A4447 Datasheet

A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Features and Benefits
Description
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▪
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▪
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The A4447 is a 2 A, high efficiency general-purpose buck
regulator designed for a wide variety of applications. The output
voltage is adjustable from 0.8 to 24 V, based on a resistor divider
and the 0.8 V ± 2 % reference. External components include
an external clamping diode, inductor, and filter capacitor.
The off-time is determined by an external resistor to ground.
It operates in both continuous and discontinuous modes to
maintain light load regulation. An internal blanking circuit is
used to filter out transients due to the reverse recovery of the
external clamp diode. Typical blanking time is 200 ns.
Wide input voltage range: 8 to 50 V
Integrated low RDS(on) DMOS switch
2 A continuous output current
Adjustable fixed off-time
Highly efficient
Adjustable output: 0.8 to 24 V
Small package with exposed thermal pad
Package: 8 pin SOIC with exposed thermal
pad (suffix LJ)
This new device is ideal for various end products including
applications with 8 to 50 V input voltage range and require up
to 2 A output current, such as uninterruptible power supplies,
point of sale (POS) applications, and industrial applications
with 24 or 36 V bus.
Applications include:
▪ Printer power supplies
▪ Office automation equipment
▪ POS thermal, laser, photo, and inkjet printers
▪ Tape drives
▪ Industrial applications
Approximate Scale 1:1
Typical Application
+42 V
Efficiency vs. Output Current
CBOOT
0.01 μF
CIN1
0.22 μF
CIN2
D1
ENB
LX
L1
A4447
TSET
VOUT
3.3 V
2A
VBIAS
RTSET
54 k7
R1
2.87 k7
GND
ESR
FB
R3 A
10 k7
A R3 required when CBYP connected
5
85
VIN
R2
910 7
CBYP
0.22 μF
COUT
220 μF
25 V
Efficiency %
BOOT
90
3.3
80
75
1.8
70
1.5
65
VOUT (V)
60
0
500
1000
IOUT (mA)
Data is for reference only. Efficiency data from circuit shown in left panel.
A4447-DS, Rev. 2
1500
2000
A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
VIN Supply Voltage
Characteristic
Symbol
VIN
–
–
50
V
VBIAS Input Voltage
VBIAS
–0.3
–
7
V
VS
–1
–
–
V
VENB
–0.3
–
7
V
TA
–20
–
85
°C
SW Switching Voltage
ENB Input Voltage Range
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
Conditions
Junction Temperature
TJ(max)
–
–
150
°C
Storage Temperature
Tstg
–55
–
150
°C
*Output current rating may be limited by duty cycle, ambient temperature, and heat sinking. Under any set of conditions, do not exceed
the specified current ratings, or a junction temperature, TJ, of 150°C.
Thermal Characteristics*may require derating at maximum conditions, see application section for optimization
Characteristic
Symbol
Package Thermal Resistance
(Junction to Ambient)
RθJA
Package Thermal Resistance
(Junction to Pad)
RθJP
Test Conditions*
Value
Unit
On 4-layer PCB based on JEDEC standard
35
ºC/W
On 2-layer generic test PCB with 0.8 in.2 of copper area each side
62
ºC/W
2
ºC/W
*Additional thermal information available on the Allegro™ website.
Ordering Information
Use the following complete part numbers when ordering:
Part Number
Packing
Description
A4447SLJTR-T
13-in. reel, 3000 pieces/reel
LJ package, SOIC surface mount with
exposed thermal pad; leadframe plating
100% matte tin.
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com
2
A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Functional Block Diagram
BOOT
VIN
Boot Charge
+
VIN
–
VOUT
LX
L1
ESR
D1
COUT
ENB
Switch PWM Control
Switch
Disable
μC
CBYP
Clamp
+
TSET
FB
–
I_Demand
–
R3
Error
+
I_Peak
COMP
GND
VBB UVLO
TSD
Soft Start
Ramp Generation
Bias Supply
VBIAS
VBIAS is connected to VOUT
when VOUT target is between
3.3 and 5 V; otherwise, keep
VBIAS open
0.8 V
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115 Northeast Cutoff
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS1,2 at TA = 25°C, VIN = 8 to 50 V (unless noted otherwise)
Characteristics
VIN Quiescent Current3
VBIAS Input Current
Buck Switch On Resistance
Fixed Off-Time Proportion
Feedback Voltage
Output Voltage Regulation
Symbol
IVIN(Q)
IBIAS
RDS(on)
toff
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
VENB = LOW, IOUT = 0 mA, VIN = 42 V,
VBIAS = VOUT
–
0.90
1.35
mA
VENB = LOW, IOUT = 0 mA, VIN = 42 V,
VBIAS < 3 V
–
4.4
6.35
mA
VENB = HIGH
–
–
100
μA
VBIAS = VOUT
–
3.5
5
mA
TA = 25°C, IOUT = 2 A
–
450
–
mΩ
TA = 125°C, IOUT = 2 A
–
650
–
mΩ
–15
–
15
%
0.784
0.8
0.816
V
Based on calculated value
VFB
–3
–
3
%
Feedback Input Bias Current
VOUT
IFB
IOUT = 0 mA to 2 A
–400
–100
100
nA
Soft Start Time
tss
5
10
15
ms
Buck Switch Current Limit
ICL
VFB > 0.4 V
2.2
–
3
A
VFB < 0.4 V
0.5
–
1.2
A
ENB Open Circuit Voltage
VOC
Output disabled
2.0
–
7
V
–
–
1.0
V
ENB Input Voltage Threshold
VENB(0)
LOW level input (Logic 0), output enabled
ENB Input Current
IENB(0)
VENB = 0 V
–10
–
–1
μA
VIN Undervoltage Threshold
VUVLO
VIN rising
6.6
6.9
7.2
V
VIN Undervoltage Hysteresis
VUVLO(hys)
VIN falling
Thermal Shutdown Temperature
Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis
TJTSD
TJTSD(hys)
0.7
–
1.1
V
Temperature increasing
–
165
–
°C
Recovery = TJTSD – TJTSD(hys)
–
15
–
°C
1Negative
current is defined as coming out of (sourcing) the specified device pin.
over the junction temperature range of 0ºC to 125ºC are assured by design and characterization.
3VBIAS is connected to VOUT when the V
OUT target is between 3.3 and 5 V.
2Specifications
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115 Northeast Cutoff
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Functional Description
The A4447 is a fixed off-time, current mode controlled, buck
regulator. The regulator requires an external clamping diode,
inductor, and filter capacitor. It operates in both continuous and
discontinuous modes. An internal blanking circuit is used to filter
out transients resulting from the reverse recovery of the external
clamp diode. Typical blanking time is 200 ns.
of the following fault conditions:
• VIN < 6 V
• ENB pin = open circuit
• TSD fault
When the device comes out of a TSD fault, it will go into a soft
start to limit inrush current.
The value of a resistor between the TSET and GND determines
the fixed off-time (see graph in the tOFF section).
tOFF. The value of a resistor between the TSET pin and ground
determines the fixed off-time. The formula to calculate tOFF (μs)
is:
⎛ 1– 0.03 × VBIAS⎞
(2)
⎟ ,
tOFF = RTSET ⎜
10.2 × 109
VOUT = VFB × (1 + R1/R2)
(1)
Light Load Regulation. To maintain voltage regulation during
light load conditions, the switching regulator enters a cycle-skipping mode. As the output current decreases, there remains some
energy that is stored during the power switch minimum on-time.
In order to prevent the output voltage from rising, the regulator
skips cycles once it reaches the minimum on-time, effectively
making the off-time larger.
Soft Start. An internal ramp generator and counter allow the output to slowly ramp up. This limits the maximum demand on the
external power supply by controlling the inrush current required
to charge the external capacitor and any DC load at startup.
Internally, the ramp is set to 10 ms nominal rise time. During soft
start, current limit is 2.2 A minimum.
The following conditions are required to trigger a soft start:
• VIN > 6 V
• ENB pin input falling edge
• Reset of a TSD (thermal shut down) event
VBIAS. To improve overall system efficiency, the regulator output,
VOUT, is connected to the VBIAS input to supply the operating
bias current during normal operating conditions. During startup
the circuitry is run off of the VIN supply. VBIAS should be connected to VOUT when the VOUT target level is between 3.3 and
5 V. If the output voltage is less than 3.3 V, then the A4447 can
operate with an internal supply and pay a penalty in efficiency,
as the bias current will come from the high voltage supply, VIN.
VBIAS can also be supplied with an external voltage source. No
power-up sequencing is required for normal operation.
ON/OFF Control. The ENB pin is externally pulled to ground
to enable the device and begin the soft start sequence. When the
ENB is open circuited, the switcher is disabled and the output
decays to 0 V.
Protection. The buck switch will be disabled under one or more
⎝
⎠
where RTSET (kΩ) is the value of the resistor. If the VBIAS pin is
left open, use VBIAS = 0 in equation 2. Results are shown in the
following graph:
Off-Time Setting versus Resistor Value
200
180
160
140
RTSET (kΩ)
VOUT. The output voltage is adjustable from 0.8 to 24 V, set by an
external resistor divider. The voltage can be calculated with the
following formula:
VBIAS = 5 V
120
VBIAS = 3.3 V
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13 14 15
16
tOFF (µs)
The RTSET resistor should be not smaller than 7.65 kΩ ±2% to
prevent very short off-times from violating the minimum on-time
of the switcher.
Shorted Load. If the voltage on the FB pin falls below 0.4 V, the
regulator will invoke a 0.85 A typical overcurrent limit to handle
the shorted load condition at the regulator output. For low output
voltages at power up and in the case of a shorted output, the offtime is extended to prevent loss of control of the current limit due
to the minimum on-time of the switcher.
The extension of the off-time is based on the value of the TSET
multiplier and the FB voltage, as shown in the following table:
VFB (V)
TSET Multiplier
< 0.16
8 × tOFF
< 0.32
4 × tOFF
< 0.5
2 × tOFF
> 0.5
tOFF
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Component Selection
L1. The inductor must be rated to handle the total load current.
The value should be chosen to keep the ripple current to a reasonable value. The ripple current, IRIPPLE, can be calculated by:
IRIPPLE = VL(OFF) × tOFF / L
(3)
VL(OFF) = VOUT + Vf + IL(AV) × RL
(4)
Substituting into equation 7:
fSW = 1 / (7 μs +1.12 μs) = 123 kHz
Higher inductor values can be chosen to lower the ripple current. This may be an option if it is required to increase the total
maximum current available above that drawn from the switching
regulator. The maximum total current available, ILOAD(MAX) , is:
Example:
ILOAD(MAX) = ICL(min) – IRIPPLE / 2
(8)
Given VOUT = 5 V, Vf = 0.55 V, VIN = 42 V, ILOAD = 0.5 A, power
inductor with L = 180 μH and RL = 0.5 Ω Rdc at 55°C, tOFF =
7 μs, and RDS(on) = 1 Ω.
where ICL(min) is 2.2 A, from the Electrical Characteristics table.
Substituting into equation 4:
D1. The Schottky catch diode should be rated to handle 1.2 times
the maximum load current. The voltage rating should be higher
VL(OFF) = 5 V + 0.55 V+ 0.5 A × 0.5 Ω = 5.8 V
than the maximum input voltage expected during all operating
Substituting into equation 3:
conditions. The duty cycle for high input voltages can be very
close to 100%.
IRIPPLE = 5.8 V × 7 μs / 180 μH = 225 mA
The switching frequency, fSW, can then be estimated by:
COUT. The main consideration in selecting an output capacitor
fSW = 1 / ( tON + tOFF )
(5)
tON = IRIPPLE × L / VL(ON)
(6)
VL(ON) = VIN – IL(AV) × RDS(on) – IL(AV) × RL– VOUT
(7)
Substituting into equation 7:
VL(ON) = 42 V – 0.5 A × 1 Ω – 0.5 A × 0.5 Ω – 5 V = 36 V
Substituting into equation 6:
tON = 225 mA × 180 μH / 36 V = 1.12 μs
is voltage ripple on the output. For electrolytic output capacitors,
a low-ESR type is recommended.
The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple is simply IRIPPLE ×
ESR. Note that increasing the inductor value can decrease the
ripple current. The minimum voltage rating of the capacitor is
10 V. However, because ESR decreases with voltage, the most
cost-effective choice may be rated higher in voltage. It is recommended that the ESR be less than 100 mΩ.
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
RTSET Selection. Correct selection of RTSET values will
ensure that minimum on time of the switcher is not violated
and prevent the switcher from cycle skipping. For a given VIN
to VOUT ratio, RTSET must be greater than or equal to the value
defined by the curve in the RTEST Value Selection graph below.
Note. The curve represents the minimum RTSET value. When
calculating RTSET , be sure to use VIN(max) / VOUT(min). Resistor
tolerance should also be considered, so that under all operating
conditions the resistance on the TSET pin remains as close to the
curve as possible.
The RTEST Selection table shows recommended RTSET values
based on common operating conditions. For other operating con-
ditions, refer to the RTSET Value Selection graph.
CBYP Selection. In certain applications, CBYP can be used
to improve closed loop response of the converter. Typically, a
0.22 uF capacitor ensures better loop response for wide range of
applications. Resistor R3 prevents negative voltage on the FB pin
due to CBYP capacitor during sudden changes in VOUT .
FB Resistor Selection. The impedance of the FB network
should be kept low to improve noise immunity. Large value resistors can pick up noise generated by the inductor, which can affect
voltage regulation of the switcher.
RTSET Value Selection*
Selection Graph
Recommended Common Values
70
65
60
55
Violation of
Minimum On-Time
VIN / VOUT
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Safe Operating Area
15
10
5
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
RTSET (kΩ)
135
150
165
180
195
210
VIN
(V)
42
42
42
42
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
VOUT
(V)
5
3.3
1.8
1.5
5
3.3
1.8
1.5
5
3.3
1.8
1.5
VIN / VOUT
8.4
12.7
23.3
28
4.8
7.3
13.3
16
2.4
3.6
6.6
8
RTSET Value
(kΩ)
37.4
54.9
90.9
105
20.0
32.4
54.9
66.5
7.68
13.7
30.1
37.4
*The RTSET resistor should be not smaller than 7.65 kΩ ±2% to prevent very short off-times from violating the minimum on-time of
the switcher.
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115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Recommended Components
Component
Description
Part Number
L1
Sumida 68 μH
RCH1216BNP-680K
D1
NIEC Schottky Barrier Diode 60 V TO-252AA
NSQ03A06
CBYP
Ceramic X7A 0.22 μF 100 V
Generic
CBOOT
CIN
COUT
Ceramic X7A 0.01 μF 100 V
Generic
Electrolytic 100 μF 50 V; must be able to handle worst case ripple curent
Generic
Ceramic X7A 0.22 μF 50 V
Generic
United Chemi-Con PXA 220 μF 16 V Low ESR
PXA16VC221MJ12TP
Rubycon ZL 220 μF 25 V Low ESR
25ZL220M8x11.5
(Option 1)
Panasonic FM 220 μF 25 V Low ESR (Option 2)
EEUFM1E221
VOUT
1.5 V
1.8 V
3.3 V
5V
R1
1.30 kΩ
2.55 kΩ
2.87 kΩ
6.34 kΩ
R2
1.47 kΩ
2.00 kΩ
0.910 kΩ
1.20 kΩ
R3
10 kΩ
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115 Northeast Cutoff
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Recommended PCB Layout
In order to minimize the effects of ground bounce and offset
issues, it is important to have a low impedance ground located
very close to the device. This grounding scheme is known as star
grounding. It is likely that a ground plane will be necessary to
meet thermal requirements. The recommended land pattern illustrates how to create a low impedance ground that will also assist
with removing thermal energy from the device.
The input capacitor must be placed as close as possible to the
VIN terminal because during the on cycle it is responsible for
supplying the current to the switcher. During the off cycle, the
current path is from the negative terminal of the COUT cap,
through the diode and inductor, and then to the load. As a result,
COUT and the rectifier diode must share the connection at the
negative terminal of the CIN capacitor in order to reduce ground
bounce when the diode is conducting.
The inductor should be connected as close as possible to the
switching node to minimize noise. Some applications may require
a shielded inductor due to EMI restrictions. This will depend on
the application and parameters defined by the system that will
host the regulator.
The high voltage-switching node could affect RTSET. If longer
off-times are used, the resistance on the RTSET pin can be quite
large. When designing the layout, try to keep RTSET away from
the inductor and switching node. It is also beneficial to keep the
trace as short as possible to reduce the effect of noise injection.
Because of this layout guideline, the TSET pin is located on the
other side of the device, away from the switching node.
The FB resistor network should have a lower impedance to avoid
interference from the switching node. Because the impedance
on the FB node can be controlled, it is not as critical to keep the
network isolated. It is important to keep the ground trace short so
that ground bounce cannot effect the output voltage regulation.
Star Ground
CIN1
VIN
VIN
GND
U1
CBOOT
CIN2
CBOOT
CIN2
1
GND
BOOT
ENB
D1
RTSET
GND
RTSET
R3
A4447
PAD
D1
LX
TSET
VBIAS
GND
FB
R3
R2
R2
GND
VIN
R1
CBYP
CBYP
L1
R1
COUT
L1
CIN1
COUT
VOUT
VOUT
Exposed copper thermal
ground area on the
unpopulated side of the PCB
The large star ground area on the populated side of the PCB, shown in the diagram as the GND nodes, supports high current throughput, and allows
the VOUT node to be located as close as practical to the A4447 (U1). Thermal conduction from the A4447 is enhanced by direct contact of its
exposed thermal pad to the smaller ground area under the A4447. This area is connected by thermal vias to the large copper ground plane on the
unpopulated side of the PCB.
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115 Northeast Cutoff
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Optimizing Thermal Layout
The features of the printed circuit board, including heat conduction and adjacent thermal sources such as other components,
have a very significant effect on the thermal performance of the
device. To optimize thermal performance, the following should
be taken into account:
• The device exposed thermal pad should be connected to as
much copper area as is available.
• Copper thickness should be as high as possible (for example,
2 oz. or greater for higher power applications).
• The greater the quantity of thermal vias, the better the dissipation. If the expense of vias is a concern, studies have shown
that concentrating the vias directly under the device in a tight
pattern, as shown in figure 6, has the greatest effect.
• Additional exposed copper area on the opposite side of the
board should be connected by means of the thermal vias. The
copper should cover as much area as possible.
• Other thermal sources should be placed as remote from the
device as possible
Signal traces
LJ package
footprint
0.7 mm
0.7 mm
LJ package
exposed
thermal pad
Top-layer
exposed copper
Ø0.3 mm via
Suggested PCB layout for thermal optimization (maximum
available bottom-layer copper recommended)
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115 Northeast Cutoff
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10
A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Package LJ, 8 Pin SOIC
4.90 ±0.10
0.65
8°
0°
8
B
3.90 ±0.10
A
1
6.00 ±0.20
2.41
1.04 REF
2
1
1.27
0.40
3.30 NOM
SEATING PLANE
GAUGE PLANE
Branded Face
SEATING
PLANE
0.10 C
C
0.15
0.00
1.27 BSC
2
C
PCB Layout Reference View
For Reference Only; not for tooling use (reference MS-012BA)
Dimensions in millimeters
Dimensions exclusive of mold flash, gate burrs, and dambar protrusions
Exact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shown
1.70 MAX
0.51
0.31
5.60
3.30
0.25 BSC
8X
1.27
1.75
0.25
0.17
2.41 NOM
8
A Terminal #1 mark area
B
Exposed thermal pad (bottom surface); dimensions may vary with device
C
Reference land pattern layout (reference IPC7351
SOIC127P600X175-9AM); all pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all
adjacent pads; adjust as necessary to meet application process
requirements and PCB layout tolerances; when mounting on a multilayer
PCB, thermal vias at the exposed thermal pad land can improve thermal
dissipation (reference EIA/JEDEC Standard JESD51-5)
Terminal List Table
Pin Out Diagram
BOOT
1
8
VIN
ENB
2
7
LX
TSET
3
6
VBIAS
GND
4
5
FB
Pad
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Name
BOOT
ENB
TSET
GND
FB
VBIAS
LX
VIN
Description
Gate drive boost node
On/off control; logic input
Off-time setting
Ground
Feedback for adjustable regulator
Bias supply input
Buck switching node
Supply input
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A4447
High Voltage Step Down Regulator
Revision History
Revision
Revision Date
Rev. 2
March 19, 2013
Description of Revision
Add component recommendations
Copyright ©2008-2013, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC reserves the right to make, from time to time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to
permit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that
the information being relied upon is current.
Allegro’s products are not to be used in life support devices or systems, if a failure of an Allegro product can reasonably be expected to cause the
failure of that life support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system.
The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC assumes no responsibility for its
use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.
For the latest version of this document, visit our website:
www.allegromicro.com
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115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
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