AN1955: Design Ideas for Intersil Digital Power Monitors

Application Note 1955
Design Ideas for Intersil Digital Power Monitors
Abstract
The Intersil's Digital Power Monitor family is a highly versatile and flexible product. This Application Note will briefly describe the digital
power monitor and present a variety of design ideas in which you can use a digital power monitor in assortment of different
applications.
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ISL28022 Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ISL28023 Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ISL28025 Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ideas Using ISL28022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Point-of-Load Power Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Adjustable Point-of-Load Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Power Monitor Boost Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Floating Supply DPM (>60V or <0V Operation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Force Voltage Measure Current and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
A Lossless Current Sense Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Improved Hall Effect Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Combustible Gas Sensor Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
An Efficiency Measurement Using the DPM Broadcast Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Monitoring Multicell Battery Levels Using the DPM Broadcast Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Precision Current Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ideas Using ISL28023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generic Buck Regulator POL Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generic LDO Regulator POL Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generic Boost Regulator POL Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High-Side Voltage and Current Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using a Switch as a Sense Resistor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Gas Sensing Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
Ideas Using ISL28025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generic Buck/Boost Regulator POL Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measure AC Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensor Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real Time Power Monitor System for Real Time Operating Systems, RTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DPM Used as a Control and Alert for a Multicell Balancing Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PMBus Compatible Products Simplifies System Designs and Programming Them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17
18
18
19
22
23
List of Figures
FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 4.
FIGURE 5.
FIGURE 6.
FIGURE 7.
FIGURE 8.
FIGURE 9.
FIGURE 10.
FIGURE 11.
FIGURE 12.
FIGURE 13.
Point-of-Load Monitoring Design Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Adjustable Point-of-Load Monitoring Design Idea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Power Monitor Boost Regulator Design Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Floating Supply Design Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
A Simplified Schematic of a Force Voltage Measure Voltage and Current Circuit with Low Current Drive Capability . . . . . .5
A Simplified Schematic of a Force Voltage Measure Voltage and Current Circuit with a Push-Pull Output Stage . . . . . . . . .6
A Simplified Circuit Diagram of Remotely Measuring Current Through a Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
An Illustration of Current Flow with Respect to the Magnetic Field Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
A Simplified Circuit Diagram of a Hall Effect Sensor that Integrates the Current Conduction Path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
A Simplified Diagram of a Combustible Gas Sensor Circuit Using the ISL28022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
A Simplified Circuit that Uses Two ISL28022 to Measure a System Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
A Simplified Multicell Monitoring Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A Simplified Circuit Diagram that Measures Current and Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
February 1, 2016
AN1955.1
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC 2015, 2016. All Rights Reserved
Intersil (and design) is a trademark owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
Application Note 1955
FIGURE 14.
FIGURE 15.
FIGURE 16.
FIGURE 17.
FIGURE 18.
FIGURE 19.
FIGURE 20.
FIGURE 21.
FIGURE 22.
FIGURE 23.
FIGURE 24.
FIGURE 25.
FIGURE 26.
FIGURE 27.
FIGURE 28.
FIGURE 29.
FIGURE 30.
FIGURE 31.
FIGURE 32.
FIGURE 33.
Generic POL Circuit Using a Buck Converter and the ISL28023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Generic POL Circuit Using a LDO Converter and the ISL28023. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Generic POL Circuit Using a Boost Converter and the ISL28023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A Simplified Circuit Illustration Showing Multiple ISL28023s Connected to One SMBUS and One SMBALERT1 Line . . . 14
Generic POL Circuit Using an LDO Converter and the ISL28023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Low-Side Voltage and Current Monitoring Circuit that Uses SMBALERT1 as a Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A Simplified Schematic of a Switch Used as a Sense Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Resistance vs Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A Simplified Schematic for Gas Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Generic POL Circuit Using a Buck/Boost Converter and the ISL28025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
VSHUNT Bandwidth vs ADC Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Simplified Circuit Using the ISL28025 to Measure AC Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Primary VSHUNT AC Common-Mode Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Simplified Schematic of a Pressure Monitor with a Safety Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Simplified Example of Two ISL28025 Configured to Measure Real Time to a RTO System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Group Command (A) without PEC (B) with PEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Measurement Bandwidth vs External CLK Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Simplified Circuit that Measures Power Delivered to the RTO System at a Slower Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Simplified Circuit for Multicell Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
An Example of a Power Distribution System Using the ISL28025 and Intersil ZLXXXX Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Introduction
when another slave address conflicts with the DPM on the same
I2C bus.
The Digital Power Monitor (DPM) is a digital current, voltage and
power monitoring device for high and low-side power monitoring
in positive and negative voltage applications. DPMs require an
external shunt resistor to enable current measurements and
translate the bus current to a voltage. The DPM measures the
voltage across the shunt resistors and reports the measured
value out digitally via an I2C interface. A register within the DPM
is reserved to store the value of the shunt resistor, which allows
the DPM to output a current value to an external digital device.
The DPM measures bus voltage and current sequentially. It has a
power measurement functionality that multiplies the measured
current and voltage values, which is then stored in a unique
register. This measurement allows the user to monitor power to
or from the load in addition to current and voltage. The DPM can
monitor supplies from 0V to 60V while operating on a chip supply
ranging from 3V to 5.5V. The internal ADC sample rate can be
configured to an internal oscillator (500kHz) or a user can
provide a synchronized clock.
The ISL28022 is a basic digital power monitor with a
single/primary channel that can measure voltage from 0V to 60V.
The ISL28023 has two channels, which allow the user to monitor
the voltage, current and power on two power supply rails. The two
channels for the DPM consist of a primary channel and an
auxiliary channel. The primary channel will allow and measure
voltages from 0V to 60V or from 0V to 16.384V, depending on
the option of the ISL28023. The auxiliary channel can tolerate
and measure voltage from 0V to VCC.
The ISL28025 has an additional low voltage read to measure a
voltage after the rail has been regulated. The primary channel
will allow and measure voltages from 0V to 60V or from 0V to
16.384V, depending on the option of the ISL28025. The auxiliary
channel can tolerate and measure voltage from 0V to VCC.
The ISL28023 and ISL28025 have continuous fault detection for
the primary channel only. It can be configured to set an alert for
an overvoltage, undervoltage and/or overcurrent event with a
response time of 500ns from the event. The ISL28023 and
ISL28025 have a temperature sensor with fault detection. An
8-bit margin DAC, controllable through I2C communication, is
incorporated into the DPM. A voltage margining feature allows
for the adjustment of the regulated voltage to the load. The
margin DAC can help in proving the load robustness versus the
applied supply voltage. The ISL28023 and ISL28025 offer a 3.3V
voltage regulator that can be used to power the chip in addition
to low power peripheral circuitry. The DPM has an I2C power pin
that allows the I2C master to set the digital communication
supply voltage to the chip, an operating supply voltage range of
3V to 5.5V, and can accept I2C supply voltages between 1.2V and
5.5V. The DPM accepts SMBus protocols up to 3.4MHz. The
ISL28023 and ISL28025 are PMBus compliant up to 400MHz.
The device has Packet Error Code (PEC) functionality, which uses
an 8-bit Cyclic Redundance Check (CRC-8) represented by the
polynomial x8+x2+x1+1. The ISL28023 and ISL28025 can be
configured for up to 55 unique slave addresses using 3 address
select bits allowing 55 parts to communicate on a single I2C bus.
This gives the designer the flexibility to select a unique address
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ISL28022 Key Features
• Integrated analog front end with digital output
- Analog switch/MUX, ADC, voltage reference
- Digital processing/serial communication circuitry
(I2C/SMBus)
• Voltage, current, power monitoring and current direction
- Current Sense: high-side, low-side, bidirectional
- Wide common-mode input voltage range: 0V to 60V
- Digital output
• Precision/accuracy
- 16-bit Σ ADC
- Voltage/current measurement error: <0.3%
ISL28023 Key Features
• Integrated analog front end with digital output
- Analog switch/MUX, ADC, voltage reference
- Digital processing/serial communication circuitry
(I2C/SMBus/PMBus)
• Voltage, current, power monitoring and current direction
- Current sense: high-side, low-side, bidirectional
- Wide common-mode input voltage range: 0V to 60V
- Digital output
- Internal 3.3V regulator
- Internal temperature sense
- 8-bit voltage output DAC
- Auxiliary channel available
• Precision/accuracy
- 16-bit ΣADC
- Voltage/Current Measurement Error: <0.05%
ISL28025 Key Features
• Integrated analog front end with digital output
- Analog switch/MUX, ADC, voltage reference
- Digital processing/serial communication circuitry
(I2C/SMBus/PMBus)
• Voltage, current, power monitoring and current direction
- Current sense: high-side, low-side, bidirectional
- Wide common-mode input voltage range: 0V to 60V
- Digital output
- Internal 3.3V regulator
- Internal temperature sense
- Auxiliary low voltage input channel
• Precision/accuracy
- 16-bit ΣADC
- Voltage/current measurement error: <0.05%
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Related Literature
Adjustable Point-of-Load Monitor
• ISL28022 datasheet
• ISL28023 datasheet
• ISL28025 datasheet
Ideas Using ISL28022
Point-of-Load Power Monitor
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 is a solution that can be used to
monitor a load’s performance. The voltage regulator regulates to
a Point-of-Load (POL) voltage. 5V, 3.3V, 2.5V and 1.8V are
examples of POL voltages.
The main bus voltage applied to the voltage regulator regulates
the voltage to the load at the VINM, VBUS and Sense node for the
configuration shown in Figure 1. The shunt resistor in the circuit
allows the current to be monitored while regulating the voltage to
the load. For example, the maximum shunt voltage the ISL28022
is able to measure is ±320mV. The shunt resistor value is
determined by Equation 1:
0.32
R SHUNT = R SH = -----------------------------Current FS
(EQ. 1)
Many applications require unique voltages to optimize a circuit’s
potential. Figure 2 is a microcontroller selectable Point-of-Load
(POL) circuit. The circuit is very similar to the POL monitor discussed
previously. The General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) bits of the
microcontroller controls a multiplexer, which connects a gain setting
resistor to the adjust (ADJ) pin of the regulator. The feedback
resistance (RF), the multiplexer switch resistance and the value of
the gain setting resistor (R1 to R8) determine the regulated output
voltage (POL_V) to the load. Equation 2 is a generic formula to
determine the regulated POL_V.
RF


POL_V =    ---------------------------- + 1
 R x + R mux

(EQ. 2)
The coefficient alpha, , is dependent on the designed in
regulator. For the ISL80101-ADJ,  equals 0.5. Rx is the value of
the gain resistor (R1 to R8) selected by the microcontroller. Rmux
is the multiplexer switch resistor value. The multiplexer switch
resistance is a function of the current flowing through the switch.
A general practice is to choose resistor values such that current
flowing through the multiplexer is small. The ISL84781 has an
ON-resistance of 0.4Ω
VRAIL = 0 TO 60V
ISL28022 DPM
CurrentFS is the maximum current to be measured through the
load. This is chosen by the user.
VCC
SENSE
VINM
SW MUX
RSH
ADC
16-BIT
GND
SCL
LOAD
EN
I2C
SMBUS
VBUS
VOUT
REG
MAP
SDA
A0
A1
ECLK/INT
FIGURE 1. POINT-OF-LOAD MONITORING DESIGN IDEA
The DPM calculates the power and current internally and stores
the results in an internal register. The VBUS connected directly to
the load, enables a measurement system that monitors power to
the load.
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VINM
ADC
16-BIT
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
EN
SDA
RF
ADJ
ISL84781
A0 A1 A2
VBUS
A0
REG
MAP
A1
ECLK/INT
VCC
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
VCC
R1
VCC
GPIO
GPIO
GPIO
POL V
GND
PC
SDA
SCL
GPIO
Power Monitor Boost Regulation
TO µC
VOUT
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
RSH
FIGURE 2. ADJUSTABLE POINT-OF-LOAD MONITORING DESIGN IDEA
ISL28022 DPM
VINP
GND
ADJUSTABLE
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
SW MUX
VRAIL = 0 TO 60V
To
ECLK
/INT
VCC
VINP
LOAD
The DPM has Overvoltage/Undervoltage (OV/UV) sensing circuitry
for the Bus and Shunt inputs. The levels of the error detection
circuitry are controlled digitally via an I2C/SMBus interface. The
status of each inputs’ error detection can be read digitally via a
register. The DPM allows for the summation of error detection bits
to be routed to an interrupt pin. For the point-of-load monitoring
circuit shown in Figure 1, the interrupt pin is connected to the
enable pin of the regulator. In a fault condition, the DPM will
trigger an interrupt causing the voltage regulator to shut down.
When a fault exists, the DPM interrupt pin output state can be
digitally programmed.
VOUT
The power monitor boost regulator application is an example of
the DPM used as a digital helper (Figure 3). With minimal
circuitry, the DPM enables smart designs that digitally monitor
the electrical parameters to a load. Alternative designs require a
current amplifier paired with an ADC. The ADC chosen is often
not compliant to common communication standards, such as
I2C. The DPM solves this problem and allows for 16 devices on a
single I2C bus.
The ISL97519A chip is a high efficiency step-up voltage regulator.
The maximum peak inductor current the regulator can deliver is
2.0A. If more output current is needed, the ISL97656 is rated for
4.0A maximum peak inductor current. For this particular
application, the ISL97519A is configured to step up the voltage
at the VDD pin to 12V. The voltage at VDD can range from 2.3V to
5.5V for normal 12V regulated operation. A USB power pin could
be used to drive the ISL97519A.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
The regulation node of the circuit, shown in Figure 3 is at VOUT.
The ISL97519A has feedback circuitry that removes the current
sense resistor, RSH, from impacting the regulation voltage.
Equation 1 on page 4 shows the formula used to calculate
RSHUNT.
The DPM interrupt pin is connected to the Enable pin of the
regulator. The DPM has OV/UV alerts for both the Bus and Shunt
channels. A fault condition from either channel powers down the
voltage regulator.
VOUT = 12V
REF
GEN
OSC
PWM
CNTRL
SS
RSH
(EQ. 3)
VLOW is the ground reference voltage of the system. In this
instance, the value is -48V. VBUSLSB is the step size of the VBUS
measurement, which equals 4mV. VBUSREG is the integer value
of the VBUS measurement reported by the DPM.
V_high
ISL28022 DPM
CNTRL
EN
LX
VINP
FET
DRIVE
VCC
RSH
FB
SW MUX
VBUS
LOAD
ISL97519A
GND
VOUT
GND
VLOAD
REG
ADC
16-BIT
SCL
VOUT
COMP
OPTOCOUPLER
VINP
VINM
VBUS
VRAIL
ECLK/INT
TO EN
OPTOCOUPLERS
SDA
A0
REG
MAP
ECLK/INT
A1
V_low
MCU
SW MUX
GPIO
Force Voltage Measure Current and Voltage
Many applications require testing of components or validating a
system’s performance by utilizing circuits that force voltage and
measure current and voltage to a specific connection point. The
circuit in Figure 5 is a force voltage measure current and voltage
circuit.
3.1V TO 5.5V
Floating Supply DPM (>60V or <0V Operation)
DAC
The DPM is operational when the potential of the measured
circuitry is greater than the potential at the ground pin. In most
applications the ground pin potential equals 0V. A zero potential
ground reference limits the operating range of the DPM to 0V to
60V. This application illustrates the connectivity of the DPM to
measure and operate at potentials greater than 60V or less than 0V.
5
V-
ISL28022 DPM
VINP
VCC
+
ISL28534
VINM
+
SW MUX
The voltage levels for I2C communication lines are determined by
V_low and the DPM shunt regulator. A low voltage equals the V_low
potential. A high level equals the summation of V_low and the shunt
regulator voltage. For a -48V system with a 3.3V shunt regulator, a
low voltage equals -48V and a high voltage level equals -44.7V. The
voltage from the I2C communication pins can not be directly
connected to a ground referenced microcontroller. The optocouplers
are used to translate the voltage level from the -48V referenced
system to the ground referenced microcontroller system.
V+
-
OUT
ADC
16-BIT
GND
OUTA
RSH
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
VBUS
-
VCC
G1
SDA
REF
REG
MAP
GPIO3
G0
LOAD
Assume the application measures a -48V supply. The ground
reference voltage of the system, V_low, equals -48V. V_high
equals 0V for the example. The power supply voltage to the
system is -48V. The load supply voltage is set by the voltage
regulator, VLOAD Reg. The regulator can be either a shunt or a
linear regulator.
IN+
IN-
GPIO2
VCC
GND
SCL
SDA
A0
A1
TO µC
FIGURE 3. POWER MONITOR BOOST REGULATOR DESIGN IDEA
FIGURE 4. FLOATING SUPPLY DESIGN IDEA
GPIO1
ISL28022 DPM
ADC
16-BIT
REG
MAP
I2C
SMBUS
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3V TO 5.5V
SHUNT
REG
VINM
I2C
SMBUS
VRAIL = 2.3V
VDD
TO 5.5V
EN
V BUS = V LOW +  VBUS LSB  VBUS REG 
LOAD
FROM ECLK/INT
FSEL
The DPM measures voltage between two nodes. For the shunt
input, the DPM measures the voltage between VINP and VINM
nodes. For the Bus input, the DPM measures the difference
between VBUS and GND nodes. The VBUS voltage for a floating
system is calculated using Equation 3:
ECLK/INT
A0
A1
VCC
µC
GND
SDA
SCL
FIGURE 5. A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF A FORCE VOLTAGE
MEASURE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CIRCUIT WITH LOW
CURRENT DRIVE CAPABILITY
The Digital-to-Analog Converter, DAC, is configured by the
microcontroller. The DAC is either integrated into the
microcontroller or a standalone discrete device depending on the
level of precision needed. The output of the DAC is fed into the
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
noninverting input of the ISL28534. The ISL28534 is a
chopper-stabilized single output instrumentation amplifier with
an additional operational amplifier (op amp) integrated into the
die. The allowable voltages that can be fed to the op amp are
0.1V to V+ - 0.1V. The allowable supply voltages to the circuit
ranges from 3.1V to 5.5V. The integrated op amp regulates the
voltage to the load while delivering current. The op amp can
successfully regulate the programmed voltage up to 1mA. For
greater than 1mA drive currents, an external operational
amplifier with higher current may be needed. Another approach
is to add a push-pull output stage between the output of the
integrated op amp and the sense resistor. The push-pull output
stage that enables higher drive capability for the circuit is shown
in Figure 6.
The ISL28534 gain selection spans from 1 to 1000. The voltage
noise floor of the IA is 0.5µV at a high gain. The lowest voltage
the IA can resolve is 1µV as a conservative value. The ISL28534
has an input offset current of 300pA at room temperature. The
lowest current that can be measured is 500pA. The current value
is dependent on the operational temperature range of the circuit.
The output of the IA connects to the shunt input (VINP, VINM) of
the DPM. The full scale measurable range of the shunt input is
±320mV. Voltage readings that exceed 320mV in magnitude,
require a reduction of gain in the IA setting. The DPM digital
comparators can be set to fire an interrupt for readings above
320mV. The interrupt can be routed to either the interrupt or a
GPIO pin of the microcontroller. The connection allows the DPM
to notify the microcontroller to decrement the gain of the IA when
the output reading of the IA exceeds 320mV.
If the minimum current to be measured is 500pA, what is the
shunt resistor value, RSH, and the full scale current that the
circuit can measure? The lowest measured current reading
should occur at the IA’s highest gain while the voltage drop
across the shunt resistor equals the IA resolution voltage. The
bounded criterion discussed determines the shunt resistor value.
The shunt resistor value can be calculated using Equation 4:
V IA_Res
R sense = R SH = --------------------I min
(EQ. 4)
VIA_Res is the resolution value of the IA, which equals 1µV for the
application. Imin is the minimum current to be measured. The
example shows Imin equals 500pA. The shunt resistor is
calculated to be 2kΩ.
FIGURE 6. A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF A FORCE VOLTAGE
MEASURE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CIRCUIT WITH A
PUSH-PULL OUTPUT STAGE
The addition of the power MOSFETs between the shunt resistor,
RSH, and the load increases the drive current to the load. The
MOSFETs are labeled M1 and M2 in Figure 6.
The feedback loop of the shunt resistor, RSH, and the power
MOSFETs, M1 and M2, between the IN- terminal and Out terminal
of the op amp, enhances the drive capability to the load. The INterminal regulates the voltage to the load, while the current is
steered from 3.1V to 5V supply through the MOSFET, M1, to the
load. The additional power stage limits the voltage delivered to
the load.
Integrated into the ISL28534 is an instrumentation amplifier, IA,
that can be configured to 1 of 9 gain ranges. The ISL28534 is
one product of a family of six products. The products are
differentiated by gain values and the number of outputs. The
purpose of the Instrumentation Amplifier, IA, is to extend the
measurable current range by using one sense resistor.
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6
The full scale current of any IA gain setting can be calculated
using Equation 5:
V shunt_range
Current FS = ---------------------------------G IA  R sense
(EQ. 5)
GIA is the IA gain setting. Rsense is the shunt resistor value, which
equals 2kΩ for the giving example. Vshunt_range is the PGA range
setting for the DPM. For example, the shunt range setting value is
320mV. The full scale current range for the circuit occurs at an IA
gain setting of 1. Using Equation 5, the measurable full scale
current equals 150µA.
The Least Significant Bit, LSB, for the shunt input equals 10µV for
the DPM. The currentLSB can be calculated using Equation 6:
Current FS
Current LSB = -----------------------------------G IA  ADC res
(EQ. 6)
The ADCres equals 215 or 32768 for the example. The CurrentFS
is calculated using Equation 5. The GIA is the gain of the IA.
The VBUS input of the DPM is connected to the load allowing for
power measurements. The VBUS can also be connected as an
independent node. The power measurement value returned from
the DPM would be meaningless.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
trace of interest and the hall effect sensor to reduce the
environmental interference the sensor is subjected to. The
magnetic shield will change the gain between the current flowing
in the trace and the output voltage of the sensor.
I
r
GND
R1
R2
SW MUX
VINM
LINEAR HALL
EFFECT SENSOR IC
ADC
16-BIT
VCC
GND
I
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
VBUS
VCC
REG
MAP
To µC
I
CURRENT BEARI NG TRACE
ISL28022 DPM
VINP
VOUT
SDA
A0
A1
ECLK/INT
FIGURE 7. A SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF REMOTELY
MEASURING CURRENT THROUGH A TRACE
A Lossless Current Sense Circuit
In measuring power to and from a system or load, the minimum
voltage loss due to a sensing element and trace resistance is
desired. The low voltage loss improves the efficiency of a system.
The circuit in Figure 7 measures current through a trace by
measuring the magnetic field, B, emitted from the current
flowing through the trace. The B field is directly proportional to
the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through the
trace. The B field is perpendicular to the current flow. The
direction of the B field with respect to current flow is illustrated in
Figure 8.
B
Improved Hall Effect Sensing
Recently, linear hall effect sensors that integrate the current
conduction path, and provide environmental shielding and
temperature compensation circuitry in a single package, have
improved the drawbacks associated with the linear hall effect
sensor. The integrated solution simplifies the gain calculation
between the current flowing through the conductor and the
output voltage. The single chip solution also simplifies the layout
because the current bearing wire is a set distance from the hall
effect sensor.
The integrated conduction path (IP+, IP-) has resistance ranging
from 0.1mΩ to 2mΩ. The current sense in Figure 9 is not a
lossless system.
The resistor divider, R1 and R2, in Figure 9 attenuates the voltage
from the linear hall effect sensor to the maximum voltage range,
320mV for example, of the ISL28022 VSHUNT input (VINP, VINM).
The VBUS input of the ISL28022 is connected to the current
bearing trace allowing the ISL28022 to calculate power to the
load.
HALL EFFECT
ASSP
GND
2rB
I = -------------------------o
(EQ. 7)
µ0 is the permeability of the magnetic field flow. The
permeability value, µo, of free space equals 4*10-7 H/m. The
value r is the distance in meters between the conductor and the
linear hall effect sensor. The I is the current flowing in amps
through the conductor. B is the magnetic field in Gauss.
CAUTION:
Every technology has drawbacks. The lossless current sense is no
exception. Hall effect sensors measure the total available
magnetic field at the set location. Current bearing traces routed
near the sensor will change the magnetic field at the sensor and
ultimately change the accuracy of the measurement. The sensor
will also measure changes in the environmental magnetic field.
This could be due to a switching motor or any device that radiates
energy. A magnetic shield can encapsulate the current bearing
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7
I
Rin = ~0.1m to 2m
o  I
B = ----------------2r
I
The mathematical relation between the magnitude of the current
and the magnetic field is represented in Equation 7:
IP-
IP+
FIGURE 8. AN ILLUSTRATION OF CURRENT FLOW WITH RESPECT TO
THE MAGNETIC FIELD DIRECTION
VCC
CURRENT FLOW OUT
VINP
R2
VINM
VCC
SW MUX
CURRENT FLOW IN
ISL28022 DPM
R1
VOUT
B
The resistor divider, R1 and R2, in Figure 7 attenuates the voltage
from the linear hall effect sensor to the maximum voltage range,
320mV, of the ISL28022 VSHUNT input (VINP, VINM). The VBUS
input of the ISL28022 is connected to the current bearing trace
allowing the ISL28022 to calculate power to the load.
ADC
16-Bit
GND
VBUS
I2C
SMBUS
VCC
B FIELD
VCC
To µC
REG
MAP
ECLK/INT
SCL
SDA
A0
A1
FIGURE 9. A SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A HALL EFFECT
SENSOR THAT INTEGRATES THE CURRENT
CONDUCTION PATH
Combustible Gas Sensor Circuit
The DPM measures current by measuring a voltage across the
shunt inputs (VINM, VINP). A 15-bit digital number representing
the sense resistor value is stored in the calibration register. The
DPM divides the voltage measured across the shunt inputs by the
calibration register value and stores the results in the current
register.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
In the combustible gas sensor application (Figure 10), the
current measurement reading from the DPM is not used. The
voltage reading across the Wheatstone bridge determines the
concentration of gas in the environment. The resistive network
on the left leg of the Wheatstone bridge is a coarse null to the
combustible gas sensor. The ISL95810 is a Digitally Controlled
Potentiometer (DCP). The DCP is used to fine tune the null
potential to 0V across the shunt inputs for a known concentration
of gas. In the event of a power interruption to the circuit, the
ISL95810 has nonvolatile memory integrated with the DCP. The
DCP will default to the save memory position once power is
resumed to the circuit.
The gain between the change in concentration and the change in
volts varies between sensors and sensing gas. The DPM has a
digital comparator that can trigger an interrupt line when a
voltage exceeds a set level. A set voltage threshold for the shunt
input corresponds to a set gas level. When the concentration of
gas exceeds a set level, the DPM triggers an alarm causing the
ECLK/INT pin to transition from VCC voltage level to ground. The
ground potential activates the relay and disable power to the
sensor circuit. See “4 Gas Sensing Circuit” on page 16.
VCC
K1
VBUS
GND
VINP
ISL95810
A0
ADC
16-Bit
VINM
REG
MAP
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
DCP
SDA
To µC
SW MUX
NULL
CIRCUIT
SDA
 P load
 =  ---------------  100
 P total
(EQ. 8)
Ptotal is the power delivered to current leg prior to being
converted.
In the electronics field, efficiency ratings are mostly associated
with converting power from one form to another. Examples of
power conversion circuitry are DC/DC converters, AC/ DC
converters, buck/boost regulators and digital regulators. Pload is
the power delivered to the load.
The simplified circuit in Figure 11 on page 9 is an example of
using two ISL28022s to measure the efficiency of a DC/DC
converter (ISL95870). The first ISL28022, DPM1, measures the
total power, Ptotal, for the circuit. DPM2 measures power to the
load, Pload. DPM1 and DPM2 are connected to the same I2C bus.
The two ISL28022s can synchronously measure their respective
signals by sending a broadcast trigger command sent to each
device. A broadcast trigger command that instructs each
ISL28022 device to measure both current and voltage is
achieved by writing to the command register, register 0, using the
slave address of 0x7F. The slave address 0x7F will write to all
ISL28022s independent of address setting.
VCC
ISL28022 DPM
ECLK/INT
A1
SCL
parameter used to quantify the efficiency of a system.
Equation 8 defines the formula for power efficiency.
A0
A1
COMBUSTABLE
GAS SENSOR
FIGURE 10. A SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A COMBUSTIBLE GAS
SENSOR CIRCUIT USING THE ISL28022
An Efficiency Measurement Using the DPM
Broadcast Feature
As energy costs rise and the world focuses on clean energy, there
is a need for electronics to efficiently convert power delivered to
a circuit into work performed. Power efficiency,, is an electronic
The command register, register 0, configures the range setting
for both bus (BRNG) and shunt (PG) inputs and the sampling
mode for the chip. The command register also configures the
ADC sampling rate for both channels of the ISL28022. To
successfully synchronize the ISL28022s to sample
simultaneously, each ISL28022 has to have the same bus and
shunt range and ADC acquisition settings.
Assume a bus range of 16V, a shunt range of 40mV and an ADC
acquisition rate of 508µs for both channels. A single power
acquisition will be made and the chip will sit idle. The command
that is sent simultaneously to both chips is 0x7F, 0x00, 0x019B.
The ranges for each input are for the lowest settings.
PGA = BRNG = 0. The ADC acquisition rate is the same for both
channels. SADC = BADC = 3 or 508µs. The setting for the mode
bits is 3. Once the write command has been received and
executed by the ISL28022, the ADC will begin converting the
signal. The two ISL28022s should be synchronized as long the
distance between master (microcontroller) and ISL28022 are
roughly the same between the two ISL28022s.
Once the ADC has completed the conversion for both bus and
shunt channels, the master should read register 3 of each
ISL28022 serially.
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8
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
VCC
VCC
To µC
ISL28022 DPM1
ECLK/INT
VIN = 3.3V to 25V
VBUS
SCL
Rsh1
I2C
SMBUS
SW MUX
VINP
0.1µF
Csoft
REG
MAP
GND
A0
A1
PHASE
ISL95870
To µC
VCC
UGATE
To
ISL95780 EN
EN
LGATE
VCC
ISL28022 DPM2
ECLK/INT
Lo
RTN
VBUS
Rocset
Ro
Rsh2
SDA
CSH
VINM
Rfb
Rofs
LOAD
Rfb
Rofs
SCL
SW MUX
OCSET
GND
ADC
16-BIT
VINP
VO
SDA
I2C
SMBUS
SREF
VCC
VINM
FB
GND
ADC
16-BIT
REG
MAP
A0
A1
VOUT =
0.5 * (Rfb + Rofs)/Rofs
FIGURE 11. A SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT THAT USES TWO ISL28022 TO MEASURE A SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
Monitoring Multicell Battery Levels Using the
DPM Broadcast Command
There are many battery chemistries in today’s marketplace. Each
battery chemistry has its own unique benefits and drawbacks.
For example, lithium ion batteries can deliver a lot of power to a
load for an extended period of time but the technology comes
with a cost due to the exotic materials used to construct the
battery. Lithium ion cells degrade uniquely with each charge and
discharge cycle. Lithium ion batteries often are paired with
multicell balancing circuits to maximize battery life and
discharge time.
Lead acid batteries are cheap and a mature technology. Lead
acid batteries have a predictable and uniform degradation versus
discharge and charging cycles. The batteries have more loss with
respect to delivering power to a load. Many customers that use
lead acid battery technology do not require multicell balancing
but desire cell monitoring to determine the charge on the battery.
It is similar to fuel gauge measurement.
Submit Document Feedback
9
Figure 12 on page 10 is a simplified circuit that monitors each
cell of a 48V battery pack. The ISL28022 can measure voltages
up to 60V. The ground of each ISL28022 is referenced to the
ground of the battery pack. The negative terminal of the VBUS
input is the ground pin of the ISL28022. The ISL28022 has a
unique feature that allows a master, microcontroller, to talk to all
ISL28022s with one command. The use of the 0x7E slave
address allows the master to write to all registers at once. The
reading of the registers still has to be performed sequentially.
The broadcast command allows the synchronization of
measurements between two or more ISL28022.
Once a measurement has been retrieved by the master, each cell
voltage is calculated by a series of subtractions.
Vcell1 = VBUS(DPM1)
Vcell2 = VBUS(DPM2) – VBUS(DPM1)
Vcell3 = VBUS(DPM3) – VBUS(DPM2)
Vcell4 = VBUS(DPM4) – VBUS(DPM3)
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
To MCU
ECLK/INT
VINP
A1
To
MCU
VCC
ISL28022 DPM2
GND
REG
MAP
A0
A1
To
MCU
VCC
ISL28022 DPM1
ECLK/INT
VBUS
VINP
SDA
A0
12V
VBUS
SW MUX
I2C
SMBUS
SDA
SCL
REG
MAP
VINP
12V
12V
VINM
GND
ADC
16-Bit
SW MUX
SCL
VINM
ECLK/INT
ADC
16-Bit
GND
ADC
16-Bit
12V
VINM
REG
MAP
A0
VBUS
VINP
I2C
SMBUS
SDA
VBUS
SW MUX
I2C
SMBUS
SW MUX
ADC
16-Bit
SCL
ISL28022 DPM3
LOAD
Battery Pack
GND
VCC
ECLK/INT
ISL28022 DPM4
VINM
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
VCC
REG
MAP
A0
R_pullUp
R_pullUp
GND
MCU
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
A1
Vmcu
A1
SDA
To ECLK/INT
SCL
SDA
FIGURE 12. A SIMPLIFIED MULTICELL MONITORING CIRCUIT
Precision Current Sense
The inaccuracies in most current-sensing applications reside with
either the sense resistor or the measurement system. The
ISL28022 has a measurement accuracy of ±0.2% typically.
Depending on the magnitude of the current to be sensed, the
current sense resistor, RSH, is the least accurate device of the
system. Applications that require large current measurements
use small valued shunt resistors. The material composition of
small resistors are often constructed with metal. Metal has a
high temperature coefficient. Copper’s temperature coefficient is
3862ppm/K. For a 50A current measurement system, the sense
resistor value equals 0.8mΩ. Equation 9 is the relationship
between Kelvin (K), Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) temperatures.
5
C = ---   F – 32 
9
C = K – 273
(EQ. 9)
Suppose a sense resistor, consisting of mostly metal, changes by
10°C. Assume the temperature coefficient of the sense resistor
is 600ppm/C. The change in shunt resistance for a 10°C rise is
calculated using Equation 10:
R = R o   1 + TC  T 
(EQ. 10)
Ro is the original value of the resistor at T which equals T0 (0.8Ω.
TC is the temperature coefficient of the shunt resistor
(600ppm/C). T is the change in temperature (+10°C). The new
resistance value of the shunt resistor is 0.8048mΩ. or a 0.6%
change in resistance. The change in resistor value directly affects
the measurement accuracy of the system.
Submit Document Feedback
10
Measuring the temperature change of the sense resistor with a
known TC stabilizes the system accuracy measurement versus
temperature. The simplified circuit in Figure 13 on page 11
measures current and temperature. The ISL71590 or the
commercial version of the part is a temperature sensor that
outputs a current with respect to temperature. The output current
changes 1µA/K.
Equation 11 is the temperature calculation with respect to a
chosen rload (R1) value.
V BUS
T C = ------------------- – 273
1  R 1
(EQ. 11)
TC is the temperature in centigrade. VBUS is the bus voltage
measured across the R1 resistor. The VBUS connects to the
ISL28022. R1 is the load resistor for the circuit. The temperature
sensor needs at least 4V to operate. Equation 12 calculates the
R1 value that yields the largest temperature to voltage gain ratio.
V–4
R 1 = --------------------------------------------------- T max + 273   1  
(EQ. 12)
V is the voltage applied to the temperature sensor and the
resistor. The temperature sensor requires a 4V drop across the
sensor to be operational. Tmax is the maximum temperature to
be measured in centigrade.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
the type of bypass capacitor. The voltage ripple to the load can be
calculated using either Equation 15 or 16.
V = (4V + Tmax * 1µ * R1) to 30V
ISL28022 DPM
VBUS
VCC
VINP
SW MUX
+
T
RSH
-
GND
VINM
VCC
LOAD
R1
ADC
16-BIT
I2C
SMBUS
ISL715 90 OR
COMERCIAL
VERSION
PLACE TEMP
SENSO R NEAR
RESISTOR
SCL
SDA
REG
MAP
To µC
A0
A1
ECLK/INT
I
Vout ripple = ------------------------------------------8  FS  C bypass
(EQ. 15)
Vout ripple = I  C bypass
(EQ. 16)
Ceramic capacitors have lower series equivalent resistance than
other electrolytic capacitors. Equation 15 represents the
Voutripple calculation with a ceramic capacitor as a bypass, and
Equation 16 represents the Voutripple when an electrolytic
bypass capacitor is used.
• I is the ripple current magnitude
FIGURE 13. A SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM THAT MEASURES
CURRENT AND TEMPERATURE
Ideas Using ISL28023
Generic Buck Regulator POL Circuit
The circuit in Figure 14 is a generic step-down voltage circuit that
converts a high voltage between 4.5V and 36V to a lower voltage
that is at least 3V lower than the voltage applied to ISL85415.
The output voltage to the load is programmed via the 8-bit
margin DAC within the ISL28023, plus external resistors R2 and
R1. R3 is used to more precisely tune the output voltage. For
most applications, R3 is not installed or optional. The 8-bit
margin DAC within the ISL28023 has many voltage ranges
allowing for more precision than 8-bits. VOUT to the load can be
calculated using Equation 13.
R2
V OUT = 0.6 +  0.6 – DAC_OUT   ------R1
(EQ. 13)
• FS is the switching frequency of the buck regulator
RSH in Figure 14 is the shunt resistor that converts the current
delivered to the load to a voltage. The voltage is measured by the
ISL28023. The full-scale voltage of the shunt inputs (VINP-VINM)
is ±80mV. The value of the shunt resistor is digitized internally by
the ISL28023 allowing the device to report current
measurements.
The ISL28023 has analog comparators with user defined
programmable digital thresholds allowing for the inputs of the
primary shunt (VINP, VINM) and BUS (VBUS) pins to be tested
versus acceptable levels. The ISL28023 has two SMB alert pins.
In Figure 14, SMBALERT1 is an open-drain connected to the
enable pin of the ISL85415. In the alert event, the SMBALERT1
pin changes state causing the ISL85415 to become disabled.
The SMBAlert2 has a push/pull output with logic levels tied to
I2CVCC voltage. The SMBALERT2 is tied to the interrupt pin of the
microcontroller. An unacceptable event on the primary channel
alerts the microcontroller.
RSH
A bypass capacitor at the load is used to minimize the voltage
noise to the load. The voltage ripple to the load is a function of
1µF
A1
PHASE
ISL85415
VINM
VBUS
Lo
AUXP
0.1µF
AUXM
A2
ADC
16-Bit
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
VIN
SW MUX
GND
VCC,FS,SS
GND
3.3V
Vreg
A0
Ext_Temp
Place Diode
Near RSH
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
BOOT
AUXV
• VOUT is the regulated voltage value to the load.
SMBALERT2
R2
I2CVCC
DAC OUT
PG
En
Temp
Sense
8-Bit
DAC
FB
R1
VOUT = 0.6 +
(0.6 – DAC OUT)
* R2/R1
GND
GPIO/Int
VIN
R_pullUp
To SMBAlert1
R_pullUp
R3
Vmcu
• DI is the desired ripple current. A common ripple current value
is 30% of the full-scale current delivered to the load.
ISL28023
VINP
• VIN is the input voltage to the ISL85415. The voltage can range
from 4.5V to 36V.
• FS is the switching frequency of the buck regulator. For the
ISL85415, the frequency can be programmed between
300kHz to 2MHz.
VCC
SMBALERT1
LOAD
(EQ. 14)
VIN
Sync,Comp
 V IN – V OUT  V OUT
L o = ------------------------------------  ---------------V IN
FS  I
Vreg_in
The ISL85415 can deliver up to 500mA to a load. The buck
regulator’s ripple noise to the load is a function of the inductor
value (Lo). Large value inductors result in low magnitude ripple
currents, while sacrificing responsiveness to fast transient loads.
The inductor (Lo) value for the circuit in Figure 14 can be
calculated using Equation 14.
Vreg_Out
VIN = 4.5V TO 36V
SCL
MCU
SDA
GPIO
FIGURE 14. GENERIC POL CIRCUIT USING A BUCK CONVERTER AND
THE ISL28023
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11
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
The AUXV pin can be used to measure the regulated voltage to the
load. The AUXV pin can only measure voltages up to the VCC
voltage of the ISL28023 chip. For the circuit in Figure 14, the
maximum measurable voltage by the AuxV channel would be 3.3V.
The circuit in Figure 15 converts the bus voltage, which is
between 3V and 6V to a lower regulated voltage that can be as
high as 400mV from the bus voltage applied to the
ISL80101ADJ. The output voltage to the load is set via the 8-bit
DAC, R2 and R1. R3 is used to more precisely tune the output
voltage. For most applications, R3 is not installed. The 8-bit DAC
within is the ISL28023 has many voltage ranges allowing for
more precision. VOUT to a load can be calculated using:
(EQ. 17)
RSH in Figure 15 is a shunt resistor that converts the current
delivered to the load to a voltage. The voltage is measured by the
ISL28023. The full-scale voltage of the shunt inputs (VINP-VINM)
is ±80mV. The value of the shunt resistor is digitized internally to
the ISL28023 enabling the device to report current
measurements.
The ISL28023 has analog comparators with user defined
programmable digital thresholds. The comparator circuitry
allows for inputs of the primary channel (VINP, VINM, VBUS) to be
tested versus programmable levels. The ISL28023 has two
12
+
-
EN
Current
Buffer
PG
Vreg_Out
Vreg_in
VINP
VOUT
VCC
ISL28023
SMBALERT1
GND
3.3V
Vreg
RSH
A0
ADJ
A1
VINM
VOUT = 0.5 +
(0.5 – DAC OUT)
* R2/R1
Ext_Temp
Place Diode
Near RSH
A2
ADC
16-Bit
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
VBUS
AUXV
AUXP
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
AUXM
R2
SMBALERT2
I2CVCC
DAC OUT
Temp
Sense
8-Bit
DAC
R1
GPIO
MCU
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
VIN
R_pullUp
GND
Vmcu
Low Dropout (LDO) voltage regulators are mostly used in
applications that require a regulated supply while a minimum
voltage difference exists between the applied voltage to the
regulator and the regulated voltage. A battery application is an
example where an LDO may be used. LDO’s may also be used in
noise sensitive applications. There is no internal clock or
switching signals within an LDO. Because of the lack of switching
circuitry, the output regulated signal does not have noise
compared to a buck regulator. Applications that are sensitive to
EMI susceptibility may use an LDO.
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VIN
Error
Amp
Vref
R3
Generic LDO Regulator POL Circuit
R2
V OUT = 0.5 +  0.5 – DAC_OUT   ------R1
VIN = 3V TO 6V
LDO
SW MUX
The ISL28023’s auxiliary shunt channel (Aux_N,Aux_P) can be
programmed to change functionality from measuring a voltage
between ±80mV to measuring a temperature through a diode.
The auxiliary channel’s external temperature mode injects two
currents (20µA/ 100µA) into the diode and measures the change
in diode voltage between the two currents. The change in diode
voltage translates to a temperature. Diodes are useful to
accurately measure temperature change. A user may want to
measure the temperature change of a resistor for accurate
current measurements. The external temperature sense is useful
for high current applications where the resistor material consists
of mostly metal.
LOAD
The ISL28023 has an internal 3.3V voltage regulator that accepts
input voltages ranging from 4.5V to 60V. The regulator is used to
power the ISL28023 and some light external peripheral circuitry.
The maximum drive current of the voltage regulator is 6mA.
SMBALERT pins. In Figure 15, SMBALERT1 is an open-drain pin
connected to the enable pin of the ISL80101ADJ. In the event of
an alert, the SMBALERT1 pin changes state causing the
ISL80101ADJ to become disabled. The SMBALERT2 has a
push/pull output with logic levels tied to the I2CVCC voltage. The
SMBALERT2 is tied to the interrupt pin of the microcontroller. An
unacceptable event on the primary channel will alert the
microcontroller.
ISL80101-ADJ
The I2CVCC can either be tied to the VCC pin of the ISL28023 or
to the power supply pin of the microcontroller. The I2CVCC pin
controls the operation voltage of the ISL28023 digital core.
Therefore, the I2C/SMBus/PMBus inputs and SMB alert pins
logic levels are a slave to the I2CVCC voltage.
SCL
SDA
FIGURE 15. GENERIC POL CIRCUIT USING A LDO CONVERTER AND
THE ISL28023
The I2CVCC can either be tied to the VCC pin of the ISL28023 or
to the power supply pin of the microcontroller. The I2CVCC pin
controls the operating voltage of the ISL28023 digital core. The
I2C/SMBus/PMBus inputs and SMBALERT pins logic levels are a
slave to the I2CVCC voltage.
The ISL28023’s auxiliary shunt channel (Aux_N,Aux_P) can be
programmed to change functionality from measuring a voltage
between ±80mV to measuring a temperature through a diode. In
the external temperature mode, a current source injects two
currents (20µA/ 100µA) into an external diode measuring the
change in diode voltage between the two currents. The change in
diode voltage translates to a temperature. Diodes are good at
accurately measuring temperature change. A user may want to
measure the temperature change of a resistor for accurate current
measurements. In high current applications, the material of a
resistor consists mostly of metal. Metal has a high temperature
coefficient. Monitoring the temperature change of a resistor allows
for compensation of resistance change due to temperature.
The AUXV pin measures the regulated voltage to load. The AUXV
pin measures voltages up to the VCC voltage of the ISL28023
chip. For the circuit in Figure 15, the maximum measurable
voltage for the AuxV channel is the bus voltage to the circuit, VIN.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Generic Boost Regulator POL Circuit
connects to a series of analog alert comparators. The alerts can
be conditioned for polarity, duration, and threshold levels. The
alerts can be masked and uniquely configured for each alert pin.
The alert pins are labeled as SMBALERT1 and SMBALERT2.
SMBALERT1 is an open-drain that requires a pull-up resistor up to
20V to operate properly. SMBALERT2 has a push/pull output
stage with logic levels tied to the I2CVCC voltage. SMBALERT2 is
tied to the enable pin of the ISL97519A. If an overcurrent or
overvoltage/undervoltage event occurs, SMBALERT2 will change
state causing the ISL97519A to become disabled. SMBALERT1 is
tied to the microcontroller.
The circuit in Figure 16 is a generic circuit that boosts the input
voltage to a set output voltage that is dependent on the 8-bit DAC
inside the ISL28023. The ISL97519A can boost input voltages
from as low as 2.3V to 25V. The circuit in Figure 16 is able to
boost input voltages from 3V to 25V. This is due to ISL28023
minimum supply voltage.
The circuit in Figure 16 is designed with two shunt resistors (RSH,
RSH2) to measure the efficiency, η, of the regulator. RSH2 resistor
measures the total current to the regulator and the load. RSH2
is connected to the auxiliary channel of the ISL28023. The
auxiliary channel can accept voltages from 0 to VCC of the
ISL28023. A basic filter is designed between the RSH2 and the
auxiliary input. The filter may not be required depending on the
desired accuracy of the measurement, and the signal purity from
the input source, Vrail.
Assume a circuit diagram has the many ISL28023 modules
connected to the same I2C bus. All modules have SMBALERT1
tied to the interrupt/GPIO pin of the microcontroller as shown in
Figure 17 on page 14. In the event of an alert from any or
multiple modules SMBALERT1 will change logic state resulting in
an interrupt to the microcontroller. The ISL28023 has a unique
broadcast command that returns the lowest valued slave
address that has a SMBALERT1 error. The command feature
prevents the microcontroller from having to find the ISL28023(s)
with a SMBALERT1 error.
RSH measures the high voltage current to the load. The supply
voltage to the load, VOUT, is greater than VCC. The RSH resistor is
connected to the primary channel (VINP, VINM, VBUS) because
the inputs accept voltages up to 60V. The primary channel
Rsh2
Vreg_in
VOUT = 1.294 +
(1.294 – DAC OUT)
* R2/R1
To AxP
To AxN
LOAD
Lo
VINM
Cntrl
En
Osc
LX
VINP
FET
Drive
AUXV
From AxP
FB
SCL
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
AUXM
ISL97519A
R2
A2
ADC
16-Bit
AUXP
GND
From AxN
Comp
A0
A1
I2C
SMBUS
PWM
Cntrl
GND
3.3V
Vreg
SW MUX
Ref
Gen
VBUS
SS
RSH
VDD
EN
VCC
ISL28023
FROM
SMBALERT2
FSEL
Vreg_Out
Vrail = 3V to 5V
SMBALERT1
DAC OUT
I2CVCC
8-Bit
DAC
R1
Temp
Sense
SMBALERT2
R_pullUp
R_pullUp
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
GND
Vmcu
TO EN
SCL
MCU
SDA
FIGURE 16. GENERIC POL CIRCUIT USING A BOOST CONVERTER AND THE ISL28023
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13
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
VCC
R_pullUp
R_pullUp
Application Note 1955
SDA
µC
GND
VCC
VCC
GPIO1
GPIO2
GPIO3
SCL
VCC
VCC
SDA
SDA
SDA
SCL
SCL
SCL
DPM 1
ISL28023
SMBAlert1
GND
SMBAlert1
DPM n-1
ISL28023
GND
SMBAlert1
DPM n
ISL28023
GND
FIGURE 17. A SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT ILLUSTRATION SHOWING MULTIPLE ISL28023s CONNECTED TO ONE SMBUS AND ONE SMBALERT1 LINE
The voltage to the load is set by configuring the 8-bit DAC inside
the ISL28023 and the ratio of R2 to R1. The 8-bit DAC has 8
voltage ranges allowing the user to fine tune the output voltage.
The output voltage can be set using Equation 18.
R2
V OUT = 1.294 +  1.294 – DAC_OUT   ------R1
(EQ. 18)
The performance of the ISL97519A is dependent on the chosen
inductor, Lo. The chosen inductor should be able to handle the
peak current delivered to load. The inductor value can be
calculated using Equation 19.
2
V IN   V IN – V OUT 
L = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2  V OUT  f SW   I OUT  V OUT –  I PEAK  V IN  
(EQ. 19)
• VIN is the bus voltage supplied to the boost regulator.
- For Figure 16, the input voltage is between 3V and 25V.
• VOUT is the desired regulated voltage.
- The output voltage is between 3V and 25V. The output
voltage is always greater than the input voltage.
• IOUT is the average current delivered to the load.
• IPEAK is the peak inductor current.
• fSW is the switching rate of the regulator.
- The switching frequency of the regulator can be
programmed to either 620kHz or 1.25MHz.
Inductor values between 2µH to 33µH are common.
•
•
•
• fsw is the switching voltage of the ISL97519A
• C is the chosen bypass capacitor value
• ESR is the equivalent series resistance of the capacitor
- For X5R and X7R ceramic capacitors, the value is low
Tantalum and other electrolytic capacitors have a higher
ESR value
High-Side Voltage and Current Circuit
There are many applications today that require voltage and
current protection to a load. The circuit in Figure 18 on page 15
monitors the current and voltage to the load. In the event of an
overcurrent or voltage, an alert will be triggered causing the
SMBALERT2 pin to change logic state from a high to a low. Q1
will turn off causing M1 to turn off. The event results in power to
the load being severed.
The circuitry drawn in Figure 18 accepts voltage values from 4.5V
to 60V. The minimum voltage the internal 3.3V regulator can
regulate is 4.5V. The 3.3V regulator powers the ISL28023 and
the MCU. The regulator sources 6mA of current. The MCU
connected to the power supply should draw less than 5mA.
AN ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION
A bypass capacitor at the load is used to minimize the voltage
noise to the load. The voltage ripple to the load is a function of
the type of bypass capacitor. The voltage ripple can be calculated
using Equation 20.
V IN


I OUT   1 – -----------------------------------------
V

OUT + V diode
Vout ripple = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- + I OUT  ESR
f SW  C
• Vdiode is the activation voltage of the diode
- This is nominally equaled to 0.6V
If the monitored voltage is between 4.5V and 20V, Q1 and RS can
be eliminated from Figure 18 by using the SMBALERT1 pin to
control the M1 MOSFET. Another alternative connection is to
monitor the current on the low-side of the load as shown in
Figure 19 on page 15.
(EQ. 20)
IOUT is the current delivered to the load
VIN is the bus voltage supplied to the boost regulator
VOUT is the regulated voltage
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14
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Using a Switch as a Sense Resistor
VCC
ISL28023
VBUS
GND
3.3V
Vreg
VINM
A0
A1
SW MUX
RSH
VINP
A2
ADC
16-Bit
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
AUXV
M1
AUXP
VOUT
AUXM
PMBus
REG
MAP
SMBALERT1
LOAD
DAC OUT
I2CVCC
8-Bit
DAC
Temp
Sense
SMBALERT2
Q1
SDA
R_pullUp
R_pullUp
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
GND
Vmcu
RS
In low voltage applications, the voltage drop resulting in
measuring a current through a sense resistor is significant with
respect to the load voltage. The shunt channels of the ISL28023
(VINP, VINM and AUX_P, AUX_N) have a full-scale voltage range of
±80mV. A full-scale voltage drop across a sense resistor from a
0.85V supply is roughly 10%. Many applications have a switch or
FET in series to the load in the event that power to the load can
be severed when too much current is sourced to the load. The
simplified schematic in Figure 20 is an example of a switch used
as sense resistor and to cut power to the load.
The ISL83699 is a low rON quad switch used as circuit breaker
and sense resistor to load. One switch within the ISL83699 can
pass up to ±300mA of current. Four switches in parallel can
handle 1.2A of current. The average ON-resistance for a single
switch is 0.266Ω across the current range. The graph in
Figure 21 illustrates the ON-resistance of the ISL83699 versus
the current passing through the switch. The ON-resistance is flat
from 1mA to 300mA. At lower currents the ON-resistance varies
by approximately 5mΩ.
FROM 0V TO 4.7V
Vreg_in
SCL
Vreg_Out
Vreg_in
Vreg_Out
FROM 4.5V TO 60V
MCU
SDA
ISL28023
VBUS
ISL83699
4X
VINM
A0
VINP
FROM 4.5V TO 20V
SCL
2
SCL
AUXP
AUXM
MCU
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
I2CVCC
8-Bit
DAC
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
GND
Vmcu
R_pullUp
SCL
SDA
FIGURE 20. A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF A SWITCH USED AS A
SENSE RESISTOR
Temp
Sense
SMBALERT1
MCU
GPIO/Int
SMBALERT2
R_pullUp
DAC OUT
GND
A2
ADC
16-Bit
I 2C
SMBUS
AUXV
A1
Vmcu
VINP
R_pullUp
SW MUX
RSH
A0
R_pullUp
LOAD
Temp
Sense
SMBALERT1
M1
SMBALERT2
I2CVCC
8-Bit
DAC
GND
VINM
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
VCC
3.3V
Vreg
A2
ADC
16-Bit
AUXP
AUXM
DAC OUT
VBUS
A1
IC
SMBUS
Vreg_in
LOAD
Vreg_Out
AUXV
ISL28023
GND
3.3V
Vreg
SW MUX
FIGURE 18. GENERIC POL CIRCUIT USING AN LDO CONVERTER AND
THE ISL28023
VCC
SCL
SDA
FIGURE 19. LOW-SIDE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MONITORING
CIRCUIT THAT USES SMBALERT1 AS A CONTROL
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15
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
determine the freshness of food at fisheries and at the
supermarket. In the manufacturing process, gas sensors are
used to monitor the amount of gas element transferred from one
medium to another.
0.300
0.290
0.285
Vreg_in
0.275
Electrichemical
sensor #1
0.270
0.265
0.260
0.255
ISL28023
+
ISL28134
-
CE
RE
VCC
8-Bit
DAC
DAC OUT
3.3V
Vreg
GND
Temp
Sense
SMBALERT2
M1
0.00512
CalReg val = integer ------------------------------------------------------------------ Current LSB  R SHUNT 
(EQ. 22)
The current measurement for the primary shunt can be read
from register 0x8C. The decimal current is calculated using
Equation 23.
Current = Reg_0x8C value  Current LSB
(EQ. 23)
Reg_0x8Cvalue is the value returned from reading register 0x8C
of the ISL28023. CurrentLSB is the value from Equation 21.
4 Gas Sensing Circuit
Gas monitoring is prevalent in safety and manufacturing
applications. Gas sensing, more specifically electrochemical gas
sensing, keeps miners safe from such toxins as hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO). Households in the US are
required to have CO detectors along with fire detectors for air
quality protection. The food industry is using gas sensors to
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16
ADC
16-Bit
SDA
AUXP
Vbias
ISL28233 (½)
WE
AUXV
A2
SMBALERT1
AUXM
I2CVCC
CE
RE
WE
Sensor 3
Circuitry
MCU
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
VBUS
R_pullUp
RSH2
SCL
SDA
CE
Sensor #4
CurrentFS is the full-scale measurable current or 750mA for this
application. ADCres is 15 bits in one current direction (0mA to
750mA). The ISL28023 calculates the current for each reading if
the CalReg is programmed properly. The CalReg is calculated
using Equation 22.
0.00512
CalReg val = integer ---------------------------------------------------------- = 34543
–6
2.2289  10  0.0665
Electrichemical
sensor #2
(EQ. 21)
-
RE
Rload
Sensor #3
The full-scale range of the primary shunt input is ±80mV. From
Ohms law, the maximum current that is measured for 67mΩ
sensing element is 1.2A. The application may require the highest
resolution for measurable currents to 750mA. The VSHUNT
reading for 750mA of current with a 67mΩ sensing element is
49.88mV. The ISL28023 has configurable current range. The LSB
(Least Significant Bit) is calculated by using Equation 21.
+
ISL28233 (½)
CE
A1
SCL
SW MUX
Connecting four switches in parallel divides the rON resistance by
four as well as the variance across current. The sense resistor
becomes 66.5mΩ.
VINM
Rload
FIGURE 21. RESISTANCE vs CURRENT
A0
PMBus
REG
MAP
RSH1
CURRENT (mA)
Current FS
0.75
Current LSB = ------------------------------ = ---------------- = 2.289A
32768
ADC res
VINP
WE
R_pullUp
1000
I 2C
SMBUS
100
GND
10
Vmcu
1
-
0.250
0.1
Vreg_Out
FROM 4.5V TO 60V
0.280
+
SWITCH RESISTANCE (Ω)
0.295
RE
WE
Sensor 4
Circuitry
FIGURE 22. A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC FOR GAS SENSING
The ISL28023 is a full featured digital power monitor that has a
DAC, ADC and alert comparators. The ISL28023 reduces to an
I2C ADC/DAC with alerts. The simplified circuit in Figure 22 is a
four element gas sensor.
The ISL28023 has an internal 3.3V regulator that regulates
voltages from 4.5V to 60V. The regulator is used to power the
ISL28023 and low power peripheral sensor circuitry.
Most electrochemical sensors are nonbiased (do not require an
activation voltage). In the case of measuring a gas concentration
using a biased sensor, the ISL28023 has an internal 8-bit DAC
with many voltage ranges to bias the sensor. The electrochemical
sensor1 in Figure 22 is a biased sensor. The sensor is biased via
the internal DAC and the ISL28134. The ISL28134 is a low noise,
zero offset chopper stabilized amplifier. The amplifier is used to
ensure the solution potential is equal to the DAC output voltage
versus current change. The electrochemical solution (electrolyte)
between the Counter Electrode (CE) and the Working Electrode
(WE) has an impedance. As the concentration of the selective
gas increases, more current flows. The increased current flow
with electrolyte resistance changes the potential between the WE
and CE electrodes. The resultant is a less than predictable
conversion of gas concentration to current flow. The Reference
Electrode (RE) is an electrode that monitors the solution
potential.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
LX1
En
FB
GND
3.3V
Vreg
VINP
SW MUX
PG
VBUS
LX2
VOUT
VCC
ISL28025
Lo
RSH
ISL9110
3.3V
BUCK/
BOOST
VINM
ADC
16-Bit
AuxV
SCL
I2C
SMBUS
PVin
10µF
Vreg_in
GND,
PGND
Vreg_Out
1µF
From 1.8V to 5.5V
SDA
SMBALERT2
/ECLK
PMBus
REG
MAP
LOAD
Care should be observed in powering an electrochemical sensor
as well as when the sensor sits at rest. If reversed potentials are
applied to the sensor, this causes the attracting agent to be
stripped from the working electrode and deposited into the
electrolyte and ultimately onto the counter electrode. The event
as described reduces the lifetime of the sensor and changes the
response of the sensor. M1, which is driven by the SMBALERT2
pin of the ISL28023, shorts the reference electrode to the
working electrode. The shorting of WE and RE eliminates a path
for the reacting agent to deposit to. The SMBALERT2 can be
configured to an activation polarity and can be forced to a state.
Buck/boost regulators are used to extend the operating time in
battery applications by bucking the battery voltage to the
regulated voltage when the battery voltage is above the
regulated voltage and boosting the battery voltage to the
regulated voltage when the battery is below the regulated
voltage. Utilizing a buck/boost regulator improves operation time
of the equipment before needing a charge.
MODE
The working electrode of an electrochemical sensor has a
chemical agent attracting the gas of interest to the electrode.
Usually, a filter is employed between the working electrode and
the outside world to prevent compounds and like elements from
interacting with the electrode. The filter prevents false
concentration readings.
battery voltage with each recharge cycle to the point where the
battery cannot power the electronic circuitry.
VIN
Most electrochemical sensors require a load resistance to
linearize the resistors performance. The primary shunt channel
(VINM. VINP) is connected to a shunt resistor (RSH) to measure
current flow of the sensor. The magnitude of current translates to
a gas concentration. The shunt resistor may also be used as the
load resistance to the sensor. The ISL28023 internally calculates
the current once the shunt resistor value is programmed into the IC.
I2CVCC
TEMP
SENSE
SMBALERT1
V OUT = Vbias + I sensor  R SH2
(EQ. 24)
A2
MCU
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
A1
GND
Vmcu
A0
R_pullUp
Electrochemical sensor 2 is a nonbiased sensor that employs the
use of the ISL28233 dual chopper amplifier. One amplifier of the
dual amplifier is used to maintain the electrolyte potential. The
second amplifier is a transimpedance amplifier that converts
current to voltage. The voltage output equation for the
transimpedance amplifier is represented in Equation 24.
SCL
SDA
FIGURE 23. GENERIC POL CIRCUIT USING A BUCK/BOOST
CONVERTER AND THE ISL28025
Isensor is the current flowing to or from the sensor. The
magnitude of current represents the concentration of gas in the
medium. RSH2 is the gain resistor that converts the current to a
voltage. Vbias is the operating voltage of the transimpedance
amplifier.
The illustration in Figure 23 is a simplified buck/boost
monitoring circuit with alert features. The ISL9110 regulates
voltages from 1.8V to 5.5V. The ISL9110 is capable of delivering
1.2A of current to a load.
Connected to the primary channel of the ISL28023 are analog
comparators that can send alerts via the SMBALERT1 pin to the
microcontroller. The compare potentials of the analog
comparators represent the concentration values of each sensor.
The ISL9110 inductor selection should be consistent with the
peak current delivered to the load. The ideal inductor value, Lo, is
2.2µH for 1.2A of peak current. The DSR rating of the inductor
should be as low as possible to maximize the efficiency of the
converter.
Sensor blocks 3 and 4 could be circuitry for electrochemical
sensors or any other sensors that feed into the auxiliary channel
of the ISL28023. See “Combustible Gas Sensor Circuit” on
page 7.
Ideas Using ISL28025
Generic Buck/Boost Regulator POL Circuit
The electronic industry is trending towards devices that are
portable. The trend ranges in all aspects of the industry from
tablets to medical equipment. Most portable devices use
batteries to energize the circuitry.
Depending on the chemistry of the battery, the voltage of the
battery will degrade with equipment use. The degradation of the
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The ISL28025 VBUS input is tied to the battery voltage. The
internal comparators of the ISL28025 can be configured to
monitor the battery voltage for undervoltage and overvoltage
conditions. If the battery is overcharged or about ready to die, the
comparator can signal the microcontroller to perform an action.
A sense resistor, RSH, is used to monitor the current delivered to
the circuit load. The sense resistor is connected between the FB
(feedback) and the VOUT pin of the ISL9110. The voltage is
regulated at the FB pin. To enable the ISL28025 to measure
current, the sense resistor can be digitized by the series of
calculations described in Equation 25:
Vshunt FS
Current FS = ---------------------------R SHUNT
(EQ. 25)
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Vreg_in
Utilizing the result of the CurrentFS equation, the CurrentLSB is
calculated using Equation 14.
AuxV
AC LOAD
VBUS
The ISL28025 is able to measure lower frequency signals. The
ISL28025 can be programmed to uniquely configure the
acquisition time of each input. The ADC acquisition time directly
determines the measurable bandwidth of an input. Figure 24 is
the bandwidth response of the ISL28025 vs ADC timing.
1
50mVP-P SINE WAVE
-1
TIME = 0.64ms
GAIN (dB)
-3
TIME = 0.128ms
-7
-9
-11
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
Vmcu
A2
SCL
FIGURE 25. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT USING THE ISL28025 TO MEASURE
AC CURRENTS
The ISL28025 measures current accurately from a
common-mode of -30mV to 60V. The graph in Figure 26
illustrates the current measurement capabilities versus the
common-mode shunt voltage of the ISL28025.
95
85
TO CMV = 60V
75
65
55
VIN = 80mVP-P SINE WAVE
FREQUENCY = 100Hz
45
35
-80
TIME = 0.512ms
A1
SDA
ADC TIMING = 64µs
-5
TIME = 0.256ms
I2CVCC
MCU
VMEAS (mVP-P)
There are many applications that utilize the use of Alternating
Current (AC) signal sources to either control or activate a load.
Motors and power distribution circuits are some examples of AC
loads.
SMBALERT1
TEMP
SENSE
A0
(EQ. 27)
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
SMBALERT2
/ECLK
0.00512
167.77216
CalReg val = integer ------------------------------------------------------------------ = integer  -----------------------------
 Vshunt 
Current LSB  R SHUNT
FS
SCL
R_pullUp
RSH
VINP
ADC
16-BIT
VINM
The integer value from the resultant of Equation 27 is the value
programmed into the IOUT_CAL_GAIN, reg 0x38, register to
enable current calculations.
Measure AC Currents
SW MUX
AC
SOURCE
The ADCres variable is the resolution of the ADC in one sign
direction. The ADCres equals 215 or 32768.
GND
3.3V
Vreg
I2C
SMBUS
(EQ. 26)
The Overcurrent (OC), comparator can be configured to trigger an
alert for a user defined overcurrent condition. Any alert
conditions from the VBUS or VSHUNT (VINP and VINM) inputs can
trigger the SMBALERT pin causing the regulator to turn off.
VCC
ISL28025
R_pullUp
Current FS
Current LSB = -----------------------------ADC res
Vreg_Out
architecture with the dynamic inputs of the ISL28025 allows for
high voltage current measurements. Programming the digitized
shunt resistor, RSH, value into the ISL28025 enables current
measurements from the device.
GND
In Equation 13, RSHUNT is equal to the shunt resistor, RSH, value.
VshuntFS is the full scale voltage value of the shunt channel
(VINP, VINM). In most applications the value is equal to 80mV. For
applications that require a full scale range less than 80mV, the
defined value should be used as the VshuntFS value.
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
CMV (mV)
TIME = 1.024ms
FIGURE 26. PRIMARY VSHUNT AC COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE RANGE
TIME = 2.048ms
-13
-15
10
Sensor Monitor
100
1k
10k
100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 24. VSHUNT BANDWIDTH vs ADC TIMING
The circuit in Figure 25 configures the ISL28025 VSHUNT input
(VINP, VINM) as a low-side current sense. The primary inputs
(VINP, VINM and VBUS) of the ISL28025 are able to accept input
voltages ranging from 0V to 60V. The primary VSHUNT input has a
measurable range of ±80mV. The low-side current-sensing
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There are many applications that quantify the analog world.
Applications range from safety to controlling a manufacturing
process. The root of each application requires a sensor, which
translates the desired analog parameter to a fundamental
electronic parameter of voltage, current, resistance or frequency.
Figure 27 on page 19 is a simplified electronic circuit that
translates pressure to a digital signal. Suppose a 24V battery is
connected to the pressure monitor powering the electronic
circuitry as well as the safety valve for the pressurized container.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
The ISL28025 has an integrated 3.3V voltage regulator that
regulates input voltages between 4.5V to 60V. The voltage
regulator can be used to power up the ISL28025 and some light
powered peripheral circuitry. The voltage regulator powers the
pressure sensor, the ISL28025 and the MCU.
The pressure sensor in Figure 27 translates pressure into current.
The ISL28025 uses VINP and VINM to monitor the current from
the sensor. The ISL28025 has analog comparators that detects
overvoltage, undervoltage and overcurrent conditions on the
VBUS and VSHUNT (VINM and VINP) inputs. The response time of
each comparator is approximately 0.5µs. The response of the
comparator can be configured for glitch response, masking and
alert polarity.
Vreg_Out
Vreg_in
VCC
ISL28025
VBUS
Pressurized Container
GND
3.3V
VREG
I2C
SMBUS
SDA
PMBus
REG
MAP
VINM
SMBALERT1
I2CVCC
TEMP
SENSE
A1
A2
GND
Vmcu
A0
MCU
GPIO/Int
R_pullUp
SMBALERT2
/ECLK
The ISL28025 is offered in a WLCSP16 package. The package is
frugal on space and perhaps can be mounted on the back of the
pressure sensor.
For many Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS), the use of real
time power measurements for determining the efficiency of
software to monitoring the security of the Real Time System
(RTS).
SCL
R_pullUp
M1
ADC
16-Bit
R_pullUp
PRESSURE
RELEASE
VALVE
SW MUX
RSH/
RLOAD
AuxV
VINP
The VBUS input is used to monitor the battery voltage and the
AuxV input monitors the 3.3V voltage.
Real Time Power Monitor System for Real
Time Operating Systems, RTOS
VBAT = 24V
PRESSURE
SENSOR
IOUT
The pressure circuit is connected to the SMBALERT2, which is a
push/pull output stage that has logic levels agreeable to the
voltage applied to the I2CVCC pin. The SMBALERT2 pin controls a
valve by way of a transistor. If the pressure in the chamber
exceeds a threshold pressure, the ISL28025 will signal an alert
to the SMBALERT2 pin, which energizes a pressure reliving valve
resulting in the pressure in the container to reduce.
SCL
The circuit in Figure 28 on page 20 is a simplified circuit that
uses two ISL28025s to measured real time power. The Group
command from the PMBus command set synchronizes both
ISL28025s to the same acquisition starting time.
The Group command is a concatenation of two or more
instructions sent from the master. Each instruction is separated
by a Repeat Start command. The execution of the instructions
begins when the start bit is received by the slave. An illustration
of the Group command protocol is shown in Figure 29 on
page 20.
SDA
FIGURE 27. SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF A PRESSURE MONITOR WITH
A SAFETY FEATURE
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AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
AuxV1
PMBus
REG
MAP
A0(2)
CPU
FPGA
SMBALERT2
/ECLK(1)
SMBALERT2
/ECLK(2)
SMBALERT1(1)
I2CVCC
Temp
Sense
Mem
A0(1)
A1(1)
A2(1)
SysClk OPTIONAL
CONNECTION
Vmcu
MCU
SysClk
GND
SDA
SDA1
SCL
R_pullUp
VINP1
R_pullUp
A1(2)
VINP2
SCL1
ADC
16-BIT
REAL TIME SYSTEM
Temp
Sense
A2(2)
VINM1
AuxV2
PMBus
REG
MAP
I2CVCC
VINM2
RSH
SW MUX
I2C
SMBUS
SMBALERT1
(2)
ADC
16-Bit
GND
3.3V
Vreg
SW MUX
SCL2
VBUS1
I2C
SMBUS
VBUS2
3.3V
Vreg
VCC
ISL28025 #1
R_pullUp
ISL28025 #2
GND
Vreg_Out
VSUP = 0.8V TO 60V
VCC
SDA2
Vreg_in
Vreg_in
Vreg_Out
Application Note 1955
GPIO/Int
FIGURE 28. SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE OF TWO ISL28025 CONFIGURED TO MEASURE REAL TIME TO A RTO SYSTEM
FIGURE 29. GROUP COMMAND (A) WITHOUT PEC (B) WITH PEC
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AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
Vreg_in
Vreg_Out
One ISL28025 can measure power but does so in a ping pong
manner. The ISL28025 will measure voltage and then current
followed by a calculation of power. Figure 31 illustrates a slower
version of monitoring power to the RTS.
VSUP = 0.8V TO 60V
VCC
ISL28025 #1
VBUS1
VINP1
AuxV1
SDA1
SMBALERT1
(1)
PMBus
REG
MAP
REAL Time System
FPGA
SCL1
ADC
16-Bit
I2C
SMBUS
VINM1
CPU
GND
3.3V
Vreg
RSH
To measure real time power, one of the ISL28025s should read
current constantly while the other measures the voltage
delivered to the RTS. The Microcontroller (MCU) will read each
device individually and multiply the current and voltage values to
yield the power consumption at the instant of time.
A SLOWER MEASUREMENT OF POWER
SW MUX
All measurements between the two ISL28025 chips will remain
synchronized as well as each ISL28025 system clock is matched
or another Group command is received. To guarantee
synchronized acquisitions, the microcontroller can supply a
system clock to each ISL28025 EXTCLK pin. The system clock
will control the internal clock of each ISL28025. The acquisition
times set by the Configure IChannel (Reg 0xD4) and Configure
VChannel (Reg 0xD5) channels are based on an internal system
clock of 500kHz. Apply an internal system clock either high or
lower will adjust the acquisition times inversely to the ratio of the
applied internal system clock frequency to the default system
clock frequency of 500kHz. The effects of varying the system
clock frequency is displayed in Figure 30.
I2CVCC
TEMP
SENSE
Mem
0.5
GAIN (dB)
ExtClkDiv = 4
-7.5
ExtClkDiv = 14
A1(1)
A2(1)
MCU
SysClk
GND
SDA
SCL
R_pullUp
SysClk OPTIONAL
CONNECTION
ExtClkDiv = 3
A0(1)
Vmcu
R_pullUp
ExtClkDiv = 1
-3.5
-5.5
SMBALERT2
/ECLK(1)
R_pullUp
ExtClkDiv = 0
-1.5
GPIO/Int
-9.5
-11.5 FreqExtClk = 16MHz
ADC TIME SETTING
-13.5 (Config_Ichannel) = 0
-15.5
10
100
FIGURE 31. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT THAT MEASURES POWER
DELIVERED TO THE RTO SYSTEM AT A SLOWER RATE
1k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10k
100k
FIGURE 30. MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH vs EXTERNAL CLK
FREQUENCY
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AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
RS
VINP
Vback
TEMP
SENSE
Vout
A0
Cb5
WKUP
Vcell4
RGC
VCC
SCL
SDA
RGO
SMBALERT1
Vcell2
CHRG
GND
Q1
Vfet1
Vreg_Out
I2C
SMBUS
I2CVCC
ISL94208
4 to 6 MCB
ISL28025
To Vreg_in
Vreg_in
3.3V
Vreg
A2
RS
Vfet2
ADC
16-BIT
Q2
PMBus
REG
MAP
A1
Cb4
SW MUX
Vcell5
Cb3
VINM
Cb6
Vcell3
VBUS
AO
RSH
AuxV
Vcell6
v
SMBALERT2
/ECLK
Q1
Vcc
Vback
GND
Vmcu
Cb2
GPIO/Int
Vcell1
Cb1
MCU
Vcell0
Vss
R_pullUp
SCL
R_pullUp
SDA
R_pullUp
SDA
SCL
M2
FIGURE 32. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT FOR MULTICELL BALANCING
DPM Used as a Control and Alert for a
Multicell Balancing Circuit
Batteries are used in many applications such as electric vehicles,
power tools, medical electronics, battery backup systems and
other portable electronics. The development of battery
technologies to utilize unique chemical offerings have improved
the lifetime and the source current of a battery. The elements
used to improve battery technology are not as plentiful as older
technologies. The use of these elements increase battery cost.
Designs that utilize newer battery technologies require
monitoring each battery cell as well as balancing the cells evenly.
In balancing the cells, the overall battery life improves, the usage
times improve and the health of the battery is always known.
Figure 32 is a simplified circuit for a 6-cell battery pack. The
ISL94208 is ideal for Li-ion batteries. The ISL94208 is a multicell
balancing controller that routes the battery voltage of each cell
through a multiplexer to pin AO, where the voltage can be read.
A0 is connected to the AUXV pin of the ISL28025.
The ISL28025 is powered by the battery pack through a 3.3V
regulator. The input of the 3.3V regulator accepts input voltages
from 4.5V to 60V. The voltage regulator is capable of powering
some low powered circuitry along with the ISL28025.
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The primary shunt input (VINP, VINM) operates in the presence of
common-mode voltages ranging from 0V to 60V. The ISL28025
can calculate the current by digitizing the shunt resistor value,
RSH. The VBUS input is able to measure voltages up to 60V. The
VBUS pin is connected to the top of the battery pack. The
measurement node is known as the pack voltage.
SMBALERT2 is a push/pull output pin that drives a NMOS (M2)
and a PMOS (M1) via a transistor (Q1). The ISL28025 has analog
comparators that monitor the primary bus and shunt inputs for
overvoltage, undervoltage and overcurrent conditions. In the
event that a comparator is tripped, the SMBALERT2 can
disconnect the charger circuit or load from the battery pack. The
reaction time of the analog comparators are roughly 500ns. The
SMBALERT pins active polarity and force state can be set through
I2C commands.
The Q1 transistor is connected to the RGO and RGC pins of the
ISL94208 which activates the 3.3V regulator inside the ISL94208.
The Q1 transistor should be able to accept VCE equal to 60V.
The ISL94208 is a battery management analog front end IC has
internal controlling FETs to bypass a cell from charging in the
instance of an unequal charge distribution within a battery pack.
The integrated balancing FETs have the ability to reroute a
maximum of 200mA charging current.
AN1955.1
February 1, 2016
Application Note 1955
The ISL94208 has a deep sleep feature that shuts down all
essential circuitry. The device consumes up to 10µA of supply
current in deep sleep mode. The ISL28025 has a low power
mode. The ISL28025 consumes less than 1µA in this mode. The
Wake-Up mode is activated when a LOW to HIGH logic state
transition is received from the SMBALERT2 pin of ISL28025. Q2
is activated causing the WKUP pin logic state to transition from
HIGH to LOW. The transition of WKUP pin logic state results in the
ISL94208 waking up.
Figure 33 illustrates a system that includes both digital power
monitors and Intersil’s power modules. The ISL28025 versatile
input range (0V to 60V) makes the integrated circuit easy to
design in. The ISL28025 is an easy solution to monitoring system
power in evolved power applications. DPM1 in Figure 33 is
connected to monitor the overall system power delivered to the
localized subsystems. The SMBALERT2 of DPM1 controls a FET
switch, M1, to act like a circuit breaker to the subsystems. DPM1
allows the user to quickly monitor the health of a system.
All functionality of the chip is controlled through an I2C interface.
The drain of M1 feeds into a power subsystem. An example of a
power subsystem is representative in DPM2 through 4 and
Intersil 1 to 3. Intersil has a portfolio of the power products,
ZLxxxx series, which regulate set voltages for high current
point-of-load applications. The Intersil products use a DC/DC
architecture to regulate a supply. The architecture is good for
delivering large currents to a load in an efficient manner at the
cost of a noisier supply voltage. Some power subcircuits may
require a more precise load with less current. In such cases, a
LDO regulator can be employed with a DPM.
PMBus Compatible Products Simplifies
System Designs and Programming Them
PMBus is an industry standard that standardizes the register
maps across products. The PMBus capability simplifies the
coding required to communicate to each chip. If several unique
PMBus products have an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
integrated into the chips and are connected to the same I2C bus,
the programmer needs to command a read from one register to
receive the results from each integrated circuit. Controlling each
IC works the same way.
VIN >12V TO 60V
GND
VCC
12V
Vreg
Vbus
GND
GPIO1
GPIO2
GPIO3
DPM1
ISL28025
SCL
SCL
Vinp
SMBAlert1
Power Sub
SystemN
Power Sub
System3
SDA
SDA
RSH
µC
Vinm
RS
GND
VCC
ZL9025
VCC
SCL
DPM4
ISL28025
RSH
DDC
Vinp
SMBALERT1
GND
Vinm
DDC
I LOAD =
CONFIGURABLE
RSH
Vinm
I LOAD =
CONFIGURABLE
RSH
Vinp
ISL8272M
LOAD
GND
MAX I = 6A
VCC
DPM3
ISL28025
LOAD
LOAD
I LOAD =
CONFIGURABLE
Vinm
SCL
Vout
SCL
SDA
LOAD
SMBAlert1
ZL9006
SDA
Vbus
Vout
SCL
SDA
DDC
Vin
SDA
LOAD
Vinp
Vreg
Vbus
Vout
SCL
DPM2
ISL28025
GND
Vbus
LOAD
SCL
Vin
VCC
GND
VCC
Vin
MAX I = 25A
Q1
M1
SDA
SDA
Power Sub
System(N-1)
Power Sub
System2
SMBAlert2
VCC
MAX I = 50A
Vreg_In
Vreg_Out
R_pullUp
VCC
R_pullUp
R_pullUp
To All VCC
GND
FIGURE 33. AN EXAMPLE OF A POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING THE ISL28025 AND INTERSIL ZLXXXX SERIES
Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is
cautioned to verify that the document is current before proceeding.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
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February 1, 2016