DESIGN FEATURES Simple, Precise Instrumentation Amplifier Features Digitally Programmable Gains from 1 to 4096 by Michael Kultgen Introduction The LTC®6915 is the simplest, most precise way to obtain digitally programmable voltage gain. Any system which needs accurate amplification of small differential voltages and rejection of large common mode signals will benefit from the LTC6915. The LTC6915 is an evolution of the LTC2053, a precision rail-to-rail input and output, zero-drift instrumentation amplifier. Due to the amplifier’s very low DC errors, very high levels of gain can be taken in a single stage. The LTC2053 uses external resistors to set the gain; the LTC6915 uses a serial port or a parallel port to select internal resistors, and therefore select the gain. The gain can be programmed to 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, or 4096. Programmable gain increases the dynamic range of any system. A fixed gain instrumentation amplifier would have about 60dB of useful range. The dynamic range of the LTC6915 is more than 120dB. Since the high CMRR (typically 125dB) is independent of the gain setting, microvolts of differential signal can be extracted from volts of common mode noise. Furthermore, the common mode level of the differential signal can be any value within the supply rails of the LTC6915. Other features of the LTC6915 include a flexible digital interface, a Kelvin connected output stage, a wide supply range, a shutdown mode, and a choice of packages. How it Works Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the LTC6915. A sophisticated, charge balanced sampling technique impresses the differential input voltage on to a 1000pF internal capacitor. The differential input signal is converted to a single-ended signal referenced to 16 IN + 3 + CS IN – CH 2 – 15 14 CF OUT SENSE GAIN CONTROL RESISTOR ARRAY 13 PARALLEL_SERIAL 11 CS(D0) DIN(D1) CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) 6 7 5 4-BIT LATCH MUX 1 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 8-BIT SHIFT-REGISTER 8 16 10 4 9 REF HOLD_THRU SHDN V+ DGND V– a. The LTC6915 in a GN16 Package IN + 2 + CS IN – 1 CH – 11 CF OUT GAIN CONTROL RESISTOR ARRAY 10 PARALLEL_SERIAL 9 MUX CS(D0) DIN(D1) CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) 4 5 6 REF 4-BIT LATCH DGND Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 8-BIT SHIFT-REGISTER 12 8 3 7 V+ DGND V– b. The LTC6915 in a DFN12 Package Figure 1. The LTC6915 block diagram. The small GN16 package (a) has all control features. The DFN12 package version (b) sacrifices the shutdown and data latching control features for even smaller size. the “REF” pin of the LTC6915. This single-ended signal is then amplified by a zero-drift op amp connected as a non-inverting gain stage. With OUT connected to SENSE, the gain is set by an integrated precision resistor ladder. For gains up to 1024V/V, the accuracy is guaranteed to be better than ±0.6% over temperature (Figure 2), with a typical gain drift of less than 2ppm. A Linear Technology Magazine • March 2005 DESIGN FEATURES 1.5 MIN/MAX OF 1000 UNITS GAIN ERROR (%) 1 0.5 0 -0.5 MEAN OF 1000 UNITS -1 -1.5 1 10 DATASHEET LIMITS 100 1k GAIN SETTING (V/V) 10K Figure 2. The gain accuracy of the LTC6915 is typically better than 0.5%. 3kHz sampling rate means that signals from DC to 1.5 kHz can be amplified by the LTC6915. The LTC6915 has the outstanding DC precision inherent in all of Linear Technology’s zero-drift amplifiers. The room temperature DC offset is less than ±10µV with less than ±50nV/°C of drift. The 10nA maximum input bias current means there is no additional DC error from source impedances up VIN 0.1µF CS µP IN– OUT IN+ SENSE V– –5V DIN CLK V+ 0.1µF VOUT –5V REF HOLD_THRU NC CS(D0) P/S DIN(D1) DGND VIN 0.1µF –5V DOUT CLK (D3) Figure 3. The LTC6915 uses a simple and standard 3-wire serial interface. using the falling edge of the clock to output data, the LTC6915 is immune to the slow rise and fall times often encountered in optically isolated interfaces. But that does not imply that the LTC6915 is slow. When the DOUT timing is unimportant, data can be input to the LTC6915 as fast as 10MHz! The internal shift register is eight bits wide; the four LSBs set the gain, and the four MSBs are ignored. This simplifies some software designs be- V+ IN – OUT IN+ SENSE V– REF HOLD_THRU NC CS(D0) P/S DIN(D1) DGND CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 8-BIT SHIFT-REGISTER DIN LTC6915 SHDN #2 0.1µF 4-BIT LATCH CS Versatile Serial Control Connecting the PARALLEL/SERIAL pin to V– puts the LTC6915 in serial control mode. The chip select (CS), clock (CLK), and DATA pins form a simple 3-wire serial input (Figure 3). For daisy chaining (Figure 4), there is also a data out (DOUT) pin. By LTC6915 SHDN #1 0.1µF 4-BIT GAIN CONTROL CODE to 10kΩ. The high CMRR and PSRR make the LTC6915 immune to fluctuations in power supplies or common mode levels. The LTC6915 has both a parallel and serial digital interface. Its unique logic design makes it possible to guarantee input high and low thresholds (VIH/VIL) of 2.0 and 0.8 volts for any power supply voltage from 2.7V to ±5.5V. Therefore, microprocessors or FPGAs running on a 2.5V supply can directly interface to the LTC6915 without restriction. The LTC6915 supply can be a single 2.7V up to a split ±5.5V supply without additional level shifting of the digital inputs. 0.1µF VOUT –5V DOUT CLK D15 DIN D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D3 D2 D1 D0 GAIN CODE FOR #1 GAIN CODE FOR #2 CS/LD GAIN CODE 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101-1111 GAIN 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 Figure 4. Two LTC6915s can be connected in a daisy chain. The binary codes for each gain setting are also shown. Linear Technology Magazine • March 2005 17 DESIGN FEATURES 5V 0.1µF LTC6915 SHDN VIN1 5V V + – OUT IN+ SENSE V– REF IN HOLD_THRU NC CS(D0) P/S DIN(D1) DGND 2N304 INTERCONNECT RESISTANCE VOUT RLOAD 5V CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) Figure 5. Kelvin sensing at the output maintains precision with increased load drive. cause the LTC6915 appears to be a “byte wide” device, though it is still an option to load four bits at a time. Simple Parallel Control The gain can also be set by simple pin strapping, or through the use of a few spare I/O signals. Just connect the PARALLEL/SERIAL pin to V+ and put the LTC6915 in parallel control mode. Four inputs (D3, D2, D1, D0) directly set the gain of the amplifier as also shown in Figure 4. There is even the ability to “latch” the parallel control bits into the LTC6915 using the HOLD/TH R U pin (GN16 package). When this pin goes high, whatever signals are present on D3…D0 are latched into the LTC6915. Any changes in D3 to D0 are ignored until HOLD/THRU is brought low again. A Flexible Output The SENSE pin allows clever improvements in the load driving or multiplexing ability of the LTC6915. In Figure 5 a discrete NPN transistor is added to increase the load driving ability. The SENSE pin is Kelvin connected to the load. Gain errors from the VBE of the NPN and the IR drop in the interconnect are eliminated. A precise voltage is delivered to the load. Pin-strapping is used to fix the gain of the amplifier to Code 1011, for a gain of 1024, using the parallel interface option. In Figure 6 two LTC6915s are connected as a multiplexer. One device is programmed for a gain of 0 (threestated output) while the other device is programmed for a gain ≥1. Using 18 the serial interface, the gain change of one amplifier, and disabling of the other occurs simultaneously when the CS makes a low to high transition. As a precaution for output shorting, 200Ω resistors are in series with each output in case both amplifiers are ever on simultaneously. The SENSE pin eliminates any error due to the IR drop in the 200Ω resistor during normal operation. In Figure 7 a software programmable current sink is created using the SENSE pin, an external MOSFET, and the internal gain network. This design can sink a wide range of currents, 0µA to 40.96mA, due to the precision of the internal zero-drift amplifier and the wide range of gain settings. With only 10µV maximum offset voltage error, the circuit operates with an input reference voltage of only 250µV to 500µV. The reference voltage is set by a small regulated current—fixed by the 400mV reference voltage of an 5V 5V 0.1µF 0.1µF SHDN V+ LTC6915 #1 IN– OUT VIN1 –5V 0.1µF DATA µP SELECT (TTL LEVELS) CLOCK IN+ SENSE V– REF SHDN V+ LTC6915 200 #2 IN– OUT 200 VIN2 –5V 0.1µF IN+ SENSE V– REF HOLD_THRU NC CS P/S DGND DIN DGND DOUT CLK DOUT HOLD_THRU NC CS P/S DIN CLK –5V VOUT –5V Figure 6. A robust variable gain multiplexer using the high impedance 0 gain setting allows very wide dynamic range in multichannel systems. 5V TO 11V V+ LOAD 0 TO 40.96mA LTC6915 IN OUT + LT6650 – N VN2222L RIN 5Ω 250µV TO 500µV 1M FB 40µA TO 120µA 10k ROUT 49.9Ω BINARY CODE 0 TO 13 4.99k Figure 7. A wide range programmable precision current source takes advantage of the precision of the zero-drift amplifier topology. Linear Technology Magazine • March 2005 DESIGN FEATURES LT6650—flowing through a 5Ω input resistor. This small voltage is amplified by the programmed gain of the LTC6915 and forces a current to flow through the 50Ω output resistor via the MOSFET. The voltage compliance of the current sink is determined by the maximum voltage output to the SENSE pin. In this example, the maximum output voltage is only 2.048V, required when the input reference is 500µV and the gain is 4096. Each successive control code to the LTC6915 increases the output current by a factor of two. Any current level between the binary weighted intervals is achieved by adjusting the input reference voltage. A gain of 1 provides an output current of 5µA to 10µA, and a gain of 4096 outputs 20.48mA to 40.96mA, with better than ±1% typical linearity. Bridge Amplifier Application The LTC6915 is ideal for current sensing, thermocouple amplifiers, strain gauges, and many other low frequency and close-to-DC applications. The internal op amp gain bandwidth product is 200kHz with a slew rate of 0.2V/µs and the response time to 0.1% accuracy to a step change in gain can vary between 4ms and 15ms. Figure 8 shows the LTC6915 amplifying a bridge sensor. When in standby the circuit draws less than 100µA. An interrupt to the processor initiates a measurement cycle, turning on the LTC6915 and acquiring a conversion result from the LTC2431 A/D converter. Conclusion The LTC6915 instrumentation amplifier combines outstanding precision analog performance with a flexible digital interface. The result is a software programmable gain stage which is precise and easy to use. V+ 10k BRIDGE SENSOR ZETEX ZXM61P02F R < 10K V+ C1 0.1µF SHDN V+ LTC6915 #1 OUT IN – C5 0.1µF IN+ SENSE V– REF HOLD_THRU NC CS(D0) P/S DIN(D1) DGND C2 0.1µF VCC 1.25V CLK(D2) DOUT(D3) REF + REF – LTC2431 SDO SCK IN + CS IN – FO GND 20 18 VDD RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/OT RC5/SDO RC4/SDI/SDA V+ RC3/SCK/SCL D1 BAV74LT1 SOT-23 R1 1k RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RC0/T1OSO/T1CK1 PIC16LF73 9 10 X1 4MHz RC2/CCP1 1 RB7 RB6 OSC1/CLKIN RB5 RB4 OSC2/CLKOUT RB3 RB2 MCLR/VPP RB1 RB0/INT RAS/AN4/SS RA4/T0CLK1 RA3/AN3/VREF– RA2/AN2 RA1/AN1 VSS 8 RA0/AN0 VSS 17 16 MOSI 15 MISO 14 SCLK 13 CS1 12 CS2 11 0V 28 27 26 25 24 23 MEASURE STANDBY V+ CONTROL SIGNAL 10k V+ V+ C3 0.1µF VIN VOUT LT1790-1.25 GND1 GND2 C3 1µF 22 21 7 6 5 4 3 2 19 Figure 8. Using the LTC6915 as a direct bridge amplifier in a measurement system with very low standby current Linear Technology Magazine • March 2005 19