INTERSIL ISL6540IRZA

ISL6540
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A Data Sheet
RECOM
ISL6540
®
July 23, 2008
Single-Phase Buck PWM Controller with
Integrated High Speed MOSFET Driver
and Pre-Biased Load Capability
The ISL6540 is a single-phase voltage-mode PWM controller
with input voltage feedforward compensation to maintain a
constant loop gain for optimal transient response, especially for
applications with a wide input voltage range. Its integrated high
speed synchronous rectified MOSFET drivers and other
sophisticated features provide complete control and protection
for a DC/DC converter with minimum external components,
resulting in minimum cost and less engineering design efforts.
The output voltage of the converter can be precisely regulated
with an internal reference voltage of 0.591V, and has a system
tolerance of ±0.85% over commercial temperature and line load
variations. An external voltage can be used in place of the
internal reference for voltage tracking/DDR applications.
The ISL6540 has an internal linear regulator or external linear
regulator drive options for applications with only a single supply
rail. The internal oscillator is adjustable from 250kHz to 2MHz.
The integrated voltage margining, programmable pre-biased
soft-start, differential remote sensing amplifier, and
programmable input voltage POR features enhance the
ISL6540 value.
FN9214.1
Features
• VIN and Power Rail Operation from +3.3V to +20V
• Fast Transient Response - 0 to 100% Duty Cycle
- 15MHz Bandwidth Error Amplifier with 6V/μs Slew Rate
- Voltage-Mode PWM Leading and Trailing-edge
Modulation Control
- Input Voltage Feedforward Compensation
• 2.9V to 5.6V High Speed 2A/4A MOSFET Gate Drivers
- Tri-state for Power Stage Shutdown
• Internal Linear Regulator (LR) - 5.6V Bias from VIN
• External LR Drive for Optimal Thermal Performance
• Voltage Margining with Independently Adjustable Upper and
Lower Settings for System Stress Testing & Over Clocking
• Reference Voltage I/O for DDR/Tracking Applications
• Precise 0.591V Internal Reference with Buffered Output
- ±0.85%/±1.25% Over Commercial/Industrial Range
• Source and Sink Overcurrent Protections
- Low- and High-Side MOSFET rDS(ON) Sensing
• Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protections
• Small Converter Size - QFN package
• Oscillator Programmable from 250kHz to 2MHz
• Differential Remote Voltage Sensing with Unity Gain
• Programmable Soft-start with Pre-Biased Load Capability
• Power Good Indication with Programmable Delay
Pinout
• EN Input with Voltage Monitoring Capability
ISL6540
(28 LD 5x5 QFN)
TOP VIEW
VMON
GND
FB
COMP
FS
LSOC
HSOC
• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Applications
• Power Supply for some Microprocessors and GPUs
• Wide and Narrow Input Voltage Range Buck Regulators
VSEN+
1
21
BOOT
VSEN-
2
20
UGATE
REFOUT
3
19
PHASE
REFIN
4
18
PGND
SS
5
17
LGATE
OFS+
6
16
PVCC
OFS-
7
15
LINDRV
GND
BOTTOM
SIDE PAD
• Point of Load Applications
• Low-Voltage and High Current Distributed Power Supplies
Ordering Information
PART
NUMBER*
(Note)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
VCC
MARCTRL
PG_DLY
PG
EN
VFF
VIN
ISL6540CRZ
1
PART
MARKING
TEMP.
PACKAGE PKG.
RANGE (°C) (Pb-Free) DWG. #
ISL6540CRZ
0 to 70
28 Ld QFN L28.5x5
ISL6540CRZA ISL6540CRZ
0 to 70
28 Ld QFN L28.5x5
-40 to 85
28 Ld QFN L28.5x5
ISL6540IRZA
ISL6540IRZ
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel.
NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ
special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach
materials, and 100% matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination
finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and
Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil Pb-free products are MSL
classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed
the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2006, 2008. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
2
VSEN-
VSEN+
COMP
FB
SS
OFS-
OFS+
MAR_CTRL
REFOUT
REFIN
G=1
UNITY GAIN
DIFF AMP
800mV
VCC
VMON
OTA
PG_DLY
PGOOD
COMP
VOLTAGE
MARGINING
PG
100μA
OV/UV
COMP
EA
REFERENCE
VREF = 0.591 V
POWER-ON
RESET (POR)
SOURCE
OCP
VFF
VCC
SINKING OCP
SOFT-START
AND
FAULT LOGIC
LSOC
EN
FS
G = -1
OSCILLATOR
PWM
COMP
EXTERNAL SERIES
LINEAR DRIVER
LIN_DRV
GATE
CONTROL
LOGIC
SOURCE OCP
INTERNAL SERIES
LINEAR
VIN
100μA
GND
GND
PGND
LGATE
PVCC
PHASE
UGATE
BOOT
HSOC
ISL6540
Block Diagram
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Typical Application I (Internal Linear Regulator with Remote Sense)
+3.3V to +20V
LIN
RCC
DBOOT
CHFIN
CF2
CF1
RBOOT
VCC
VIN
CBIN
PVCC
Internal 5.6V Bias
Linear Regulator
BOOT
VFF
HSOC
RHSOC
CF3
CBOOT
CHSOC
UGATE
Q1
LOUT
EN
VCC
VOUT
PHASE
REFIN
CHFOUT
REFOUT
LGATE
PG
CPG_DLY
RFS
Q2
PGND
PG_DLY
LSOC
ISL6540
RLSOC
10Ω
CLSOC
FS
10Ω
COMP
C2
C1
MARCTRL
C3
ZFB
R3
R2
R1
FB
ROFS+
ZIN
VMON
OFS+
RMARG
ROFS-
CBOUT
RFB
VSEN+
OFS-
VSENSE+
CSEN
ROS
SS
VSENLINDRV
CSS
3
GND
VSENSE-
GND
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Typical Application II (External Linear Regulator without Remote Sense)
+3.3V to +20V
LIN
DBOOT
CHFIN
CF2
CLC RLC
RDRV
RCC
CF1
VCC
CBIN
RBOOT
PVCC
BOOT
LINDRV
HSOC
RHSOC
VIN
CBOOT
CF3
CHSOC
VFF
UGATE
Q1
LOUT
REFOUT
VCC
VOUT
PHASE
REFIN
EN
PG
CPG_DLY
RFS
PG_DLY
CHFOUT
Q2
LGATE
PGND
LSOC
ISL6540
FS
COMP
RLSOC
CLSOC
ZFB
C2
C3
C1
MARCTRL
ROFS+
R3
R2
ZIN
R1
FB
OFS+
ROS
VMON
RMARG
ROFS-
CBOUT
VCC
OFSVSEN+
Rvmon1
SS
VSENGND
CSS
4
GND
RvmonOS
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Typical Application III (Dual Data Rate I or II)
VDDQ
1.8V or 2.5V
LIN
DBOOT
5V
CHFIN
RCC
CBIN
CF2
CF1
VIN
REN1
VCC
PVCC
VFF
BOOT
EN
HSOC
CBOOT
CF4
REN2
RHSOC
CHSOC
VTT
UGATE
Q1
LOUT
1.25V (DDR I)
0.9V (DDR II)
1K
15nF
1K
REFIN
PHASE
REFOUT
LGATE
CHFOUT
DIMM
PG
CPG_DLY
PG_DLY
RFS
Q2
PGND
LSOC
ISL6540
FS
COMP
RLSOC
CLSOC
ZFB
C2
C3
C1
MARCTRL
ROFS+
R3
R2
R1
FB
OFS+
CBOUT
ZIN
VMON
RMARG
ROFS-
RFB
VSEN+
OFSVSEN-
CSEN
SS
LINDRV GND
CSS
5
GND
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Input Voltage, VIN, VFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +22.0V
Driver Bias Voltage, PVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6.0V
Signal Bias Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6.0V
Boot Voltage, VBOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 to +36V
Phase Voltage, VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . VBOOT - 6V to VBOOT + 0.3V
Boot to Phase Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6V
Other Input or Output Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to VCC +0.3V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Notes 1, 2)
θJA (°C/W)
θJC (°C/W)
QFN Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . -65°C to 150°C
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300°C
Recommended Operating Conditions
Input Voltage, VIN, VFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3V to 20V ±10%
Driver Bias Voltage, PVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9V to 5.6V
Signal Bias Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9V to 5.6V
Boot to Phase Voltage (Overcharged), VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . .<6V
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to 85°C
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to 125°C
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features.
2. θJC, "case temperature" location is at the center of the package underside exposed pad. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
3. Test conditions identified as “GBD” are guaranteed by design simulation.
Electrical Specifications
SYMBOL
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
INPUT SUPPLY CURRENTS
Nominal VCC Supply Current
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V, Fs = 600kHz,
UGATE and LGATE Open
-
8
-
mA
Nominal PVCC Supply Current
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V; Fs = 600kHz,
UGATE and LGATE Open
-
5
-
mA
Nominal Vin Supply Current
VIN = VCC = PVCC = 5V; Fs = 600kHz,
UGATE and LGATE Open
-
1
-
mA
Shutdown VCC Supply Current
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
7
-
mA
IVCC_S
Shutdown PVCC Supply Current
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
1
-
mA
IVIN_S
Shutdown VIN Supply Current
EN = 0V, VCC = PVCC = VIN = 5V
-
1
-
mA
IVCC
IPVCC
IVIN
IPVCC_S
POWER-ON RESET
PORVCC_R
Rising VCC Threshold
-
-
2.90
V
PORVCC_F
Falling VCC Threshold
2.58
-
-
V
PORVCC_H
VCC Hysterisis
184
202
217
mV
PORPVCC_R
Rising PVCC Threshold
-
-
2.90
V
PORPVCC_F
Falling PVCC Threshold
2.58
-
-
V
PORPVCC_H
PVCC Hysterisis
187
204
223
mV
PORVFF_R
Rising VFF Threshold
-
-
1.54
V
PORVFF_F
Falling VFF Threshold
1.35
-
-
V
PORVFF_H
VFF Hysterisis
124
135
146
mV
0.480
0.496
0.512
V
ENABLE
VEN_REF
Input Reference Voltage
IEN_HYS
Hysteresis Source Current
7
10
15
μA
Maximum Input Voltage
-
VCC+0.3
-
V
VEN
6
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Electrical Specifications
SYMBOL
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted (Continued)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
OSCILLATOR
OSCRANGE
Nominal Frequency Range
GBD
250
-
2000
kHz
ΔOSCCOM
Total Variation
FS = 250kHz, 600 kHz, VFF = 3.3V to 20V
-17
-
+17
%
FS = 250kHz, 600 kHz, VFF = 3.3V to 20V
-22
-
+22
%
-
0.16*VFF
-
VP-P
ΔOSCIND
ΔVOSC
VOSC_MIN
Ramp Amplitude
-
1.0
-
V
Minimum Usable VFF Voltage
VCC = 5V
-
3.3
-
V
DMAX
Maximum Duty Cycle
Leading and Trailing-edge Modulation
-
100
-
%
DMIN
Minimum Duty Cycle
Leading and Trailing-edge Modulation
-
0
-
%
0.07
-
VCC-1.8V
V
-1.2
0
1.8
mV
-
19
-
mA
0.01
-
VCC-1.8V
V
-
9
mV
VFF
Ramp Bottom
PWM
REFERENCE TRACKING
VREFIN
Input Voltage Range
External Reference Offset
REFIN = 0.6V
IREFOUT
Maximum Drive Current
CL = 1μF, VCC = 5V, REFOUT = 1.25V
VREFOUT
Output Voltage Range
CL = 1μF
VREFOUT_OS
Maximum Output Voltage Offset
CL = 1μF REFOUT = 1.25V
-6
CREFOUT_MIN
Minimum Load Capacitance
REFOUT = 1.25V
-
1.0
-
μF
-
VCC
-
V
TA = 0°C to 70°C
0.586
0.591
0.595
V
TA = -40°C to 85°C
0.584
0.591
0.596
V
TA = 0°C to 70°C
-0.85
-
0.70
%
TA = -40°C to 85°C
-1.20
-
0.85
%
VREFIN_OS
VREFIN_DIS
Input Disable Voltage
REFERENCE
VREF_COM
Reference Voltage
VREF_IND
VSYS_COM
System Accuracy
VSYS_IND
ERROR AMPLIFIER
UGBW
SR
DC Gain
RL = 10K, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
88
-
dB
Unity Gain-Bandwidth
RL = 10K, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
15
-
MHz
Slew Rate
RL = 10K, CL = 100p, at COMP Pin
-
6
-
V/μs
Standard Instrumentation Amplifier
-
0
-
dB
-
20
-
MHz
-
10
-
V/μs
-3
0
3
mV
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
UG
UGBW
SR
DC Gain
Unity Gain Bandwidth
Slew Rate
COMP = 10pF
Offset
IVSEN-
VVSEN_DIS
μA
Negative Input Source Current
-
6
Input Common Mode Range Max
-
VCC-1.8
-
V
Input Common Mode Range Min
-
-0.2
-
V
VSEN- Disable Voltage
-
VCC
-
V
OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER (OTA)
DC Gain
CSS = 0.1μF, at SS Pin
-
88
-
dB
Drive Capability
CSS = 0.1μF, at SS Pin
28
38
50
μA
7
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Electrical Specifications
SYMBOL
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted (Continued)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
GATE DRIVERS
RUGATE
Ugate Source Resistance
500mA Source Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
IUGATE
Ugate Source Saturation Current
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
RUGATE
Ugate Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
IUGATE
Ugate Sink Saturation Current
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
RLGATE
Lgate Source Resistance
500mA Source Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
1.0
-
Ω
ILGATE
Lgate Source Saturation Current
VLGATE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
2.0
-
A
RLGATE
Lgate Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current, PVCC = 5.0V
-
0.4
-
Ω
ILGATE
Lgate Sink Saturation Current
VLGATE = 2.5V, PVCC = 5.0V
-
4.0
-
A
-
200
-
mA
INTERNAL LINEAR REGULATOR
IVIN
Maximum Current
RLIN
Saturated Equivalent Impedance
VIN = 3.3V
PVCC
Linear Regulator Voltage
VIN = 22V, Load = 0 to 100mA
-
2
3.25
Ω
5.42
5.6
5.72
V
0.25
-
0.9
mA
LSOC = 0V to Vcc - 1.0V, TA = 0°C to 70°C
79
98
118
μA
LSOC = 0V to Vcc - 1.0V, TA =-40°C to 85°C
76
98
122
μA
EXTERNAL LINEAR REGULATOR
LIN_DRV
Maximum Sinking Drive Current
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP)
ILSOC
ILSOC_OFSET
IHSOC
IHSOC
Low Side OCP (LSOC) Current
Source
LSOC Maximum Offset Error
Vcc = 2.9V and 5.6V TSAMPLE < 10μs
-
±2
-
mV
High Side OCP (HSOC) Current
Source
HSOC = 0.8V to 22V TA = 0°C to 70°C
92
100
112
μA
HSOC = 0.8V to 22V TA =-40°C to 85°C
92
100
115
HSOC = 0.3V to 0.8V
86
-
115
μA
-
±2
-
mV
IHSOC_LOW
IHSOC_OFSET
HSOC Maximum Offset Error
VCC = 2.9V and 5.5V TSAMPLE < 10μs
MARGINING CONTROL
VMARG
Minimum Margining Voltage of
Internal Reference
RMARG = 10kΩ, ROFS- = 6.01kΩ,
MAR_CRTL = 0V
-185
-197
-208
mV
VMARG
Maximum Margining Voltage of
Internal Reference
RMARG = 10kΩ, ROFS+ = 6.01kΩ,
MAR_CRTL = VCC
185
197
208
mV
NMARG
Margining Transfer Ratio
NMARG = (VOFS--VOFS+) / VMARG
4.9
5
5.1
MAR_CTRL
Positive Margining Threshold
-
1.5
-
V
MAR_CTRL
Negative Margining Threshold
-
0.8
-
V
MAR_CTRL
Tri-state Input Level
-
1.325
-
V
VSS
Disable Mode
POWER GOOD MONITOR
VUVR
Undervoltage Rising Trip Point
-7%
-9%
-11%
VUVF
Undervoltage Falling Trip Point
-13%
-15%
-17%
VSS
VOVR
Overvoltage Rising Trip Point
13%
15%
17%
VSS
VOVF
Overvoltage Falling Trip Point
7%
9%
11%
VSS
-
5
-
ms
27
30
33
μA
TPG_DLY
PGOOD Delay
CPG_DLY = 0.1μF
IPG_DLY
PGOOD Delay Source Current
VPG_DLY
PGOOD Delay Threshold Voltage
1.44
1.48
1.56
V
IPG_LOW
PGOOD Low Output Voltage
IPGOOD = 5mA
-
-
0.200
V
IPG_MAX
Maximum Sinking Current
VPGOOD = 0.8V
10
-
-
mA
VPG_MAX
Maximum Open Drain Voltage
VCC = 3.3V
-
6
-
V
8
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Functional Pin Description
OFS- (Pin 7)
VSEN+ (Pin 1)
This pin sets the negative margining offset voltage.
Resistors should be connected to GND (ROFS- ) and OFS+
(RMARG) from this pin. With MAR_CTRL logic low, the
internal 0.591V reference is developed at the OFS- pin
across resistor ROFS-. The voltage on OFS- is driven from
OFS+ through RMARG. The resulting voltage differential
between OFS+ and OFS- is divided by 5 and imposed on the
system reference. The maximum designed offset of -1V
between OFS+ and OFS- pins translates to a -200mV offset
of the system reference.
This pin provides differential remote sense for the ISL6540.
It is the positive input of a standard instrumentation amplifier
topology with unity gain, and should connect to the positive
rail of the load/processor. The voltage at this pin should be
set equal to the internal system reference voltage (0.591V
typical.)
VSEN- (Pin 2)
This pin provides differential remote sense for the regulator.
It is the negative input of the instrumentation amplifier, and
should connect to the negative rail of the load/processor.
Typically 50μA is sourced from this pin. The output of the
remote sense buffer is disabled (High Impedance) by pulling
VSEN- to VCC.
REFOUT (Pin 3)
This pin connects to the unmargined system reference
through an internal buffer. It has a 19mA drive capability with
an output common mode range of GND to VCC. The
REFOUT buffer requires at least 1μF of capacitive loading to
be stable. This pin should not be left floating.
REFIN (Pin 4)
When the external reference pin (REFIN) is NOT within ~800
mV of VCC, the REFIN pin is used as the system reference
instead of the internal 0.591V reference. The recommended
REFIN input voltage range is ~60mV to VCC - 1.8V.
SS (Pin 5)
This pin provides softstart functionality for the ISL6540. A
capacitor connected to ground along with the internal 38mA
Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), sets the
soft-start interval of the converter. This pin is directly
connected to the non-inverting input of the Error Amplifier.
To prevent noise injection into the error amplifier the SS
capacitor should be located within 150 mils of the SS and
GND pins.
OFS+ (Pin 6)
This pin sets the positive margining offset voltage. Resistors
should be connected to GND (ROFS+ ) and OFS-( RMARG)
from this pin. With MAR_CTRL logic low, the internal 0.591V
reference is developed at the OFS+ pin across resistor
ROFS+. The voltage on OFS+ is driven from OFS- through
RMARG. The resulting voltage differential between OFS+
and OFS- is divided by 5 and imposed on the system
reference. The maximum designed offset of 1V between
OFS+ and OFS- pins translates to a 200mV offset.
9
VCC (Pin 8, Analog Circuit Bias)
This pin provides power for the ISL6540 analog circuitry.
The pin should be connected to a 2.9V to 5.6V bias through
an RC filter from PVCC to prevent noise injection into the
analog circuitry. This pin can be powered off the internal or
external linear regulator options.
MARCTRL (Pin 9)
The MARCTRL pin controls margining function, a logic high
enables positive margining, a logic low sets negative
margining, a high impedance disables margining.
PG_DLY (Pin 10)
Provides the ability to delay the output of the PGOOD
assertion by connecting a capacitor from this pin to GND. A
0.1μF capacitor produces approximately a 5ms delay.
PGOOD (Pin 11)
Provides an open drain Power Good signal when the output
is within 9% of nominal output regulation point with 6%
hysteresis (15%/9%), and after soft-start is complete.
PGOOD monitors the VMON pin.
EN (Pin 12)
This pin is compared with an internal 0.49V reference and
enables the soft-start cycle. This pin also can be used for
voltage monitoring. A 10μA current source to GND is active
while the part is disabled, and is inactive when the part is
enabled. This provides functionality for programmable
hysteresis when the EN pin is used for voltage monitoring.
VFF (Pin 13)
The voltage at this pin is used for input voltage feed forward
compensation and sets the internal oscillator ramp peak to
peak amplitude at 0.16 * VFF. An external RC filter may be
required at this pin in noisy input environments. The
minimum recommended VFF voltage is 2.97V.
VIN (Pin 14, Internal Linear Regulator Input)
This pin should be tied directly to the input rail when using
the internal or external linear regulator options. It provides
power to the External/Internal Linear drive circuitry. When
used with an external 3.3V to 5V supply, this pin should be
tied directly to PVCC.
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
LIN_DRV (Pin 15, External Linear Regulator Drive)
HSOC (Pin 22)
This pin allows the use of an external pass element to power
the IC for input voltages above 5.0V. It should be connected
to GND when using an external 5V supply or the internal
linear regulator. When using the external linear regulator
option, this pin should be connected to the gate of a PMOS
pass element, a pull up resistor must be connected between
the PMOS device’s gate and source for proper operation.
The high side sourcing current limit is set by connecting this
pin with a resistor and capacitor to the drain of the high side
MOSEFT. A 100μA current source develops a voltage
across the resistor which is then compared with the voltage
developed across the high side MOSFET. An initial ~120ns
blanking period is used to eliminate sampling error due to
the switching noise before the current is measured.
PVCC (Pin 16, Driver Bias Voltage)
LSOC (Pin 23)
This pin is the output of the internal series linear regulator. It
also provides the bias for both low side and high side
MOSFET drivers. The maximum voltage differential between
PVCC and PGND is 6V. Its recommended operational
voltage range is 2.9V to 5.6V. At minimum a 10μF capacitor
is required for decoupeing PVCC to PGND. For proper
operation the PVCC capacitor must be within 150mils of the
PVCC and the PGND pins and must be connected to these
pins with dedicated traces.
The low side source and sinking current limit is set by
placing a resistor (RLSOC ) and capacitor between this pin
and PGND. A 100μA current source develops a voltage
across RLSOC which is then compared with the voltage
developed across the low side MOSFET when on. The
sinking current limit is set at 1x of the nominal sourcing limit
in ISL6540. An initial ~120ns blanking period is used to
eliminate the sampling error due to switching noise before
the current is measured.
LGATE (Pin 17)
FS (Pin 24)
This pin provides the drive for the low side MOSFET and
should be connected to its gate.
This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment
by placing a resistor (RFS) from this pin to GND.
PGND (Pin 18, Power Ground)
COMP (Pin 25)
This pin connects to the low side MOSFET's source and
provides the ground return path for the lower MOSFET
driver and internal power circuitries. In addition, PGND is the
return path for the low side MOSFET’s rDS(ON) current
sensing circuit.
This pin is the error amplifier output. It should be connected
to the FB pin through the desired compensation network.
PHASE (Pin 19)
This pin connects to the source of the high side MOSFET
and the drain of the low side MOSFET. This pin represents
the return path for the high side gate driver. During normal
switching, this pin is used for high side and low side current
sensing.
UGATE (Pin 20)
This pin provides the drive for the high side MOSFET and
should be connected to its gate.
BOOT (Pin 21)
This pin provides the bootstrap bias for the high side driver.
The absolute maximum voltage differential between BOOT
and PHASE is 6.0V (including the voltage added due to the
overcharging of the bootstrap capacitor); its operational
voltage range is 2.5V to 5.6V with respect to PHASE. It is
recomended that a 2.2Ω resistor be placed in series with the
bootstrap diode to prevent over chargeing of the BOOT
capacitor during normal operation.
FB (Pin 26)
This pin is the inverting input of the error amplifier and has a
maximum usable voltage of VCC-1.8V. When using the
internal differential remote sense functionality, this pin
should be connected to VMON by a standard feedback
network. In the event the remote sense buffer is disabled,
the VMON pin should be connected to VOUT by a resistor
divider along with FB’s compensation network.
GND (Pin 27, Analog Ground)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin. This pin should not be left floating.
VMON (Pin 28)
This pin is the output of the differential remote sense
instrumentation amplifier. It is connected internally to the
OV/UV/POOD comparators. The VMON pin should be
connected to the FB pin by a standard feedback network. In
the event of the remote sense buffer is disabled, the VMON
pin should be connected to VOUT by a resistor divider along
with FB’s compensation network. An RC filter should be
used if VMON is to be connected directly to FB instead of to
VOUT through a separate resistor divider network.
GND (Bottom Side Pad, Analog Ground)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin. This pin should not be left floating.
10
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Functional Description
Soft-start
Initialization
The POR function activates the internal 38μA OTA which
begins charging the external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin to a
target voltage of VCC. The ISL6540’s soft-start logic continues
to charge the SS pin until the voltage on COMP exceeds the
bottom of the oscillator ramp, at which point, the driver outputs
are enabled, with the low side MOSFET first being held low for
200ns to provide for charging of the bootstrap capacitor. Once
the driver outputs are enabled, the OTA’s target voltage is then
changed to the margined (if margining is being used) reference
voltage (VREF_MARG), and the SS pin is ramped up or down
accordingly. This method reduces startup surge currents due to
a pre-charged output by inhibiting regulator switching until the
control loop enters its linear region. By ramping the positive
input of the error amplifier to VCC and then to VREF_MARG, it is
even possible to mitigate surge currents from outputs that are
pre-charged above the set output voltage. As the SS pin
connects directly to the non-inverting input of the Error
Amplifier, noise on this pin should be kept to a minimum
through careful routing and part placement. To prevent noise
injection into the error amplifier the SS capacitor should be
located within 150mils of the SS and GND pins. Soft-start is
declared done when the drivers have been enabled and the SS
pin is within ±3mV of VREF_MARG.
The ISL6540 automatically initializes upon receipt of power
without requiring any special sequencing of the input
supplies. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually
monitors the input supply voltages (PVCC,VFF, VCC) and
the voltage at the EN pin. Assuming the EN pin is pulled to
above ~0.49V, the POR function initiates soft-start operation
after all input supplies exceed their POR thresholds.
HIGH = ABOVE POR; LOW = BELOW POR
VCC POR
VFF POR
AND
SOFT-START
PVCC POR
EN POR
FIGURE 1. SOFT-START INITIALIZATION LOGIC
With all input supplies above their POR thresholds, driving
the EN pin above 0.49 V initiates a soft-start cycle. In
addition to normal TTL logic, the enable pin can be used as
a voltage monitor with programmable hysteresis through the
use of the internal 10μA sink current and an external resistor
divider. This feature is especially designed for applications
that have input rails greater than a 3.3V and require a
specific input rail POR and Hysteresis levels for better
undervoltage protection. Consider for a 12V application
choosing RUP = 100kΩ and RDOWN = 5.76kΩ there by
setting the rising threshold (VEN_RTH) to 10V and the falling
threshold (VEN_FTH) to 9V, for 1V of hysteresis (VEN_HYS).
Care should be taken to prevent the voltage at the EN pin
from exceeding VCC when using the programmable UVLO
functionality.
Power Good
The power good comparator references the voltage on the
soft-start pin to prevent accidental tripping during margining.
The trip points are shown on Figure 3. Additionally, power
good will not be asserted until after the completion of the softstart cycle. A 0.1μF capacitor at the PG_DLY pin will add an
additional ~5ms delay to the assertion of power good.
PG_DLY does not delay the deassertion of power good.
VMON
+15%
VIN
RUP
RDOWN
+9%
VREF
VREF_MARG
Sys_Enable
-9%
IEN_HYS=10μA
V EN_HYS
R UP = -------------------------I EN_HYS
-15%
GOOD
GOOD
UV
R UP • V
EN_REF
R DOWN = --------------------------------------------------------V EN_FTH – V EN_REF
V EN_FTH = V EN_RTH – V EN_HYS
OV
UV
FIGURE 3. UNDERVOLTAGE-OVERVOLTAGE WINDOW
1.5V
T PG_DLY = C PG_DLY ⋅ --------------30μA
FIGURE 2. ENABLE POR CIRCUIT
Under and Overvoltage Protection
The Undervoltage (UV) and Overvoltage (OV) protection
circuitry compares the voltage on the VMON pin with the
11
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
reference that tracks with the margining circuitry to prevent
accidental tripping. UV and OV functionality is not enabled
until the end of soft-start.
An OV event is detected asynchronously and causes the
high side MOSFET to turn off, the low side MOSFET to turn
on (effectively a 0% duty cycle), and PGOOD to pull low.
The regulator stays in this state and overrides sourcing and
sinking OCP protections until the OV event is cleared.
An UV event is detected asynchronously and results in the
PGOOD pulling low.
Overcurrent Protection
The ISL6540 monitors both the high side MOSFET and low
side MOSFET for overcurrent events. Dual sensing allows the
ISL6540 to detect overcurrent faults at the very low and very
high duty cycles that can result from the ISL6540’s wide input
range. The OCP function is enabled with the drivers at startup
and detects the peak current during each sensing period. A
resistor and a capacitor between the LSOC pin and GND set
the low side source and sinking current limits. A 100μA current
source develops a voltage across the resistor which is then
compared with the voltage developed across the low side
MOSFET at conduction mode. The measurement comparator
uses offset correcting circuitry to provide precise current
measurements with roughly ±2mV of offset error. An ~120ns
blanking period, implemented on the upper and lower MOSFET
current sensing circuitries, is used to reduce the current
sampling error due to the leading-edge switching noise. An
additional 120ns low pass filter is used to further reduce
measurement error due to noise. In sourcing current
applications, the LSOC voltage is inverted and compared with
the voltage across the MOSFET while on. When this voltage
exceeds the LSOC set voltage, a sourcing OCP fault is
triggered. A 1000pF or greater filter capacitor should be used in
parallel with RLSOC to prevent on chip parasitics from
impacting the accuracy of the OCP measurement.
Simple Low Side OCP Equation
I OC_SOURCE • r
DS ( ON )LowSide
R LSOC = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100μA
Detailed Low Side OCP Equations
ΔI
⎛I
+ -----⎞ • r
⎝ OC_SOURCE 2 ⎠ DS ( ON ),L
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R LSOC =
I LSOC • N L
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------FS L
V IN
I LSOC • N L • R LSOC ΔI
I OC_SINK = -------------------------------------------------------- – ----2
r DS ( ON ),L
N L = Number of low side MOSFETs
The ISL6540’s sinking current limit is set to the same voltage
as its sourcing limit. In sinking applications, when the voltage
across the MOSFET is greater than the voltage developed
12
across the resistor (RLSOC) a sinking OCP event is
triggered. To avoid non-synchronous operation at light load,
the peak to peak output inductor ripple current should not be
greater than twice of the sinking current limit.
The high side sourcing current limit is set by connecting the
HSOC pin with a resistor (RHSOC) and a capacitor to the
drain of the high side MOSEFT. A 100μA current source
develops a voltage across the resistor which is then
compared with the voltage developed across the high side
MOSFET while on. When the voltage drop across the
MOSFET exceeds the voltage drop across the resistor, a
sourcing OCP event occurs. A 1000pF or greater filter
capacitor should be used in parallel with RHSOC to prevent on
chip parasitics from impacting the accuracy of the OCP
measurement and to smooth the voltage across RHSOC in the
presence of switching noise on the input bus.
Sourcing OCP faults cause the regulator to disable (Ugate and
Lgate drives pulled low, PGOOD pulled low, soft-start capacitor
discharged) itself for a fixed period of time after which a normal
soft-start sequence is initiated. The period of time the regulator
waits before attempting a soft-start sequence is set by three
charge and discharge cycles of the soft-start capacitor.
Simple High Side OCP Equation
I OC_SOURCE • r
DS ( ON )HighSide
R HSOC = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100μA
Detailed High Side OCP Equation
ΔI
⎛I
+ -----⎞ • r
⎝ OC_SOURCE 2 ⎠ DS ( ON ),U
R HSOC = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I HSOC • N U
N U = Number of high side MOSFETs
Sinking OCP faults cause the low side MOSFET drive to be
disabled, effectively operating the ISL6540 in a nonsynchronous manner. The fault is maintained for three clock
cycles at which point it is cleared and normal operation is
restored. OVP fault implementation overrides sourcing and
sinking OCP events, immediately turning on the low side
MOSFET and turning off the high side MOSFET. The OC trip
point varies mainly due to the MOSFETs rDS(ON) variations
and system noise. To avoid overcurrent tripping in the
normal operating load range, find the RHSOC and/or RLSOC
resistor from the previous detailed equations with:
1. Maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature;
2. Minimum ILSOC and/or IHSOC from specification table;
3. Determine the overcurrent trip point greater than the
maximum output continuous current at maximum
inductor ripple current.
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Frequency Programming
By tying a resistor to GND from FS pin, the switching
frequency can be set between 250kHz and 2MHz.
Oscillator/VFF
The Oscillator is a triangle waveform, providing for leading
and falling edge modulation. The bottom of the oscillator
waveform is set at 1.0V. The ramp's peak to peak amplitude
is determined from the voltage on the VFF (Voltage Feed
Forward) pin by the equation: DVosc = 0.16*VFF. An internal
RC filter of 233kΩ and 2pF (341kHz) provides filtering of the
VFF voltage. An external RC filter may be required to
augment this filter in the event that it is insufficient to prevent
noise injection or control loop interactions. Voltages below
2.9V on the VFF pin may result in undesirable operation due
to extremely small peak to peak oscillator waveforms. The
oscillator waveform should not exceed VCC -1.0V. For high
VFF voltages the internal/external 5.6 V linear regulator
should be used. 5.6V on VCC provides sufficient headroom
for 100% duty cycle operation when using the maximum
VFF voltage of 22V. In the event of sustained 100% duty
cycle operation, defined as 32 clock cycles where no LG
pulse is detected, LG will be pulsed on to refresh the
design’s Bootstrap capacitor.
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
100
range between 3.3V to 20V ±10%. The internal linear
regulator is to provide power for both the internal MOSFET
drivers through the PVCC pin and the analog circuitry
through the VCC pin. The VCC pin should be connected to
the PVCC pin with an RC filter to prevent high frequency
driver switching noise from entering the analog circuitry.
When VIN drops below 5.6V, the pass element will saturate;
PVCC will track VIN, minus the dropout of the linear
regulator: PVCC = VIN-2xIVIN. When used with an external
5V supply, the VIN pin should be tied directly to PVCC.
External Series Linear Regulator
The LIN_DRV pin provides sinking drive capability for an
external pass element linear regulator controller. The
external linear options are especially useful when the
internal linear dropout is too large for a given application.
When using the external linear regulator option, the
LIN_DRV pin should be connected to the gate of a PMOS
device, and a resistor should be connected between its gate
and source. A resistor and a capacitor should be connected
from gate to source to compensate the control loop. A PNP
device can be used instead of a PMOS device in which case
the LIN_DRV pin should be connected to the base of the
PNP pass element. The maximum sinking capability of the
LIN_DRV pin is 0.5mA, and should not be exceeded if using
an external resistor for a PMOS device. The designer should
take care in designing a stable system when using external
pass elements. The VCC pin should be connected to the
PVCC pin with an RC filter to prevent high frequency driver
switching noise from entering the analog circuitry.
High Speed MOSFET Gate Driver
10
1
100
1000
10000
FREQUENCY (kHz)
FIGURE 4. RFS RESISTANCE vs. FREQUENCY
10
Fs [ Hz ] ≈ 1.178 ×10
• RT [ Ω ]
– 0.973
(R T TO GND)
Internal Series Linear Regulator
The VIN pin is connected to PVCC with a 2Ω internal series
linear regulator, which is internally compensated. The
external Series Linear regulator option should be used for
applications requiring pass elements of less than 2Ω. When
using the internal regulator, the LIN_DRV pin should be
connected directly to GND. The PVCC and VIN pins should
have a bypasses capacitor (at least 10μF on PVCC is
required) connected to PGND. For proper operation the
PVCC capacitor must be within 150mils of the PVCC and the
PGND pins, and be connected to these pins with dedicated
traces. The internal series linear regulator’s input (VIN) can
13
The integrated driver has similar drive capability and
features to Intersil's ISL6605 stand alone gate driver. The
PWM tri-state feature helps prevent a negative transient on
the output voltage when the output is being shut down. This
eliminates the Schottky diode that is used in some systems
for protecting the microprocessor from reversed-outputvoltage damage. See the ISL6605 datasheet for
specification parameters that are not defined in the current
ISL6540 electrical specifications table.
A 1-2Ω resistor is recommended to be in series with the
bootstrap diode when using VCCs above 5.0V to prevent the
bootstrap capacitor from overcharging due to the negative
swing of the trailing edge of the phase node.
Margining Control
When the MAR_CTRL is pulled high or low, the positive or
negative margining functionality is respectively enabled.
When MAR_CTRL is left floating, the function is disabled.
Upon UP margining, an internal buffer drives the OFS- pin
from VCC to maintain OFS+ at 0.591V. The resistor divider,
RMARG and ROFS+, causes the voltage at OFS- to be
increased. Similarly, upon DOWN margining, an internal
buffer drives the OFS+ pin from VCC to maintain OFS- at
0.591V. The resistor divider, RMARG and ROFS-, causes the
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
voltage at OFS+ to be increased. In both modes the voltage
difference between OFS+ and OFS- is then sensed with an
instrumentation amplifier and is converted to the desired
margining voltage by a 5:1 ratio. The maximum designed
margining range of the ISL6540 is ±200mV, this sets the
MINIMUM value of ROFS+ or ROFS- at approximately 5.9K
for an RMARG of 10K for a MAXIMUM of 1V across RMARG.
The OFS pins are completely independent and can be set to
different margining levels. The maximum usable reference
voltage for the ISL6540 is VCC-1.8V, and should not be
exceeded when using the margining functionality, i.e,
VREF_MARG < VCC - 1.8V.
V REF R MARG
V MARG_UP = --------------- • --------------------5
R OFS+
ISL6540
STATE
MACHINE
REFIN
800mV
REFOUT
MARGINING
BLOCK
VREF_MARG
OTA
FIGURE 5. SIMPLIFIED REFERENCE BUFFER
V REF R MARG
V MARG_DOWN = --------------- • --------------------5
R OFS-
An alternative calculation provides for a desired percentage
change in the output voltage when using the internal 0.591V
reference:
R MARG
V pct_DOWN = 20 • --------------------R OFS-
R MARG
V PCT_UP = 20 • --------------------R OFS+
VCC
REFERENCE
VREF=0.591V
When not used in a design OFS+, OFS-, and MARCTRL
should be left floating. To prevent damage to the part, OFS+
and OFS- should not be tied to VCC or PVCC.
Reference Output Buffer
The internal buffer’s output tracks the unmargined system
reference. It has a 19mA drive capability, with maximum and
minimum output voltage capabilities of VCC and GND
respectively. Its capacitive loading can range from 1μF to
above 17.6μF, which is designed for 1 to 8 DIMM systems in
DDR (Dual Data Rate) applications. 1μF of capacitance
should always be present on REFOUT. It is not designed to
drive a resistive load and any such load added to the system
should be kept above 300kΩ total impedance.
Reference Input
The REFIN pin allows the user to bypass the internal 0.591V
reference with an external reference. Asynchronously if
REFIN is NOT within ~800mV of VCC, the external
reference pin is used as the control reference instead of the
internal 0.591V reference. The minimum usable REFIN
voltage is ~60mV while the maximum is VCC - 1.8V VMARG (if present). The limitation is set by the error
amplifier's maximum common mode input range of VCC 1.8V for the industrial temperature ranges.
14
Internal Reference and System Accuracy
The internal reference is trimmed to 0.591V. The total DC
system accuracy of the system is within 0.85% over
commercial temperature range, and 1.25% over industrial
temperature range. System accuracy includes error amplifier
offset, OTA error, and bandgap error. Differential remote
sense offset error is not included. As a result, if the
differential remote sense is used, then an extra 3mV of offset
error enters the system. The use of REFIN may add up to
1.8mV of additional offset error.
Differential Remote Sense Buffer
The differential remote sense buffer is essentially an
instrumentation amplifier with unity gain. The offset is
trimmed to 3mV for high system accuracy. As with any
instrumentation amplifier typically 6μA are sourced from the
VSEN- pin. The output of the remote sense buffer is
connected directly to the internal OV/UV comparator. As a
result, a resistor divider should be placed on the input of the
buffer for proper regulation, as shown in Figure 6. The
VMON pin should be connected to the FB pin by a standard
feed-back network. A small capacitor, CSEN in Figure 6, can
be added to filter out noise, typically CSEN is chosen so the
corresponding time constant does not reduce the overall
phase margin of the design, typically this is 2x to 10x
switching frequency of the regulator.
As some applications will not use the differential remote
sense, the output of the remote sense buffer can be disabled
(high impedance) by pulling VSEN- within 800mV of VCC.
As the VMON pin is connected internally to the
OV/UV/PGOOD comparator, an external resistor divider
must then be connected to VMON to provide correct voltage
information for the OV/UV comparator. An RC filter should
be used if VMON is to be connected directly to FB instead of
to VOUT through a separate resistor divider network. This
filter prevents noise injection from disturbing the
OV/UV/PGOOD comparators on VMON. VMON may also be
connected to the SS pin, which completely bypasses the
OV/UV/PGOOD functionality.
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
VSENSE(REMOTE)
VOUT (LOCAL)
10Ω
GND (LOCAL)
10Ω
VSENSE+
(REMOTE)
RFB
ROS
CSEN
VSEN+
VSEN-
VCC
ZIN
ZFB
VMON
OV/UV
COMP
800mV
COMP
FB
ERROR AMP
GAIN=1
VSS
FIGURE 6. SIMPLIFIED UNITY GAIN DIFFERENITAL SENSING IMPLEMENTATION
Layout Considerations
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to
another can generate voltage transients across the
impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit
traces. These interconnecting impedances should be
minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces. The
critical components should be located as close together as
possible using ground plane construction or single point
grounding.
VIN
ISL6540
Q1
LO
PHASE
LGATE
Q2
CIN
Proper grounding of the IC is important for correct operation
in noisy environments. The PGND pin should be connected
to board ground at the source of the low side MOSFET with
a wide short trace. The GND pin should be connected to a
large copper fill under the IC which is subsequently
connected to board ground at a quite location on the board,
typically found at an input or output bulk (electrolytic)
capacitor.
BOOT
VOUT
CO
+VIN
D1
Q1
CBOOT
LOAD
UGATE
part of ground or power plane in a printed circuit board. The
components shown in Figure 8 should be located as close
together as possible. Please note that the capacitors CIN
and CO each represent numerous physical capacitors.
Locate the ISL6540 within 3 inches of the MOSFETs, Q1
and Q2. The circuit traces for the MOSFETs’ gate and
source connections from the ISL6540 must be sized to
handle up to 4A peak current.
SS
ISL6540
LO
VOUT
PHASE
+5V
PGND
Q2
LOAD
Application Guidelines
CO
PVCC
RETURN
CPVCC
CSS
GND
PGND
FIGURE 7. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND
GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS
Figure 7 shows the critical power components of the
converter. To minimize the voltage overshoot/undershoot
the interconnecting wires indicated by heavy lines should be
15
FIGURE 8. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Figure 8 shows the circuit traces that require additional
layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane
construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage
current paths on the SS pin and locate the capacitor, CSS
close to the SS pin (as described earlier) as the internal
current source is only 38μA. Provide local decoupling
between PVCC and PGND pins as described earlier. Locate
the capacitor, CBOOT as close as practical to the BOOT and
PHASE pins.
C2
COMP
R2
C3
R3
C1
FB
E/A
+
R1
VREF
Compensating the Converter
VMON
The ISL6540 single-phase converter is a voltage-mode
controller. This section highlights the design considerations for
a voltage-mode controller requiring external compensation. To
address a broad range of applications, a type-3 feedback
network is recommended (see Figure 9).
-
RFB
VSEN-
CSEN
ROS
+
VSEN+
VOUT
OSCILLATOR
VIN
C2
R2
C1
PWM
CIRCUIT
VOSC
COMP
UGATE
FB
C3
R3
HALF-BRIDGE
DRIVE
R1
L
DCR
PHASE
VMON
LGATE
FIGURE 9. COMPENSATION CONFIGURATION FOR ISL6540
WHEN USING DIFFERENTIAL REMOTE SENSE
Figure 10 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous-rectified buck converter, when using an internal
differential remote sense amplifier. The output voltage
(VOUT) is regulated to the reference voltage, VREF, level.
The error amplifier output (COMP pin voltage) is compared
with the oscillator (OSC) triangle wave to provide a pulsewidth modulated wave with an amplitude of VIN at the
PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output
filter (L and C). The output filter capacitor bank’s equivalent
series resistance is represented by the series resistor ESR.
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT /VCOMP. This function is dominated by a
DC gain, given by dMAXVIN /VOSC, and shaped by the
output filter, with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a
zero at FCE . For the purpose of this analysis C and ESR
represent the total output capacitance and its equivalent
series resistance.
1
F LC = --------------------------2π ⋅ L ⋅ C
C
ISL6540
1
F CE = --------------------------------2π ⋅ C ⋅ ESR
16
ISL6540
ESR
EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
FIGURE 10. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL6540) and the external R1-R3, C1-C3
components. The goal of the compensation network is to
provide a closed loop transfer function with high 0dB crossing
frequency (F0; typically 0.1 to 0.3 of FSW) and adequate
phase margin (better than 45°). Phase margin is the
difference between the closed loop phase at F0dB and 180°.
The equations that follow relate the compensation network’s
poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , C2 ,
and C3) in Figures 9 and 10. Use the following guidelines for
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:
1. Select a value for R1 (1kΩ to 10kΩ, typically). Calculate
value for R2 for desired converter bandwidth (F0). If
setting the output voltage to be equal to the reference set
voltage as shown in Figure 22, the design procedure can
be followed as presented. However, when setting the
output voltage via a resistor divider placed at the input of
the differential amplifier (as shown in Figure 10), in order
to compensate for the attenuation introduced by the
resistor divider, the below obtained R2 value needs be
multiplied by a factor of (ROS+RFB)/ROS. The remainder
of the calculations remain unchanged, as long as the
compensated R2 value is used.
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
frequency response of the modulator (GMOD), feedback
compensation (GFB) and closed-loop response (GCL):
V OSC ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = --------------------------------------------d MAX ⋅ V IN ⋅ F LC
A small capacitor, CSEN in Figure 10, can be added to filter
out noise, typically CSEN is chosen so the corresponding
time constant does not reduce the overall phase margin
of the design, typically this is 2x to 10x switching
frequency of the regulator. As the ISL6540 supports
100% duty cycle, dMAX equals 1. The ISL6540 also uses
feedforward compensation, as such VOSC is equal to
0.16 multiplied by the voltage at the VFF pin. When tieing
VFF to VIN the above equation simplifies to:
0.16 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = ---------------------------------F LC
2. Calculate C1 such that FZ1 is placed at a fraction of the FLC,
at 0.1 to 0.75 of FLC (to adjust, change the 0.5 factor to
desired number). The higher the quality factor of the output
filter and/or the higher the ratio FCE/FLC, the lower the FZ1
frequency (to maximize phase boost at FLC).
d MAX ⋅ V IN
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ESR ⋅ C
G MOD ( f ) = ------------------------------ ⋅ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
V OSC
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( ESR + DCR ) ⋅ C + s ( f ) ⋅ L ⋅ C
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1
G FB ( f ) = ---------------------------------------------------- ⋅
s ( f ) ⋅ R1 ⋅ ( C1 + C2 )
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------⎛ C1 ⋅ C2 ⎞ ⎞
⎛
( 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R 3 ⋅ C 3 ) ⋅ ⎜ 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R 2 ⋅ ⎜ ---------------------⎟ ⎟
⎝ C 1 + C 2⎠ ⎠
⎝
G CL ( f ) = G MOD ( f ) ⋅ G FB ( f )
where, s ( f ) = 2π ⋅ f ⋅ j
As before when tieing VFF to VIN terms in the above
equations can be simplified as follows:
1 ⋅ V IN
d MAX ⋅ V IN
----------------------------- = -------------------------- = 6.25
V OSC
0.16 ⋅ V IN
COMPENSATION BREAK FREQUENCY EQUATIONS
3. Calculate C2 such that FP1 is placed at FCE.
C1
C 2 = -------------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1 ⋅ F CE – 1
4. Calculate R3 such that FZ2 is placed at FLC. Calculate C3
such that FP2 is placed below FSW (typically, 0.5 to 1.0
times FSW). FSW represents the regulator’s switching
frequency. Change the numerical factor to reflect desired
placement of this pole. Placement of FP2 lower in frequency
helps reduce the gain of the compensation network at high
frequency, in turn reducing the HF ripple component at the
COMP pin and minimizing resultant duty cycle jitter.
R1
R 3 = ---------------------F SW
------------ – 1
F LC
1
C 3 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ F SW
It is recommended that a mathematical model is used to plot
the loop response. Check the loop gain against the error
amplifier’s open-loop gain. Verify phase margin results and
adjust as necessary. The following equations describe the
1
F Z1 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1
1
F P1 = --------------------------------------------C1 ⋅ C2
2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ --------------------C1 + C2
1
F Z2 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ ( R 1 + R 3 ) ⋅ C 3
1
F P2 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ C 3
Figure 11 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s
gain vs. frequency. The actual modulator gain has a high gain
peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output filter,
which is not shown. Using the above guidelines should yield a
compensation gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop
error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the
compensation gain at FP2 against the capabilities of the error
amplifier. The closed loop gain, GCL, is constructed on the
log-log graph of Figure 11 by adding the modulator gain,
GMOD (in dB), to the feedback compensation gain, GFB (in
dB). This is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer
function and the compensation transfer function and then
plotting the resulting gain.
FZ1 FZ2
FP1
FP2
GAIN
1
C 1 = ----------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ F LC
R2
20 log ⎛ --------⎞
⎝ R1⎠
MODULATOR GAIN
COMPENSATION GAIN
CLOSED LOOP GAIN
OPEN LOOP E/A GAIN
d MAX ⋅ V
IN
20 log --------------------------------V OSC
0
GFB
LOG
GCL
GMOD
LOG
FLC
FCE
F0
FREQUENCY
FIGURE 11. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
17
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
A stable control loop has a gain crossing with close to a
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45°.
Include worst case component variations when determining
phase margin. The mathematical model presented makes a
number of approximations and is generally not accurate at
frequencies approaching or exceeding half the switching
frequency. When designing compensation networks, select
target crossover frequencies in the range of 10% to 30% of
the switching frequency, FSW.
Component Selection Guidelines
Output Capacitor Selection
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above
1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the
transient and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk
capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally
determined by the ESR (effective series resistance) and
voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance
requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements. For example, Intel
recommends that the high frequency decoupling for the
Pentium Pro be composed of at least forty (40) 1.0μF
ceramic capacitors in the 1206 surface-mount package.
Follow on specifications have only increased the number
and quality of required ceramic decoupling capacitors.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage
and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient.
An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is related to
the case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.
However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient
loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter.
Work with your capacitor supplier and measure the
capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a suitable
component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of
small case size perform better than a single large case
capacitor.
18
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the following equations:
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------FS x L
V IN
ΔVOUT= ΔI x ESR
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL6540 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current
value to the transient current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the transient
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The following
equations give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = -------------------------------V IN – V OUT
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = ------------------------------V OUT
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. With a lower input
source such as 1.8V or 3.3V, the worst case response time
can be either at the application or removal of load and
dependent upon the output voltage setting. Be sure to check
both of these equations at the minimum and maximum
output levels for the worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the
small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs
and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2.
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
0.60
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
0.50
The ISL6540 requires 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs. These
should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
0.5Io
KICM
0.40
0.30
0.25Io
0.20
ΔI=0Io
0.10
0.00
0
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.8 0.9
1
DUTY CYCLE (D)
FIGURE 12. INPUT-CAPACITOR CURRENT MULTIPLIER FOR
SINGLE-PHASE BUCK CONVERTER
input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately
below.
I IN, RMS =
VO
D = ---------VIN
I2
2 ( D – D2 ) + Δ
-------- D
IO
12
OR
I IN, RMS = K ICM • I O
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The
conduction losses are the largest component of power
dissipation for both the upper and the lower MOSFETs.
These losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs
according to duty factor (see the equations below). The
upper MOSFET exhibits turn-on and turn-off switching
losses as well as the reverse recover loss, while the
synchronous rectifier exhibits body-diode conduction losses
during the leading and trailing edge dead times.
DS ( ON ),L
ΔI 2⎞ • r-------------------------- • ( 1 – D ) + P DEAD
P LOWER = ⎛ I O 2 + ------⎝
N
12 ⎠
L
ΔI
ΔI ⎞ • V
⎛
------⎞
P DEAD = ⎛ I O + ----DT • t DT + ⎝ I O – 12⎠ • V DL • t DL • F S
⎝
12⎠
DS ( ON ),U
ΔI 2-⎞ • r--------------------------- • D + P SW + P Qrr
P UPPER = ⎛ I O 2 + ------⎝
N
12 ⎠
U
ΔI
ΔI ⎞ • t
P SW = ⎛ I O + ----+ ⎛ I – ------⎞ • t
• VIN • F S
⎝
12⎠ OFF ⎝ O 12⎠ ON
P Qrr = Q rr • VIN • F S
For a through hole design, several electrolytic capacitors
(Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MVGX or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount
designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution
must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current
rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the
surge-current at power-up. The TPS series available from
AVX, and the 593D series from Sprague are both surge
current tested.
where D is the duty cycle = VO / VIN; Qrr is the reverse
recover charge; tDLand tDT are leading and trailing edge
dead time, and tON & tOFF are the switching intervals.
These equations do not include the gate-charge losses that
are proportional to the total gate charge and the switching
frequency and partially dissipated by the internal gate
resistance of the MOSFETs. Ensure that both MOSFETs are
within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient
temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to
package thermal-resistance specifications. A separate
heatsink may be necessary depending upon MOSFET
power, package type, ambient temperature and air flow.
ISL6540 DC/DC Converter Application Circuit
Detailed information on the application circuit, including a
complete Bill-of-Materials and circuit board description, can
be found in application note AN1204. See Intersil’s home
page on the web: http://www.intersil.com.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
19
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008
ISL6540
Package Outline Drawing
L28.5x5
28 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 2, 10/07
4X 3.0
5.00
24X 0.50
A
B
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN #1 INDEX AREA
28
22
1
5.00
21
3 .10 ± 0 . 15
15
(4X)
7
0.15
8
14
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
- 0.07
4 28X 0.25 + 0.05
28X 0.55 ± 0.10
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
0 . 90 ± 0.1
C
BASE PLANE
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
( 4. 65 TYP )
( 24X 0 . 50)
(
SIDE VIEW
3. 10)
(28X 0 . 25 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
( 28X 0 . 75)
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
DETAIL "X"
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
20
FN9214.1
July 23, 2008