eq. 12) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 9 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Read Power Whenever CS# is LOW, data can be read from or written to the RLDRAM 2 device. Figure 7 on page 10 provides an example of a READ cycle. Figure 8 on page 11 illustrates the effect of a READ command on current consumption. Figure 7: Single Bank Active READ Cycle T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T9 T8 CK# CK Command READ READ Address Bank a Add n Bank g Add n RL = 8 QK# QK DQ Q0a Q0b Don’t Care Notes: PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 1. READ command with BL = 2, tRC = 20ns, and tCK = 2.5ns. 10 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Figure 8: Single Bank Active Current Consumption Profile of READ t RC = 8 RD RD RD RD Data out Data out Data out Total consumption Active standby READs When a single READ command is issued, a single bank of the RLDRAM 2 is activated. If a new READ command is issued every tRC, only one bank is active. The amount of current consumed by a single bank READ command in a BL = 2 mode is represented by IDD1, and values for reading from the RLDRAM 2 are IDD2 (BL = 4) and IDD3 (BL = 8). Identifying the power associated with only the READ command is also the same as with the WRITE command and can be seen in Equation 13 and Equation 14. For the VDD supply: Pds(RD) = (IDD1 - ISB2) x VDD Pds(RD) = (374mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(RD) = 163.4mW (Eq. 13) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 11 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators For the VEXT supply: Pds(RD) = (IDD1 - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(RD) = (41mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(RD) = 39.45mW (Eq. 14) As shown in Figure 9, when constant READ commands are issued in a BL = 2 mode, the consumption of current associated with the read becomes IDD2R. For BL = 4 and BL = 8, these values are IDD4R and IDD8R, respectively. The effect on current consumption associated with continuous reads to the RLDRAM 2 is illustrated in Figure 10 on page 13. Figure 9: Continuous READ Cycle T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Command READ READ READ READ READ READ READ READ READ READ READ Address Bank a Add n Bank b Add n Bank c Add n Bank d Add n Bank e Add n Bank f Add n Bank g Add n Bank h Add n Bank a Add n Bank b Add n Bank c Add n CK# CK RL = 8 QK# QK DO a DQ DO b DO a DO b DO a DO b Don’t Care PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 12 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators Figure 10: Continuous Current Consumption Profile of READ RL = 8 RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD RD Data out Total consumption READs Active standby The continuous read current consumption profile represents the total power consumed by the RLDRAM 2. To calculate the power consumed by reads, remove the active standby power from the equation. Calculate the continuous read component of the power, Pds(CR), for BL = 2 as follows: For the VDD supply: Pds(CR) = (IDD2R - ISB2) x VDD Pds(CR) = (880mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(CR) = 1124.8mW (Eq. 15) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 13 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators For the VEXT supply: Pds(CR) = (IDD2R - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(CR) = (100mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(CR) = 194.62mW (Eq. 16) Scaling the data sheet power to the actual power based on command scheduling for reads is similar to that of writes. First, determine the ratio of the available bandwidth being used for read activity. This is noted as RDsch%, which is the total number of read data cycles on the data bus versus the total number of clock cycles. The RDsch% calculation is as follows: RDsch% = (tCK x BL x RD) tRC x 2 (Eq. 17) Where • BL = burst length • RD = number of READ cycles per tRC • tRC = random cycle time (in nanoseconds) • tCK = clock cycle time (in nanoseconds) If we assume tCK = 2.5ns, tRC = 20, BL = 2, and RD = 3, then: RDsch% = 2.5ns x 2 x 3 20 x 2 RDsch% = 37.5% (Eq. 18) After the ratio of reads is known, the power associated with the scheduled reads, Psch(RD), can be easily calculated from Pds(CR). For the VDD supply: Psch(RD) = Pds(CR) x RDsch% Psch(RD) = 1124.8mW x 37.5% Psch(RD) = 421.8mW For the VEXT supply: Psch(RD) = Pds(CR) x RDsch% Psch(RD) = 194.62mW x 37.5% Psch(RD) = 72.98mW (Eq. 19) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 14 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators I/O Termination Power Psch(RD) and Psch(WR) are only part of the total power for read and write sequences. Data sheet specifications do not include output driver power or ODT power. These powers are system-dependent and must be calculated for each system. RLDRAM 2 systems can vary greatly depending on an application’s density and bandwidth requirements. A typical point-to-point system is shown in Figure 11. The data bus connects the controller to a single RLDRAM 2 device. Additionally, the controller and the RLDRAM 2 use ODT for the data lines, so no external passive components are required for this example system. Figure 11: Typical System DQ Termination Controller RLDRAM 2 ZO RTT Driver + ZQ Receiver VTT RQ - The drivers in the system have an impedance of RON, which pulls the bus toward VDDQ for a “1” or VSSQ for a “0.” The termination on the die is functionally a midrail termination in which a resistor is tied to a VTT supply equal to VDDQ/2. RTT is the termination value selected for the device and is nominally 150. A simple termination scheme for the example system is shown in Table 1. Because this is a point-to-point system, all output drivers are set to 50. Termination at the controller is assumed to be 75, while a worst-case 125 is assumed for the RLDRAM 2’s ODT value. Table 1: Termination Configuration Controller RON RTT RLDRAM 2 RON RTT Writes to RLDRAM 2 50 Off Off 125 Reads from RLDRAM 2 Off 75 R = RQ/5 Off Two methods can be used to calculate the power consumed by the output driver and ODT. One method is to simulate the system data bus using component Spice models, and then average the power consumed over a sufficiently long pattern of pseudorandom data. A second, simpler method, however, is to calculate the DC power of the output driver against the termination. This is usually not worst-case, but it provides a first-order approximation of the output power. The I/O powers that must be calculated include the following: • PdqRD: output driver power when driving the bus • PdqWR: termination power when terminating a write to the RLDRAM 2 PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 15 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators The nominal RLDRAM 2 I/O termination DC power for the memory system can be calculated using Thevenin equivalent circuits (see Figures 12 and 13). The resultant I/O termination DC power values for the RLDRAM 2, per I/O pin, are listed in Table 2. The controller termination power is not accounted for in the DRAM I/O termination power values even though they are shown for reference. Figure 12: RLDRAM 2 READ RLDRAM 2 Controller VTT RTT RON N ZQ RQ Reference RON RTT N Value Power 50Ω 2.6mW 75Ω – 0.36V – Figure 13: RLDRAM 2 WRITE RLDRAM 2 Controller VTT RON Reference RTT RON N Table 2: N RTT Value Power 125Ω 3.0mW 50Ω – 0.26V – Typical I/O and Termination Power Consumption DC Power (RLDRAM 2) Accessing the RLDRAM 2 READ WRITE PdqRD = 2.6mW/DQ PdqWR = 3.3mW/DQ To calculate the power for output or termination on the DRAM, the power per DQ must be multiplied by the number of outputs (DQ and QVLD) on the device (num_DQR). The QK signals are not counted in the total number of outputs because they are always running and are included in the Isb2 value. For write termination, the DQ and data mask must be included in the sum of the total number of write signals terminated (num_DQW) when the ODT feature is enabled. The values of num_DQR and num_DQW will vary depending on data width of the RLDRAM 2. Equation 20 calculates the RLDRAM 2 power for the following I/O buffer operations: PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 16 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators • Pds(DQ): RLDRAM 2 output driver power when driving the bus • Pds(termW): RLDRAM 2 termination power when terminating a write to the RLDRAM 2 Pds(DQ) = Pdq(RD) x num_DQR Pds(termW) = Pdq(WR) x num_DQW (Eq. 20) To illustrate how the power is calculated, an assumption using a x36 device is shown. For this example, num_DQR includes 36 DQ and the QVLD signal totaling 37, whereas num_DQW totals 37 to account for the DQ and the data mask signal. The DC power values from Table 2 on page 15 are also used, and the results are presented in Equation 21. Pds(DQ) = 2.6mW x 41 Pds(DQ) = 106.6mW Pds(termW) = 3.3mW x 37 Pds(termW) = 122.1mW (Eq. 21) To complete the I/O and termination power calculation, the 100 percent usage data sheet specification must be derated based on the data bus utilization. The read and write utilization has already been provided as RDschd% and WRschd%. The power based on command scheduling is then calculated, as shown in Equation 22. Psch(DQ) = Pds(DQ) x RDsch% Psch(termW) = Pds(termW) x WRsch% (Eq. 22) Sample calculations showing how to determine output and termination percentages are provided in “RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example” on page 22. Refresh Power Refresh is the final power component to be calculated for the device to retain data integrity. RLDRAM 2 memory cells store data information in small capacitors that lose their charge over time and must be recharged. The process of recharging these cells is called refresh. In the RLDRAM 2 CIO data sheet, the specification for refresh is IREF1. IREF1 assumes the RLDRAM 2 is operating continuously at minimum REFRESH-to-REFRESH command spacing, tCK. (This is a BURST REFRESH command in the RLDRAM 2 CIO data sheet.) During this operation, the RLDRAM 2 is also consuming ISB2 active standby current. Thus, to calculate only the power due to burst refresh, ISB2 must be subtracted, as shown in the following equations. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 17 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM Power Calculators For the VDD supply: Pds(REF1) = (IREF1 - ISB2) x VDD Pds(REF1) = (785mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(REF1) = 944.3mW (Eq. 23) For the VEXT supply: Pds(REF1) = (IREF1 - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(REF1) = (133mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(REF1) = 281.41mW (Eq. 24) The RLDRAM 2 also has a distributed refresh parameter (IREF2). Here a REFRESH command is issued every tRC so that only a single bank is active. Again, this parameter includes the ISB2 active standby current and must be subtracted, as shown in Equation 25: For the VDD supply: Pds(REF2) = (IREF2 - ISB2) x VDD Pds(REF2) = (326mA - 288mA) x 1.9V Pds(REF2) = 72.2mW (Eq. 25) For the VEXT supply: Pds(REF2) = (IREF2 - ISB2) x VEXT Pds(REF2) = (48mA - 26mA) x 2.63V Pds(REF2) = 57.86mW (Eq. 26) However, REFRESH operations are typically distributed evenly over time at a refresh interval of tREF. Thus, the scheduled refresh power, Psch(REF), is the ratio of tRC to the average periodic refresh interval maximum (tREF/8K/8 = 0.488µs), multiplied by Pds(REF2), as shown in Equation 27 and Equation 28. For the VDD supply: tRC tREF 20ns Psch(REF) = 72.2mW x 0.488μs Psch(REF) = Pds(REF2) x Psch(RD) = 2.96mW (Eq. 27) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 18 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Power Derating For the VEXT supply: tRC tREF 20ns Psch(REF) = 57.86mW x 0.488μs Psch(REF) = Pds(REF2) x Psch(REF) = 2.37mW (Eq. 28) Power Derating Thus far, the power calculations have assumed a system is operating at worst-case VDD. They have also assumed that the clock frequency in the system is the same as the frequency defined in the data sheet. The resulting power is denoted as Psch(XXX). Most systems, however, operate at different voltages or clock frequencies than the systems defined in the data sheet. Each of the power components must be derated to the actual system conditions, with the resulting power denoted as Psys(XXX). Voltage Supply Scaling Most applications operate near the nominal VDD, not at the absolute maximum VDD. The only power parameters that do not scale with VDD are the data I/O and termination power because the system VDD is already assumed when the initial power is calculated. On RLDRAM 2, power is typically related to the square of the voltage. This is because most of the power is dissipated by capacitance, with P = CV2f where C = internal capacitance, V = supply voltage, and f = frequency of the clock or command (see “Frequency Scaling” on page 19”). Thus, to scale power to a different supply voltage: Psys(XXX) = Psch(XXX) x 2 System VDD MAX specification VDD (Eq. 29) Frequency Scaling Many power components, such as Psch(WR) and Psch(RD), are dependent on the clock frequency at which a device operates. The power consumed in active standby (Pds) is also affected by the clock frequency and can be scaled similarly. Unlike those mentioned previously, Psch(REF) does not scale with clock frequency. Psch(REF) is dependent on the interval between AREF commands, as discussed in “Refresh Power” on page 17. The power for components dependent on an operating frequency can be scaled for actual operating frequency as follows: Psys(XXX) = Psch(XXX) x freq_used spec_freq (Eq. 30) PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 19 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Calculating Total RLDRAM 2 Power The sys_freq is the actual clock frequency at which a device operates in the system. The spec_freq is the clock frequency at which the device was tested during the IDD tests. This information is provided in the test condition notes in a data sheet. The test condition notes also describe tests at the maximum clock rate for a specific speed grade, device configuration, and burst length (BL). The combination of all VDD and clock frequency scaling is presented in Equation 31. Psys(SB) = Psd(SB) x sys_freq x spec_freq system VDD MAX spec VDD Psys(WR) = Psch(WR) x sys_freq x spec_freq system VDD MAX spec VDD Psys(RD) = Psch(RD) x sys_freq x spec_freq system VDD MAX spec VDD Psys(REF) = Psch(REF) x system V DD MAX spec V DD 2 2 2 2 (Eq. 31) Calculating Total RLDRAM 2 Power The tools are now in place to calculate the system power for any usage condition. The last task is to put them together. The various system power subcomponents are summed together, as shown in Equation 32. Psys(TOT) = Psys(SB) + Psys(WR) + Psys(RD) + Psys(REF) + Psys(DQ) + Psys(termW) (Eq. 32) Having compensated for all primary variables that can affect device power, the total power dissipation of the RLDRAM 2 device operating under specific system usage conditions has now been calculated. RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Calculating all these equations by hand can be tedious. For this reason, Micron has published an online worksheet to simplify the process. Micron’s RLDRAM 2 SystemPower Calculator, as well as detailed instructions for its use, are available on Micron’s Web site at www.micron.com/systemcalc. An example of how to use the system-power calculator is provided in “RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example” on page 22. To use the online spreadsheet, enter the device data sheet conditions on the “RLDRAM 2 Spec” tab. Starting values are provided, but it is important to verify all data sheet parameters prior to using the spreadsheet. Note that multiple speed bins and RLDRAM 2 densities are included, and correct inputs are required for each column used. After the data sheet values are entered, the actual RLDRAM 2 configuration to be used for the power calculations is selected on the “RLDRAM 2 Config” tab, as shown in Figure 14, Spreadsheet – RLDRAM 2 Configuration Tab. The density, speed grade, configura- PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 20 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Calculating Total RLDRAM 2 Power tion, I/O, ODT, nominal VDDQ, and burst length are selected with pull-down menus. In addition, the mode register configuration is selected for the different tRC and latency modes. These inputs correctly configure the calculator for a specific RLDRAM 2 based on the data input on the “RLDRAM 2 Spec” worksheet. Figure 14: Spreadsheet – RLDRAM 2 Configuration Tab RLDRAM 2 density 288Mb 288Mb Device width x36 Speed grade -2.5 Configuration (mode register bits 0–2) 0 (Default) I/O Common On-die termination (mode register bit 7) 1 : On VDDQ (nominal) 1.8V Burst length 2 36 -2.5 After the RLDRAM 2 configuration has been selected, the actual system operating conditions, such as VDD and VEXT, system clock frequency, and read and write utilization and capacitive load, are entered into the “System Config” tab, as shown in Figure 15. The burst length is extracted from the “RLDRAM 2 Config” information. Figure 15: Spreadsheet – System Configuration Tab System VDD System VEXT System CK frequency Burst length (self extracted) Percent of READs Percent of WRITEs Capacitive load on the data bus V V MHz 1.8 2.5 400 2 Extracted from the RLDRAM 2 configuration settings 30% 10% 20 Note: Minimum refresh rate is assumed, Remaining percent is considered to be active standby pF After all inputs are entered, the actual RLDRAM 2 device power derated to the system conditions can be found on the “Summary” tab. Note that the interim power calculations for data sheet power and scheduled power are found on the “Power Calcs” worksheet. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 21 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Data Sheet Specifications Data Sheet Specifications Table 3: Data Sheet Assumptions for Micron’s 288Mb RLDRAM 2 (-25) Max Description Condition Active standby current CS# = 1; No commands; Bank address incremented, and half of the address/data bits change once every four clock cycles Operational current Symbol BL = 2; Sequential bank access; Bank transitions once every tRC; Half of the address bits change once every tRC; Read followed by write sequence; Continuous data during WRITE commands Distributed refresh current Single bank refresh; Sequential bank access; Half of the address bits change once every tRC; Continuous data Operating burst write current example BL = 2; Cyclic bank access; Half of the address bits change every clock cycle; Continuous data; Measurement is taken during continuous write Operating burst read current example BL = 2; Cyclic bank access; Half of the address bits change every clock cycle; Measurement is taken during continuous read Notes: -25 ISB2 (VDD) x36 288 ISB2 (VDD) x18/x9 288 ISB2 (VEXT) 26 IDD1 (VDD) x36 374 IDD1 (VDD) x18/x9 348 IDD1 (VEXT) 41 IREF2 (VDD) x36 326 IREF2 (VDD) x18/x9 325 IREF2 (VEXT) 48 IDD2W (VDD) x36 990 IDD2W (VDD) x18/x9 970 IDD2W (VEXT) 100 IDD2R (VDD) x36 880 IDD2R (VDD) x18/x9 860 IDD2R (VEXT) 100 1. Refer to the data sheet for the most current information and test conditions. 2. IDD is dependent on output loading, cycle rates, burst length, and configuration. RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example An example for calculating RLDRAM 2 power in the system environment is shown in Figure 16 on page 23. The system assumptions are for a system with point-to-point connections on the data bus and a dual-loaded address and command bus. The data bus consists of two x36 RLDRAM 2 devices that result in a 72-bit data bus for the system. This system is populated with 288Mb density RLDRAM 2 -25 devices. The controller (shown in blue in Figure 16 on page 23) drives a common command/address bus, shared by the RLDRAM 2 (shown in green in Figure 16). Total data bus utilization for this example is 40 percent with read data using 30 percent of the bandwidth and write data using 10 percent of the bandwidth. All data bus termination follows the guidelines shown in Table 2 on page 16. It is assumed the minimum refresh rate is used for this system. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 22 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example Figure 16: Example of a Single-Load Data/Dual-Load Address and Command System Environment DQ0–DQ35 DQ36–DQ71 DQ0–DQ35 CS# CMD/ADD CMD/ADD CS# DQ0–DQ35 CS# CMD/ADD Notes: 1. Total data bus utilization = 40 percent (30 percent read data and 10 percent write data). To use the RLDRAM 2 Power Calculator spreadsheet, the IDD data sheet values must be loaded into the “RLDRAM 2 Spec” tab. After these values are verified, the DRAM used in the system is selected using the pull-down menus on the “DRAM Config” tab, as shown in Figure 17. Figure 17: RLDRAM 2 Configuration RLDRAM 2 density 288Mb 288Mb Device width x36 Speed grade -2.5 Configuration (mode register bits 0–2) 0 (Default) I/O Common On-die termination (mode register bit 7) VDDQ (nominal) 1 : On Burst length 2 36 -2.5 1.8V After the RLDRAM 2 is configured, the system implementation of the memory must be set using the “System Config” tab, as shown in Figure 18 on page 24. The I/O and termination powers are system-dependent. This example aligns to those calculated in Table 2 on page 16. Because this example system has two memory devices, each RLDRAM 2 is assumed to consume the total data bandwidth. Thus, each RLDRAM 2 has a read utilization of 30 percent and a write utilization of 10 percent. With this information, the spreadsheet calculates the average time between read-towrite and write-to-read databus transitions as well as the number of active banks based on the clock frequency. As previously mentioned, the minimum refresh rate is used, and all other cycles are assumed to be active standby. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 23 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example Figure 18: System Configuration System VDD System VEXT System CK frequency 1.8 2.5 400 Burst length (self extracted) V V MHz 2 Percent of READs Percent of WRITEs Capacitive load on the data bus 30% 10% 20 pF After all assumptions are entered into the spreadsheet, it calculates each subcomponent of power and derates it to the system use condition. The results are shown on the “Summary” tab and in Figure 19. During the system conditions, each RLDRAM 2 uses 311.4mW of power for background operations (STANDBY and REFRESH) on the VDD supply and another 6.5mW on the VEXT supply. For reading data from the RLDRAM 2, 475.2mW of power is consumed on the VDD supply, 75mW on the VEXT supply, and 243.7mW on the VDDQ supply. Writing data to the RLDRAM 2 consumes 178.2mW of power on the VDD supply and 25mW of power on the VEXT supply. In this example, because the ODT is enabled, writes to the RLDRAM 2 also consume an additional 30.6mW on the VTT supply. Therefore, each RLDRAM 2 consumes a total of approximately 1345.6mW. Because the calculations are completed on a per-RLDRAM 2 basis and the data is assumed to be uniformly distributed among all the RLDRAM 2 in the system, the total memory subsystem power is approximated as two times 1345.6mW, or approximately 2.7W. Figure 19: Average Power Consumption Summary VDD Psys(STBY) Psys(REF) Total Standby/Refresh Power Psys(ACT) Psys(WR) Psys(RD) Total RD/WR Total RLDRAM 2 Power PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 24 311.0 3.0 314.0 207.4 126.4 319.7 653.4 967.4 VEXT 39.0 0.6 39.6 26.0 18.5 55.5 100.0 139.6 VDDQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 243.7 243.7 243.7 VTT 0.0 mW 0.0 mW 0.0 mW 0.0 mW 30.6 mW 0.0 mW 30.6 mW 30.6 mW Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 RLDRAM 2 Power Spreadsheet Usage Example Figure 20: Average Power Consumption per Device 1,600 Device Power (mW) 1,400 1,200 1,000 V TT VDDQ 800 V EXT 600 V DD 400 200 0 Figure 21: Power Consumption Breakout 350 Power (mW) 300 250 200 150 100 50 PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 25 Psys(RD) Psys(WR) Psys(ACT) Psys(REF) Psys(STBY) 0 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved TN-49-04: Calculating Memory System Power for RLDRAM 2 Conclusion Conclusion When relying on a data sheet alone, it can be difficult to determine how much power an RLDRAM 2 device consumes in a system environment. However, by understanding the data sheet and how an RLDRAM 2 device consumes power, it is possible to create a power model based on system usage conditions. Such a model can enable system designers to experiment with various memory access schemes to determine the impact on power consumption. In short, system designers can use this tool to estimate realistic power requirements for RLDRAM 2 devices and to adjust a system’s power delivery and thermal budget accordingly, thereby optimizing system performance. For more information about RLDRAM 2 and other Micron products, visit Micron’s Web site at www.micron.com. 8000 S. Federal Way, P.O. Box 6, Boise, ID 83707-0006, Tel: 208-368-3900 [email protected] www.micron.com Customer Comment Line: 800-932-4992 Micron, the M logo, and the Micron logo are trademarks of Micron Technology, Inc. RLDRAM is a trademark of Infineon Technologies AG and is used under license by Micron. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. This data sheet contains minimum and maximum limits specified over the power supply and temperature range set forth herein. Although considered final, these specifications are subject to change, as further product development and data characterization sometimes occur. PDF: 09005aef82b1a1ad/Source: 09005aef82b1a4a7 TN4904.fm - Rev. A 10/12 EN 26 Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice. ©2007 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.