Freescale Semiconductor
Application Note
Document Number: AN3796
Rev. 4, 10/2011
LCD Driver Specification
by: Alejandra Guzmán, Luis Puebla, and Saul Salazar
Microcontroller Solutions Group
Guadalajara, México
1
Introduction
This document describes a driver for twisted nematic
displays (TN) or super twisted nematic displays (TNS).
This LCD driver allows the user to customize glass
requirements with the microcontroller LCD module.
This driver was tested for the following microcontroller
demo boards: the TWR-K40X256, TWR-K53N512,
MCF51EM256 (DEMOEM), MC9S08LG32
(DEMO9S08LG32), MC9S08LL16
(DEMO9S09LL16), MC9RS08LA8
(DEMO09RS08LA8), and MC9RS08LE4
(DEMO09RS08LE4).
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
The software architecture was designed to provide
seamless migration between these devices.
This document is intended to be used by all software
development engineers, test engineers, and anyone else
who has to use the microcontrollers with an LCD.
6
7
© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2009-2011. All rights reserved.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to the Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1
Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2
Types of TN LCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
LCD Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1
LCD Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation. . . . . . . . 4
4.1
_LCDBACKPLANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2
_LCDCLKPSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3
_LCDCLKSOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.4
_LCDVSUPPLY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.5
_LCDCPSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.6
_LCDLOADADJUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.7
_LCDFRAMEINTERRUPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.8
_LCDBLINKRATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.9
_CHARNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.10 _LCDTYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.11 Custom Glass Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.12 LCD Fault detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
LCD HAL Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1
vfnLCD_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2
vfnLCD_EnablePins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3
vfnLCD_ConfigureBackplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4
vfnLCD _Clear_Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.5
vfnLCD _Set_Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.6
vfnLCD_Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7
vfnLCD_Write_Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.8
vfnLCD_Write_MsgPlace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.9
vfnLCD_Write_Msg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.10 vfnLCD_Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.11 vfnLCD_GoTo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Custom Glass Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Introduction to the Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD
Issues and suggestions about this document and driver must be provided through the support webpage at
www.freescale.com/support.
2
Introduction to the Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD
A twisted nematic (TN) display is used in most LCD applications; this device consists of a nematic liquid
crystal sandwiched between two plates of glass. The inner glass surfaces are coated with a transparent
metal oxide film that acts as an electrode. The surfaces are used to apply voltages across the cells.
MCU Port
MMA7260
Accelerometer
MC9S08LL16
32.768 kHz Crystal
Potentiometer
Figure 1. Twisted nematic LCD
2.1
Principle of Operation
The light entering the display from the top is polarized by the top polarizer and as it travels through the
liquid crystals its polarization rotates with the molecules. When it emerges its polarization has been
changed by 90 degrees and passes through the bottom polarizer.
However, when a voltage is applied to the electrodes the majority of the molecules are arranged vertically.
In this case, polarization of the light passing through the liquid crystals remains unchanged and the light
beam is blocked by the bottom polarizer.
2.2
Types of TN LCDs
There are two types of LCDs:
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
2
Freescale Semiconductor
Introduction to the Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD
•
Static LCDs — Have only one backplane (BP) electrode and one frontplane (FP) pin to turn on one
segment. Therefore, a 7-segment display needs eight terminals to display one character. If you
increase the number of segments you increase the number of terminals, the cost of the LCD, and
the total cost of the application.
Figure 2. Static LCD
•
Dynamic LCDs — Help optimize the required number of terminals needed to drive the LCD.
Instead of having one BP and one FP, dynamic displays reduce the number of terminals by
multiplexing the segments; this means that two or more segments are connected to the same
terminal. The way that dynamic displays work is similar to keyboards.
Figure 3. Dynamic LCD
For further information about dynamically driven LCDs, see Freescale application note XGATE Library:
TN/STN LCD Driver (document AN3219), available on the Freescale.com website.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
3
LCD Software
3
LCD Software
3.1
LCD Software Architecture
APPLICATION
HARDWARE INDEPENDENT LAYER
HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER
HAL
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY MODULE
MCU
Figure 4. Software architecture
Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) — The hardware abstraction layer is defined as a collection of software
components that directly access hardware resources. In this layer, the LCD driver defines macros and
functions that configure the custom glass requirements in the LCD module registers.
Hardware independent layer (HIL) — The hardware independent layer is defined as a collection of
software components that access hardware resources through HAL. Peripheral drivers are implemented in
this layer.
4
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
The HAL module defines the macros and functions needed to match the custom glass hardware
specifications with the MCU LCD registers. This information is obtained from each custom glass
specification. The changes to these macros are performed through modifications on the macro definitions
located in the LCD_HAL.h header file. The user functions are located in LCD_HAL.c.
The user is responsible for providing correct definitions for these hardware access macros. Descriptions
of the individual macros and examples of their definitions are given below.
4.1
_LCDBACKPLANES
The LCD backplane macros defines the number of backplane electrodes on the custom glass. The duty
ratio of the waveforms generated by the LCD module is 1/(_LCDBACKPLANES).
This module supports values from 1–8.
Example 1.
#define _LCDBACKPLANES
(8 )
// # of backplanes
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
4
Freescale Semiconductor
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
4.2
_LCDCLKPSL
This macro defines the LCD clock prescaler which in combination with the number of backplanes of the
LCD, and determines the LCD frame frequency.
The LCD frame frequency is the number of times that the LCD is energized per second. The LCD module
frame frequency must be selected to prevent the LCD display from flickering (LCD module frame
frequency is too low) or ghosting (LCD module frame frequency is too high).
To avoid these conditions, an LCD module frame frequency in the range of 28 Hz to 58 Hz is required.
Table 1 shows the LCD frame frequency calculations.
Table 1. LCD frame frequency calculations
Duty Cycle
1/1
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1/6
1/7
1/8
Y
16
8
5
4
3
3
2
2
0
76.3
76.3
81.4
76.3
81.4
67.8
87.2
76.3
1
61
61
65.1
61
65.1
54.3
69.8
61
2
50.9
50.9
54.3
50.9
54.3
45.2
58.1
50.9
3
43.6
43.6
46.5
43.6
46.5
38.8
49.8
43.6
4
38.1
38.1
40.7
38.1
40.7
33.9
43.6
38.1
5
33.9
33.9
36.2
33.9
36.2
30.1
38.8
33.9
6
30.5
30.5
32.6
30.5
32.6
27.1
34.9
30.5
7
27.7
27.7
29.6
27.7
29.6
24.7
31.7
27.7
LCLK[2:0]
4.3
_LCDCLKSOURCE
The _LCDCLKSOURCE macro defines the LCD module clock source. The available clocks are the
internal (also called alternate) clock or the external clock of 32.768 kHz. The supported clock range is from
30 kHz to 39.053 kHz.
• 0 — Selects external clock source
• 1 — Selects alternate clock source
4.4
_LCDVSUPPLY
The LCD voltage supply macro defines whether the LCD module power supply is internal or external.
These device sources change in each device.
Supply sources for the MCF51EM256 are:
• 0 — Drive VLL2 internally from VDD
• 1 — Drive VLL3 internally from VDD
• 2 — Drive VLL1 internally from VLCD
• 3 — Drive VLL3 externally Or VIREG
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
5
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
Supply sources for the MC9S08LG32 are:
• 0 — Drive VLL2 internally from VDD
• 1 — Drive VLL3 internally from VDD
• 2 — Reserved
• 3 — Drive VLL3 externally
Supply sources for the MC9S08LL16 are:
• 0 — Drive VLL2 internally from VDD
• 1 — Drive VLL3 internally from VDD
• 2 — Drive VLL1 internally from VLCD
• 3 — Drive VLL3 externally Or VIREG
Supply fsources for the MC9RS08LA8:
• 0 — Drive VLL2 internally from VDD
• 1 — Drive VLL3 internally from VDD
• 2 — Reserved
• 3 — Drive VLL3 externally
Supply sources for the MC9RS08LE4:
• 0 — Reserved
• 1 — Drive VLL3 internally from VDD
• 2 — Reserved
• 3 — Drive VLL3 externally
4.5
_LCDCPSEL
The LCD charge pump selector macro defines the type of supply for the LCD voltages VLL1, VLL2, and
VLL3. The LCD module provides two options for the supply voltage: resistor network or charge pump.
This option is only available for the MCF51EM256, MC9S08LG32, MC9S08LL16, and MC9RS08LA8
families. The defined value (0 or 1) will not affect the MC9RS08LE4.
• 0 — Selects the resistor network
• 1 — Selects the charge pump
4.6
_LCDLOADADJUST
The load adjust macro configures the LCD module to manage a different LCD glass capacitance. The
capacitance of the LCD depends on the custom glass. The value written in this macro is related to the type
of voltage source selected (resistor network or charge pump). The results for the different possible
combinations of _LCDLOADADJUST and _LCDCPSEL (0 — resistor network, 1 — charge pump) for
the MCF51EM256, MC9S08LG32, and MC9S08LL16 are shown in Table 2.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
6
Freescale Semiconductor
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
Table 2. _LCDLOADADJUST and _LCDCPSEL Combinations for the MCF51EM256, MC9S08LG32, and
MC9S08LL16
_LCDLOADADJUST
_LCDCPSEL = 1
_LCDCPSEL = 0
0
8000 pf
2000 pf
1
6000 pf
2000 pf
2
4000 pf
8000 pf
3
2000 pf
8000 pf
The configuration for the MC9RS08LA8 and MC9RS08LE4 devices are shown in Table 3. For the
MC9RS08LA8 the value of _LCDCPSEL must be 0 and for the MC9RS08LE4 the value does not matter.
Table 3. _LCDLOADADJUST Configuration for the MC9RS08LA8 and MC9RS08LE4
_LCDLOADADJUST
0
2000 pf
1
2000 pf
2
8000 pf
3
8000 pf
NOTE
For further details consult the specific device reference manual.
4.7
_LCDFRAMEINTERRUPT
The LCD frame interrupt macro enables an LCD interrupt that matches the LCD module frame frequency.
• 0 — Disable interrupt
• 1 — Enable interrupt
4.8
_LCDBLINKRATE
The LCD blink rate macro selects the frequency at which the LCD display blinks when the software blink
control is enabled. This macro can be any number between 0–7. Equation 1 shows how the LCD blink rate
is calculated.
Eqn. 1
LCDCLK
LCD module blink rate = ----------------------------------------------- 12 + _LCDBLINKRATE
2
Table 4 shows calculations for all values of BRATE.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
7
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
Table 4. BRATE values
BRATE[2:0]
0
1
2
LCD Clock
3
4
5
6
7
Blink Frequency (Hz)
30 kHz
7.32
3.66
1.831
.916
.46
.23
.11
.06
32.768 kHz
8
4
2
1
.5
.25
.13
.06
39.063 kHz
9.54
4.77
2.38
1.19
.6
.30
.15
.075
NOTE
The MCF51EM256, MC9S08LG32, MC9S08LL features software control.
The MC9RS08LA and MC9RS08LE do not feature software control.
4.9
_CHARNUM
This macro defines the number of alphanumerics for the custom glass.
Figure 5. 16-Segment alphanumeric
4.10
_LCDTYPE
This macro defines the number of LCDWF needed to drive one alphanumeric of the custom glass.
4.11
Custom Glass Configuration
The macros explained below interface between the custom glass pinout and the MCU LCD module. The
user must take into consideration that these are only definitions, therefore these macros are needed and
called in the LCD_HAL.c file.
NOTE
Download the AN3796SW.zip file from www.freescale.com for a
spreadsheet that helps in filling-out these definitions.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
8
Freescale Semiconductor
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
4.11.1
EnableLCDpins
Description:
Enable the corresponding LCD pin for the LCD operation.
Name:
EnableLCDpins(RegNum, Mask)
Parameters:
• RegNum — Number of the register to write
• Mask — Mask to habilitate LCD pins
Excel Location:
Sheet — Custom Glass Column— L
Example 2.
#define
4.11.2
_PEN0()
EnableLCDpins (0,255)
//LCD0-LCD7 are LCD pins
EnableBackplanes
Description:
Enable the corresponding LCD pin for the backplane operation.
Name:
EnableBackplanes(RegNum, Mask)
Parameters:
• RegNum — Number of the register to write
• Mask — Mask to select backplanes
Excel Location:
Sheet — Custom Glass Column — M
Example 3.
#define
4.11.3
_BPEN0()
EnableBackplanes (0, 15)
// LCD0-LCD3 are backplanes
SetBackplane
Description:
Gives the common number (COM) to the previous enabled backplanes.
Name:
SetBackplane(ComNum, LCDn)
Parameters:
• ComNum — COM number
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
9
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
•
LCDn — Number of the LCD pin connected to the backplane
Excel Location:
Sheet — Custom Glass Column — N
Example 4.
#define
4.11.4
_SETCOM1()
SetBackplane (1, 3)
/LCD3 like COM1
CharacterPlace
Description:
This macro defines the LDCWaveforms directions needed to write the alphanumeric character.
Name:
CharacterPlace(LCDn)
Parameters:
• LCDpin — LCDn number of pin connected
Excel Location:
Sheet — Custom Glass Column — O
Example 5.
#define
#define
4.11.5
CHAR1A (5)
CHAR1B (15)
//Alphanumeric 1 drive by LCD5 and LCD15
AllSegmentsON
Description:
Turns on all the segments of the custom glass.
Name:
AllSegmentsON(LCDn, Mask)
Parameters:
• LCDn — LCDWF that needs to be turned on
• ComMask — Bits that are turned on (example: 8 COM = 255, 2 COM = 3)
Excel Location:
Sheet — Custom Glass Column — Q
Example 6.
#define SEGMENT10_ON AllSegmentsON (14, 255)
//Turns on all the bits from the LCD14
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
10
Freescale Semiconductor
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
4.11.6
SymbolON
Description:
Turns on the segment dedicated to write a specific symbol.
Parameters:
BufferNumber — Number of the LCD pin connected
BitNumber — COM number that turns on that symbol
Excel Location:
Sheet — Special Symbols Column — H
Example 7.
#define LCD_CLOCK_ON SymbolON(11,7)
//Bit7 from LCD11 turns on the clock symbol
4.11.7
SymbolOFF
Description:
Turns off the segment dedicated to write a specific symbol.
Name:
SymbolOFF(LCDn, BitNumber)
Parameters:
• BufferNumber — Number of the LCD pin connected
• BitNumber — COM number that turns on that symbol
Excel location:
Sheet — Special Symbols Column — I
Example 8.
#define _LCD_CLOCK_OFF SymbolOFF(11,7)
4.12
// Turns off bit7 from LCD11
LCD fault detection
LCD fault detection capability is included only in Kinetis family.
Most failures, where a LCD segment is either unexpectedly on or off, result in an erroneous information
that can mislead a user and cause a dangerous situation. The LCD Display Fault Detect circuit's (LFD)
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
11
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
function find faults in the LCD display, display connector, and board connections between the MCU and
the display.
The LCD panel can be regarded as a matrix of segments, as shown in the following figures. Any open/short
connection changes the capacitive characteristics of the segment matrix. The pullup fault detection checks
the capacitive characteristic of an LCD_Pn pin by applying a weak pullup voltage to the display capacitor
matrix. The rise time response is sampled and summed within a user defined time frame and stored for
post-processing in the FDSR[FDCNT] bitfield. The summing of the digitized values uses the principal that
the response of a capacitor for each charge/discharge is constant for the same loading conditions.
For more information on how LCD fault detection operates see “LCD fault detect circuit” section in the
Reference Manual of K30 and K40 families available from www.freescale.com/kinetis.
void vfnlcd_pinmux(uint8 mux_val)
Description:
Configure LCD pin to operate in LCD normal operation or for fault detection. To measure the capacitance
of the pin all LCD pins through the port control must be configured for ALT7 function which enable the
LCD fault circuitry. During LCD normal operation the port control must be configured for ALT0.
NOTE
When fault detect measurement is performed, a glitch on the LCD is
observed due to handling of pull ups used for the fault detect circuit. Once
the fault detection is completed the user must ensure to return the port
control to ALT0 configuration.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnlcd_pinmux(uint8 mux_val)
Input parameters:
mux_val = 0 —Configure LCD pins for LCD normal operation
mux_val = 7 — Configure LCD pins for LCD fault detection. Configuring to these values allow
the LCD Fault detect circuitry to control the pull-up for proper measurement.
NOTE
A glitch on the LCD, or darkness on the LCD occurs while Fault detection
is on progress.
Return value:
None
uint8 u8fnlcd_measure_pin_cap(uint8 pinid, uint8 pin_type, uint8 fdprs_val, uint8 fdsww_val)
Description: measure capacitance of the pin
ANSIC prototype:
uint8 u8fnlcd_measure_pin_cap(uint8 pinid, uint8 pin_type, uint8 fdprs_val,uint8 fdsww_val)
Input parameters:
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
12
Freescale Semiconductor
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Implementation
pinid
pin_type
fdprs_val
fdsww_val
(LCDWF number 0-47)
FP_TYPE=0 or BP_TYPE =1
Fault detect preescaler value 0-7
Fault detect windows width 0-7
Return value:
capacitance value (FDSR_FDCNT)
Example 9.
Measuring capacitance of all LCD pins enabled.
void ldc_fault_detection_measure(void)
{
uint8 i;
uint8 lcd_cap_val;
vfnlcd_pinmux(7);
for(i=0;i<_LCDUSEDPINS;i++)
{
if (i<_LCDFRONTPLANES)
{
lcd_cap_val =
u8fnlcd_measure_pin_cap(WF_ORDERING_TABLE[i],FP_TYPE,lcd_fp_fdprs_val,lcd_fp_fdsww_val);
}
else
{
lcd_cap_val =
u8fnlcd_measure_pin_cap(WF_ORDERING_TABLE[i],BP_TYPE,lcd_bp_fdprs_val,lcd_bp_fdsww_val);
}
lcd_pin_cap[i] = lcd_cap_val;
}
vfnlcd_pinmux (0);
}
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
13
LCD HAL Functions
5
LCD HAL Functions
5.1
vfnLCD_Init
Description:
Initializes the LCD with the parameters given in the LCD_HAL.h.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_Init (void);
Input parameters:
None
Return value:
None
Typical usage:
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
for (;;)
{ }
}
CAUTION
This caution is for MCF51EM256 devices. LCD registers require several
cycles between write accesses. Only byte writes should be used to write
these registers. Finally, consecutive writes must be seperated by at least one
non-write cycle.
5.2
vfnLCD_EnablePins
Description:
Provides the LCD characteristics to the MCU pins previously selected in the LCD_HAL.h file.
This function is used on vfnLCD_Init. The LCD characteristics help with the generation of the
waveforms that drive the liquid crystal display.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_EnablePins (void)
Input parameters:
None
Return value:
None
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
14
Freescale Semiconductor
LCD HAL Functions
5.3
vfnLCD_ConfigureBackplanes
Description:
Enables an LCD pin to be a backplane and gives the number of the COM corresponding to each
backplane. This function is used for the LCD initialization sequence and therefore is called from
vfnLCD_Init.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_ConfigureBackplane (void)
Input parameters:
None
Return value:
None
5.4
vfnLCD _Clear_Display
Description:
Turns off all the segments of the LCD. This function uses the previous AllSegmentsON definition.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_Clear_Display (void)
Input parameters:
None
Return value:
None
Typical usage:
#include “lcd.h”
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Clear_Display ();
for (;;)
{ }
}
5.5
vfnLCD _Set_Display
Description:
Turns on all the segments of the LCD. This function uses the previous AllSegmentsON definition.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_Set_Display (void)
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
15
LCD HAL Functions
Input parameters:
None
Return value:
None
Typical usage:
#include “lcd.h”
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Set_Display ();
vfnLCD_Clear_Display ();
for (;;)
{ }
}
5.6
vfnLCD_Home
Description:
Reset the pointer to the first alphanumeric position — LCD_CharPosition = 0.
Input parameters:
none
Return value:
none
Typical usage:
#include “lcd.h”
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
LCD_writeMSG(“”)
vfnLCD_Home();
LCD_writeMSG(“200”); “LCD result = 200 Volts”
for (;;)
{ }
}
5.7
vfnLCD_Write_Char
Description:
Writes one ASCII character on the next alphanumeric. If the alphanumeric counter reaches the
maximum value, vfnLCD_Home is called.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_Write_Char (UINT8 u8Value);
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
16
Freescale Semiconductor
LCD HAL Functions
Input parameters:
• UINT8 — u8Value (ASCII to write on the alphanumeric)
Return value:
none
Typical usage:
#inlcude “lcd.h”
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Write_Char (‘a’);
for (;;)
{ }
}
5.8
vfnLCD_Write_MsgPlace
Description:
Write a message on an LCD alphanumeric specific position. Write only the number of characters
specified by the user.
ANSIC prototype:
vfnLCD_Write_MsgPlace(UINT8 _POINTER pu8Message, UINT8 u8NumChars,
UINT8 u8Place)
Input parameters:
• UINT8*pu8Message — The first character on the array to write
• UINT8 u8NumChars — The numbers of characters to write
• UINT8 u8Plcae— Address alphanumeric
Return value:
None
Typical usage:
#inlcude “lcd.h”
const byte cbaMessage1 [ ] = {“123456”};
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Write_Char (‘a’);
vfnLCD_Write_MsgPlace(&cbaMessage1[0], 3); //Only write “123”
for (;;)
{ }
}
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
17
LCD HAL Functions
5.9
vfnLCD_Write_Msg
Description:
Write a message to the LCD alphanumeric space. If the message is longer than the maximum
number of alphanumeric characters, it will truncate the message. If the message is shorter than the
maximum number of alphanumeric characters it will write the message and the remaining
alphanumeric characters will be written with spaces.
ANSIC prototype:
void vfnLCD_Write_Msg (UINT8 _POINTER pu8Message);
Input parameters:
• UINT8 * pu8Message — The first character on the array to write
Return Value:
none
Typical Usage:
#inlcude “lcd.h”
const byte cbaMessage1 [] = {“123456”};
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Write_Char (‘a’);
vfnLCD_Write_Msg (&cbaMessage1[0];
for (;;)
{ }
}
5.10
vfnLCD_Contrast
Description:
The software contrast is updated with the value of the input parameter. The permitted values for
the contrast are in the range 0x00–0x0F. By increasing the value the glass becomes more opaque,
decreasing the value of the contrast makes the LCD more transparent.
Prototype:
vfnLCD_Contrast (UINT8 Contrast)
Input parameters:
• byte — contrast
Return value:
None
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
18
Freescale Semiconductor
Custom Glass Implementation
Typical usage:
#include “lcd.h”
main()
{
vfnLCD_Contrast(15);
for (;;)
{ }
}
NOTE
The contrast function can only be used with the MCF51EM256 and MC9S08LL16 devices.
5.11
vfnLCD_GoTo
Description:
Move cursor to a specific position.
Prototype:
vfnLCD_GoTo (Place)
Input parameters:
UINT8 — Place,
Return value:
None
Typical usage:
#include “lcd.h”
const byte cbaMessage1 [] = {“123456”};
main()
{
vfnLCD_Init();
vfnLCD_Write_Char(“a”);
vfnLCD_GoTo(3);
//select the position to begin writing
vfnLCD_Write_Char(“b”);
//LCD result = “a b”
for (;;)
{ }
}
6
Custom Glass Implementation
Using good practices to configure the LCD hardware pinout simplifies the software. Consider the
following:
• Drive one segment with the same backplane at all alphanumerics.
• Arrange all the symbols on the same pin.
• Increasing the number of backplanes increases the number of segments that are possible to drive.
When customizing software for a specific glass, the following steps must be executed:
1. Make a new project for the MCU that you select.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
19
Custom Glass Implementation
2. Add the files LCD_HAL.h, LCD_HAL.c, and LCD.h to the project.
3. Include LCD.h in main (#include “LCD.h”).
4. Open the LCD_HAL.h., customize the LCD configuration macros and uncomment the MCU from
that application, leaving the other two MCUs (not used) commented, as shown.
5. Open the spreadsheet and fill the columns in the custom glass worksheet that are mentioned below.
— Pin (Column A) — Custom glass pin
— LCDn (Column B) — Number of the MCU LCD pin connected to the custom glass
— BP(Column C) — COM number connected to the pin; if that pin is not a backplane leave the
cell blank
— ChNx (Column D) — Select the number of alphanumeric characters that the custom glass is
driving. When alphanumerics need more than one pin, the alphabet will be used for
identification.
Table 5. Spreadsheet
Pin
LCDn
BP
ChNx
1
0
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
4
3
4
5
4
1a
6
5
1b
7
6
1c
8
7
1d
9
8
2a
10
9
2b
11
10
2c
12
11
2d
13
12
7a
14
13
7b
15
33
7c
16
34
7d
17
41
8a
18
42
8b
19
43
8c
20
14
8d
21
15
9a
22
16
9b
23
28
9c
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
20
Freescale Semiconductor
Custom Glass Implementation
Table 5. Spreadsheet (continued)
Pin
LCDn
BP
ChNx
24
27
25
26
26
25
27
24
28
23
29
22
30
36
6c
31
35
6b
32
21
6a
33
20
5d
34
19
5c
35
18
5b
36
17
5a
37
32
4d
38
31
4c
39
40
4b
40
39
4a
41
38
3d
42
37
3c
43
30
3b
44
29
3a
9d
6d
6. Copy the information shown in Table 6 from the custom glass worksheet into the LCD_HAL.h.
Table 6. Custom glass worksheet to LCD_HAL.h
Column
Place in LCD_HAL.h
M
EnableLCDPins
N
EnableBackplanes
O
SetBackplanes
P
CharacterPlace
R
SegmentsON
S
SegmentsOFF
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
21
Custom Glass Implementation
Copy from the worksheet:
Table 7. Example for SetBackplane macros
Set Backplane Macro
#define SetCom1()
SetBackplane (0, 0)
#define SetCom2()
SetBackplane (1, 1)
#define SetCom3()
SetBackplane (2, 2)
#define SetCom4()
SetBackplane (3, 3)
Paste to the project:
7. On the worksheet named Special Symbols fill the columns:
Name (Column C) — Name of the custom glass segments.
Pin (Column D) — Custom glass connected to that symbol.
COM (Column E) — Number of backplane or common that turns on that symbol.
8. Copy the columns shown in Table 8 from the special symbols worksheet and paste into the
LCD_HAL.h.
Table 8. Special symbols worksheet to LCD_HAL.h
Column
Place in the LCD_HAL.h
H
SymbolON
I
SymbolOFF
9. Fill the columns explained below on the Map Segments worksheet. Copy column D and paste it in
the LCD_HAL.h at the Name Segment section.
10. Copy the columns shown in Table 9 from the Custom Glass worksheet and paste into the
LCD_HAL.c.
Table 9. Custom glass worksheet to LCD_HAL.c
Column
Place in LCD_HAL.c
Q
aPlace
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
22
Freescale Semiconductor
Custom Glass Implementation
NOTE
Before pasting, column Q must be sorted in alphabetical order.
Before Sorting
After Sorting
Figure 6. Before sorting and after sorting
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
23
Conclusion
11. Create your own alphanumeric definition in the ASCII sheet columns. After defining the segments,
copy the AF column and paste it in the baASCII array.
If the application needs to declare text, the arrays that do this must be between the red lines in the main
file after including headers and libraries. This is to save data in a special memory segment for the
MC9RS08 devices.When using the LL family the memory will not be saved in a special place.
#pragma CONST_SEG __FAR_SEG mySEG
const byte Mytext [ ] = {"HELLO WORLD"};
#pragma CONST_SEG DEFAULT
•
•
•
•
For the MCF51EM256, 13 segments will configure with four lines (chara, charb, charc, and chard).
These are defined in aBackup[] array
For the MC9S08LG32, 13 segments will configure with four lines (chara, charb, charc, and chard).
For the MC9S08LL16, 16 segments configure the two lines (chara and charb). These are defined
in baBackup[] array.
For the MC9RS08LA8 and MC9RS08LE4, 13 segments configure the two lines (chara and charb).
You can take the information from the ASCII array.
7
Conclusion
This driver provides a software interface between the custom glass pinout and the LCD module in low-end
Freescale microcontrollers. Minimal changes are required to customize an LCD application and fit
specified hardware requirements. These routines are a reliable platform to migrate between the
MC9RS08LE, MC9RS08LA, MC9S08LL, MC9S08LG32, MCF51EM256, K40 and K50 families and
reduces development time when using Freescale products.
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
24
Freescale Semiconductor
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK
LCD Driver Specification, Rev. 4
Freescale Semiconductor
25
How to Reach Us:
Home Page:
www.freescale.com
Web Support:
http://www.freescale.com/support
USA/Europe or Locations Not Listed:
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Technical Information Center, EL516
2100 East Elliot Road
Tempe, Arizona 85284
1-800-521-6274 or +1-480-768-2130
www.freescale.com/support
Europe, Middle East, and Africa:
Freescale Halbleiter Deutschland GmbH
Technical Information Center
Schatzbogen 7
81829 Muenchen, Germany
+44 1296 380 456 (English)
+46 8 52200080 (English)
+49 89 92103 559 (German)
+33 1 69 35 48 48 (French)
www.freescale.com/support
Japan:
Freescale Semiconductor Japan Ltd.
Headquarters
ARCO Tower 15F
1-8-1, Shimo-Meguro, Meguro-ku,
Tokyo 153-0064
Japan
0120 191014 or +81 3 5437 9125
[email protected]
Asia/Pacific:
Freescale Semiconductor China Ltd.
Exchange Building 23F
No. 118 Jianguo Road
Chaoyang District
Beijing 100022
China
+86 10 5879 8000
[email protected]
For Literature Requests Only:
Freescale Semiconductor Literature Distribution Center
P.O. Box 5405
Denver, Colorado 80217
1-800-441-2447 or +1-303-675-2140
Fax: +1-303-675-2150
[email protected]
Information in this document is provided solely to enable system and software
implementers to use Freescale Semiconductor products. There are no express or
implied copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated
circuits or integrated circuits based on the information in this document.
Freescale Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to
any products herein. Freescale Semiconductor makes no warranty, representation or
guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does
Freescale Semiconductor assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any
product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without
limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters that may be
provided in Freescale Semiconductor data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary
in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating
parameters, including “Typicals”, must be validated for each customer application by
customer’s technical experts. Freescale Semiconductor does not convey any license
under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Freescale Semiconductor products are
not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for
surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life,
or for any other application in which the failure of the Freescale Semiconductor product
could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer
purchase or use Freescale Semiconductor products for any such unintended or
unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Freescale Semiconductor and
its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all
claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of,
directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such
unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Freescale
Semiconductor was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part.
Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names
are the property of their respective owners.
© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009-2011. All rights reserved.
AN3796
Rev. 4
10/2011