AN2040: Power Design with Digital-DC Devices

Power Design with
Digital-DC™ Devices
Application Note
1
Introduction
2
Designing Zilker Labs controllers into a system
requires four tasks:
1. Design the power architecture, or power conversion stage, by selecting the frequency and major
power components. This is an iterative design process that you use to make the trade-offs that define
the power characteristics of the part implementation.
2. Develop the basic pin-strapping and stored configuration for the Zilker Labs device that meets your
power requirements, including input and output
voltage, delay and ramp settings, maximum output
current, and a global fault response.
3. Create the PCB layout for the power components.
You should use CAD layout software and be
aware of several sensitive connections.
4. Implement any additional advanced stored configuration features that you want for your system,
including power sequencing, tracking, margining,
and advanced fault and thermal management.
This guide provides a task-based approach to designing with the ZL2006, using an actual design, the
ZL2006EV1 evaluation board.The ZL2006EV1 board
is intended to meet the following objectives:
• VIN = 12 V
• VOUT = 1.2 V / 15 A (20 A max)
• fsw = 615 kHz
• Efficiency: 90% at 50% load
• Output ripple: ±1%
• Dynamic response: ±3%
• Board temperature: 25oC
The complete EVB information can be found in the
ZL2006 Evaluation Board Data Sheet. Additional
example design configurations are shown in the
appendix of this document.
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AN2040.0
Designing the Power
Architecture
Designing the power architecture involves making
decisions on trade-offs between competing design
goals: size, cost, efficiency, and transient load performance.
Before you begin a new design, you must determine
what the primary design consideration should be to
enable the trade-off decisions you will need to make.
For example, if cost is the primary consideration, you
will want to use inexpensive parts, which may have a
larger footprint, and optimize your output for the
smallest ripple current you can achieve.
For this sample design, we chose to optimize transient
performance. Our primary goal was to achieve a transient response of plus or minus 3% for up to a 50%
load step in a constrained footprint. So we designed to
meet that goal, while providing as much efficiency and
economy as possible as our secondary goals.
Setting an efficiency goal provides us with a power
loss budget. For example, if we want 90% efficiency,
we can calculate what the 10% loss would be (our
power loss budget) and design the sum of the power
loss for all components to be no greater than that budget amount.
2.1
Overview of Key Design Factors
Power design is affected by a number of key factors
you should consider, which are often interrelated. The
following table lists a number of those factors, what
they affect, and what they are affected by.
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
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Application Note 2040
Table 1. Key Design Factors
Design Element:
Affects:
Affected By:
input ripple current
noise, input capacitor
previous converter
inductor value
transient slew rate, output ripple voltage, circuit footprint
transient deviation budget, input and output
voltage, switching frequency
high-side MOSFET
efficiency, circuit footprint
switching frequency, input and output voltages
low side MOSFET
efficiency, circuit footprint
input and output voltages
output ripple current
transient response, output ripple voltage, efficiency
inductor value, input and output voltages
inductor DCR
efficiency, current sensing accuracy, inductor
temperature
temperature
output capacitor value
transient response, output ripple voltage, circuit footprint, compensation
output ripple current
output capacitor ESR
output ripple voltage, transient response,
compensation
temperature, choice of capacitor type
dead time
efficiency
MOSFETs, output current
Figure 1 provides an example of the transient response
envelope and defines key measurements for voltage
regulation.
Figure 1. Transient Envelope Definition
Keeping these key factors and our primary design
goals in mind, we can begin an iterative design process. Since we want to meet the power requirements of
the downstream devices, we start with the power output characteristics, and then select the bias strategy.
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2.2
Define the Power Characteristics
Goals
To design the power stage, you will need to identify
these electrical characteristics:
•
Transient tolerance -- As our primary goal, we
want the example design to achieve a transient
response of less than 3% for a 50% load step at a
slew rate of 2.5 A/µs.
• Ripple voltage -- In our example design, we are
setting a goal of output ripple voltage variation of
plus or minus 1%.
• Regulation voltage -- The regulation voltage will
be 1.2V at 15 A (20 A transient) drawn from a
source of 12V. The 1.2V at 15 A is a common
voltage requirement for high-density logic
devices. We also want to allow for a 5V input voltage.
• Characteristic load -- This is defined as the range
of the load capacitance. If the regulator is going to
be on a fixed board, with set supported components, then the load will not change. If the power
board assembly will be used to support multiple
board configurations, then you need to design
based on the range of load capacitance you are
expecting.
These numbers will provide a means of evaluating
your design decisions as your design evolves.
2.3
Design the Power Stage
Because of the number of trade-offs possible with each
design decision, you should first create a ballpark, or
straw man design, that helps you identify the critical
factors in your design. Then, through an iterative
design process, you can fine-tune the design, making
the calculations you need to fully model your design.
See the appendices for a variety of sample power stage
designs.
5. Repeat the process to fine-tune design characteristics.
2.4
Select a Switching Frequency
The selection of the switching frequency affects efficiency and performance. Lower switching frequencies
are more efficient, reducing switching loss, and higher
frequencies provide better performance, with faster
transient response.
The following table illustrates the effect of switching
frequency on efficiency, circuit size, and transient
response.
Table 2. Switching Frequency Design
Considerations
Frequency
Range
Efficiency
Circuit Size
Transient
Response
200-400 kHz
High
Large
Low
400-800 kHz
Moderate
Small
High
800 kHz - 1.4
MHz
Low
Smallest
Best
Another factor to consider is whether or not your
switching frequency needs to synchronize with
another frequency. Is there a need for the power
switching frequency to synchronize with an external
source, such as with devices that broadcast on certain
frequencies? If so, the design should be planned to
support the given frequency and synchronization
requirement, which affects component selection and
overall performance capabilities of the power design.
For this design, we picked a switching frequency of
615 kHz, higher than the more common 300-400 kHz
range, to increase the transient response performance,
since our primary design goal is transient response.
To define the power characteristics, we want to:
1. Select a switching frequency.
2. Select the major output components.
— Output capacitors
— Inductors
— MOSFETs
3. Calculate power loss budget
4. Calculate bias losses.
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Design Step: For your design, select an initial target
switching frequency to use as you begin your
component selection process. As you determine the
results of that process, you may choose to increase or
decrease your switching frequency, to better meet your
design goals.
2.5
Select the Major Power Components
The selection of the major output components define
the output characteristics. By understanding the relationships between the components, you can make the
selections to fine-tune the output characteristics, such
as output voltage, ripple current, transient response,
and power loss.
Output Capacitors
Selecting output capacitors involves a trade-off
between low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and
capacitance.
A low ESR value is desirable for both small deviations
during transient load steps and low output ripple.
However, capacitors with low ESR typically have low
capacitance values, which don’t handle high ripple
currents or high transient load steps.
You will need to calculate the approximate capacitance and the ESR of the component. The formulas are
available in the AN2011 Component Selection Application Note.
Design Step: As a starting point for your output
capacitor selection, apportion half the output ripple
voltage to the capacitor ESR and half to the
capacitance rating. You have the option of choosing a
capacitor with low ESR and high capacitance, or a
parallel combination of capacitors with higher ESR
that provide the necessary capacitance.
Inductors
Choosing inductors involve several important factors
and trade-offs that include the following issues:
•
•
•
•
Resulting ripple current
Transient load slew rate
Saturation characteristics
Total power dissipation
4
Higher inductance that generates a low ripple current
allows smaller capacitance to be used on the output.
However, a balance needs to be made between the
higher inductance values and transient load performance that is improved with higher ripple currents. By
understanding the design’s expected load transient
step magnitude, you can calculate the optimum ripple
current, and inductor average and peak current ratings.
You should calculate the load requirements of your
downstream powered components. This should
include the transient load slew rate you will need to
provide. For converters, such as this sample design,
that are aimed at the best transient performance, this
value determines the inductor value.
Calculating Inductor Requirements: Transient
Slew Rate. Our primary constraint on the inductor
value is the current slew rate. The inductor current
slew rate must approximate the load step slew rate, in
order to maintain good regulation during the transient
with minimal capacitance. If the load slew rate
exceeds the inductor slew rate, then the voltage may
vary.
Knowing the design load slew rate, 2.5 A/µs, we can
calculate the necessary inductor slew rate to match.
We can calculate the inductance for rising current transients by dividing the voltage difference by the slew
rate, using the formula:
V in – V out
L ≅ ----------------------slewrate
Similarly, for falling current transients, we use the formula:
V out
L ≅ ---------------------slewrate
For this design, with the high ratio between the input
and output voltage, we will need to use the lower
inductance value to meet the falling current transient
performance goal. Using our design voltages and load
slew rate, the results for rising transient the inductance
equals 4.32 µH, and for the falling it comes out to
480nH. To meet the transients on both edges, we will
take the smaller value. So, for this design, we have initially chosen an inductor of 360nH.
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As you can see, for designs where the difference
between input and output voltage is less, the difference
between the two calculations is also less.
Calculating the Ripple Current Requirement.
Using the previously calculated inductor value, we can
now calculate the ripple current (Iopp), using the maximum input voltage (Vinmax), the output voltage (Vout),
the switching frequency (fsw), and our calculated output inductance (Lout) in the following formula:
I opp
V out
V out × ⎛ 1 – ---------------⎞
⎝
V inmax⎠
= ----------------------------------------------fsw × L out
Now we can check the calculated ripple current to see
how it compares to the load current. Typically, for an
efficient design, the ripple current should equal 2050% of the load current.
For this design, we use a ripple current (Iopp) of 4.9 A.
This value is 24.4% of our rated load current of 20 A.
The average inductor current is equal to the maximum
output current. The peak inductor current is equal to
the maximum output current plus half of the ripple
current, about 22.5 A for this design.
Thus, we select an inductor rated for the average DC
current with a peak current rating above the peak current rating computed previously. The peak current rating of the selected inductor is more than 30 A.
Saturation characteristics. Over-current or short-circuit handling capabilities are affected by the inductor
performance. How well the inductor performs at up to
2X the normal maximum rated output current determines the protection it can provide for the load and the
power supply MOSFETs. Inductors that have poor saturation characteristics, that rapidly drop in inductance
as current increases, such as gapped ferrite inductors,
should be avoided.
Total power dissipation. To understand the power
dissipation of the inductor, use the manufacturer’s data
sheet DCR winding loss to determine the total power
dissipation. Use the formula:
2
P cu = ( I out ) × DCR
5
For our sample design, the inductor we chose has a
DCR of 1.1 mΩ, which, for a continuous current of 15
amps, yields a power loss of 248 mW. We’ll use this
value when we calculate our power loss budget.
Design Step: Choose the smallest inductor value
that can support load and unload transients and the
ripple current approximation of 20-50% of the load
current, and that also meets the average DC current
and peak current ratings.
MOSFETs
You should evaluate MOSFETs on their efficiency:
channel loss, switching loss and gate drive current
loss. Both gate drive current loss and switching loss
are greater at higher frequencies, so lower frequencies
mean higher efficiency. Also, note that the channel
loss is temperature dependent, so that at higher temperatures, the loss is greater.
In addition, MOSFETs with lower channel loss typically have higher gate charge requirements, which
increase the gate drive loss, related to switching frequency.
We will make our selection of MOSFETs based on
load current and ripple current ballpark calculations.
For our sample design, the duty ratio for the high and
low side should be approximately 10 to 1, with the
high side on 10% of the time and the low side on 90%
of the time.
Selecting the QL MOSFET. Synchronous or QL
MOSFETs for this case should be chosen on the basis
of the channel resistance and gate drive current. The
duty cycle, calculated as Vout divided by the Vin, (Vout/
Vin), affects the current calculations for the MOSFETs.
Calculate the RMS current, channel loss, and gate
drive current based on data sheet values for the candidate MOSFETs. MOSFETs with lower channel loss
tend to have higher drive currents. Allow 2-5% of the
rated output power for channel loss in QL, calculated
using the following equation:
P QL = 0.05 × V out × I out
For the sample design, PQL is less than 0.9 W.
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Calculate the RMS current using the duty cycle percentage in QL as follows:
power. Our sample design uses 0.6% of load power for
gate drive.
I QL = I out × 1 – D
Note that the candidate we have chosen works acceptably well if our input voltage is 5V instead of 12V.
The IQL is 14.23 A for our sample design.
Calculate the desired maximum RDS(ON) as follows:
P QL
R DS ( ON ) ) = --------------2( I QL )
Using our calculated values, we get 4.44 mΩs for the
channel resistance.
Selecting a QH MOSFET. Control or QH MOSFETs
have switching loss, in addition to channel and gatedrive current loss. When selecting a QH MOSFET,
calculate the channel loss and switching loss to determine the total power dissipated by the QH.
To select a QH, use the same formulas you used for
QL to determine channel and gate-drive current loss,
with the exception of the RMS, in which the current is
calculated using the duty cycle percentage in QH as
follows:
Note that the RDS(ON) provided in the manufacturer’s
data sheet is measured at 25oC. Since the loss is temperature dependent, your application RDS(ON) will be
much higher. In a typical example, with a junction
temperature of 125oC, the RDS(ON) is 1.4X higher than
the value at 25oC.
For our design, the desired channel loss is 0.9 W,
channel resistance is 29 mΩs, the RMS current (IQH)
turns out to be 4.74 A.
Therefore, we can take the calculated RDS and divide
it by 1.4 as a basis for comparison with data sheet
MOSFET RDS values to get a value of 3.2 mΩs. We
will select a candidate QL MOSFET based on the data
sheet RDS matching our desired RDS. We picked a
MOSFET with an RDS of 3.5 mΩs, which is conservative for a design that is not expected to run at 125oC.
Using these results, first, we find a MOSFET that
meets our channel resistance specification, on or
below the 29 mΩ value. Second, we make sure the
candidate supports the RMS current value. Finally, we
want the channel loss to be 0.9 W or less, and to be
sure that the candidate package can dissipate the maximum power dissipated.
Once you have selected a candidate QL MOSFET, calculate the required gate drive current as follows:
One of our design goals is to support a 5V input as
well as the 12V input voltage. Recalculating for this
case, the target RDS value is about 11 mΩs.
I g = f sw × Q q
The requirement for our design using the ZL2006,
using the internal drivers, is that the gate drive current
for both QH and QL is 80mA or less. If the gate drive
current for our candidate MOSFET is too high, we will
need to select another part. The calculated gate drive
current for our sample design is 12.3 mA.
Since the gate drive circuits are integrated in the
ZL2006, you can calculate the power to turn the MOSFETs on and off with the formula:
P QLdr = f sw × Q g × V inmax
For initial calculations, the gate drive power loss for
the QL should not exceed 1 or 2% of the total output
6
I QH = I out × D
To meet the requirement that we support 5 and 12V
input, we pick a MOSFET that is 9 mΩs.
Based on our selection, we can now calculate the
switching loss.
First, calculate the switching time (tsw) with the formula that uses the QH gate charge (Qg) and the peak
gate drive (Igmax) available from the ZL2006:
Qg
t sw = -----------I gmax
Although the ZL2006 has a typical gate drive current
of 3 A, we’ll use the minimum guaranteed value of 2
A for a conservative design. The gate charge is 8 nC,
resulting in a switching time of 4ns.
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Using the calculated switching time, you can now calculate the switching loss with the formula:
P QHsw = V inmax × t sw × I out × f sw
For our sample design, this results in a switching loss
of 2.46% of Pout.
The total power dissipated by QH is:
P QHtot = P QH + P QHsw
PQH is 22.5 mW, and the switching loss is 443 mW, for
a total of 465.5 mW, which is 2.6% of the Pout.
Efficiency Goals. The MOSFET conduction and
switching loss in your design should be 50% or less of
your target loss budget for each MOSFET. Based on
our calculations, the MOSFETs chosen support the
efficiency goals. Note that these numbers are at the
continuous current rating. At lower current ratings, the
efficiency should be even higher.
Package Selection. Using the calculated power dissipation numbers, you can calculate the junction temperatures, to check the thermal characteristics of the
MOSFET.
The package you select must be able to dissipate the
generated heat. You should budget the size according
to the heat dissipation requirement.
Design Step: Choose your MOSFETs based on
channel loss, gate drive loss and switching loss,
calculated using the load current and ripple current for
the design. Your chosen components should meet both
your efficiency and heat dissipation goals.
2.6
Calculate the Power Loss Budget
The power loss budget needs to be measured using
two calculations:
•
Determine the sum of the power loss for the
capacitors, inductors, and MOSFETs in your
design. These include:
— QL channel loss
— QH channel loss
— QH switching loss
— Total gate drive loss
7
— Inductor DCR loss
• Determine bias losses. To calculate the bias losses,
you will need to select a bias strategy for the
ZL2006. You can use the ZL2006 internal regulators, or an external rail to provide power for the
ZL2006. The sample design uses the internal regulators. Bias loss includes:
— High drive QL (Igl)
— High drive QH (Igh)
— Controller Idd, available from the data sheet, is
8-12 mA.
Calculating Bias Loss
Calculate the QL and QH high drive losses.Since the
gate drive circuits are integrated in the ZL2006, you
can calculate the power to turn the MOSFETs on and
off with the formula:
P dr = f sw × ( Q GH + Q GL ) × V inmax
For initial calculations, the gate drive power loss for
the QL and QH should not exceed 1 or 2% each of the
total output power. Our sample design uses 1.1% of
load power.
Total Power Loss
The total power loss of our design is:
Table 3. Total Power Loss
Item
Loss
Inductor
248 mW
QL RDS
900 mW
QH RDS
465.5 mW
Q gate drive
207 mW
Idd
144 mW
Total
1.964 W
These numbers define a power loss of 10.9% of load
power, which is approximately 10% of our input
power.
If the sum of all of the bias loss and component loss
exceeds your power budget, you will need to adjust
your design.
Design Step: Are you over or under your loss
budget? If you are over budget, you may need to
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rethink the DCR of your inductor, and the MOSFET
selection. You may need to increase size.
3
2.7
The ZL2006 is configurable through pin strapping and
software. You will need to determine a configuration
strategy for your design. Your options include:
Run the Numbers and Revise the
Design
Once you have completed a ballpark design, you have
the information you need to calculate all of the electrical characteristics of the power stage, to determine
how effectively the design is at meeting your goals.
At this point you can fine-tune your design by changing single elements and recalculating the resulting performance.
2.8
Selecting Input Capacitors
Even when using a heavily filtered 5 or 12 volt computer-grade power supply, input capacitors are highly
recommended. Using dedicated input capacitors
reduces the DC converter’s high RMS ripple current,
which couples noise into the system circuitry, and,
potentially creates excessive heat for filter capacitors
not rated for high ripple currents. The input capacitors
should be rated at 1.2X the RMS ripple current.
•
•
•
3.1
•
I RMS = I out × D × ( 1 – D )
The amount of capacitance is determined by the target
input ripple voltage, which is usually kept below 10%
of the DC value of the voltage. You can use the formula:
For this design, with the 5V case, the formula gives us
a capacitance of 11.7 µF that is easily achieved.
Design Step: We recommend you choose ceramic
capacitors with X7R or X5R dielectric with low ESR
and 1.1X the maximum expected input voltage.
8
Pin strap only. No software configuration is used.
Preload a software configuration in the ZL2006
before manufacture.
On-board stored configuration loading at start-up
time.
Required Pin Straps
No matter which option you choose, you will need to
configure a minimum number of pin-strap features.
With the exception of the SMBus address and maximum voltage, the values for these pinstrap settings can
be overridden using a software stored configuration.
These pins include:
To calculate the RMS ripple current, use the formula:
I out × D ( V inmin ) × t sw
C ≈ ---------------------------------------------------10% × V inmin
Develop the Basic Configuration
•
SMBus Address -- Configuration of the SMBus
address is only necessary if you are planning to
communicate with the part for configuration,
monitoring, or using advanced features with other
controllers. You can configure the SMBus address
in one of three ways: through pinstrapping of SA0
and SA1, or using one resistor connected to SA0,
or two resistors connected to SA0 and SA1. We
selected two resistors to allow five addresses to be
used in the range 0x20 to 0x24. We allowed multiple addresses to allow flexibility in communicating with other parts on the same bus. See section
6.9 of the ZL2006 data sheet for the table of available addresses and resistor values.
Maximum voltage out -- You can select one of
three modes for setting your maximum output
voltage: POLA, DOSA, and Standard modes. You
select the mode through V0 and V1. We selected
standard mode, since our design was not part of a
module. You can select a set of standard voltages
using pinstrapping only on V0 and V1, or set the
voltages by using a resistor on each. We used the
two-resistor method to set a nominal of 3.3 V, with
a maximum of 10% greater than the set value.
This sets a hard upper limit that cannot be violated
even if software configuration settings are incorrectly set too high. See section 5.3 of the ZL2006
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•
•
•
•
•
data sheet for more information on these resistor
settings.
Configuration pin -- This pin can be used for several purposes. The configuration pin determines
how the sync pin operates: as an input, or as an
output. The input can look for a fixed external signal to synchronize with, or it can use a resistor
value to determine an internal frequency of operation. When configured as an output, the pin outputs a standard 400 kHz, and the part operates at
the same frequency. For our sample design, we left
the configuration and sync pins open, for the
default frequency of 400 kHz as a safe start-up
configuration, making the sync pin an input, and
set our 615 kHz switching frequency as a stored
configuration. For information on setting the configuration and sync pins, see section 5.7 of the
ZL2006 data sheet.
Sync pin -- Provides the hardware setting for the
switching frequency for the part, based on the settings of the configuration pin.
Bootstrap pin -- Connect the bootstrap capacitor as
shown in the reference circuit in the ZL2006 data
sheet, and determine the capacitor value using the
method defined in section 5.8.5.
Communication busses -- The SMBus and DDC
busses must both have pull-up resistors.
Initial compensation setting -- FC0, FC1 should be
set to a safe default compensation until a specific
compensation configuration setting is loaded. See
sections 5.10-5.11 of the ZL2006 data sheet for
information on setting these values. For our sample design, we left these open, to select our default
compensation settings.
Design Step: Make sure your pin-strap
configuration is a safe configuration that will not start
potentially damaging operation before the part
configuration is loaded.
3.2
screen shots that display the settings we defined for
our sample design.
These settings include:
•
Output voltage thresholds. Once you select the
output voltage, the software calculates recommended over and under voltage protection thresholds. For our design, we accepted those default
values.
• Input voltage thresholds. Once you select the input
voltage, the software calculates recommended
over and under voltage protection thresholds. For
our design, we accepted those default values.
• Max output current characteristics. Output current
protection thresholds and scaling factors must be
set. Entering an output current populates the protection thresholds. For our sample design we
chose to override those values. We decreased the
average limit to 16 A, and reverse current limits
are decreased to -16 and -10 A. We used our
inductor DCR value for the current sensing scale.
• Delay and ramp timing characteristics
• Switching frequency. Although we set our pinstrap
frequency to be 400 kHz, we want to use a value
of 615 kHz for operation.
• Global fault response characteristics. Based on the
PMBus specification for standard fault responses,
our choices are:
— Shutdown immediately
— Shutdown after a specified delay
— Shutdown and retry with a specified number
of attempts and delay time.
We chose the shutdown and retry with maximum delay
and infinite attempts for our sample design.
•
Base Configuration Settings
Once the minimum required pinstrapping configuration has been developed, we can start to define the
stored configuration values we want to use.
Here is the set of base settings you need to configure
for the ZL2006 to operate.
These settings can be made using the Zilker Labs
Power Navigator software. See Appendix A for the
9
•
Current sensing configuration. You have two
choices for current sensing, using the inductor or
the MOSFET. The inductor is more accurate, but
limited to a maximum of 4 V output. The MOSFET current sensing is less expensive, and less
accurate, but supports higher output voltages. We
chose inductor DCR output sensing for higher
accuracy.
Deadtime configuration. You will need to define
the initial dead time to ensure that QH and QL are
not both active at the same time. The ZL2006 features an algorithm that dynamically adjusts dead
time during operation. The following suggested
values for the ZL2006 dead time settings should
provide a safe and efficient dead time setting for
most common designs. For the ZL2006, use a
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DEADTIME value of 0x3838, and a
DEADTIME_CONFIG value of 0x0808.
Other basic settings you may want, although they are
not required, include:
•
•
4.2
•
4
Synchronization and Interleave settings -- This is
important if you are using multiple controllers,
and you want to optimize their power usage.
Temperature sensing characteristics -- These
default to wide values for fault limits and warning
thresholds. We used the default values for our
design. Note that you can use the internal or external temperature sensing. We chose to use external
temperature sensing, with a sensor placed near the
inductor, for accurate temperature compensation
for the current sensing.
•
•
•
•
•
Create the PCB Layout
The first step in your PCB layout process should be to
examine a Zilker Labs example layout or previous
design. The EVB data sheet provides PCB layout
information. To ensure a successful layout, use CAD
tools for routing the sensitive traces. There are some
critical connections in a power converter design.
These are explained in the Zilker Labs Layout Design
Application Note AN2010.
5
•
4.1
•
Consult Zilker Labs documentation.
Verify that the schematic design is implemented
properly in the layout.
Verify the thermal design characteristics of the
layout.
Verify the Schematic Design
Implementation
•
Verify that the key schematic design decisions are
implemented properly in the layout:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pin straps
SMBus configuration
DDC bus configuration
Switching clock configuration
Regulator pin decoupling
Input and output capacitance
FET and inductor selection
Enable configuration and operation.
Sensitive traces routing and polarity for Faraday
shielding and Kelvins
10
Verify the Design’s Thermal
Characteristics
Verify that the design has adequate heat sinking
for controller and drivers
Verify adequate heat sinking for FETs and inductor
Estimate thermal connection between current
sensing element and temperature sensing element.
Does the unit need to run with no forced air? You
will need additional heat sinking if this is your situation.
Implement Advanced
Configuration Features
The ZL2006 supports a number of advanced features
that can be configured for your design. These features
are documented in the Zilker Labs Application Notes,
and include:
To create your PCB layout, you should:
•
•
Output filter does not introduce parasitic inductance.
Verify that there are an adequate number of vias
for current carrying and plane interconnects.
•
Power Sequencing -- The ZL2006 supports eventbased power sequencing among multiple controllers. This is accomplished by defining the DDC ID
for each controller, and defining a prequel and
sequel ID for each controller to define the
sequence of powering up and down. This is useful
for powering up or down different power rails in a
specific order. These options are in the Group
page of the PowerNavigator software, or in the
DDC Advanced tab.
Voltage Tracking -- The ZL2006 can be configured to track another output voltage connected to
the VTRK pin. With this feature the tracking can
be at 100% or 50% ratio, and can track continuously or can track up to a a target voltage setting
maximum. These settings are available on the
PowerNavigator Advanced tab.
Non-linear Response loop -- For faster transient
load step response. Most controllers respond in a
linear fashion to transient load steps. The NLR
feature allows you to define other response characteristics for limiting transient deviations. You
can define triggers for more rapid adjustments to
step load transients. These functions are defined in
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
•
•
•
•
•
the NLR_CONFIG values on the PowerNavigator
Advanced tab.
Current Sharing -- The current sharing feature
allows you to construct multiphase converter
arrays for higher current or higher transient capabilities. This function uses the ISHARE_CONFIG
and VOUT_DROOP commands. Individual
phases can be added or dropped from the array
using the PHASE_CONTROL command. These
commands are on the Basic and DDC Advanced
tabs of PowerNavigator.
Fault Spreading -- For designs with multiple controllers, this mode allows you to power down a set
or all of the controllers if there is a fault with a single controller. This is set up using the
DDC_GROUP on the DDC Advanced tab.
Advanced Operating Modes:
— Frequency adaptation -- Using this mode, if
the controller is experiencing small load currents, the operating frequency can be dynamically reduced to increase efficiency. Set this in
the MISC_CONFIG on the DDC Advanced
tab.
— Diode emulation -- This mode improves efficiency at light load conditions. It is also set by
the MISC_CONFIG on the DDC Advanced
tab.
— Adaptive compensation -- The controller has
the ability to vary the compensation between
two stored sets of values in proportion to the
measured load current. This allows the frequency response of the regulation loop to be
nearly independent of load current. This feature is set using the PID_TAPS_ADAPT command and MISC_CONFIG in the DDC
Advanced tab.
Snapshot Data Collection -- Using the SMBus,
you can signal the chip to capture a set of data
points of chip status within a narrow time window.
This allows calculation of efficiency and other
parameters from values taken at nearly the same
time. This feature uses the
SNAPSHOT_CONTROL command on the DDC
Advanced tab.
Droop Characteristics (also called active voltage
positioning) -- The VOUT_DROOP command
controls the output voltage to follow a programmed resistance characteristic vs. load current.
This behavior is required for some processor
loads, and also required in current sharing applica-
11
tions. The VOUT_DROOP command is on the
Basic tab.
6
Summary
Upon reaching this point in the design process, you
have accomplished the following initial steps for properly designing and configuring the
Digital-DC parts into a circuit:
•
You have determined the target specifications of
the regulator and power management functions
and also the design optimization goals of the circuit.
• You have designed a first pass at the power stage
components which will achieve the desired specifications and goals.
• You have determined the initial and required pinstraps for achieving safe power-up of the controller.
• You have determined pinstraps and stored configurations for the advanced features of the controllers.
With these steps accomplished, you should have a
working regulator and power management strategy, as
well as a good baseline design to make small changes
for further optimization and perfection of the implementation. Due to the flexibility and ease of use of the
Zilker controllers, this process can be accomplished
quickly, allowing you to focus on other issues of
importance in the system design.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Appendix A
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
12
This is the Configure Device screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
13
This is the PMBus basic configuration screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
14
This is the Group Settings screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
15
This is the PMBus Advanced screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
16
This is the PMBus Advanced DDC screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
This appendix shows the settings used in the
PowerNavigator software for our ZL2006 sample
design configuration.
17
This is the PMBus Fault Limits screen.
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Appendix B: ZL2006 Design Example for 12V input:1.2V@15A rated output,
Transient Optimized
Design Specification
Parameter
Output voltage
Output current
Output current
Frequency
Ripple voltage
Transient Deviation
Design Goal
1.2
15
20
615
12
36
Units
V
A
A surge 10µs
kHz
mV
mV
Component Requirements
Value
360
5x100
2x680
Units
nH
µF
µF
Value
1.1
2
15
Units
Lout
Cout
Cout
QH
QL
Cin
11
3.5
5x10
mΩ
mΩ
8
nC
µF
mΩ
mΩ
mΩ
Vendor
VISHAY
TAIYO YUDEN
UNITED CHEMICON
FAIRCHILD
FAIRCHILD
PANASONIC-ECG
Part Number
IHLP4040DZERR36M61
JMK325BJ107MY-T
APXA6R3ARA681MJC0G
FDMS8692
FDMS8670AS
ECJ-3YB1E106K
Pinstrap Table
Function
Address
VOUT_MAX
Clock Config
Compensation
Pin
SA0
SA1
V0
Setting
SA0=19.6k
SA1=11k
V0=16.2k
V1
CFG
FC0
FC1
V1=34.8k
CFG=Z
FC0=Z
FC1=Z
18
Result
0x20
VOUT_MAX=3.63V
VOUT_COMMAND=3.3V
Fsw=400kHz, SYNC=Input
fsw/120 < fn < fsw/60
fsw/10 > fzesr > fsw/30
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
ZL2006 Configuration File Example for 12V input:1.2V@15A rated
output, Transient Optimized
#File name of config file
#<Project/BoardName>_<DeviceAddr>_<RailName/No.>_<DeviceNo.>_<FileRev>.txt
#ZL2006EV1_0x20_1V2_ZL2006_4R1.txt
#This configuration file is intended for the device
# described in the filename of this file and the
# ASCII MFR_xxxx # commands in this file
#with L=400nH, Co=5x(100uF/2.0mohm)+(2X680uF/10mohm)
#All PASSWORD protections must be cleared on the #device
before loading this file
#Device ID:
ZL2006
#Schematic revision: 01
#BOM revision:
02
#PowerNavigator Revision:
3.2.1
#Revision Log:
#Rev. 4.1 10/22/08, K. Dehnel
#---------------------------------------------------#Configuration File Format:
#PMBus Command <tab> Hex Value
#Erase user store & default store
RESTORE_FACTORY
STORE_USER_ALL
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
#Prepare device for all commands to be
# added to the DEFAULT store
RESTORE_DEFAULT_ALL
#Manufacturer information fields in ASCII:
#MFR_SERIAL reserved for use at time of manufacturing
#MFR_DATE reserved for use at time of manufacturing
MFR_ID Zilker Labs
MFR_MODEL ZL2006EV1
MFR_LOCATION Austin
MFR_REVISION Rev 4.1
#Output Voltage commands
VOUT_COMMAND 1.200000 #V
#VOUT_MARGIN_HIGH
1.545
#V
#VOUT_MARGIN_LOW 1.455
#V
#VOUT_OV_FAULT_LIMIT
1.724976
#V
#VOUT_UV_FAULT_LIMIT
1.275024
#V
#POWER_GOOD_ON 1.349976
#V
#POWER_GOOD_DELAY 5.000000
#ms
#VOUT_OV_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
#immediate shutdown
#VOUT_UV_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
#immediate shutdown
OVUV_CONFIG 0x01
#2 counts
#General converter commands
TON_DELAY
5.000000 #ms
TON_RISE
5.000000 #ms
TOFF_DELAY
5.000000 #ms
TOFF_FALL
5.000000 #ms
FREQUENCY_SWITCH
615.000000 #kHz
#PID_TAPS
A=8084.75, B=-15761.41, C=7715.36
PID_TAPS
A=15141.91, B=-29677.9, C=14599.08
MAX_DUTY
90.000000 #%
DEADTIME 0x3838
#56ns max
DEADTIME_CONFIG 0x0404
#8ns min, dynamic
INDUCTOR 0.36
#uH
#OPERATION 0x44
#ON_OFF_CONFIG 0x16
#Advanced commands
MFR_CONFIG
0x6A14
USER_CONFIG
0x6000
NLR_CONFIG
0xCA010200
#NLR_CONFIG
0x00000000
ISHARE_CONFIG
0x1200
#TRACK_CONFIG
<nn>
MISC_CONFIG
0x0480
INTERLEAVE
0x0000
DDC_CONFIG
0x0012
DDC_GROUP
0x00000000
SEQUENCE
0x0000
TEMPCO_CONFIG
0x28
#XTEMP_SCALE
<nn>
#XTEMP_OFFSET
<nn>
#Security Settings
#PUBLIC_PASSWORD <xxxx>
#PRIVATE_PASSWORD <yyyyyyyyy>
#UNPROTECT
<nnnnnnnnnnnn>
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
RESTORE_DEFAULT_ALL
this command
#comment out if USER stores follow
# - end of file -
#Output current
IOUT_CAL_GAIN 0.920000
#mohms
IOUT_CAL_OFFSET 1.4
#A
IOUT_OC_FAULT_LIMIT 30.000000
#A
IOUT_AVG_OC_FAULT_LIMIT 24.000000
#A
IOUT_UC_FAULT_LIMIT -15.000000
#A
IOUT_AVG_UC_FAULT_LIMIT -10.000000
#A
#MFR_IOUT_OC_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80 #immediate shutdown
#MFR_IOUT_UC_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80 #immediate shutdown
#Input Voltage
VIN_OV_FAULT_LIMIT 13.4
#V
VIN_OV_WARN_LIMIT 13.0
#V
#VIN_OV_FAULT_RESPONSE
0x80
#immediate shutdown
VIN_UV_WARN_LIMIT
4.7
#V
VIN_UV_FAULT_LIMIT
4.5
#V
#VIN_UV_FAULT_RESPONSE
0x80
#immediate shutdown
#Other Faults
OT_FAULT_LIMIT
120.000000 #deg C
OT_WARN_LIMIT
110.000000 #deg C
#OT_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
#immediate shutdown
UT_WARN_LIMIT
-20.000000 #deg C
UT_FAULT_LIMIT
-30.000000 #deg C
#UT_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
#immediate shutdown
#VMON fault threshold (in applicable devices)
#VMON fault response (in applicable devices)
19
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Appendix C: ZL2005 Design Example for 12V input:1.2V@10A rated output,
Size Optimized
Design Specification
Parameter
Output voltage
Output current
Frequency
Ripple voltage
Transient Deviation
Design Goal
1.2
10
615
12
48
Units
V
A
kHz
mV
mV
Component Requirements
Lout
Cout
QH
QL
Cin
Value
470
5x47
16.8
4.8
2x22
Units
nH
µF
Value
4
2.5
5
mΩ
mΩ
µF
Units
mΩ
mΩ
nC
Vendor
VISHAY
TDK
INFINEON
INFINEON
MURATA
Part Number
IHLP2525CZERR47M01
C3216X5R0J476M
BSZ130N03LS
BSZ035N03LS
GRM32ER61C226KE20L
Pinstrap Table
Function
Address
VOUT_MAX
Clock Config
Compensation
Pin
SA0
SA1
V0
Setting
SA0=19.6k
SA1=11k
V0=16.2k
V1
CFG
FC0
FC1
V1=34.8k
CFG=Z
FC0=Z
FC1=Z
20
Result
0x20
VOUT_MAX=3.63V
VOUT_COMMAND=3.3V
Fsw=400kHz, SYNC=Input
fsw/120 < fn < fsw/60
fsw/10 > fzesr > fsw/30
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
ZL2005 Configuration File Example for 12V input:1.2V@10A rated
output, Size Optimized
# Configuration file for ZL2005PEV4
#syntax:
#PMBus Command <tab> Value
#Erase default and user store
RESTORE_FACTORY
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
MFR_ID ZilkerLabs
MFR_MODEL
ZL2005PEV4
MFR_REVISION
Rev_1.6
MFR_LOCATION
Austin_TX
VIN_OV_FAULT_LIMIT 13.5
VIN_OV_WARN_LIMIT 13.2
VIN_UV_FAULT_LIMIT 4.2
VIN_UV_WARN_LIMIT 4.5
VOUT_COMMAND
1.2 #V
FREQUENCY_SWITCH 600 #kHz
POWER_GOOD_DELAY 1
TON_DELAY
15
TON_RISE
5
TOFF_DELAY
15
TOFF_FALL
5
SEQUENCE
0x0000
#Use Rdson current sense method with
# internal temp sensor
MFR_CONFIG
0x7981
USER_CONFIG
PID_TAPS
0x0000
A=1569.69, B=-2903.12, C=1412.91
IOUT_OC_FAULT_LIMIT
20.
IOUT_AVG_OC_FAULT_LIMIT 15.
IOUT_UC_FAULT_LIMIT
-10.
IOUT_AVG_UC_FAULT_LIMIT -8.
#low FET not enabled for output OV, output OV and
# UV count to 2
OVUV_CONFIG
0x01
IOUT_SCALE
3.65
IOUT_CAL_OFFSET
0
#Set temperature compensation at 4000ppm/ C internal
# temp sensor
TEMPCO_CONFIG 0x28
NLR_CONFIG
#VOUT_DROOP
0xB303
2 #mV/A
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
RESTORE_DEFAULT_ALL
21
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Appendix D: ZL2006 Design Example for 12V input:1.8V@30A, rated output,
Efficiency Optimized (Current Sharing)
Design Specification
Parameter
Output
voltage
Output
current
Frequency
Ripple
voltage
Transient
Deviation
Design Goal
1.8
Units
V
30
A
300
12
kHz
mV
36
mV
Component Requirements
Units
nH
µF
µF
Value
1.2
2.5
10
Units
Lout
Cout
Cout
Value
560
8x47
4x820
QH
QL
Cin
Cin
3.8
1.8/2
6x10
4x330
mΩ
mΩ
20
nC
18
mΩ
µF
µF
mΩ
mΩ
mΩ
Vendor
VISHAY
TDK
UNITED CHEMICON
INFINEON
INFINEON
PANASONIC-ECG
UNITED CHEMICON
Part Number
IHLP5050FDERR56M01
C3216X5R0J476M
APXA6R3ARA821MJC0G
BSC030N03LS
BSC016N03LS (2 each)
ECJ-13YB1E106K
APXA160ARA331MJC0G
Pinstrap Table
Function
Address
VOUT_MAX
Clock Config
Compensation
Pin
SA0
SA1
V0
Setting
SA0=19.6k
SA1=11k
V0=16.2k
V1
CFG
FC0
FC1
V1=34.8k
CFG=Z
FC0=Z
FC1=Z
22
Result
0x20
VOUT_MAX=3.63V
VOUT_COMMAND=3.3V
Fsw=400kHz, SYNC=Input
fsw/120 < fn < fsw/60
fsw/10 > fzesr > fsw/30
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
ZL2006 Configuration File Example for 12V input:1.8V@30A rated
output, Efficiency Optimized (Current Sharing)
# This configuration is intended for Zilker Labs
ZL2006EV2-Ch1a
# U1 / ZL2006
# ZL Configuration File Revision 2
# Schematic revision level 02
# BOM revision level_
# ZL Author B. KATES
#Erase default and user stores
RESTORE_FACTORY
STORE_USER_ALL
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
RESTORE_DEFAULT_ALL
MFR_ID Zilker_Labs
MFR_MODEL
ZL2006EV2R2
MFR_REVISION
Prod_Rev8
MFR_LOCATION
Austin_TX
MFR_DATE
10_1_08
MFR_SERIAL
ch1A
USER_CONFIG
MFR_CONFIG
NLR_CONFIG
INTERLEAVE
TEMPCO_CONFIG
TRACK_CONFIG
0x6051 # SYNC Input
0x82D4
0xE2010355
0x0000
0xA8
0x00
# Advanced 2
MISC_CONFIG
0x4080
ISHARE_CONFIG 0x0121 # Ishare Group 1, members 2, position 1, CS En
DDC_CONFIG 0x0101 # DDC Rail ID 1, Broadcast Group 1
DDC_GROUP
0x00000000
STORE_DEFAULT_ALL
RESTORE_DEFAULT_ALL
VOUT_COMMAND 1.80
VOUT_MAX
3.65
VOUT_DROOP
0.5
VOUT_MARGIN_HIGH
1.89
VOUT_MARGIN_LOW
1.71
VOUT_UV_FauLT_LIMIT 1.53
VOUT_UV_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
VOUT_OV_FauLT_LIMIT 2.07
VOUT_OV_FAULT_RESPONSE 0x80
OVUV_CONFIG
0x80
IOUT_SCALE
1.13
IOUT_CAL_OFFSET 1.00
IOUT_OC_FAULT_LIMIT
45.0
IOUT_AVG_OC_FAULT_LIMIT
40.0
IOUT_UC_FAULT_LIMIT
-17.0
IOUT_AVG_UC_FAULT_LIMIT
-14.0
MFR_IOUT_OC_FAULT_RESPONSE
0xBF
MFR_IOUT_UC_FAULT_RESPONSE
0xBF
VIN_OV_FAULT_LIMIT
VIN_OV_WARN_LIMIT
VIN_OV_FAULT_RESPONSE
14.0
13.5
0x80
VIN_UV_WARN_LIMIT
VIN_UV_FAULT_LIMIT
VIN_UV_FAULT_RESPONSE
4.641
4.50
0x80
OT_WARN_LIMIT
110.0
OT_FAULT_LIMIT
120
OT_FAULT_RESPONSE 0xBF
UT_WARN_LIMIT
-20
UT_FAULT_LIMIT
-30
UT_FAULT_RESPONSE 0xBF
POWER_GOOD_ON
1.35
POWER_GOOD_DELAY
10.0
TON_DELAY
15
TON_RISE
5
TOFF_DELAY
15
TOFF_FALL
5
DEADTIME
0x3838
DEADTIME_CONFIG
0x0808
MAX_DUTY
96
INDUCTOR
0.56
FREQUENCY_SWITCH
300 # kHz
#CompZL Taps for G=31.596, Q=0.301,
f=3.506kHz,
fsw=300kHz, Vi=12, Vo=1.8
PID_TAPS
A=7948.25, B=-14135.50, C=6225.25 # dIo=3060A @ 2.5A/us, dVo=+/-3.5%
# Advanced
23
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Revision History
Date
Rev. #
Nov.21, 2008
1.0
Initial release
May 1, 2009
1.1
Assigned file number AN2040 to app note as this will be the first release with an Intersil file number. Replaced
header and footer with Intersil header and footer. Updated disclaimer information to read “Intersil and it’s
subsidiaries including Zilker Labs, Inc.” No changes to datasheet content.
24
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009
Application Note 2040
Zilker Labs, Inc.
4301 Westbank Drive
Building A-100
Austin, TX 78746
Tel: 512-382-8300
Fax: 512-382-8329
© 2006, Zilker Labs, Inc. All rights reserved. Zilker Labs, Digital-DC, Autonomous Sequencing and
the Zilker Labs logo are trademarks of Zilker Labs, Inc. All other products or brand names mentioned
herein are trademarks of their respective holders.
This document contains information on a product under development. Specifications are subject to
change without notice. Pricing, specifications and availability are subject to change without notice.
Please see www.zilkerlabs.com for updated information. This product is not intended for use in connection with any high-risk activity, including without limitation, air travel, life critical medical operations, nuclear facilities or equipment, or the like.
The reference designs contained in this document are for reference and example purposes only. THE
REFERENCE DESIGNS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND "WITH ALL FAULTS" AND INTERSIL
CORPORATION AND IT'S SUBSIDIARIES INCLUDING ZILKER LABS, INC. DISCLAIMS ALL
WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. ZILKER LABS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DAMAGES, WHETHER DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING
LOSS OF PROFITS), OR OTHERWISE, RESULTING FROM THE REFERENCE DESIGNS OR
ANY USE THEREOF. Any use of such reference designs is at your own risk and you agree to indemnify Intersil Corporation and it's subsidiaries including Zilker Labs, Inc. for any damages resulting
from such use.
25
AN2040.0
May 01, 2009