Application Note 142 August 2013 New Linear Regulators Solve Old Problems Bob Dobkin, Vice President, Engineering and CTO, Linear Technology Corp. Regulators regulate but are capable of doing much more. The architecture of linear regulators has remained virtually unchanged since the introduction of the three terminal floating voltage regulator in 1976. Regulators were either a floating architecture (LT®317) or else an amplifier loop with feedback from the output to the amplifier. Both of these architectures suffer from limitations on versatility, regulation and accuracy. The feedback resistors set the output voltage and attenuate the feedback signal into the amplifier. Therefore the regulation at the output is a percentage of the output voltage, so higher output voltages have worse regulation in “Volts” while the percentage may be the same. Also, the bandwidth of the regulator changes with voltage. Since the loop gain is decreased, the bandwidth is decreased as well at higher output voltages. This makes transient response slower and ripple worse as output voltage goes up. The regulator fixes current limiting and it has no adjustment. It is built into the IC and different devices must be used for different output currents. So, if the current limit needs to be matched to the application or accurate current limit is needed, an external circuit must be used. Figure 1a shows the basic architecture of older regulators. A new architecture was introduced in 2007 in the LT3080. It used a current source for the reference and a voltage follower for the output amplifier. Two advantages of this architecture are the ability to parallel the regulators for more output current and the ability for the regulator to operate down to zero. Since the output amplifier always operates at unity gain, bandwidth is constant and regulation is constant as well. Transient response is independent of output voltage and regulation can be specified in millivolts rather than a percent of output. Figure 1b shows the new regulator architecture. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. VIN VIN IREF REF REF + – + OUTPUT VOUT = REF 1 + R1 R2 R1 R1 – OUTPUT VOUT = IREF • R1 R2 AN142 F01a Figure 1a. Older Regulators AN142 F01b Figure 1b. New Architecture Regulator an142f AN142-1 Application Note 142 Table 1 shows the new regulators and main features. Along with different output current variations, these regulators were specifically designed to add functional features not previously available in existing regulators. There are monitor outputs for temperature, current and external control of current limit. One device (LT3086) also has external control of thermal shutdown. A new negative regulator provides monitoring and can operate as a floating regulator or an LDO. All of these new regulators can be paralleled for higher current, current sharing, and heat spreading. Temperature and current monitor outputs are current sources configured to operate from 0.4V above VOUT to 40V below VOUT. Temperature output is 1μA/°C per degree and the current monitor is IOUT/5,000. These current sources are measured by tying a resistor to ground in series with the current source and reading across the resistor. The current source has a range of –40V to 0.4V referred to the output and it continues to work even if the output is shorted. The dynamic range for the monitor outputs is 400mV above the output so, with the output shorted or set to zero, temperature and current can still be measured. Using a 1k resistor provides sufficient margin and ensures operation when the output is shorted. A New Industrial Regulator The LT3081 is a wide safe operating area industrial regulator. It provides 1.5A of output current, is adjustable to zero, is reverse protected and has monitor outputs for temperature and output current. In addition, the current limit can be adjusted by connecting an external resistor to the device. Figure 2 shows the basic hookup for the LT3081. The output is set with a resistor from set pin to ground and a 50μA precision current source set to the output. The internal follower amplifier forces the output voltage to be the same voltage as the SET pin. Unique to the LT3081, an output capacitor is optional. The regulator is Table 1 DEVICE OUTPUT CURRENT ISET ADJUSTABLE CURRENT LIMIT/CURRENT MONITOR TEMPERATURE MONITOR LDO LT3080 1.1A 10μA No/No No Yes LT3081 1.5A 50μA Yes/Yes Yes No LT3082 200mA 10μA No/No No No LT3083 3A 50μA No/No No Yes LT3085 600mA 10μA LT3086 2.1A LT3090 600mA LT3092 200mA Output CAP Optional No/No No Yes Yes/Yes Yes + Temp Limit Yes –50μA Yes/Yes Yes Yes Negative Regulator 10μA No/No No No Current Source Operation Needs No Output CAP VIN IN LT3081 ISET 50μA + – OUT TEMP RTEMP 1k SET IMON RSET 30.1k RIMON 1k ILIM RILIM 6.04k COUT* 10μF IOUT 1.5V RLOAD* 1.5A 5mA MIN AN142 F02 *OPTIONAL Figure 2. Basic Regulator Using the LT3081 an142f AN142-2 Application Note 142 stable with or without input and output capacitors. All the internal operating current flows through the output pin and minimum load is required to maintain regulation. Here, a 5mA load is required at all output voltages to maintain the device in full regulation. The set resistor can add to the system temperature drift. Commercially available surface mount resistors have a wide range of temperature coefficients. Depending on the manufacturer, these can go from 100ppm up to over 500ppm. While the resistor is not heated by power dissipation in the regulator, over a wide ambient temperature range its temperature coefficient can change the output by 1 to 4 percent. Lower temperature coefficient thin film resistors are available for precision applications. The benefit of using an internal true current source as the reference, rather than a bootstrapped reference, as in prior regulators, is not so obvious. A true reference current source allows the regulator to have gain and frequency 3.0 CURRENT LIMIT (A) 2.5 LT1963A 2.0 INCREASED SAFE AREA 1.5 1.0 LT3081 0.5 LT1086 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 INPUT-TO-OUTPUT DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE (V) response independent of the impedance on the positive input. With all previous adjustable regulators, such as the LT1086, loop gain and bandwidth change with output voltage changes. If the adjustment pin is bypassed to ground, bandwidth also changes. For the LT3081, the loop gain is unchanged with output voltage or bypassing. Output regulation is not a fixed percentage of output voltage, but is a fixed number of millivolts. Use of a true current source allows all of the gain in the buffer amplifier to provide regulation, and none of that gain is needed to amplify up the reference to a higher output voltage. Industrial applications require large safe operating area. Safe operating area is the ability to carry large currents at high input-output differentials. The safe operating area for several regulators is compared in Figure 3. The LT1086, introduced in the mid-1980s, is a 1.5A regulator in which output current drops very low above 20V input/output differential. Above 20V only about 100mA of output current is available. This causes output voltage to go unregulated if the load current is above 100mA and transients on the input cause the high voltage current limit to be exceeded. The LT1963A is a low dropout regulator that also has a limited safe operating area. The LT3081 extends the safe operating area, offering nearly 1A of output current at 25V of differential. Even above 25V, the output current of 500mA is still usable. This allows the regulator to be used in applications where widely varying input voltages can be applied during operation. Wide operating safe area is obtained by using a large structure for the PNP pass device. Also, The LT3081 is protected (along with the load) for reverse input voltage. AN142 F03 Figure 4 shows a block diagram of the LT3081. There are three current sources — two that report output current and Figure 3. Comparative Safe Operating Area Performance IN 50μA + CURRENT MONITOR IMON = ILOAD/5000 IMON TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE 1μA/°C TEMP – PROGRAMMABLE CURRENT LIMIT SET ILIM OUT AN142 F04 Figure 4. Block Diagram of the LT3081 an142f AN142-3 Application Note 142 temperature. The third one supplies the 50μA reference current. The LT3081, while not a low dropout regulator, operates down to 1.2V across the device — slightly better than older devices such as the LT1086. The internal amplifier configuration, in conjunction with well-regulated internal bias supplies, allows the device to be stable with no external capacitors. One caveat: it cannot be designed to tolerate all possible impedances in the input and load, so it is important to test the stability in the actual system used. If instability is found, external capacitors will ensure that the device is stable at all output currents. External capacitors also improve the transient response since it is no longer limited by the bandwidth of the internal amplifier. Paralleling devices, usually a forbidden application with previous regulators since they do not share current, is easy with these new current source reference regulators. Paralleling is useful for increasing output current or spreading the heat. Since it is set up as a voltage follower, tying all the set pins together makes the outputs the same voltage. If the outputs are at the same voltage, only a few milliohms of ballast are needed to ballast these devices and allow them to share current. Figure 5 is a distribution of the offset voltage for the LT3081. The distribution is all within 1mV so to ensure sharing to 10%, 10mΩ of ballast resistance is more than sufficient. The ballast resistor can be less than an inch of a trace on a PC board or a small piece of wire, and provides good current balance from parallel devices. Even at 1V output, this degrades the regulation by only about 1.5%. Table 2 shows PC board resistance. N = 3195 –2 1 –1 0 VOS DISTRIBUTION (mV) 2 AN142 F05 Figure 5. Offset Voltage Table 2. PC Board Trace Resistance WEIGHT (oz) 10mil WIDTH 20mil WIDTH 1 54.3 27.1 2 27.1 13.6 Trace resistance is measured in mΩ/in. Figure 6 shows a schematic of two paralleled LT3081 devices to obtain 3A output. The set resistor now has twice the set current flowing through it, so the output is 100μA times RSET and the 10mΩ output resistors ensure ballasting at full current. Any number of devices can be paralleled for higher current. The ILIM pins can be paralleled (if used) so one resistor sets the current limit. Figure 7 shows the LT3081 paralleled with a fixed regulator. This is useful when a system that has been designed has insufficient output current available. It provides a quick an142f AN142-4 Application Note 142 LT3081 IN 50μA + – OUT SET LT3081 IN VIN 4.8V TO 40V 10mΩ 50μA + – 1μF OUT SET 33k 10mΩ 10μF VOUT 3.3V 3A AN142 F06 Figure 6. Paralleling Devices IN LT3081 ISET 50μA + – OUT IMON SET TEMP 20mΩ ILIM 20mΩ 5V 3.3VOUT 3A 47μF LT1963-3.3 10μF 8.2Ω 47μF AN142 F07 6.2k Figure 7. Increasing the Output Current of a Fixed Regulator an142f AN142-5 Application Note 142 fix for higher output current. The output voltage of the fixed device is divided down by just a few millivolts by the divider. The SET pin of the LT3081 is tied about 4mV below the fixed output. This ensures no current flows from the LT3081 under a no-load condition. Then the 20mΩ resistors provide sufficient ballast to overcome this offset and ensure current matching at higher output currents. With the 50μA current source used to generate the reference voltage, leakage paths to or from the SET pin can create errors in the reference and output voltages. Cleaning of all insulating surfaces to remove fluxes and other residues is required. Surface coating may be necessary to provide a moisture barrier in high humidity environments. Minimize board leakage by encircling the SET pin and circuitry with a guard ring tied to the OUT pin. Increasing the set current as shown also decreases the effects of spurious leakages. The low 50μA SET current can cause problems in some applications. High value film potentiometers are not as stable as lower value wirewounds. Board leakage can also introduce instabilities in the output. Problems can be minimized by increasing the set current above the nominal 50μA. Figure 8 shows a solution using lower VIN 12V 4.7μF IN LT3081 ISET 50μA + – OUT IMON 1k SET TEMP 4.02k 1k VOUT 0.2V TO 10V ILIM 40.2Ω 4.7μF AN142 F08 RSET 2k VOUT = 0.2V + 5mA • RSET Figure 8. Using a Lower Value Set Resistor an142f AN142-6 Application Note 142 value set resistors. Here an increased current is generated through R2 and summed with the set current, giving a much larger current for adjusting the output. Set current flows through a 4k resistor, generating 200mV across R1. Then the current through R2 adds to the set current, giving a total of 1.05mA flowing through ISET to ground. This makes the voltage less sensitive to leakage currents around the RSET. Care should be taken to Kelvin connect R2 directly to the output . Voltage drops from the output to R2 will affect the regulation. Another configuration uses an LT3092 as an external current source of 1mA. This provides increased set current and allows the output to be adjusted down to zero. Figure 9 shows an LT3092 current source used to provide the current reference to an LT3081. The 1mA generated reference current allows the adjustment set resistor to be much lower in value while still allowing the device to be adjusted down to zero. VIN 1μF LT3092 IN 10μA ISET 50μA + – SET 20k IN LT3081 + – OUT OUT 215Ω IMON SET TEMP 1k VOUT 0V TO 20V ILIM 1k 1μF AN142 F09 20k 1mA Figure 9. Using an External Reference Current an142f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. AN142-7 Application Note 142 The current monitor output can be used to compensate for line drops, as shown in Figure 10. Feeding the current monitor through a portion of the set resister generates a voltage at the set pin that raises the output as a function of current. The value of the comp resistor is R2 = 5000 • RCABLE(TOTAL) and VOUT = 50μA (RSET + RCOMP). Several volts of line drop can be compensated this way. Conclusion New regulators provide an order of magnitude better regulation against load and line changes compared to prior devices. Regulation specs as well as transient response do not change with output. New functionality in these devices provides temperature and current monitoring, as well as adjustable current limiting. Paralleling no longer requires external current balance circuitry to prevent current hogging. Along with these improvements comes ruggedness. New applications are enabled. Paralleling is easy and line drops can be compensated. Current limit thresholds are now user defined and outputs are adjustable to zero. Safe operating area is increased for operation with wider input swings. VIN ≥ 7V IN LT3081 ISET 50μA + – OUT TEMP 1k SET IMON ILIM R1 98k RLINE 0.2Ω 1μF RL VOUT 5V 1.5A RLINE 0.2Ω AN142 F10 R2 2k Figure 10. Using Current Monitor Output to Compensate for Line Drops an142f AN142-8 Linear Technology Corporation LT 1113 • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2013