Complete Energy Utilization Improves Run Time of a Supercap Ride-Through Application by 40% – Design Note 485 George H. Barbehenn Introduction Many electronic systems require a local power source that allows them to ride through brief main power interruptions without shutting down. Some local power sources must be available to carry out a controlled shutdown if the main power input is abruptly removed. Complete Energy Utilization Maximizes Run Time of Supercap Ride-Through Application Figure 1 shows a complete 3.3V/200mA ride-through application that maximizes the amount of power extracted from the supercap to support the load. A battery backup can supply power in the event of a mains shutdown, but batteries are not well suited to this particular application. Although batteries can store significant amounts of energy, they cannot deliver much power due to their significant source impedance. Also, batteries have finite lives of ~2 to 3 years, and the maintenance required for rechargeable batteries is substantial. • The LTC ®4425 complete 2A supercapacitor charger. It clamps the individual cell voltages to ensure that the cells do not overvoltage during charging and balances the cells throughout charge and discharge. The main components of the ride-through application include: • The LTC3606 micropower buck regulator produces the regulated 3.3V output. Supercapacitors are well suited to such ride-through applications. Their low source impedance allows them to supply significant power for a relatively short time, and they are considerably more reliable and durable than batteries. • The LTC4416 dual ideal diode switches the supercap in and out depending on need. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. VDD M1A Si7913DN R2 47k 10 9 2 3 4 7 R6 1.5M 9 R7 1.2M 7 6 4 3 5 C6 10μF 12 11 V1 G1 H1 VS E1 LTC4416EMS H2 GND 1 VOUT 2 VOUT1 LTC4425EMSE V2 VMID PFI_RET 10 2 + EN SEL + C11* + 550mF 5.5V HS206F 2 + 13 ICHARGE =1000/R ICHARGE = 2A *SUPERCAP 550mF 3 C8* 550mF 5.5V HS206F OPT 3 5 OPT 3 2 INSERT JUMPER TO BYPASS BOOST CONVERTER 1 J1 1 t 4 R9 47k 3 J2 2 7 6 SHDN VIN H2 SW G2 L2 2.2μH LPS4018-222MLC VOUT 3 2 5 7 2 R5 54.9k 8 VIN RUN SW 4 LTC3606BEDD RLIM PGOOD FB 6 L1 1μH LPS4018102MLC 3V3 t C4 22μF R3 1.21M GND GND1 EPAD 1 3 9 DN485 F01 8 C3 22μF FB GND PGND EPAD C1 10μF R4 267k 1 LTC3539EDCB MODE VIN_BUCK VDD OR 34V C5 1000pF M1A Si7913DN C7 10μF + OPT 3 PROG 8 FB PFO EPAD R8 499Ω C10* + 550mF 5.5V HS206F 2 8 5 6 VSC C9* + 550mF 5.5V HS206F 2 + H1 1 E2 VIN VIN1 PFI R1 47k C2 22μF R11 1.02M 9 R10 562k Figure 1. This Supercap-Based Power Ride-Through Circuit Maximizes Run Time Using an Energy Scavenging Scheme 12/10/485 • The LTC3539 micropower boost regulator with output disconnect recovers nearly all the energy in the supercap and it keeps the input to the LTC3606 above dropout as the supercap voltage drops. This boost regulator operates down to 0.5V. 40% Improvement in Run Time Figure 2 shows the waveforms if the LTC3539 boost circuit is disabled. Run time from input power off to output regulator voltage dropping to 3V is 4.68 seconds. Figure 3 shows the waveforms if the LTC3539 boost circuit is operational. Run time from input power off to the output regulator dropping to 3V is 7.92 seconds. Note in Figure 3 that the output is a steady 3.3V voltage with a sharp cutoff. How it Works When the LTC3539 boost regulator is disabled, as soon as input power falls, the LTC4416 ideal diodes switch the input energy supply for the LTC3606 buck regulator to the supercap. In Figure 2, the voltage across the supercap (VSC) is seen to linearly decrease due to the constant power load of 200mA at 3.3V on the buck regulator output (3V3). VSC AND VIN_BUCK VDD 3V3 DN485 F02 1 SECOND/DIV Figure 2. Power Ride-Through Application Results without Boost Circuit VIN_BUCK VDD VSC 3V3 1 SECOND/DIV DN485 F03 Figure 3. Power Ride-Through Application Results with Boost Circuit Enabled. The Boost Circuit Yields a 40% Improvement in Run Time In Figure 3, when the LTC3539 boost regulator is enabled, the voltage across the supercap (VSC) is seen to linearly decrease due to the constant power load of 200mA at The output power is 3.33V • 0.2A = 0.67W, so the per3.3V on the buck regulator. When the voltage at VSC centage of energy extracted from the full supercap when reaches 3.4V, the regulation point of the boost regulator, the boost regulator is disabled is 45.1%: the boost regulator begins switching. This shuts off the εLOAD 0.67 • 4.68s ideal diode and disconnects the buck regulator from the = = 45.1% 6.875 ε CAP supercapacitor. The energy input to the buck regulator is now the boost regulator’s output of 3.4V. The percentage of the energy extracted from the suBecause the input of the buck regulator remains at 3.4V, percap’s available storage when the boost regulator is its output remains in regulation. When the boost reguenabled is 77%: lator reaches its input UVLO and shuts off, its output immediately collapses, and the buck regulator shuts off. εLOAD 0.67 • 7.92s = = 77% 6.875 ε CAP Maximizing Usage of the Energy in the Supercap Because each power conversion lowers the overall efficiency, the boost circuit should be held off as long as possible. Therefore, set the boost regulator output voltage as close to the buck regulator input dropout voltage as possible, in this case, 3.4V. This represents a 40% improvement in ride-through run time—significant when seconds count. Conclusion The run time of any given supercapacitor-based power If the supercapacitor is initially charged to 5V, then the ride-through system can be extended by 40% if energy is energy in the supercapacitor is 6.875J: utilized from the discharging supercap. This is particularly relevant if the supercapacitor charge voltage is reduced 1 2 1 to ensure high temperature reliability. CV = 0.55F • 52 = 6.875J 2 2 0.67W (3.33 • 0.2A) Data Sheet Download www.linear.com For applications help, call (978) 656-3752 Linear Technology Corporation dn485f LT/AP 1210 226K • PRINTED IN THE USA FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2010 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ●