LTC3877 Dual Phase Step-Down Synchronous Controller with VID Output Voltage Programming and Low Value DCR Sensing Features Description 6-Bit Parallel VID (Voltage Identification) Inputs Set Output Voltage from 0.6V to 1.23V in 10mV Steps nn Output Voltage Range: 0.6V to 5V (Without VID) nn Ultra Low Value DCR/R SENSE Current Sensing nn ±1% Maximum Total Regulation Voltage Accuracy Over Temperature nn Dual Differential Remote Sensing Amplifiers nn t ON(MIN) = 40ns, Capable of Very Low Duty Cycles at High Frequency nn Phase-Lockable Frequency from 250kHz to 1MHz nn Current Mismatch Between Channels: 5% Max nn Adjustable Soft-Start Current Ramping or Tracking nn Multi-IC Operation Up To 12 Phases nn Wide V Range: 4.5V to 38V IN nn Dual Power Good Output Voltage Monitors nn Output Overvoltage Protection nn Foldback Output Current Limiting and Soft Recovery The LTC®3877 is a VID-programmable, constant frequency current mode step-down controller using an advanced and proprietary architecture. This new architecture enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the current sense signal, allowing the use of very low DC resistance power inductors to maximize efficiency in high current applications. This feature also dramatically reduces the current sensing error, so that current sharing is greatly improved in multi-phase low DCR applications. In addition, the controller achieves a minimum on-time of just 40ns, permitting the use of high switching frequency at high step-down ratios. nn The LTC3877 features dual high speed remote sense differential amplifiers, programmable current sense limits and DCR temperature compensation to limit the maximum output current precisely over temperature. The LTC3877 also features a precise 0.6V reference with guaranteed accuracy of ±0.5%. The LTC3877 is available in a low profile 44-lead 7mm × 7mm QFN package. Applications L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, OPTI-LOOP, PolyPhase, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents including 5481178, 5705919, 5929620, 6100678, 6144194, 6177787, 6304066, 6580258. FPGAs and Processor Power nn Servers and Computing nn Typical Application Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current High Efficiency Dual Phase Single Output, 400kHz, 0.9V/60A Step-Down Converter + 270µF PINS NOT SHOWN IN THIS CIRCUIT: CLKOUT EXTVCC PGOOD1 PGOOD2 PHASMD ITEMP 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 10µF ×4 34.8k VIN 220nF 220nF VOUT 100µF ×2 330µF ×3 LTC3877 0.1µF BOOST2 SW2 BG1 BG2 10k SNSA1+ SNSA2+ SNS1– SNS2– SNSD1+ VFB2+ VFB1 SNSD2+ 20k 86.6k 0.1µF 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 8 220nF 6 5 85 POWER LOSS 80 70 220nF 3.57k 100µF ×2 + 1.5nF VOUT 0.9V 60A 7 90 75 715Ω VOSNS1+ VOSNS1– ITH1 ITH2 DIFFOUT VFB2– FREQ TK/SS1 TK/SS2 VID0,5 9 EFFICIENCY TG2 SW1 10 12V VIN 400kHz CCM 95 GND 3.57k 100 MODE/PLLIN BOOST1 715Ω + ILIM TG1 0.1µF 4.7µF VID_EN VID1,2,3,4 RUN 10k INTVCC INTVCC CHL_SEL FROM µP EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 6V TO 20V 0 10 4 3 VOUT = 1.2V 2 VOUT = 0.9V VOUT = 1.2V 1 VOUT = 0.9V 0 20 30 40 50 60 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3877 TA01b 330µF ×3 8.45k 3877 TA01 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 3877f 1 LTC3877 Absolute Maximum Ratings Pin Configuration (Note 1) 44 SNS1– 43 SNSD1+ 42 ITEMP 41 VID0 40 VID1 39 VID2 38 VID3 37 VID4 36 VID5 35 VID_EN 34 CHL_SEL TOP VIEW SNSA1+ 1 TK/SS1 2 VOSNS1+ 3 VOSNS1– 4 DIFFOUT 5 VFB1 6 ITH1 7 ITH2 8 TK/SS2 9 VFB2+ 10 VFB2– 11 33 SW1 32 TG1 31 BOOST1 30 BG1 29 VIN 28 INTVCC 27 EXTVCC 26 BG2 25 BOOST2 24 TG2 23 SW2 45 SGND/PGND SNSA2+ 12 SNS2– 13 SNSD2+ 14 ILIM 15 RUN 16 FREQ 17 MODE/PLLIN 18 PHASMD 19 PGOOD1 20 PGOOD2 21 CLKOUT 22 Input Supply Voltage (VIN).......................... –0.3V to 40V Topside Driver Voltages (BOOST1, BOOST2)................................ –0.3V to 46V Switch Voltages (SW1, SW2)......................... –5V to 40V SNSA1+, SNSD1+, SNS1–, SNSA2+, SNSD2+, SNS2– Voltages................................. –0.3V to INTVCC (BOOST1-SW1), (BOOST2-SW2) Voltages.... –0.3V to 6V RUN Voltage................................................... –0.3 to 9V PGOOD1, PGOOD2, EXTVCC Voltages...................................... –0.3V to 6V MODE/PLLIN, FREQ, PHASMD Voltages.... –0.3V to INTVCC CHL_SEL, VID(s), VID_EN Voltages....... –0.3V to INTVCC TK/SS1, TK/SS2 Voltages...................... –0.3V to INTVCC ITH1, ITH2, ITEMP, ILIM Voltages............. –0.3V to INTVCC VFB1, VOSNS1+, VOSNS1–, VFB2+, VFB2– Voltages................................... –0.3V to INTVCC INTVCC Peak Output Current.................................100mA Operating Junction Temperature Range (Note2, Note 3)................................... –40°C to 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 125°C UK PACKAGE 44-LEAD (7mm × 7mm) PLASTIC QFN TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 34°C/W, θJC = 3.0°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 45) IS SGND/PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC3877EUK#PBF LTC3877EUK#TRPBF LTC3877UK 44-Lead (7mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC3877IUK#PBF LTC3877IUK#TRPBF LTC3877UK 44-Lead (7mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. Consult LTC Marketing for information on nonstandard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 2 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 3). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Main Control Loops VIN Input Voltage Range VOUT Output Voltage Range When VID Control Disabled VINTVCC = 5.5V, With Low DCR Sensing (Note 10) Without Low DCR Sensing (Note 9) VOUT_VID Output Voltage When VID Control Enabled (Diff Amp and Error Amp Included) (Note 4) ITH1 Voltage = 1.2V VID0,1,2,3,4,5 = 0V VID0 = 1V, VID1,2,3,4,5 = 0V VID0,5 = 0V, VID1,2,3,4 = 1V VID1,2,3,4 = 0V, VID0,5 = 1V VID0,1,2,3,4,5 = 1V IQ Input DC Supply Current Normal Operation Shutdown (Note 5) VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V, No Switching, EXTVCC Float VRUN = 0V UVLO Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VINTVCC Ramping Down l l l l l 4.5 38 V 0.6 0.6 3.5 5 V V 600 610 900 930 1.23 606 616 909 939 1.242 mV mV mV mV V 7.3 33 10 50 mA µA 3.6 3.8 4.1 V 597 595.5 600 600 603 604.5 mV mV 594 604 891 921 1.218 UVLOHYS UVLO Hysteresis VFB2+ Regulated VOUT Feedback Voltage Including Diffamp Error (Channel 2) (Note 4), ITH2 Voltage = 1.2V (–40°C to 85°C) (Note 4), ITH2 Voltage = 1.2V (–40°C to 125°C) 0.5 IFB1 Channel 1 Feedback Current (Note 4) 2 20 nA IFB2+ Channel 2 Feedback Current (Note 4) 40 100 nA DFMAX Maximum Duty Cycle In Dropout, fOSC = 625kHz VOVL Feedback Overvoltage Lockout Measured at VFB1, VFB2+ VREFLNREG Reference Voltage Line Regulation VIN = 4.5V to 38V (Note 4) VLOADREG Output Voltage Load Regulation (Note 4) In Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 0.7V In Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 1.6V l l V 94 96 650 670 690 mV 0.002 0.01 %/V 0.01 –0.01 0.1 –0.1 % % l l % gm1,2 EA Transconductance ITEMP DCR Temp. Compensation Current VITEMP = 0.5V tSSINT Internal Soft Start Time VTK/SS = 5V (Note 8) ITK/SS1,2 Soft Start Charge Current VTK/SS = 0V l 1.0 1.25 1.5 VRUN RUN Pin ON Threshold VRUN Rising l 1.1 1.22 1.35 VRUN HYS RUN Pin ON Hysteresis 80 mV IRUN HYS RUN Pin Current Hysteresis 4.5 µA ITH1,2 Voltage = 1.2V; Sink/Source 5μA (Note 4) 2.5 29 30 mmho 31 600 μA µs µA V Current Sensing ISNSA+ AC Sense Pin Bias Current VSNSAn+ = 1V l 55 120 ISNSD+ DC Sense Pin Bias Current + = 1V l 30 50 AVT_SNS Total Sense Gain to Current Comp VSNSDn 5 nA nA V/V 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 3 LTC3877 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 3). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER VSENSE(MAX)DC Maximum Current Sense Threshold with Low DCR Sensing (Note 10) VSENSE(MAX)NODC Maximum Current Sense Threshold without Low DCR Sensing (Note 11) IMISMATCH CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 0V VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = INTVCC 9 14 19 23.5 28.5 10 15 20 25 30 11 16 21 26.5 31.5 mV mV mV mV mV –40°C to 125°C VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 0V VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = INTVCC l l l l l 8.5 13.5 17.5 22 26.5 10 15 20 25 30 11.5 16.5 22.5 28 33.5 mV mV mV mV mV VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 0V VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC VSNS–(s) = 0.9V, ILIM = INTVCC l l l l l 45 70 95 117.5 142.5 50 75 100 125 150 55 80 105 132.5 157.5 mV mV mV mV mV 5 % Channel-to-Channel Current Mismatch ILIM = Float Differential Amplifier 1 ICL Maximum Output Current 3 VOUT(MAX) Maximum Output Voltage IDIFFOUT = 300μA GBW Gain Bandwidth Product (Note 8) Slew Rate Differential Amplifier Slew Rate VID Top Resistance 5 mA INTVCC – 1.5V 3 V 4.5 MHz (Note 8) 2V V/µs (Note 8) 3.33 kΩ VID Parameters RTOP Digital Inputs VID0,1,2,3,4,5, VID_EN, CHL_SEL VIH Input High Threshold Voltage VIL Input Low Threshold Voltage Rpd Pin Pull-down Resistor 0.7 V 0.3 V 100 kΩ Gate Drivers TG RUP1,2 TG Pull-Up RDS(ON) TG High 2.6 Ω TG RDOWN1,2 TG Pull-Down RDS(ON) TG Low 1.5 Ω BG RUP1,2 BG Pull-Up RDS(ON) BG High 2.4 Ω BG RDOWN1,2 BG Pull-Down RDS(ON) BG Low 1.1 Ω TG1,2 tr TG1,2 tf TG Transition Time Rise Time Fall Time (Notes 6, 8) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 25 ns ns BG1,2 tr BG1,2 tf BG Transition Time Rise Time Fall Time (Notes 6, 8) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 25 ns ns TG/BG t1D Top Gate Off to Bottom Gate On Delay CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver 30 ns BG/TG t2D Bottom Gate Off to Top Gate On Delay CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver 30 ns tON(MIN) Minimum On-Time (Note 7) 40 ns 4 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 3). VIN = 15V, VRUN = 5V unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN 5.3 TYP MAX UNITS INTVCC Linear Regulator VINTVCC Internal LDO Output Voltage 6V < VIN < 38V VLDO INT INTVCC Load Regulation ICC = 0 to 20mA VEXTVCC EXTVCC Switchover Voltage EXTVCC Rising VLDO EXT EXTVCC Voltage Drop ICC = 20mA, VEXTVCC = 5.5V VLDOHYS EXTVCC Hysteresis l 4.5 5.5 5.7 V 0.5 2.0 % 4.7 40 V 100 300 mV mV Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop fNOM Nominal Frequency VFREQ = 1.22V 575 fRANGE PLL SYNC Range VSYNC MODE/PLLIN Sync Input Threshold RMODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN Input Resistance IFREQ Frequency Setting Current VFREQ = 1.2V 9 10 11 μA VCLKOUT High Output Voltage Low Output Voltage VINTVCC = 5.5V 4 5.5 0 0.2 V V Φ2 – Φ1 Channel 2 to Channel 1 Phase Delay VPHSMD = 0V VPHSMD = Float VPHSMD = INTVCC 180 180 240 Deg Deg Deg ΦCLKOUT – Φ1 CLKOUT to Channel 1 Phase Delay VPHSMD = 0V VPHSMD = Float VPHSMD = INTVCC 60 90 120 Deg Deg Deg 0.1 l 625 250 VSYNC Rising VSYNC Falling 675 kHz 1000 kHz 1.6 1 V V 250 kΩ Power Good Output VPGL PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD = 2mA IPGOOD PGOOD Leakage Current VPGOOD = 5.5V VPG PGOOD Trip Level VFB1, VFB2+ with Respect to Set Output Voltage VFB1, VFB2+ Ramping Up VFB1, VFB2+ Ramping Down 10 –10 % % TDELAY VPGOOD High to Low Delay Time 50 µs TBLANK PGOOD Bad Blanking Time Measure from VID Transition Edge 235 µs Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: TJ is calculated from the ambient temperature TA and power dissipation PD according to the following formula: TJ = TA + (PD • 34°C/W). Note 3: The LTC3877 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3877E is guaranteed to meet specifications from 0°C to 85°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3877I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. 0.3 V 2 µA Note 4: The LTC3877 is tested in a feedback loop that servos VITH1,2 to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VOSNS1+, VFB2+. Note 5: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See Applications Information. Note 6: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels. Note 7: The minimum on-time condition is specified for an inductor peak-to-peak ripple current ≥40% of IMAX (see Minimum On-Time Considerations in the Applications Information section). Note 8: Guaranteed by design. Note 9: Both VID_EN and SNSD+ pins to GND. In order to obtain 5V at the output of Channel 1, the VOSNS1+ pin must be connected to the mid-point of an external resistor divider, and the VFB1 pin must be shorted to the DIFFOUT pin. Note 10: SNSD+ pin to VOUT. Note 11: SNSD+ pin to GND. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 5 LTC3877 Typical Performance Characteristics Efficiency vs Output Current and Mode (Circuit on Last Page) 100 100 90 90 VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.2V 60 50 40 30 20 90 VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V 70 85 60 50 40 30 0 5 10 15 20 LOAD CURRENT (A) 25 BURST MODE CONTINUOUS MODE 10 30 0 VIN = 12V CCM 80 75 70 65 60 20 BURST MODE CONTINUOUS MODE 10 0 95 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 70 Efficiency vs Output Current and Voltage EFFICIENCY (%) 80 EFFICIENCY (%) Efficiency vs Output Current and Mode (Circuit on Last Page) 0 5 10 15 20 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3877 G01 25 30 VOUT = 0.9V VOUT = 1.2V VOUT = 1.8V 55 50 0 Load Step (Figure 16 Application Circuit) (Forced Continuous Mode) ILOAD 40A/DIV 5A TO 40A IL1, IL2 10A/DIV IL1, IL2 10A/DIV IL1, IL2 10A/DIV VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V 3877 G04 50µs/DIV 3877 G06 Coincident Tracking VOUT 500mV/DIV Burst Mode OPERATION 10A/DIV 6 VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V 3877 G05 Prebiased Output at 0.6V Inductor Current at Light Load PULSESKIPPING MODE 10A/DIV 50µs/DIV 30 Load Step (Figure 16 Application Circuit) (Pulse-Skipping Mode) ILOAD 40A/DIV 5A TO 40A FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 10A/DIV 25 3877 G03 ILOAD 40A/DIV 5A TO 40A 50µs/DIV 10 15 20 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3877 G02 Load Step (Figure 16 Application Circuit) (Burst Mode Operation) VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V 5 RUN 2V/DIV VOUT1 VFB 500mV/DIV TK/SS 500mV/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V ILOAD = 2A 5µs/DIV 3877 G07 VOUT2 VOUT1 VOUT2 500mV/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 0.9V CCM: NO LOAD 2.0ms/DIV 3877 G08 VIN = 12V 20ms/DIV VOUT1 = 1.2V, RLOAD = 12Ω, CCM VOUT2 = 0.9V, RLOAD = 6Ω, CCM 3877 G09 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Typical Performance Characteristics Tracking Up and Down with External Ramp Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage INTVCC Line Regulation 40 CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) 6 TK/SS1 TK/SS2 2V/DIV INTVCC VOLTAGE (V) 5 VOUT2 VOUT1 VOUT1 VOUT2 500mV/DIV VIN = 12V 10ms/DIV VOUT1 = 0.9V, 1Ω LOAD VOUT2 = 1.2V, 1.5Ω LOAD 4 3 2 1 3877 G10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 40 ILIM = 0 ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC ILIM = INTVCC 35 0 0.5 1 1.5 ITH VOLTAGE (V) 3877 G11 ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC 25 ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC 20 ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC 15 ILIM = GND 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 VSENSE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) ILIM = INTVCC 30 25 ILIM = 1/2 INTVCC 20 ILIM = 1/4 INTVCC 15 ILIM = GND 10 0 4 0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 597 –55 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0.6 3877 G15 TK/SS Pull-Up Current vs Temperature 1.4 900 VFREQ = INTVCC VFREQ = INTVCC 800 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (kHz) OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (kHz) 599 Oscillator Frequency vs Input Voltage 1400 1000 VFREQ = 1.22V 600 400 200 600 3877 G14 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 800 601 598 5 3877 G13 1200 602 ILIM = 3/4 INTVCC VFREQ = GND 600 500 VFREQ = 1.22V 400 300 200 3877 G16 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.15 VFREQ = GND 100 0 –55 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1.35 700 TK/SS CURRENT (µA) 30 603 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV) ILIM = INTVCC Regulated Feedback Voltage vs Temperature 35 MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) 35 3877 G12 Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Feedback Voltage (Current Foldback) Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Common Mode Voltage 2 35 40 3877 G17 1.1 –55 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3877 G18 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 7 LTC3877 Typical Performance Characteristics Undervoltage Lockout Threshold (INTVCC) vs Temperature Shutdown (RUN) Threshold vs Temperature 5 1.35 10 ON 1.2 4.5 UVLO THRESHOLD (V) 1.25 OFF 1.15 1.1 VIN QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) 9.5 1.3 RUN PIN THRESHOLD (V) Quiescent Current vs Temperature without EXTVCC RISING 4 FALLING 3.5 1.05 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 1 –55 –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5.0 –55 –30 –5 3 –55–40 –25–10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3877 G19 3877 G21 3877 G20 Quiescent Current vs Input Voltage without EXTVCC Shutdown Current vs Input Voltage Shutdown Current vs Temperature 10 60 50 45 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 40 50 VIN SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) VIN SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) VIN QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) 9 0 40 30 20 10 25 20 15 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) VID_EN VID_EN IL1, IL2 20A/DIV IL1, IL2 20A/DIV IL1, IL2 20A/DIV VOUT VOUT VOUT 3877 G26 40 VID_EN Transient with All VID Pins High (Figure 16 Application Circuit) VID0 ~ VID5 50µs/DIV ALL VID PINS LOW CCM, 40mΩ LOAD VOUT = 0.9V TO 0.6V TO 0.9V 35 3877 G24 VID_EN Transient with All VID Pins Low (Figure 16 Application Circuit) 3877 G25 30 3877 G23 VID Transient (Figure 16 Application Circuit) 50µs/DIV VID_EN HIGH CCM, 40mΩ LOAD VOUT = 0.6V TO 1.23V TO 0.6V 40 35 5 0 –55 –40–25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110125 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3877 G22 8 20 45 70 95 120 145 TEMPERATURE (°C) 50µs/DIV ALL VID PINS HIGH CCM, 40mΩ LOAD VOUT = 0.9V TO 1.23V TO 0.9V 3877 G27 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Pin Functions RUN (Pin 16): Run Control Input. A voltage above 1.22V on this pin turns on the IC. However, forcing this pin below 1.14V causes the IC to shut down. There is a 1.0µA pull-up current for this pin. Once the Run pin rises above 1.22V, an additional 4.5µA pull-up current is added to the pin. It is highly recommended to have a resistor divider from VIN to SGND, and connect the center tap to RUN pin in order not to turn on the IC until VIN is high enough. VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3, VID4, VID5 (Pin 41, Pin 40, Pin 39, Pin 38, Pin 37, Pin 36): Digital VID Inputs for Output Voltage Programming. There are internal 100kΩ pull-down resistors connected to these pins respectively. VID_EN (Pin 35): VID Enable Pin. When this pin is asserted, channel 1’s output will be programmed by the VID inputs after startup is complete. If the LTC3877 is configured as a dual-phase single-output controller with the CHL_SEL pin high, its output will be programmed through the VID pins after VID_EN is asserted. Before VID_EN is asserted, channel 1’s output is set by an external resistor divider. There is an internal 100kΩ pull-down resistor connected to this pin. CHL_SEL (Pin 34): Channel Configuration Pin. When this pin is asserted, the two channels are configured as a dual-phase single-output regulator, and the output voltage can be programmed by VID inputs if VID_EN is asserted. When this pin is grounded, the two channels operate independently. Channel 1’s output can be programmed by VID inputs if VID_EN is high, but Channel 2’s output must be set by an external resistor divider. There is an internal 100kΩ pull-down resistor connected to this pin. VOSNS1+ (Pin 3): Positive Input of Channel 1 Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin to the remote load voltage directly. VOSNS1– (Pin 4): Negative Input of Channel 1 Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin to the negative terminal of the output capacitors near the load. DIFFOUT (Pin 5): Output of Channel 1 Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. If remote sensing is used on channel 1, connect this pin to VFB1 through a resistor divider. VFB1 (Pin 6): Channel 1 Error Amplifier Feedback input. This pin receives the remotely sensed feedback voltage from the external resistive divider across the output. The error amp of channel 1 is disconnected from this pin when VID_EN is asserted. VFB2+ (Pin 10): Positive Input of Channel 2 Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. This pin receives the remotely sensed feedback voltage from an external resistive divider across the output. The Differential Amplifier output is connected directly to the Error Amplifier’s input inside the IC. VFB2– (Pin 11): Negative Input of Channel 2 Remote Sensing Differential Amplifier. Connect this pin to the negative terminal of the output capacitors near the load when remote sensing is desired. SNSA1+, SNSA2+ (Pin 1, Pin 12): Positive Terminals of the AC Current Sense Comparator Inputs. The (+) input to the AC current comparator is normally connected to a DCR sensing network. When the respective channel’s SNSD+ pin is connected to this network, the channel’s AC ripple voltage seen by the IC is effectively increased by a factor of 5. SNSD1+, SNSD2+ (Pin 43, Pin 14): Positive Terminals of the DC Current Sense Comparator Inputs. The (+) input to the DC current comparator is normally connected to a DC current sensing network. When this pin is grounded, the respective phase’s current limit is increased by a factor of 5. SNS1–, SNS2– (Pin 44, Pin 13): Negative Terminals of the AC and DC Current Sense Comparator Inputs. The (–) inputs to the current comparators are connected to the output at the inductor (or current sense resistor, if one is used). ILIM (Pin 15): Current Comparators' Sense Voltage Range Input. A DC voltage applied to this pin programs the maximum current sense threshold to one of five different levels for the current comparators. ITH1, ITH2 (Pin 7, Pin 8): Current Control Threshold and Error Amplifier Compensation Points. The current comparators' tripping thresholds increase with these control voltages. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 9 LTC3877 Pin Functions TK/SS1, TK/SS2 (Pin 2, Pin 9): Output Voltage Tracking and Soft Start Inputs. When one channel is configured to be the master, a capacitor to ground at this pin sets the ramp rate for the master channel’s output voltage. When the channel is configured to be the slave, the feedback voltage of the master channel is reproduced by a resistor divider and applied to this pin. Internal soft start currents of 1.25µA charge these pins. ITEMP (Pin 42): Input to the Temperature Sensing Comparator. This pin can be programmed to compensate the temperature coefficient of the inductor DCR. When CHL_SEL is asserted, the voltage on this pin can be used to compensate both channels temperature. When CHL_SEL is grounded, the voltage on this pin only compensates channel 1's current limit for temperature. Connect this pin to an external NTC resistor network placed near the appropriate inductors. Floating this pin disables the DCR temperature compensation function. PGOOD1, PGOOD2 (Pin 20, Pin 21): Power Good Indicator Output for Each Channel. Open drain logic that is pulled to ground when the respective channel’s output exceeds its ±10% regulation window, after the internal 50µs power bad mask timer expires. During a VID transition, PGOOD is blanked for 235µs. MODE/PLLIN (Pin 18): Force Continuous Mode, Burst Mode or Pulse Skip Mode Selection Pin and External Synchronization Input to Phase Detector Pin. Connect this pin to SGND to force the IC into continuous mode of operation. Connect to INTVCC to enable pulse skip mode of operation. Leave the pin floating to enable Burst Mode operation. A clock on the pin will force the IC into continuous mode of operation and synchronize the internal oscillator with the clock on this pin. The PLL compensation network is integrated into the IC. FREQ (Pin 17): Oscillator Frequency Control Input. There is a precision 10µA current flowing out of this pin. A resistor to ground sets a voltage which in turn programs the frequency. Alternatively, this pin can be driven with a DC voltage to vary the frequency of the internal oscillator. 10 PHASMD (Pin 19): Phase Program Pin. This pin can be tied to SGND, INTVCC or left floating. It determines the relative phases between the internal controllers as well as the phasing of the CLKOUT signal. See Table 1 in the Operation section for detail. CLKOUT (Pin 22): Clock Output Pin. Clock output with phase changeable by PHASMD to enable usage of multiple LTC3877s in PolyPhase systems. Signal swing is from INTVCC to ground. BOOST1, BOOST2 (Pin 31, Pin 25): Boosted Floating Driver Supplies. The (+) terminal of the bootstrap capacitors connect to these pins. These pins swing from a diode voltage drop below INTVCC up to VIN + INTVCC. TG1, TG2 (Pin 32, Pin 24): Top Gate Driver Outputs. These are the outputs of floating drivers with a voltage swing equal to INTVCC superimposed on the switch node voltage. SW1, SW2 (Pin 33, Pin 23): Switch Node Connections to Inductors. Voltage swings at these pins are from a Schottky diode (external) voltage drop below ground to VIN. BG1, BG2 (Pin 30, Pin 26): Bottom Gate Driver Outputs. These pins drive the gates of the bottom N-Channel MOSFETs between PGND and INTVCC. VIN (Pin 29): Main Input Supply. Bypass this pin to PGND with a capacitor (0.1µF to 1µF). INTVCC (Pin 28): Internal 5.5V Regulator Output. The control circuits are powered from this voltage. Bypass this pin to PGND with a minimum of 4.7µF low ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitor. EXTVCC (Pin 27): External Power Input to Internal Switch Connected to INTVCC. The internal switch closes and supplies the IC power, bypassing the internal low dropout regulator, whenever EXTVCC is higher than 4.7V. Do not exceed 6V on this pin. SGND/PGND (Exposed Pad Pin 45): Signal/Power Ground Pin. Connect this pin closely to the sources of the bottom N-channel MOSFETs and the negative terminals of the VIN and INTVCC bypassing capacitors. All small-signal components and compensation components should also connect to this ground. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Block Diagram KNTC MODE/PLLIN PHASMD FREQ EXTVCC 30µA ITEMP 4.7V + – TEMPSNS F 0.6V MODE/SYNC DETECT VIN + – CIN INTVCC F PLL-SYNC VIN + 5.5V REG BOOST BURST EN CLKOUT S R Q + 5k ICMP M1 SNSA+ SWITCH LOGIC AND ANTISHOOTTHROUGH IREV CB SW ON – + – TG FCNT OSC VOUT1 DB SNS– VOUT2 RUN R6 + BG COUT M2 OV R5 CVCC GND ILIM PGOOD SLOPE COMPENSATION + INTVCC UVLO 0.555V UV1 – 1 50k ITHB SNSD+ + ACTIVE CLAMP AMP SLEEP OV1 – + – – + + 0.5V – EA1 SS RUN 0.66V – 40k 1.22V 40k VFB1INT RC RUN 40k VFB2– EA2 VFB2INT 1µA/5.5µA CC1 UV2 OV2 TK/SS CSS CHL_SEL VID0 VID1 VID3 VID4 R4 VID LOGIC VID2 VID_EN VFB1 R2 VFB_VID GND – R1 VID5 40k + DIFFAMP1 R3 VFB2+ BUFFER2 – + – 0.55V ITH + 40k + DIFFAMP2 1.25µA + VIN 0.6V REF SNS– – + 40k + BUFFER1 – 40k 40k VOSNS1+ VOSNS1– 3877 BD DIFFOUT 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 11 LTC3877 Operation Main Control Loop The LTC3877 is a constant frequency, current mode, step-down controller with both channels operating 180° or 240° out-of-phase. During normal operation, each top MOSFET is turned on when the clock for that channel sets the RS latch, and turned off when the main current comparator, ICMP, resets the RS latch. The peak inductor current at which ICMP resets the RS latch is controlled by the voltage on the ITH pin, which is the output of each error amplifier EA. The remote sense amplifier (DIFFAMP) converts the sensed differential voltage across the output (or output feedback resistor divider, depending on the mode of operation) to an internal voltage referred to SGND. This feedback signal is then compared to the internal 0.6V reference voltage by the EA. When the load current increases, it causes a slight decrease in the feedback relative to the 0.6V reference, which in turn causes the ITH voltage to increase until the average inductor current matches the new load current. After the top MOSFET has turned off, the bottom MOSFET is turned on until either the inductor current starts to reverse, as indicated by the reverse current comparator IREV, or the beginning of the next cycle. INTVCC/EXTVCC Power Power for the top and bottom MOSFET drivers and most other internal circuitry is derived from the INTVCC pin. When the EXTVCC pin is left open or tied to a voltage less than 4.5V, an internal 5.5V linear regulator supplies INTVCC power from VIN. If EXTVCC is taken above 4.7V, the 5.5V regulator is turned off and an internal switch is turned on, allowing EXTVCC to power the IC. When using EXTVCC, the VIN voltage has to be higher than EXTVCC voltage at all times and has to come before EXTVCC is applied. Otherwise, EXTVCC current will flow back to VIN through the internal switch's body diode and potentially damage the device. Using the EXTVCC pin allows the INTVCC power to be derived from a high efficiency external source. Each top MOSFET driver is biased from its floating bootstrap capacitor CB, which normally recharges during each off cycle through an external diode when the top MOSFET turns off. If the input voltage VIN decreases to a voltage close to VOUT, the loop may enter dropout and attempt 12 to turn on the top MOSFET continuously. The dropout detector detects this and forces the top MOSFET off for about one-twelfth of the clock period plus 100ns every third cycle to allow CB to recharge. However, it is recommended that a load be present or the IC operates at low frequency during the drop-out transition to ensure that CB is recharged. Channel Selection (CHL_SEL Pin) The LTC3877 has two alternative configurations, which can be selected by the CHL_SEL pin. When CHL_SEL is asserted, the controller enters the dual phase single output configuration. Channel 1 becomes the master channel while Channel 2’s Differential Amplifier (DIFFAMP2) and Error Amplifier (EA2) are disabled. The two channels share Channel 1’s Error Amplifier (EA1) and the feedback voltages of the two channels are shorted internally. Also, an internal circuit allows the inductor's DCR temperature compensation to be shared between the two channels. If VID_EN is asserted also, the output can be programmed by 6-bit Voltage Identification (VID) inputs. Otherwise, the output is set by the external resistor divider connected to the VFB1 pin. If CHL_SEL pin is grounded, the two channels operate independently. Channel 2’s output is set by an external resistor divider between the VFB2+ and VFB2– pins. Channel 1’s output is programmed by the VID inputs if VID_EN pin is HIGH, or set by an external resistor divider on the VFB1 pin if VID_EN is grounded. There is an internal 100k pull-down resistor connected to the CHL_SEL pin. It is recommended to ground this pin instead of floating it if logic low state is desired. The logic low threshold of the CHL_SEL pin is 0.3V; the logic high threshold is 0.7V. Output Voltage Programming (VID0~VID5 Pins) and VID Mode (VID_EN Pin) The LTC3877 output voltage can be programmed by either an internal Voltage Identification (VID) resistor bank or an external resistor divider, depending on the state of the VID_EN pin. Before VID_EN is driven HIGH, the output voltage is set by an external resistor divider connected to 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Operation and turn on the second DC/DC regulator in sequence. The second regulator may or may not be an LTC3877. When its output voltage is ready, its Power Good signal (PGOOD2) will trigger the third regulator, and so on, until all the regulators are powered up. The last one will send out a Ready signal, such as PGOOD3. Then, the FPGA will initialize and send out its own Ready signal (INIT_DONE). When these two Ready signals are asserted, the external AND gate drives the VID_EN pin of LTC3877 HIGH. At that time, the LTC3877 will regulate its output voltage according to the VID inputs coming from the FPGA. The VID signals can be sent to LTC3877 before or after VID_EN is asserted. Before VID_EN is High, the VID inputs are ignored. LTC3877 VID_EN M2 VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 VOLTAGE_ID VCC1 0.9V PGOOD TK/SS C2 FPGA DC/DC REGULATOR VCC2 M3 1.8V Shutdown and Start-Up (RUN and TK/SS1, TK/SS2 Pins) PGOOD2 The LTC3877 can be shut down using the RUN pin. Pulling the RUN pin below 1.14V disables both channels and most internal circuits, including the INTVCC regulator. Releasing RUN allows an internal 1µA current to pull up the pin and enable the controller. Alternatively, the RUN pin may be externally pulled up or driven directly by logic. Be careful not to exceed the Absolute Maximum Rating of 6V on this pin. TK/SS C3 DC/DC REGULATOR VCC3 PGOOD3 3.3V INIT_DONE 3877 F01 Figure 1. Suggested FPGA VID Regulator Diagram the VFB1 pin. Once VID_EN goes to HIGH, the voltage on the VFB1 pin is ignored, and the output voltage is digitally programmed by 6-bit parallel VID inputs, which command output voltages from 0.6V to 1.23V in 10mV steps. When the CHL_SEL pin is grounded, the VID mode is only available for Channel 1. When CHL_SEL is asserted, the VID mode is available for both channels. There are internal 100k pull-down resistors connected to all VID input pins and the VID_EN pin. It is recommended to ground these pins instead of floating them if logic low state is desired. The logic low threshold of the VID and VID_EN pins is 0.3V; the logic high threshold is 0.7V. Figure 1 is a conceptual example of the LTC3877 supplying power for an FPGA. First, LTC3877 starts up. Its output voltage is set by an external resistor divider to an initial voltage, such as 0.9V. When the LTC3877 startup is complete, its Power Good (PGOOD) pin will go HIGH The start-up of each channel’s output voltage VOUT is controlled by the voltage on its TK/SS pin. When the voltage on the TK/SS pin is less than the 0.6V internal reference, the LTC3877 regulates the VFB voltage to the TK/SS pin voltage instead of the 0.6V reference. This allows the TK/ SS pin to be used to program the soft-start period by connecting an external capacitor from the TK/SS pin to SGND. An internal 1.25µA pull-up current charges this capacitor, creating a voltage ramp on the TK/SS pin. As the TK/SS voltage rises linearly from 0V to 0.6V (and beyond), the output voltage VOUT rises smoothly from zero to its final value. Alternatively the TK/SS pin can be used to cause the start-up of VOUT to “track” that of another supply. Typically, this requires connecting to the TK/SS pin an external resistor divider from the other supply to ground (see the Applications Information section). When the RUN pin is pulled low to disable the controller, or when INTVCC drops below its undervoltage lockout threshold of 3.7V, the TK/SS pins are pulled low by internal MOSFETs. When in undervoltage lockout, both channels are disabled and the external MOSFETs are held off. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 3877f 13 LTC3877 Operation Internal Soft-Start By default, the start-up of the output voltage is normally controlled by an internal soft-start ramp. The internal soft-start ramp represents one of the non-inverting inputs to the error amplifier. The VFB signal is regulated to the lower of the error amplifier’s three non-inverting inputs (the internal soft-start ramp, the TK/SS pin or the internal 600mV reference). As the ramp voltage rises from 0V to 0.6V over approximately 600µs, the output voltage rises smoothly from its pre-biased value to its final set value. Certain applications can result in the start-up of the converter into a non-zero load voltage, where residual charge is stored on the output capacitor at the onset of converter switching. In order to prevent the output from discharging under these conditions, the top and bottom MOSFETs are disabled until the soft-start voltage is greater than VFB. Light Load Current Operation (Burst Mode® Operation, Pulse-Skipping, or Continuous Conduction) The LTC3877 can be enabled to enter high efficiency Burst Mode operation, constant-frequency pulse-skipping mode, or forced continuous conduction mode. To select forced continuous operation, tie the MODE/PLLIN pin to a DC voltage below 0.6V (e.g., SGND). To select pulse-skipping mode of operation, tie the MODE/PLLIN pin to INTVCC. To select Burst Mode operation, float the MODE/PLLIN pin. When a controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the peak current in the inductor is set to approximately one-third of the maximum sense voltage even though the voltage on the ITH pin indicates a lower value. If the average inductor current is higher than the load current, the error amplifier EA will decrease the voltage on the ITH pin. When the ITH voltage drops below 0.5V, the internal sleep signal goes high (enabling sleep mode) and both external MOSFETs are turned off. In sleep mode, the load current is supplied by the output capacitor. As the output voltage decreases, the EA’s output begins to rise. When the output voltage drops enough, the sleep signal goes low, and the controller resumes normal operation by turning on the top external MOSFET on the next cycle of the internal oscillator. When a controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the inductor current is not allowed to reverse. The reverse current comparator 14 (IREV) turns off the bottom external MOSFET just before the inductor current reaches zero, preventing it from reversing and going negative. Thus, the controller operates in discontinuous operation. In forced continuous operation, the inductor current is allowed to reverse at light loads or under large transient conditions. The peak inductor current is determined by the voltage on the ITH pin. In this mode, the efficiency at light loads is lower than in Burst Mode operation. However, continuous mode has the advantages of lower output ripple and less interference with audio circuitry. When the MODE/PLLIN pin is connected to INTVCC, the LTC3877 operates in PWM pulse-skipping mode at light loads. At very light loads, the current comparator ICMP may remain tripped for several cycles and force the external top MOSFET to stay off for the same number of cycles (i.e., skipping pulses). The inductor current is not allowed to reverse (discontinuous operation). This mode, like forced continuous operation, exhibits low output ripple as well as low audio noise and reduced RF interference as compared to Burst Mode operation. It provides higher low current efficiency than forced continuous mode, but not nearly as high as Burst Mode operation. Differential Sensing of the Output Voltage (VOSNS1+ Pin, VOSNS1– Pin, DIFFOUT Pin, VFB2+ Pin, VFB2– Pin) The LTC3877 includes two low offset, high input impedance, high bandwidth differential amplifiers (diffamp) for applications that require true remote sensing. Both of the LTC3877 differential amplifiers have a typical output slew rate of 2V/µs and both of their positive terminals are high impedance. Each amplifier is configured for unity gain, meaning that the difference between the inputs is translated to its output, relative to SGND. Differentially sensing the load greatly benefits regulation in high current, low voltage applications, where board interconnection losses can be a significant portion of the total error budget. However, the differential amplifiers of the two channels are configured differently. Channel 1’s diffamp (DIFFAMP1) has a traditional three terminal arrangement, as shown in Figure 2a. Its positive terminal VOSNS1+ and negative terminal VOSNS1– sense directly across the output 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Operation VID_EN and SNSD+ pins are both grounded, the connections in Figure 2b can allow Channel 1’s output up to 5V, while the connections in Figure 2a allows Channel 1’s output up to 3.5V. Typically, VINTVCC has to be at least 1.5V above the output voltage for the connections in Figure 2a. capacitor’s two terminals. The processed differential signal appears between the DIFFOUT pin and SGND. This is the signal that the internal VID resistor bank uses to program the output voltage. An external resistor divider needs to be connected between DIFFOUT pin and SGND, and its center tap should connect to the VFB1 pin to set the output voltage at startup or before the VID_EN pin is asserted. If VID output voltage programming is not desired, Channel 1’s diffamp can be configured like that of Channel 2. See Figure 2b. In this configuration, connect the VOSNS1+ pin to the center tap of the feedback divider across the output load, and short the DIFFOUT and VFB1 pins together. When VOUT VOSNS1+ COUT VOSNS1– The second channel differential amplifier's (DIFFAMP2) positive terminal VFB2+ senses the divided output through a resistor divider and its negative terminal VFB2– senses the remote ground of the load as shown in Figure 2c. This Differential Amplifier output is connected to the negative terminal of the internal Error Amplifier inside the controller. LTC3877 + DIFFOUT DIFFAMP1 – RD1 VFB1 (INTERNAL CONNECTION TO EA1) FEEDBACK DIVIDER RD2 3877 F02a VOUT 10Ω COUT2 FEEDBACK DIVIDER Figure 2a. RD1 CF1 COUT1 10Ω RD2 LTC3877 VOSNS1+ + DIFFAMP1 VOSNS1– DIFFOUT – VFB1 (INTERNAL CONNECTION TO EA1) 3877 F02b VOUT 10Ω COUT2 FEEDBACK DIVIDER Figure 2b. RD1 COUT1 10Ω RD2 CF1 VFB2+ VFB2– LTC3877 + DIFFAMP2 – 0.6V INTSS2 TK/SS2 – + + + EA2 ITH2 3877 F02c Figure 2c. Figure 2. Differential Amplifier Connection 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 15 LTC3877 Operation Therefore, its differential output signal is not accessible from outside the IC. In a typical application when differential sensing is desired, connect VFB2+ pin to the center tap of the feedback divider across the output load, and VFB2– pin to the load ground. When differential sensing is not desired, the VFB2– pin can be connected to local ground. When sensing the output voltage remotely, care should be taken to route the VOSNS1+ and VOSNS1– PCB traces parallel to each other all the way from the IC to the remote sensing points on the board. Follow the same practice for the VFB2+ and VFB2– PCB traces. In addition, avoid routing these sensitive traces near any high speed switching nodes in the circuit. Ideally, these traces should be shielded by a low impedance ground plane to maintain signal integrity. Current Sensing with Very Low Inductor DCR For low output voltage, high current applications, it’s common to use low winding resistance (DCR) inductors to minimize the winding conduction loss and maximize the supply efficiency. Inductor DCR current sensing is also used to eliminate the current sensing resistor and its conduction loss. Unfortunately, with a very low inductor DCR value, 1mΩ or less, the AC current sensing signal ripple can be less than 10mVP-P. This makes the current loop sensitive to PCB switching noise and causes switching jitter. The LTC3877 employs a unique and proprietary current sensing architecture to enhance its signal-to-noise ratio in these situations. This enables it to operate with a small sense signal of a very low value inductor DCR, 1mΩ or less. The result is improved power efficiency, and reduced jitter due to switching noise which could corrupt the signal. The LTC3877 can sense a DCR value as low as 0.2mΩ with careful PCB layout. The LTC3877 uses two positive sense pins, SNSD+ and SNSA+, to acquire signals. It processes them internally to provide the response as with a DCR sense signal that has a 14dB (5×) signal-to-noise ratio improvement, without affecting the output voltage feedback loop, so that its sensing accuracy is also improved by five times. In the meantime, the current limit threshold is still a function of the inductor peak current times its DCR value; its accuracy is also improved five times and can be accurately set from 10mV to 30mV in 5mV steps using the ILIM pin (see Figure 4b for inductor DCR sensing connections). The 16 filter time constant, R1 • C1, of the SNSD+ should match the L/DCR of the output inductor, while the filter at SNSA+ should have a bandwidth of five times larger than that of SNSD+, i.e, R2 • C2 equals one-fifth of R1 • C1. Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation (ITEMP Pin) Inductor DCR current sensing provides a lossless method of sensing the instantaneous current. Therefore, it can provide higher efficiency for applications with high output currents. However, the DCR of a copper inductor typically has a positive temperature coefficient. As the temperature of the inductor rises, its DCR value increases. The current limit of the controller is therefore reduced. The LTC3877 offers a method to counter this inaccuracy by allowing the user to place an NTC temperature sensing resistor near the inductor. A constant and precise 30µA current flows out of the ITEMP pin. By connecting a linearized NTC resistor network from the ITEMP pin to SGND, the maximum current sense threshold can be varied over temperature according to the following equation: VSENSEMAX( ADJ) = VSENSE(MAX) • 2.2 – VITEMP 1.5 Where: VSENSEMAX(ADJ) is the maximum adjusted current sense threshold. VSENSE(MAX) is the maximum current sense threshold specified in the Electrical Characteristics table. It is typically 10mV, 15mV, 20mV, 25mV or 30mV, depending on the ILIM pin’s voltage. VITEMP is the voltage of the ITEMP pin. The valid voltage range for DCR temperature compensation on the ITEMP pin is between 0.7V to SGND with 0.7V or above being no DCR temperature correction. An NTC resistor has a negative temperature coefficient, meaning that its resistance decreases as its temperature rises. The VITEMP voltage, therefore, decreases as the inductor’s temperature increases, and in turn the VSENSEMAX(ADJ) will increase to compensate for the inductor’s DCR temperature coefficient. The NTC resistor, however, is 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Operation non-linear and the user can linearize its value by building a resistor network with regular resistors. Consult the NTC manufacturers’ data sheets for detailed information. The LTC3877 has only one ITEMP pin. When the CHL_ SEL pin is asserted, the VITEMP voltage can be used to compensate both channels’ temperature coefficient by placing the NTC resistor between the inductors of two channels. When the CHL_SEL pin is grounded, the VITEMP voltage only compensates Channel 1’s temperature coefficient. Another use for the ITEMP pins, in addition to NTC compensated DCR sensing, is adjusting VSENSE(MAX) to values between the nominal values of 10mV, 15mV, 20mV, 25mV and 30mV for a more precise current limit. This is done by applying a voltage less than 0.7V to the ITEMP pin. VSENSE(MAX) will be varied per the above equation. The current limit can be adjusted using this method either with a sense resistor or DCR sensing. For more information see the NTC Compensated DCR Sensing paragraph in the Applications Information section. Frequency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop (FREQ and MODE/PLLIN Pins) The selection of switching frequency is a trade-off between efficiency and component size. Low frequency operation increases efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses, but requires larger inductance and/or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage. The switching frequency of the LTC3877’s controllers can be selected using the FREQ pin. If the MODE/PLLIN pin is not being driven by an external clock source, the FREQ pin can be used to program the controller’s operating frequency from 250kHz to 1MHz. There is a precision 10µA current flowing out of the FREQ pin, so the user can program the controller’s switching frequency with a single resistor to SGND. A curve is provided later in the application section showing the relationship between the voltage on the FREQ pin and switching frequency. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is integrated on the LTC3877 to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock source that is connected to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The controller is operating in forced continuous mode when it is synchronized. The PLL loop filter network is also integrated inside the LTC3877. The phase-locked loop is capable of locking to any frequency within the range of 250kHz to 1MHz. The frequency setting resistor should always be present to set the controller’s initial switching frequency before locking to the external clock. The lock-in time can be minimized this way. Power Good (PGOOD1, PGOOD2 Pins) When either feedback voltage is not within ±10% of the 0.6V reference voltage, its respective PGOOD pin is pulled low. A PGOOD pin will also pull low when its channel is in the soft-start, UVLO or tracking phase. Both PGOOD pins pull low when the RUN pin is below 1.14V. The PGOOD pins will flag power good immediately when their feedback voltages are within ±10% of the reference window. However, there is an internal 50µs power bad mask when feedback voltages go out of the ±10% window. When there is a logic change with VID pins, the output voltage can initially be out of the ±10% window of the newly set regulation point. To avoid nuisance indications from PGOOD, the PGOOD signal is blanked for 235µs. The PGOOD pins are allowed to be pulled up by external resistors to sources of up to 6V. Multichip Operations (PHASMD and CLKOUT Pins) The PHASMD pin determines the relative phases between the internal channels as well as the CLKOUT signal as shown in Table 1. The phases tabulated are relative to zero phase being defined as the rising edge of the clock of phase 1. Table 1 PHASMD GND FLOAT INTVCC Phase 1 0° 0° 0° Phase 2 180° 180° 240° CLKOUT 60° 90° 120° The CLKOUT signal can be used to synchronize additional power stages in a multiphase power supply solution feeding a single, high current output or separate outputs. Input capacitance ESR requirements and efficiency losses are substantially reduced because the peak current drawn from the input capacitor is effectively divided by the number of phases used, and power loss is proportional to the RMS current squared. A two stage, single output voltage implementation can reduce input path power loss by 75% and radically reduce the required RMS current rating of the input capacitor(s). 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 17 LTC3877 Operation 0°, 240° 120°, 300° LTC3877 LTC3877 MODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN CLKOUT 120° CLKOUT PHASMD INTVCC PHASMD 3877 F03a Figure 3a. 3-Phase Operation 0°, 180° 90°, 270° LTC3877 LTC3877 MODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN CLKOUT 90° CLKOUT PHASMD PHASMD 3877 F03b Figure 3b. 4-Phase Operation 0°, 180° 60°, 240° 120°, 300° LTC3877 LTC3877 LTC3877 MODE/PLLIN MODE/PLLIN 60° CLKOUT MODE/PLLIN CLKOUT PHASMD 120° PHASMD CLKOUT PHASMD 3877 F03c Figure 3c. 6-Phase Operation 0°, 180° 90°, 270° LTC3877 LTC3874 MODE/PLLIN SYNC CLKOUT PHASMD 90° PHASMD 3877 F03d Figure 3d. 4-Phase Operation with LTC3874 as Slave IC 18 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Operation Single Output Multiphase Multi-IC Operations with LTC3877 as Slave IC (VOSNS1+ Pin) Single Output Multi-IC Operations with LTC3874 as Slave IC The LTC3877 can be used for single output multiphase applications. For single output operation with multiple LTC3877s, only the Master chip’s DIFFAMP1 is needed and its VOSNS1+ and VOSNS1– should sense the output voltage directly across the output capacitors. The VOSNS1– pins of the slave LTC3877s are tied to local ground and their VOSNS1+ pins are tied to the master IC’s DIFFOUT pin. The slave LTC3877s DIFFOUT pins are left floating. Besides these connections, the connections below are also needed: The LTC3877 can be configured for single output multi-IC applications with LTC3874 as a Slave IC. The LTC3874 is a dedicated slave controller. Refer to the data sheet of LTC3874 for operation and typical applications. To build this type of multi-IC configuration, make the following connections: • Tie all of the ITH pins together; • Tie all of the VFB1 and VFB2+ pins together; • Tie all of the VFB2– pins to local ground; • Tie all of the TK/SS pins together; • Tie all of the RUN pins together; • Tie all of the ILIM pins together or tie the ILIM pins to the same voltage potential; • Make all of the FREQ pins have the same voltage potential; • Tie the CLKOUT pin of the Master IC to the MODE/ PLLIN pins of the first Slave IC as shown in Figure 3a and 3b. If there is a second Slave IC, connect the first Slave’s CLKOUT to the second Slave’s MODE/PLLIN pin as shown in Figure 3c; • Tie all of the ITEMP pins together if DCR tempco compensation is desired; • If VID programming is desired, tie all of the VID_EN and VID0~VID5 pins together, respectively; • If VID programming is not desired, all of the VID_EN pins and VID0~VID5 pins should be grounded; • Add an external pull-up resistor only to the Master IC's PGOOD pin; the other PGOOD pins can be left floating. Examples of single output multiphase multi-IC configurations are shown in Figures 16 and 17. • The LTC3874 has no internal Error Amplifier, so its ITH pins need to be tied to the LTC3877 ITH pins; • The LTC3874’s switching synchronizes to the falling edge of the external clock. Refer to Table 1 in the LTC3874 data sheet. Tie the LTC3874 SYNC pin to the CLKOUT pin of LTC3877 and bias the PHASMD pins as shown in Figure 3d; • The rising threshold of the LTC3877 RUN pin is 1.22V, whereas the threshold of the LTC3874 RUN pin is around 1.7V; • Connect the LTC3877 PGOOD pin to the LTC3874 FAULTB pins through an NMOS with its gate tied to the LTC3877 TK/SS pins and its drain tied to the FAULT0 and FAULT1 pins of the LTC3874. By this connection, the Master and Slave can startup at the same time. After the startup, the LTC3877 PGOOD signal will be the fault indicator for the LTC3874 controller; • Tie the FAULT pins of the LTC3874 to its INTVCC through 120k pull-up resistors; • Tie the MODE pins of the LTC3874 to the LTC3877 PGOOD pin for start-up control. During soft-start, the LTC3874 operates in DCM mode. After the soft-start interval is done, the LTC3874 operates in CCM mode; • The LTC3874 and the LTC3877 have different relationships between the oscillator frequency and the voltage at their respective FREQ pins. Refer to Figure 5 in the LTC3874 data sheet. Bias the FREQ pins of LTC3874 and LTC3877 individually; 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 19 LTC3877 Operation • The LTC3874 and the LTC3877 have two current limit settings compatible for each other. Both settings require the LOWDCR pin of LTC3874 to be driven HIGH and the SNSD+ pins of LTC3877 to be tied to VOUT. When the LTC3874 ILIM pin is grounded and the ILIM pin of LTC3877 is biased to 1/4 of its INTVCC, the Maximum Current Sense Threshold is 15mV. The other setting is to assert the ILIM pin of LTC3874 and bias the ILIM pin of LTC3877 to ¾ of its INTVCC. In this case, the Maximum Current Sense Threshold is 25mV. An example of a four phase single output multi-IC configuration with LTC3874 as a Slave IC is shown in Figure 18. 20 Output Overvoltage Protection An overvoltage comparator, OV, guards against transient overshoots (>10%) as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage the output. In such cases, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the reverse current limit for the OV condition is reached. The bottom MOSFET will be turned on again at the following edge of the next clock pulse and be turned off when the reverse current limit is reached again. This process repeats until the overvoltage condition is cleared. The reverse current limit is about two thirds of the maximum current sense threshold set by the ILM pin's voltage. This feature is especially suited for applications where VID codes are changed dynamically so that a smooth transition is ensured and the bottom MOSFET will not over-heat. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information The Typical Application on the first page of this data sheet is a basic LTC3877 application circuit configured as a dual phase single output power supply with output voltage programmed to 0.9V by VID inputs. The LTC3877 can be configured in two ways: either as a dual-phase single-output controller with output voltage programmable from 0.6V to 1.23V in 10mV steps by 6-bit parallel VID inputs, or as a two-output controller with one output voltage programmable by VID inputs and the other output voltage set by an external resistor divider. By achieving 40ns minimum on-time, the LTC3877 can reach very low duty cycles, thus facilitating high input voltages and low output voltage applications even at high switching frequency. A wide 4.5V to 38V input supply range allows it to support a very wide variety of bus voltage. Current foldback limits the output current during a short-circuit condition. The MODE/PLLIN pin selects among Burst Mode, Pulse-Skipping Mode, or Forced Continuous Mode, and allows the IC to be synchronized to an external clock. The LTC3877 can be configured for up to 12-phase operation. The LTC3877 is designed and optimized for use with very low DCR values by utilizing a novel approach to reduce the noise sensitivity of the sensing signal by a factor of 14dB. DCR sensing is becoming popular because it saves expensive current sensing resistors and is more power efficient, especially in high current applications. However, as the DCR value drops below 1mΩ, the signal-to-noise ratio is low and current sensing is difficult. The LTC3877 uses an LTC proprietary technique to solve this issue with minimum additional external components. In general, external component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the DCR and inductor value. Next, power MOSFETs are selected. Finally, input and output capacitors are selected. Current Limit Programming The ILIM pin is a 5-level logic input which sets the maximum current limit of the controller. When ILIM is either grounded, floated, or tied to INTVCC, the typical value for the maximum current sense threshold will be 10mV, 20mV, or 30mV, respectively. Setting ILIM to one-fourth INTVCC and three-fourths INTVCC sets maximum current sense thresholds of 15mV and 25mV, respectively. Please note that the ILIM pin has an internal 500k pull-down resistor to SGND and a 500k pull-up resistor to INTVCC. The user should select the proper ILIM level based on the inductor DCR value and targeted current limit level. SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– Pins The SNSA+ and SNS– pins are the direct inputs to the current comparators, while the SNSD+ pin is the input of an internal DC amplifier. The operating input voltage range of 0V to 3.5V is for SNSA+, SNSD+ and SNS– in a typical application. All the positive sense pins that are connected to the current comparator or the DC amplifier are high impedance with input bias currents of less than 1µA, but there is a resistance of about 300k from the SNS– pin to ground. The SNS– pin should be connected directly to VOUT. The SNSD+ pin connects to the filter that has a R1 • C1 time constant equal to L/DCR of the inductor. The SNSA+ pin is connected to the second filter, R2 • C2, with the time constant equal to (R1 • C1)/5. Care must be taken not to float these pins. Filter components, especially capacitors, must be placed close to the LTC3877, and the sense lines should run close together to a Kelvin connection underneath the current sense element (Figure 4a). Because the LTC3877 is designed to be used with a very low DCR value to sense inductor current, without proper care, the parasitic resistance, capacitance and inductance will degrade the current sense signal integrity, making the programmed current limit unpredictable. As shown in Figure 4b, resistors R1 and R2 are placed close to the output inductor and capacitors C1 and C2 are close to the IC pins to prevent noise coupling to and from the sense signal. For applications where the inductor DCR is large, the LTC3877 could also be used like any typical current mode controller with conventional DCR sensing by disabling the SNSD+ pin, shorting it to ground. An RSENSE resistor or a DCR sensing RC filter can be used to sense the output inductor signal and connects to the SNSA+ pin. When the RC filter is used, its time constant, R • C, equals L/DCR of the output inductor. In these applications, the current limit, VSENSE(MAX) , will be five times the value of VSENSE(MAX) with the DC loop enabled, and the operating voltage range of SNSA+ and SNS– is from 0V to 5V. An output voltage of 5V can be generated. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 21 LTC3877 Applications Information Low Inductor DCR Sensing and Current Limit Estimation Select the two R/C sensing networks: The LTC3877 is specifically designed for high load current applications requiring the highest possible efficiency; it is capable of sensing the signal of an inductor DCR in the sub milliohm range (Figure 4b). The DCR is the inductor DC winding resistance, which is often less than 1mΩ for high current inductors. In high current and low output voltage applications, conduction loss of a high DCR inductor or a sense resistor will cause a significant reduction in power efficiency. For a specific output requirement and inductor, choose the current limit sensing level that provides proper margin for maximum load current, and uses the relationship of the sense pin filters to output inductor characteristics as depicted in the following equation. Filter on SNSA+ pin: R2 • C2 = (L/DCR)/5. VSENSE(MAX) DCR = ΔI IMAX + L 2 L/ DCR = R1•C1= 5 •R2 •C2 To ensure that the load current will be delivered over the full operating temperature range, the temperature coefficient of DCR resistance, approximately 0.4%/°C, should be taken into account. The LTC3877 features a DCR temperature compensation circuit that uses an NTC temperature sensing resistor for this purpose. See the Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation section for details. where: VSENSE(MAX) is the maximum sense voltage for a given ILIM threshold; IMAX is the maximum load current per phase; ∆IL is the inductor ripple current; L/DCR is the output inductor characteristics; R1 • C1 is the filter time constant of the SNSD+ pin; and R2 • C2 is the filter time constant of the SNSA+ pin. For example, for a 12VIN, 1.2V/30A step-down buck converter running at 400kHz frequency, a 0.15µH, 0.4mΩ inductor is chosen. This inductor provides 15A peak-topeak ripple current, which is 50% of the 30A full load current. At full load, the inductor peak current is 30A + 15A/2 = 37.5A. IL(PK) • DCR = 37.5A • 0.4mΩ = 15mV. In this case, choose the 20mV ILIM setting which is the closest but higher than 15mV to provide margin for current limit. 22 Filter on SNSD+ pin: R1 • C1 = L/DCR, In this case, the ripple sense signal across SNSA+ and SNS– pins is ΔILP-P • DCR • 5 = 15A • 0.4mΩ • 5 = 30mV. This signal should be more than 15mV for good signal-tonoise ratio. In this case, it is certainly sufficient. The peak inductor current at current limit is: ILIM(PK) = 20mV/DCR = 20mV/0.4mΩ = 50A. The average inductor current, which is also the output current, at current limit is: ILIM(AVG) = ILIM(PK) – ΔILP-P/2 = 50A – 15A/2 = 42.5A. Typically, C1 and C2 are selected in the range of 0.047µF to 0.47µF. If C1 and C2 are chosen to be 100nF, and an inductor of 150nH with 0.4mΩ DCR is selected, R1 and R2 will be 4.64k and 931Ω respectively. The bias current at SNSD+ and SNSA+ is about 30nA and 500nA respectively, and it causes some small error to the sense signal. There will be some power loss in R1 and R2 that relates to the duty cycle, and will be the most in continuous mode at the maximum input voltage: PLOSS (R) = ( VIN(MAX) – VOUT ) • VOUT R Ensure that R1 and R2 have a power rating higher than this value. However, DCR sensing eliminates the conduction loss of a sense resistor; it will provide better efficiency at heavy loads. To maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio for the current sense signal, use ∆VSENSE of 15mV between 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information TO SENSE FILTER, NEXT TO THE CONTROLLER 3877 F04a COUT INDUCTOR Figure 4a. Sense Lines Placement with Inductor DCR VIN INTVCC VIN BOOST INDUCTOR TG ITEMP DCR VOUT BG GND RS 22.6k R1 R2 + SNSD SNS– RNTC 100k L SW RITEMP RP 90.9k SNSA+ C1 C2 PLACE C1, C2 NEXT TO IC PLACE R1, R2 NEXT TO INDUCTOR R1 • C1 = 5 • R2 • C2 3877 F04b Figure 4b. Inductor DCR Current Sensing the SNSA+ and SNS– pins or an equivalent 3mV ripple on the current sense signal. The actual ripple voltage across SNSA+ and SNS– pins will be determined by the following equation: ∆VSENSE = VOUT VIN – VOUT • VIN R2•C2 • fOSC Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation with NTC Thermistor For DCR sensing applications, the temperature coefficient of the inductor winding resistance should be taken into account when the accuracy of the current limit is critical over a wide range of temperature. The main element used in inductors is copper, which has a positive tempco of approximately 4000ppm/°C. The LTC3877 provides a feature to correct for this variation through the use of the ITEMP pin. There is a 30µA precision current source flowing out of the ITEMP pin. A thermistor with a NTC (negative temperature coefficient) resistance can be used in a network, RITEMP (Figure 4b), connected to maintain the current limit threshold constant over a wide operating temperature. The ITEMP voltage range that activates the correction is from 0.7V or less. If this pin is floating, its voltage will be at INTVCC potential, about 5.5V. When the ITEMP voltage is higher than 0.7V, the temperature compensation is inactive. The following guidelines will help to choose components for temperature correction. The initial compensation is for 25°C ambient temperature: 1. Set the ITEMP pin resistance to 23.33k at 25°C. With 30µA flowing out of the ITEMP pin, the voltage on the ITEMP pin will be 0.7V at room temperature. Current limit correction will occur for inductor temperatures greater than 25°C. 2. Calculate the ITEMP pin resistance at the maximum inductor temperature, which is typically 100°C. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 23 LTC3877 Applications Information Use the following equations: where: V ITEMP100C = ⎛ (100°C – 25°C) • 0.4 ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ IMAX •DCR (Max)• 100 0.7 – 1.5 ⎜ ⎟ VSENSE(MAX) ⎟ ⎜ ⎠ ⎝ = 0.25V where: • NTC RO = 100k • RS = 7.32k VITEMP100C = 8.33k 30µA • RP = 20k RITEMP100C = ITEMP pin resistance at 100°C; VITEMP100C = ITEMP pin voltage at 100°C; VSENSE(MAX) = Maximum current sense threshold at room temperature; IMAX = Maximum load current per phase; and DCR (Max) = Maximum DCR value. Calculate the values for the NTC network’s parallel and series resistors, RP and RS. A simple method is to graph the following RS versus RP equations with RS on the y-axis and RP on the x-axis. RS = RITEMP25C – RNTC25C||RP But, the final values should be calculated using the above equations and checked at 25°C and 100°C. After determining the components for the temperature compensation network, check the results by plotting IMAX versus inductor temperature using the following equations: IDC(MAX) = VSENSEMAX(ADJ) – ( ΔVSENSE 2 ) 0.4 ⎞ ⎛ DCR(MAX) at 25°C • ⎜ 1+ TL(MAX) – 25°C • ⎟ ⎝ 100 ⎠ where: VSENSEMAX(ADJ) = VSENSE(MAX) • 2.2 – VITEMP ; 1.5 VITEMP = 30µA • (RS + RP||RNTC); RS = RITEMP100C – RNTC100C||RP Next, find the value of RP that satisfies both equations, which will be the point where the curves intersect. Once RP is known, solve for RS. The resistance of the NTC thermistor can be obtained from the vendor’s data sheet in the form of graphs, tabulated data, or formulas. The approximate value for the NTC thermistor for a given temperature can be calculated from the following equation: 1 1 – R = RO • exp B • T + 273 TO + 273 24 Figure 5 shows a typical resistance curve for a 100k thermistor and the ITEMP pin network over temperature. Starting values for the NTC compensation network are: Since VSENSE(MAX) = IMAX • DCR (Max): RITEMP100C = R = Resistance at temperature T, which is in degrees C. RO = Resistance at temperature TO, typically 25°C. B = B-constant of the thermistor. IDC(MAX) = Maximum average inductor current; and TL is the inductor temperature. The resulting current limit should be greater than or equal to IMAX for inductor temperatures between 25°C and 100°C. Typical values for the NTC compensation network are: • NTC RO = 100k, B-constant = 3000 to 4000 • RS ≈ 7.32k • RP ≈ 20k 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information 10000 THERMISTOR RESISTANCE RO = 100k, TO = 25°C B = 4334 for 25°C/100°C 1000 RESISTANCE (kΩ) CONNECT TO ITEMP NETWORK VOUT1 VOUT2 L1 L2 SW1 SW2 RNTC1 GND 100 3877 F07a 10 (7a) Dual Output Dual Phase DCR Sensing Application RITEMP RS = 7.32kΩ RP = 20kΩ VOUT 1 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 INDUCTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) 3877 F05 L1 Figure 5. Resistance vs Temperature for ITEMP Pin Network with 100k NTC RNTC SW1 L2 SW2 3877 F07b (7b) Single Output Dual Phase DCR Sensing Application 50 ITEMP = ¼ • INTVCC DCR = 0.325mΩ ±7% L = 0.25µH fSW = 400kHz VOUT = 1.2V VIN = 12V 45 IMAX (A) 40 35 NOMINAL IMAX VOUT L1 CORRECTED IMAX L2 RNTC RITEMP: 30 RS = 7.32k UNCORRECTED IMAX RP = 20k THERMISTOR RESISTANCE: 25 RO = 100k TO = 25°C B = 4334 FOR 25°C/100°C 20 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 INDUCTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) 3877 F06 Figure 6. Worst-Case IMAX vs Inductor Temperature Curve with and without NTC Temperature Compensation Generating the IMAX versus inductor temperature curve plot first using the above values as a starting point, and then adjusting the RS and RP values as necessary, is another approach. Figure 6 shows a curve of IMAX versus inductor temperature. The LTC3877 has one ITEMP pin. For a Dual Output Dual Phase configuration, the DCR temperature compensation function is only available for channel 1. Place the NTC resistor next to the inductor of channel 1 as shown in Figure 7a. For a Single Output Dual Phase application, place the NTC resistor in between the inductors of the two channels, as shown in Figure 7b. For a Single Output Multi IC application, place NTC resistors of the same value SW1 L3 RNTC SW2 SW3 3877 F07c (7c) Single Output Three Phase DCR Sensing Application Figure 7. Thermistor Locations. Place Thermistor Next to Inductor(s) for Accurate Sensing of the Inductor Temperature, but Keep the ITEMP Pin away from the Switch Nodes and Gate Traces in between of any two channels’ inductors as shown in Figure 7c. Connect all these NTC resistors in parallel, and calculate the RS and RP value accordingly. In this case, tie the ITEMP pins together and calculate for an ITEMP pin current of 30µA • number of ITEMP pins. For the most accurate temperature detection, place the thermistors next to the inductors. Take care to keep the ITEMP pins and their traces away from the switch nodes and gate traces. Slope Compensation and Inductor Peak Current Slope compensation provides stability in constant frequency architectures by preventing sub-harmonic oscillations at high duty cycles. It is accomplished internally by adding a compensating ramp to the inductor current 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 25 LTC3877 Applications Information signal at duty cycles in excess of 40%. Normally, this results in a reduction of maximum inductor peak current for duty cycles > 40%. However, the LTC3877 uses a scheme that counteracts this compensating ramp, which allows the maximum inductor peak current to remain unaffected throughout all duty cycles. Inductor Value Calculation Given the desired input and output voltages, the inductor value and operating frequency, fOSC, directly determine the inductor’s peak-to-peak ripple current: IRIPPLE = VOUT ⎛ VIN – VOUT ⎞ VIN ⎜⎝ fOSC •L ⎟⎠ Lower ripple current reduces core losses in the inductor, ESR losses in the output capacitors, and output voltage ripple. Thus, highest efficiency operation is obtained at low frequency with a small ripple current. Achieving this, however, requires a large inductor. A reasonable starting point is to choose a ripple current that is about 40% of IOUT(MAX). Note that the largest ripple current occurs at the highest input voltage. To guarantee that ripple current does not exceed a specified maximum, the inductor should be chosen according to: L≥ VIN – VOUT VOUT • fOSC •IRIPPLE VIN Inductor Core Selection Once the inductance value is determined, the type of inductor must be selected. Core loss is independent of core size for a fixed inductor value, but it is very dependent on inductance selected. As inductance increases, core losses go down. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates “hard,” which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate! 26 Power MOSFET and Schottky Diode (Optional) Selection At least two external power MOSFETs need to be selected: one N-channel MOSFET for the top (main) switch and one or more N-channel MOSFET(s) for the bottom (synchronous) switch. The number, type and on-resistance of all MOSFETs selected take into account the voltage step-down ratio as well as the actual position (main or synchronous) in which the MOSFET will be used. A much smaller and much lower input capacitance MOSFET should be used for the top MOSFET in applications that have an output voltage that is less than one-third of the input voltage. In applications where VIN >> VOUT, the top MOSFET’s onresistance is normally less important for overall efficiency than its input capacitance at operating frequencies above 300kHz. MOSFET manufacturers have designed special purpose devices that provide reasonably low on-resistance with significantly reduced input capacitance for the main switch application in switching regulators. The peak-to-peak MOSFET gate drive levels are set by the internal regulator voltage, VINTVCC, requiring the use of logic-level threshold MOSFETs in most applications. Pay close attention to the BVDSS specification for the MOSFETs as well; many of the logic-level MOSFETs are limited to 30V or less. Selection criteria for the power MOSFETs include the on-resistance, RDS(ON), input capacitance, input voltage, and maximum output current. MOSFET input capacitance is a combination of several components but can be taken from the typical gate charge curve included on most data sheets (Figure 8). The curve is generated by forcing a constant input current into the gate of a common source, current source loaded stage and then plotting the gate voltage versus time. The initial slope is the effect of the gate-to-source and the gate-to-drain capacitance. The flat portion of the curve is the result of the Miller multiplication effect of the drain-to-gate capacitance as the drain drops the voltage across the current source load. The upper sloping line is due to the drain-to-gate accumulation capacitance and the gate-to-source capacitance. The Miller charge (the increase in coulombs on the horizontal axis from a to b while the curve is flat) is specified for a given VDS drain voltage, but can be adjusted for different VDS voltages by multiplying the ratio of the application VDS to the curve specified VDS values. A way to estimate the CMILLER term 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information is to take the change in gate charge from points a and b on a manufacturer’s data sheet and divide by the stated VDS voltage specified. CMILLER is the most important selection criterion for determining the transition loss term in the top MOSFET but is not directly specified on MOSFET data sheets. CRSS and COS are specified sometimes but definitions of these parameters are not included. When the controller is operating in continuous mode the duty cycles for the top and bottom MOSFETs are given by: Main Switch Duty Cycle = VOUT VIN ⎛ V –V ⎞ Synchronous Switch Duty Cycle = ⎜ IN OUT ⎟ VIN ⎝ ⎠ The power dissipation for the main and synchronous MOSFETs at maximum output current are given by: PMAIN = VOUT (I )2 (1+ δ )RDS(ON) + VIN MAX ⎞ ( VIN )2 ⎛⎜⎝ IMAX )• ⎟ (R ) (C 2 ⎠ DR MILLER ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 + ⎢ ⎥•f ⎢⎣ VINTVCC – VTH(MIN) VTH(MIN) ⎥⎦ V –V 2 PSYNC = IN OUT (IMAX ) (1+ δ )RDS(ON) VIN VIN VGS MILLER EFFECT a CMILLER = (QB – QA)/VDS The term (1 + δ) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs temperature curve, but δ = 0.005/°C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs. An optional Schottky diode across the synchronous MOSFET conducts during the dead time between the conduction of the two large power MOSFETs. This prevents the body diode of the bottom MOSFET from turning on, storing charge during the dead time and requiring a reverserecovery period which could cost as much as several percent in efficiency. A 2A to 8A Schottky is generally a good compromise for both regions of operation due to the relatively small average current. Larger diodes result in additional transition loss due to their larger junction capacitance. Soft-Start and Tracking and Sequencing V b QIN using the gate charge curve from the MOSFET data sheet and the technique described above. Both MOSFETs have I2R losses while the topside N-channel equation includes an additional term for transition losses, which peak at the highest input voltage. For VIN < 20V, the high current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V, the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CMILLER actually provides higher efficiency. The synchronous MOSFET losses are greatest at high input voltage when the top switch duty factor is low or during a short-circuit when the synchronous switch is on close to 100% of the period. +V DS – + VGS – 3877 F08 Figure 8. Gate Charge Characteristic where δ is the temperature dependency of RDS(ON), RDR is the effective top driver resistance (approximately 2Ω at VGS = VMILLER), VIN is the drain potential and the change in drain potential in the particular application. VTH(MIN) is the data sheet specified typical gate threshold voltage specified in the power MOSFET data sheet at the specified drain current. CMILLER is the calculated capacitance The LTC3877 has the ability to either soft-start by itself with a capacitor or track the output of another channel or external supply. When one particular channel is configured to soft-start by itself, a capacitor should be connected to its TK/SS pin. Both channels are in the shutdown state if the RUN pin voltage is below 1.14V. The TK/SS pins are actively pulled to ground in this shutdown state. Once the RUN pin voltage is above 1.22V, both channels power up. A soft-start current of 1.25µA then starts to charge their soft-start capacitors. Note that soft-start or tracking is achieved not by limiting the maximum output current of the controller but by controlling the output ramp voltage of each channel according to the ramp rate on its 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 27 LTC3877 Applications Information TK/SS pin. Current foldback is disabled during this phase to ensure smooth soft-start or tracking. The soft-start or tracking range is defined to be the voltage range from 0V to 0.6V on the TK/SS pin. The total soft-start time can be calculated as: tSOFTSTART = 0.6 • CSS 1.25µA Regardless of the mode selected by the MODE/PLLIN pin, the regulator will always start in pulse-skipping mode up to TK/SS = 0.5V. Between TK/SS = 0.5V and 0.56V, it will operate in forced continuous mode and revert to the selected mode once TK/SS > 0.56V. The output ripple is minimized during the 60mV forced continuous mode window, ensuring a clean PGOOD signal. After the RUN pin is higher than 1.22V, the TK/SS can still be actively pull down to ground by external logic. The converter will attempt to regulate the output to zero volts. This function provides a way to sequence the outputs between channels or another supply. When the channel is configured to track another supply, the feedback voltage of the other supply is duplicated by a resistor divider and applied to the TK/SS pin. Therefore, the voltage ramp rate on this pin is determined by the ramp rate of the other supply’s voltage. Note that the small soft-start capacitor charging current is always flowing, producing a small offset error. To minimize this error, select the tracking resistive divider value to be small enough to make this error negligible. In order to track down another channel or supply after the soft-start phase expires, the LTC3877 is forced into continuous mode of operation as soon as VFB is below the undervoltage threshold of 0.55V regardless of the setting on the MODE/PLLIN pin. However, the LTC3877 should always be set in force continuous mode tracking down when there is no load. After TK/SS drops below 0.1V, its channel will operate in discontinuous mode. The LTC3877 allows the user to program how its output ramps up and down by means of the TK/SS pins. Through these pins, the output can be set up to either coincidentally or ratiometrically track another supply’s output, as shown in Figure 9. In the following discussions, VOUT1 refers to the LTC3877’s output 1 as a master channel and VOUT2 refers to the LTC3877’s output 2 as a slave channel. In practice, though, either phase can be used as the master. To implement the coincident tracking in Figure 9a, connect an additional resistive divider to VOUT1 and connect its midpoint to the TK/SS pin of the slave channel. The ratio of this divider should be the same as that of the slave channel’s feedback divider shown in Figure 10a. In this tracking mode, VOUT1 must be set higher than VOUT2. To implement the ratiometric tracking in Figure 9b, the ratio of the VOUT2 divider should be exactly the same as the master channel’s feedback divider shown in Figure 10b. By selecting different resistors, the LTC3877 can achieve different modes of tracking including the two in Figure 9. So which mode should be programmed? While either mode in Figure 9 satisfies most practical applications, some tradeoffs exist. The ratiometric mode saves a pair of resistors, but the coincident mode offers better output regulation. When the master channel’s output experiences VOUT2 VOUT1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE VOUT1 TIME VOUT2 TIME (9a) Coincident Tracking 3877 F09 (9b) Ratiometric Tracking Figure 9. Two Different Modes of Output Voltage Tracking 28 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information VOUT1 TO TK/SS2 PIN VOUT2 R3 R4 R1 R2 TO VFB1 PIN TO VFB2 PIN R3 R4 VOUT1 TO TK/SS2 PIN VOUT2 R1 R2 TO VFB1 PIN TO VFB2 PIN R3 R4 3877 F08 (10a) Coincident Tracking Setup (10b) Ratiometric Tracking Setup Figure 10. Setup for Coincident and Ratiometric Tracking dynamic excursion (under load transient, for example), the slave channel output will be affected as well. For better output regulation, use the coincident tracking mode instead of ratiometric. Pre-Biased Output at Start-Up There may be situations that require the power supply to start up with a pre-bias on the output capacitors. In this case, it is desirable to start up without discharging that output pre-bias. The LTC3877 can safely power up into a pre-biased output without discharging it. The LTC3877 accomplishes this by disabling both TG and BG until the TK/SS pin voltage and the internal soft-start voltage are above the VFB pin voltage. When VFB is higher than TK/SS or the internal soft-start voltage, the error amp output is railed low. The control loop would turn BG on, which would discharge the output. Disabling BG and TG prevents the pre-biased output voltage from being discharged. When TK/SS and the internal soft-start both cross 500mV or VFB, whichever is lower, TG and BG are enabled. If the pre-bias is higher than the OV threshold, the bottom gate is turned on immediately to pull the output back into the regulation window. INTVCC Regulators and EXTVCC The LTC3877 features a PMOS LDO that supplies power to INTVCC from the VIN supply. INTVCC powers the gate drivers and much of the LTC3877’s internal circuitry. The linear regulator regulates the voltage at the INTVCC pin to 5.5V when VIN is greater than 6V. EXTVCC connects to INTVCC through a P-channel MOSFET and can supply the needed power when its voltage is higher than 4.7V. Each of these can supply a peak current of 100mA and must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 4.7µF ceramic capacitor or low ESR electrolytic capacitor. No matter what type of bulk capacitor is used, an additional 0.1µF ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the INTVCC and PGND pins is highly recommended. Good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the MOSFET gate drivers and to prevent interaction between the channels. High input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maximum junction temperature rating for the LTC3877 to be exceeded. The INTVCC current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, may be supplied by either the 5.5V linear regulator or EXTVCC. When the voltage on the EXTVCC pin is less than 4.7V, the linear regulator is enabled. Power dissipation for the IC in this case is highest and is equal to VIN • IINTVCC. The gate charge current is dependent on operating frequency as discussed in the Efficiency Considerations section. The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 3 of the Electrical Characteristics. For example, the LTC3877 INTVCC current is limited to less than 42.6mA from a 38V supply in the UK package and not using the EXTVCC supply: TJ = 70°C + (42.6mA)(34V)(31°C/W) = 125°C To prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the input supply current must be checked while operating in continuous conduction mode (MODE/ PLLIN = SGND) at maximum VIN. When the voltage applied to EXTVCC rises above 4.7V, the INTVCC linear regulator is turned off and the EXTVCC is connected to the INTVCC. The EXTVCC remains on as long as the voltage applied to EXTVCC remains above 4.5V. Using the EXTVCC allows the MOSFET driver and control power to be derived from one of the LTC3877’s switching regulator outputs during normal operation and from the INTVCC when the output 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 29 LTC3877 Applications Information is out of regulation (e.g., start-up, short-circuit). If more current is required through the EXTVCC than is specified, an external Schottky diode can be added between the EXTVCC and INTVCC pins. Do not apply more than 6V to the EXTVCC pin and make sure that EXTVCC ≤ VIN at all times. Significant efficiency and thermal gains can be realized by powering INTVCC from the output, since the VIN current resulting from the driver and control currents will be scaled by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Switcher Efficiency). Tying the EXTVCC pin to a 5V supply reduces the junction temperature in the previous example from 125°C to: TJ = 70°C + (42.6mA)(5V)(34°C/W) = 77°C However, for 3.3V and other low voltage outputs, additional circuitry is required to derive INTVCC power from the output. The following list summarizes the four possible connections for EXTVCC: 1.EXTVCC left open (or grounded). This will cause INTVCC to be powered from the internal 5.5V regulator resulting in an efficiency penalty at high input voltages. 2.EXTVCC connected directly to VOUT. This is the normal connection for a 5V regulator and provides the highest efficiency. 3.EXTVCC connected to an external supply. If a 5V external supply is available, it may be used to power EXTVCC provided it is compatible with the MOSFET gate drive requirements. 4.EXTVCC connected to an output-derived boost network. For 3.3V and other low voltage regulators, efficiency gains can still be realized by connecting EXTVCC to an output-derived voltage that has been boosted to greater than 4.7V. For applications where the main input power is below 5.5V, tie the VIN and INTVCC pins together and tie the combined pins to the 5.5V input with a 1Ω or 2.2Ω resistor as shown in Figure 11 to minimize the voltage drop caused by the gate charge current. This will override the INTVCC linear regulator and will prevent INTVCC from dropping too low due to the dropout voltage. Make sure the INTVCC voltage is at or exceeds the RDS(ON) test voltage for the MOSFET, which is typically 4.5V for logic level devices. 30 VIN LTC3877 INTVCC RVIN 1Ω CINTVCC 4.7µF + 5.5V CIN 3877 F11 Figure 11. Setup for a 5.5V Input Topside MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB) External bootstrap capacitor, CB, connected to the BOOST pin supplies the gate drive voltages for the topside MOSFET. Capacitor CB in the Functional Diagram is charged though external diode DB from INTVCC when the SW pin is low. When the topside MOSFET is to be turned on, the driver places the CB voltage across the gate source of the MOSFET. This enhances the MOSFET and turns on the topside switch. The switch node voltage, SW, rises to VIN and the BOOST pin follows. With the topside MOSFET on, the boost voltage is above the input supply: VBOOST = VIN + VINTVCC – VDB Where VDB is the boost diode forward voltage drop. The value of the boost capacitor, CB, needs to be 100 times that of the total input capacitance of the topside MOSFET(s). The reverse breakdown of the external Schottky diode must be greater than VIN(MAX). When adjusting the gate drive level, the final arbiter is the total input current for the regulator. If a change is made and the input current decreases, then the efficiency has improved. If there is no change in input current, then there is no change in efficiency. Undervoltage Lockout The LTC3877 has two functions that help protect the controller in case of undervoltage conditions. A precision UVLO comparator constantly monitors the INTVCC voltage to ensure that an adequate gate-drive voltage is present. It locks out the switching action when INTVCC is below 3.7V. To prevent oscillation when there is a disturbance on the INTVCC, the UVLO comparator has 500mV of precision hysteresis. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information Another highly recommended way to detect an undervoltage condition is to monitor the VIN supply. Because the RUN pin has a precision turn-on reference of 1.22V, one can use a resistor divider to VIN to turn on the IC when VIN is high enough. An extra 4.5µA of current flows out of the RUN pin once the RUN pin voltage passes 1.22V. One can program the hysteresis of the run comparator by adjusting the values of the resistive divider. It is recommended that for applications where VIN is below 5.5V, do not turn on the LTC3877 until VIN ramps above 4.5V, while for applications where VIN is equal or higher than 5.5V, do not turn on the LTC3877 until VIN ramps above 5.5V. CIN and COUT Selection The selection of CIN is simplified by the 2-phase architecture and its impact on the worst-case RMS current drawn through the input network (battery/fuse/capacitor). It can be shown that the worst-case capacitor RMS current occurs when only one controller is operating. The controller with the highest (VOUT)(IOUT) product needs to be used in the formula below to determine the maximum RMS capacitor current requirement. Increasing the output current drawn from the other controller will actually decrease the input RMS ripple current from its maximum value. The out-of-phase technique typically reduces the input capacitor’s RMS ripple current by a factor of 30% to 70% when compared to a single phase power supply solution. In continuous mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle (VOUT)/(VIN). To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current of one channel must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: CIN Required IRMS ≈ 1/2 IMAX ⎡⎣( VOUT ) ( VIN – VOUT ) ⎤⎦ VIN This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that capacitor manufacturers’ ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design. Due to the high operating frequency of the LTC3877, ceramic capacitors can also be used for CIN. Always consult the capacitor manufacturer if there is any question. The benefit of the LTC3877 2-phase operation can be calculated by using the equation above for the higher power controller and then calculating the loss that would have resulted if both controller channels switched on at the same time. The total RMS power lost is lower when both controllers are operating due to the reduced overlap of current pulses required through the input capacitor’s ESR. This is why the input capacitor’s requirement calculated above for the worst-case controller is adequate for the dual controller design. Also, the input protection fuse resistance, battery resistance, and PC board trace resistance losses are also reduced due to the reduced peak currents in a 2-phase system. The overall benefit of a multiphase design will only be fully realized when the source impedance of the power supply/battery is included in the efficiency testing. The sources of the top MOSFETs should be placed within 1cm of each other and share common CIN(s). Separating the sources and CIN may produce undesirable voltage and current resonances at VIN. A small (0.1µF to 1µF) bypass capacitor between the chip VIN pin and ground, placed close to the LTC3877, is also suggested. A 2.2Ω to 10Ω resistor placed between CIN and the VIN pin provides further isolation between the two channels. The selection of COUT is driven by the equivalent series resistance (ESR). Typically, once the ESR requirement is satisfied, the capacitance is adequate for filtering. The output ripple (ΔVOUT) is approximated by: ⎛ 1 ⎞ ΔVOUT ≈IRIPPLE ⎜ ESR+ 8fC ⎟ ⎝ OUT ⎠ where f is the operating frequency, COUT is the output capacitance and IRIPPLE is the ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since IRIPPLE increases with input voltage. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 31 LTC3877 Applications Information Table 2. VID Output Voltage Programming 32 VID5 VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV) 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 1 610 0 0 0 0 1 0 620 0 0 0 0 1 1 630 0 0 0 1 0 0 640 0 0 0 1 0 1 650 0 0 0 1 1 0 660 0 0 0 1 1 1 670 0 0 1 0 0 0 680 0 0 1 0 0 1 690 0 0 1 0 1 0 700 0 0 1 0 1 1 710 0 0 1 1 0 0 720 0 0 1 1 0 1 730 0 0 1 1 1 0 740 0 0 1 1 1 1 750 0 1 0 0 0 0 760 0 1 0 0 0 1 770 0 1 0 0 1 0 780 0 1 0 0 1 1 790 0 1 0 1 0 0 800 0 1 0 1 0 1 810 0 1 0 1 1 0 820 0 1 0 1 1 1 830 0 1 1 0 0 0 840 0 1 1 0 0 1 850 0 1 1 0 1 0 860 0 1 1 0 1 1 870 0 1 1 1 0 0 880 0 1 1 1 0 1 890 0 1 1 1 1 0 900 0 1 1 1 1 1 910 1 0 0 0 0 0 920 1 0 0 0 0 1 930 1 0 0 0 1 0 940 1 0 0 0 1 1 950 1 0 0 1 0 0 960 1 0 0 1 0 1 970 1 0 0 1 1 0 980 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information VID5 VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV) 1 0 0 1 1 1 990 1 0 1 0 0 0 1,000 1 0 1 0 0 1 1,010 1 0 1 0 1 0 1,020 1 0 1 0 1 1 1,030 1 0 1 1 0 0 1,040 1 0 1 1 0 1 1,050 1 0 1 1 1 0 1,060 1 0 1 1 1 1 1,070 1 1 0 0 0 0 1,080 1 1 0 0 0 1 1,090 1 1 0 0 1 0 1,100 1 1 0 0 1 1 1,110 1 1 0 1 0 0 1,120 1 1 0 1 0 1 1,130 1 1 0 1 1 0 1,140 1 1 0 1 1 1 1,150 1 1 1 0 0 0 1,160 1 1 1 0 0 1 1,170 1 1 1 0 1 0 1,180 1 1 1 0 1 1 1,190 1 1 1 1 0 0 1,200 1 1 1 1 0 1 1,210 1 1 1 1 1 0 1,220 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,230 Setting Output Voltage When VID_EN is LOW, depending on the Channel 1’s configuration, the LTC3877 output voltages are either each set by an external feedback resistive divider carefully placed across the output, as shown in Figure 2b and 2c, or placed near the IC for Channel 1, as shown in Figure 2a. If SNSD+ pins are grounded, the connections in Figure 2b can allow Channel 1’s output up to 5V, while the connections in Figure 2a allows Channel 1’s output up to 3.5V. The regulated output voltage is determined by: ⎛ RD1 ⎞ VOUT = 0.6V • ⎜⎝ 1+ R ⎟⎠ To improve the frequency response, a feed-forward capacitor, CF1, may be used. Great care should be taken to route the VFB line away from noise sources, such as the drive TG, BG or the SW lines. When VID_EN is HIGH, the LTC3877's internal resistor bank will determine the output voltage. The VID is a 6-bit parallel input DAC that programs the output voltage from 0.6V to 1.23V in 10mV steps as shown in Table 2. During VID transitions, continuous conduction mode will be applied to channel 1 (or to both channels, if CHL_SEL is asserted) for 11 switching cycles to speed up output voltage transition at low load conditions. D2 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 33 LTC3877 Applications Information Fault Conditions: Current Limit and Current Foldback Thermal Protection The LTC3877 includes current foldback to help limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. If the output voltage falls below 50% of its nominal level, then the maximum sense voltage is progressively lowered from its maximum programmed value to one-third of the maximum value. Foldback current limiting is disabled during the soft-start or tracking up. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, the LTC3877 will begin cycle skipping in order to limit the short-circuit current. In this situation the bottom MOSFET will be dissipating most of the power but less than in normal operation. The short circuit ripple current is determined by the minimum ontime tON(MIN) of the LTC3877 (≈ 40ns), the input voltage and inductor value: Excessive ambient temperatures, loads and inadequate airflow or heat sinking can subject the chip, inductor, FETs, etc. to high temperatures. This thermal stress reduces component life and if severe enough, can result in immediate catastrophic failure. To protect the power supply from undue thermal stress, the LTC3877 has a fixed chip temperature-based thermal shutdown. The internal thermal shutdown is set for approximately 160°C with 10°C of hysteresis. When the chip reaches 160°C, both TG and BG are disabled until the chip cools down below 150°C. VIN L The resulting short-circuit current is: ISC = 1/ 3VSENSE(MAX) RSENSE 1 – ΔIL(SC) 2 Overcurrent Fault Recovery When the output of the power supply is loaded beyond its preset current limit, the regulated output voltage will collapse depending on the load. The output may be shorted to ground through a very low impedance path or it may be a resistive short, in which case the output will collapse partially, until the load current equals the preset current limit. The controller will continue to source current into the short. The amount of current sourced depends on the ILIM pin setting and the VFB voltage as shown in the Current foldback graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. Upon removal of the short, the output soft starts using the internal soft-start, thus reducing output overshoot. In the absence of this feature, the output capacitors would have been charged at current limit, and in applications with minimal output capacitance this may have resulted in output overshoot. Current limit foldback is not disabled during an overcurrent recovery. The load must step below the folded back current limit threshold in order to restart from a hard short. 34 The LTC3877 has a phase-locked loop (PLL) comprised of an internal voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector. This allows the turn-on of the top MOSFET of controller 1 to be locked to the rising edge of an external clock signal applied to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The turn-on of controller 2’s top MOSFET is thus 180 degrees outof-phase with the external clock. The phase detector is an edge sensitive digital type that provides zero degrees phase shift between the external and internal oscillators. This type of phase detector does not exhibit false lock to harmonics of the external clock. The output of the phase detector is a pair of complementary current sources that charge or discharge the internal filter network. There is a precision 10µA of current flowing out of the FREQ pin. This allows the user to use a single 1400 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) ΔIL(SC) = tON(MIN) • Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synchronization 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 0.5 2 1 1.5 FREQ PIN VOLTAGE (V) 2.5 3877 F12 Figure 12. Relationship Between Oscillator Frequency and Voltage at the FREQ Pin 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information It is not recommended to apply the external clock when the IC is in shutdown. 2.4V 5.5V RSET 10µA Minimum On-Time Considerations FREQ EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR MODE/ PLLIN DIGITAL SYNC PHASE/ FREQUENCY DETECTOR VCO 3877 F13 Figure 13. Phase-Locked Loop Block Diagram resistor to GND to set the switching frequency when no external clock is applied to the MODE/PLLIN pin. The internal switch between FREQ pin and the integrated PLL filter network is ON, allowing the filter network to be precharged to the same voltage potential as the FREQ pin. The relationship between the voltage on the FREQ pin and the operating frequency is shown in Figure 12 and specified in the Electrical Characteristic table. If an external clock is detected on the MODE/PLLIN pin, the internal switch mentioned above will turn off and isolate the influence of FREQ pin. Note that the LTC3877 can only be synchronized to an external clock whose frequency is within range of the LTC3877’s internal VCO. This is guaranteed to be between 250kHz and 1MHz. A simplified block diagram is shown in Figure 13. If the external clock frequency is greater than the internal oscillator’s frequency, fOSC, then current is sourced continuously from the phase detector output, pulling up the filter network. When the external clock frequency is less than fOSC, current is sunk continuously, pulling down the filter network. If the external and internal frequencies are the same but exhibit a phase difference, the current sources turn on for an amount of time corresponding to the phase difference. The voltage on the filter network is adjusted until the phase and frequency of the internal and external oscillators are identical. At the stable operating point, the phase detector output is high impedance and the filter capacitor holds the voltage. Typically, the external clock (on MODE/PLLIN pin) input high threshold is 1.6V, while the input low threshold is 1V. Minimum on-time tON(MIN) is the smallest time duration that the LTC3877 is capable of turning on the top MOSFET. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that: V tON(MIN) < OUT ( VIN • f ) If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase. The minimum on-time for the LTC3877 is approximately 40ns, with reasonably good PCB layout, minimum 30% inductor current ripple and at least 2mV ripple on the current sense signal. The minimum on-time can be affected by PCB switching noise in the voltage and current loop. As the peak sense voltage decreases the minimum on-time gradually increases to 60ns. If the duty cycle drops below the minimum on-time limit in this situation, a significant amount of cycle skipping can occur with correspondingly larger current and voltage ripple. Efficiency Considerations The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Percent efficiency can be expressed as: %Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources usually account for most of the losses in LTC3877 circuits: 1) IC VIN current, 2) INTVCC regulator current, 3) I2R losses, 4) Topside MOSFET transition losses. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 35 LTC3877 Applications Information 1. The VIN current is the DC supply current given in the Electrical Characteristics table, which excludes MOSFET driver and control currents. VIN current typically results in a small (<0.1%) loss. 4. Transition losses apply only to the topside MOSFET(s), and become significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 15V or greater). Transition losses can be estimated from: 2. INTVCC current is the sum of the MOSFET driver and control currents. The MOSFET driver current results from switching the gate capacitance of the power MOSFETs. Each time a MOSFET gate is switched from low to high to low again, a packet of charge dQ moves from INTVCC to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is a current out of INTVCC that is typically much larger than the control circuit current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG = f(QT + QB), where QT and QB are the gate charges of the topside and bottom side MOSFETs. TRANSITION LOSS = (1.7) VIN2 • IO(MAX) • CRSS • f Supplying INTVCC power through EXTVCC from an output-derived source will scale the VIN current required for the driver and control circuits by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Efficiency). For example, in a 20V to 5V application, 10mA of INTVCC current results in approximately 2.5mA of VIN current. Using EXTVCC reduces the mid-current loss from 10% or more (if the driver was powered directly from VIN) to only a few percent. 3. I2R losses are predicted from the DC resistances of the fuse (if used), MOSFET, inductor, and current sense resistor (if used). In continuous mode, the average output current flows through L and RSENSE, but is “chopped” between the topside MOSFET and the synchronous MOSFET. If the two MOSFETs have approximately the same RDS(ON), then the resistance of one MOSFET can simply be summed with the resistances of L and RSENSE to obtain I2R losses. For example, if each RDS(ON) = 10mΩ, RL = 10mΩ, RSENSE = 5mΩ, then the total resistance is 25mΩ. This results in losses ranging from 2% to 8% as the output current increases from 3A to 15A for a 5V output, or a 3% to 12% loss for a 3.3V output. Efficiency varies as the inverse square of VOUT for the same external components and output power level. The combined effects of increasingly lower output voltages and higher currents required by high performance digital systems is not doubling but quadrupling the importance of loss terms in the switching regulator system! 36 Other “hidden” losses such as copper trace and internal battery resistances can account for an additional 5% to 10% efficiency degradation in portable systems. It is very important to include these “system” level losses during the design phase. The internal battery and fuse resistance losses can be minimized by making sure that CIN has adequate charge storage and very low ESR at the switching frequency. A 25W supply will typically require a minimum of 20µF to 40µF of capacitance having a maximum of 20mΩ to 50mΩ of ESR. The LTC3877 2-phase architecture typically halves this input capacitance requirement over competing solutions. Other losses including Schottky conduction losses during dead time and inductor core losses generally account for less than 2% total additional loss. Checking Transient Response The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load current transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive) load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT shifts by an amount equal to ΔILOAD • (ESR), where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT. ΔILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT, generating the feedback error signal that forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows optimization of control loop behavior but also provides a DC coupled and AC filtered closed loop response test point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH external components shown in the Typical Application circuit will provide an adequate starting point for most applications. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information The ITH series RC-CC filter sets the dominant pole-zero loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly (from 0.5 to 2 times their suggested values) to optimize transient response once the final PC layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because the various types and values determine the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1µs to 10µs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop. Placing a power MOSFET directly across the output capacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated control loop response. The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing RC and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by decreasing CC. If RC is increased by the same factor that CC is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall supply performance. A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1µF) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT, causing a rapid drop in VOUT. No regulator can alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of CLOAD to COUT is greater than 1:50, the switch rise time should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to approximately 25 • CLOAD. Thus a 10µF capacitor would require a 250µs rise time, limiting the charging current to about 200mA. PC Board Layout Checklist When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the IC. These items are also illustrated graphically in the layout diagram of Figure 14. Figure 15 illustrates the current waveforms present in the various branches of a 2-phase synchronous regulators operating in continuous mode. Check the following in your layout: 1.Are the top N-channel MOSFETs M1 and M3 located within 1cm of each other with a common drain connection at CIN? Do not attempt to split the input decoupling for the two channels as it can cause a large resonant loop. 2.Are the signal and power grounds kept separate? The combined IC ground pin and the ground return of CINTVCC must return to the combined COUT (–) terminals. The VFB, VOSNS, and ITH traces should be as short as possible. The path formed by the top N-channel MOSFET, Schottky diode and the CIN capacitor should have short leads and PC trace lengths. The output capacitor (–) terminals should be connected as close as possible to the (–) terminals of the input capacitor by placing the capacitors next to each other and away from the Schottky loop described above. 3.Are the SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– printed circuit traces routed together with minimum PC trace spacing? The filter capacitors between SNSD+, SNSA+ and SNS– should be as close as possible to the pins of the IC. Connect the SNSD+ and SNSA+ pins to the filter resistors as illustrated in Figure 4b. 4.Do the (+) plates of CIN connect to the drain of the topside MOSFET as closely as possible? This capacitor provides the pulsed current to the MOSFET. 5.Keep the switching nodes, SW, BOOST and TG away from sensitive small-signal nodes (SNSD+, SNSA+, SNS–, VOSNS1+, VOSNS1–, VFB1, VFB2+, VFB2–). Ideally the SW, BOOST and TG printed circuit traces should be routed away and separated from the IC and especially the quiet side of the IC. Separate the high dv/dt traces from sensitive small-signal nodes with ground traces or ground planes. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 37 LTC3877 Applications Information CLKOUT LTC3877 VPULL-UP L1 VOUT1 TG1 SW1 CB1 M1 BOOST1 BG1 RIN 2.2Ω MODE/PLLIN SNS2– SNSD2+ VFB2– VFB2+ INTVCC 1µF CINTVCC 4.7µF BG2 SW2 TK/SS2 VIN COUT1 GND CIN COUT2 10µF ×2 CERAMIC M3 BOOST2 ITH2 10µF ×2 CERAMIC CVIN 1µF GND EXTVCC D1 (OPT) + SNSA2– VIN M2 + RUN VID_EN, VID0,1,2,3,4,5, CHL_SEL RUN + fIN PGOOD VFB1 SNS1– FREQ ILIM PGOOD DIFFOUT VOSNS1– SNSA1+ SNSD1+ RPU2 + ITH1 ITEMP VOSNS1+ TK/SS1 M4 D2 (OPT) CB2 TG2 VOUT2 L2 3877 F14 Figure 14. Recommended Printed Circuit Layout Diagram 6.The INTVCC bypassing capacitor should be placed immediately adjacent to the IC between the INTVCC pin and PGND plane. A 1µF ceramic capacitor of the X7R or X5R type is small enough to fit very close to the IC to minimize the ill effects of the large current pulses drawn to drive the bottom MOSFETs. An additional 4.7µF to 10µF of ceramic, tantalum or other very low ESR capacitance is recommended in order to keep the internal IC supply quiet. 38 7.Use a modified “star ground” technique: a low impedance, large copper area central grounding point on the same side of the PC board as the input and output capacitors with tie-ins for the bottom of the INTVCC bypassing capacitor, the bottom of the voltage feedback resistive divider and the SGND pin of the IC. 8.Use a low impedance source such as a logic gate to drive the MODE/PLLIN pin and keep the lead as short as possible. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information SW1 L1 D1 VOUT1 COUT1 RL1 VIN RIN CIN SW2 BOLD LINES INDICATE HIGH SWITCHING CURRENT. KEEP LINES TO A MINIMUM LENGTH. D2 L2 VOUT2 COUT2 RL2 3877 F15 Figure 15. Branch Current Waveforms 9.The 47pF to 330pF ceramic capacitor between the ITH pin and signal ground should be placed as close as possible to the IC. Figure 15 illustrates all branch currents in a switching regulator. It becomes very clear after studying the current waveforms why it is critical to keep the high switching current paths to a small physical size. High electric and magnetic fields will radiate from these loops just as radio stations transmit signals. The output capacitor ground should return to the negative terminal of the input capacitor and not share a common ground path with any switched current paths. The left half of the circuit gives rise to the noise generated by a switching regulator. The ground terminations of the synchronous MOSFET and Schottky diode should return to the bottom plate(s) of the input capacitor(s) with a short isolated PC trace since very high switched currents are present. External OPTI-LOOP® compensation allows overcompensation for PC layouts which are not optimized but this is not the recommended design procedure. 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 39 LTC3877 Applications Information PC Board Layout Debugging Start with one controller at a time. It is helpful to use a DC-50MHz current probe to monitor the current in the inductor while testing the circuit. Monitor the output switching node (SW pin) to synchronize the oscilloscope to the internal oscillator and probe the actual output voltage as well. Check for proper performance over the operating voltage and current range expected in the application. The frequency of operation should be maintained over the input voltage range down to dropout and until the output load drops below the low current operation threshold— typically 10% of the maximum designed current level in Burst Mode operation. The duty cycle percentage should be maintained from cycle to cycle in a well-designed, low noise PCB implementation. Variation in the duty cycle at a sub-harmonic rate can suggest noise pickup at the current or voltage sensing inputs or inadequate loop compensation. Overcompensation of the loop can be used to tame a poor PC layout if regulator bandwidth optimization is not required. Only after each controller is checked for its individual performance should both controllers be turned on at the same time. A particularly difficult region of operation is when one controller channel is nearing its current comparator trip point when the other channel is turning on its top MOSFET. This occurs around 50% duty cycle on either channel due to the phasing of the internal clocks and may cause minor duty cycle jitter. Reduce VIN from its nominal level to verify operation of the regulator in dropout. Check the operation of the undervoltage lockout circuit by further lowering VIN while monitoring the outputs to verify operation. Investigate whether any problems exist only at higher output currents or only at higher input voltages. If problems coincide with high input voltages and low output currents, look for capacitive coupling between the BOOST, SW, TG, and possibly BG connections and the sensitive voltage and current pins. The capacitor placed across the current sensing pins needs to be placed immediately adjacent to the pins of the IC. This capacitor helps to minimize the effects of differential noise injection due to high frequency capacitive coupling. If problems are encountered with high current output loading at lower input voltages, look for inductive coupling between CIN, Schottky and the top MOSFET components to the sensitive current and voltage sensing traces. In addition, investigate common ground path voltage pickup between these components and the SGND pin of the IC. Design Example As a design example for a single output dual phase high current regulator, assume VIN = 12V(nominal), VIN = 20V(maximum), VOUT = 0.6V to 1.2V, IMAX1,2 = 30A, and f = 400kHz (see Figure 16). IMAX1,2 is the maximum DC load current per each phase. In addition to connecting the outputs of the power stages together, a few steps are necessary to configure the LTC3877 for a two-phase single output controller. First, tie CHL_SEL to INTVCC. Then, connect TK/SS1 to TK/ SS2, and connect ITH1 to ITH2. Finally, Short the VFB1 pins and VFB2+ pins together and short VFB2– to signal ground. With VID_EN low, the regulated output voltages are determined by: ⎛ R ⎞ VOUT = 0.6V • ⎜ 1+ D1 ⎟ ⎝ RD2 ⎠ For an output voltage of 0.9V, set RD1 = 10k and RD2 = 20k. The frequency is set by biasing the FREQ pin to 866mV (see Figure 12). The inductance values are based on a 45% maximum ripple current assumption (13.5A for each channel). The highest value of ripple current occurs at the maximum input voltage and maximum output voltage, therefore: VOUT(MAX) ⎛ VOUT(MAX) ⎞ L≥ 1– f • ΔIL(MAX) ⎜⎝ VIN(MAX) ⎟⎠ The minimum inductor value is 0.21µH. The Würth 744301025, 0.25µH inductor, is chosen. At the nominal input voltage (12V) and maximum output voltage (1.2V), the ripple current will be: ΔIL(NOM) = 40 VOUT(MAX) ⎛ VOUT(MAX) ⎞ ⎜ 1– ⎟ f •L ⎝ VIN(NOM) ⎠ 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 LTC3877 Applications Information It will have 11A (37%) ripple. The peak inductor current, IPEAK, will be the maximum DC value plus one-half the ripple current, or 35.5A. The minimum on-time occurs at the maximum VIN, and minimum VOUT and should not be less than 40ns: VOUT(MIN) 0.6V tON(MIN) = = = 75ns VIN(MAX) ( f ) 20V ( 400kHz ) DCR sensing is used in this circuit. If C1 and C2 are chosen to be 220nF, based on the chosen 0.25µH inductor with 0.32mΩ DCR, R1 and R2 can be calculated as: L R1= = 3.55k DCR •C1 L R2 = = 710Ω DCR •C2 • 5 Choose R1 = 3.57k and R2 = 715Ω. The maximum DCR of the inductor is 0.34mΩ. The VSENSE(MAX) is calculated as: VSENSE(MAX) = IPEAK • DCRMAX = 12mV The current limit is chosen to be 15mV. If temperature variation is considered, please refer to Inductor DCR Sensing Temperature Compensation with NTC Thermistor. For a 0.32mΩ DCR, a short-circuit to ground will result in a folded back current of: ISC = (1/ 3)15mV – 1 ⎛ 40ns (20V ) ⎞ = 14A 0.32mΩ 2 ⎜⎝ 0.25µH ⎟⎠ An Infineon BSC010NE2LS, RDS(ON) = 1.1mΩ, is chosen for the bottom FET. The resulting power loss at minimum VOUT and maximum VIN is: 20V – 0.6V PSYNC = (30A )2 • 20V ⎡⎣1+ ( 0.005) • ( 75°C – 25°C) ⎤⎦ • 0.0011Ω = 1.2W CIN is chosen for an equivalent RMS current rating of at least 13.7A. COUT is chosen with an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 4.5mΩ for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input voltage. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately: VORIPPLE = RESR (∆IL) = 0.0045Ω • 11A = 49.5mVP-P Further reductions in output voltage ripple can be made by placing a 100µF ceramic capacitor across COUT. The power dissipation on the topside MOSFET can be easily estimated. Choosing an Infineon BSC050NE2LS MOSFET results in: RDS(ON) = 7.1mΩ (max), VMILLER = 2.8V, CMILLER ≅ 35pF. At maximum input voltage with TJ (estimated) = 75°C and maximum VOUT: PMAIN = 1.2V (30A )2 ⎡⎣1+ (0.005)(75°C – 25°C)⎤⎦ • 20V 30A (0.0071Ω) + (20V )2 ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠ (2Ω )(35pF ) • 2 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎢⎣ 5.5V – 2.8V + 2.8V ⎥⎦ ( 400kHz ) = 479mW+122mW = 601mW 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 41 LTC3877 Applications Information INTVCC INTVCC 30.1k 4.7µF 34.8k D1 CMDSH-3 10k M1 BSC050NE2LS L1 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 715Ω CB1 0.1µF 3.57k 10k FROM VIN INTVCC CHL_SEL µP PGOOD1 PGOOD2 VID_EN PHASMD VID1,2,3,4 CLKOUT ILIM MODE/PLLIN RUN TG2 TG1 LTC3877 BOOST1 SW1 VFB2+ BG1 VFB1 M2 BSC010NE2LSI SNSA1+ 10k 220nF 220nF VOUT 20k + 330µF ×3 100µF ×2 SNS1– SNSD1+ DIFFOUT VOSNS1+ VOSNS1– ITH1 10µF ×4 + VIN 6V TO 20V 270µF D2 CMDSH-3 M3 BSC050NE2LS CB2 0.1µF L2 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) BOOST2 SW2 M4 BSC010NE2LSI BG2 3.57k 715Ω GND EXTVCC SNSA2+ SNS2– SNSD2+ ITEMP FREQ 220nF 220nF VFB2– ITH2 TK/SS1 TK/SS2 VID0,5 0.1µF 1.5nF 86.6k 8.45k 100pF 100µF ×2 + VOUT 0.9V 60A 330µF ×3 3877 F16 Figure 16. Dual Phase 0.9V, 60A Power System with Ultra Low DCR Sensing 42 3877f For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 VOUT1 0.6V TO 1.23V 90A 330µF ×9 10µF ×2 470µF ×2 BSC050NE2LS + 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) VIN 6V TO 20V FROM µP For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 20k 715 3.57k 220nF 220nF 10k BSC010NE2LS 0.1µF CMDSH2-3 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 10k 30.1k DIFFOUT VFB1 VFB2+ VFB2– SNSA1+ SNS1– SNSD1+ BG1 SW1 TG1 BOOST1 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 LTC3877 EXTVCC VIN 1µF TK/SS1 TK/SS2 SNSA2+ ITH1 ITH2 SNS2– SNSD2+ BG2 SW TG2 BOOST2 PGOOD2 CLKOUT PHASMD PGOOD1 ITEMP RUN ITEMP 2.2 715 0.1µF 4.02k 2.2nF 220nF .01µF 10µF ×2 220pF 715 0.1µF CMDSH2-3 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 10k 30.1k 100pF 220nF 220nF BSC010NE2LS 3.57k BSC050NE2LS BSC050NE2LS 0.25µH 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) (0.32mΩ DCR) 10µF ×2 10k PGOOD1 220nF 3.57k BSC010NE2LS 0.1µF CMDSH2-3 100k 34.8k 4.7µF LTC3877 2.2 ITEMP TK/SS2 ITH2 SNSA2+ SNS2– SNSD2+ BG2 SW TG2 BOOST2 CLKOUT PHASMD PGOOD2 PGOOD1 RUN VIN ITEMP 1µF L1 - L4: WÜRTH 744301025 86.6k 10k 0.1µF 0.1µF 7.5k 220nF 220nF 10µF ×2 PGOOD2 715 3.57k 330pF + 3877 F17 BSC050NE2LS 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 3.3nF CMDSH2-3 100k BSC010NE2LS 20k TK/SS1 DIFFOUT VOSNS1+ FREQ GND CHL_SEL VFB2– VFB2+ VFB1 ITH1 SNSA1+ SNS1– SNSD1+ BG1 SW1 TG1 BOOST1 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 ILIM MODE/PLLIN VOSNS1– INTVCCC EXTVCC Figure 17. 3 + 1 Converter: 0.6V to 1.23V at 90A and 1.2V at 30A 86.6k VOSNS1– VOSNS1+ FREQ GND MODE/PLLIN ILIM CHL_SEL INTCCC 4.7µF VOUT2 1.2V 30A 330µF ×3 LTC3877 Applications Information 3877f 43 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 10µF ×2 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 20k 715 220nF 10k 0.1µF 3.57k 220nF BSC010NE2LS BSC050NE2LS CMDSH2-3 FROM µP 44 10k 30.1k DIFFOUT VFB1 VFB2+ VFB2– SNSA1+ GND 4.7µ 4.02k 0.1µF 715 3.57k 2.2nF 220nF 220nF BSC010NE2LS 220pF BSC050NE2LS BSC050NE2LS 0.25µH 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) (0.32mΩ DCR) 715Ω 220nF BSC010NE2LS 0.1µF 10µF ×2 0.1µF 10nF PGOOD CMDSH2-3 10µF ×2 10k 4.22k 30.1k CMDSH2-3 100k 75k FAULT0 FREQ ITH0 ISENSE0– BG0 ISENSE0+ BG0 SW0 TG0 BOOST0 MODE0 GND ILIM LTC3874 FAULT1 LOWDCR ITH1 ISENSE1– ISENSE1 120k 0.1µF CMDSH2-3 + 220nF BG1 SW1 TG1 BOOST1 MODE1 VIN INTCCC EXTVCC SYNC PHASMD RUN0 RUN1 Figure 18. Four Phase, 120A VID-Controlled Converter Using LTC3877 and LTC3874 86.6k MODE/PLLIN TK/SS1 TK/SS2 ITH2 ITH1 SNSA2+ SNS2– BG2 SW TG2 BOOST2 CLKOUT PHASMD PGOOD2 RUN PGOOD1 VIN ITEMP SNS1– FREQ EXTVCC 2.2 SNSD2+ VOSNS1– VOSNS1+ LTC3877 CHL_SEL VID_SEL INTCCC 1µF SNSD1+ BG1 SW1 TG1 BOOST1 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 ILIM 4.7µF 100pF 715Ω BSC010NE2LS BSC050NE2LS 10µF ×2 560µF + 3877 F19 VIN 6V TO 14V 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) + 330µF ×12 VOUT 0.6V TO 1.23V 120A LTC3877 Applications Information 3877f LTC3877 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. UK Package 44-Lead Plastic QFN (7mm × 7mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1763 Rev Ø) 0.70 ±0.05 5.15 ±0.05 5.00 REF 6.10 ±0.05 7.50 ±0.05 (4 SIDES) 5.15 ±0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED 7.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES) 0.75 ±0.05 R = 0.10 TYP R = 0.125 TYP 43 44 0.40 ±0.10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 1 PIN 1 CHAMFER C = 0.35 5.00 REF (4-SIDES) 2 5.15 ±0.10 5.15 ±0.10 (UK44) QFN 1007 REV Ø 0.200 REF 0.00 – 0.05 NOTE: 1. DRAWING IS NOT A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.20mm ON ANY SIDE. 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD 3877f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 45 LTC3877 Typical Application Dual Output, 400kHz Converter with Fixed and VID-Controlled Outputs INTVCC 2.2Ω INTVCC 30.1k ILIM INTVCC VIN RUN FROM µP 10k 10k INTVCC 10µF x2 CMDSH2-3 VID_EN VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 VID5 INTVCC 1µF MODE/PLLIN BSC050NE2LS 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) 330µF x3 715 100µF x2 BSC010NE2LS 3.57k PGOOD2 INTVCC 10µF x2 PHASMD LTC3877 BOOST1 BOOST2 CMDSH2-3 0.1µF TG1 TG2 SW1 SW BG2 BSC050NE2LS 715 100µF x3 330µF x3 220nF SNS2– 220nF 220nF SNSA1+ SNSA2+ ITH1 ITH2 TK/SS1 VFB1 20k 3.57k SNSD2+ SNS1- 330pF VOUT2 1.5V 30A 0.25µH (0.32mΩ DCR) BSC010NE2LS 220nF 7.5k 470µF x2 PGOOD1 CLKOUT SNSD1+ 0.1µF 100k PGOOD2 BG1 3.3nF 100k PGOOD1 0.1µF VOUT1 0.6V to 1.23V 30A VIN 6V to 20V 4.7µF 34.8k 2.2nF TK/SS2 ITEMP 0.1µF 10k 330pF 10k EXTVCC DIFFOUT VFB2+ 10k 15k VFB2– VOSNS1+ VOSNS1– GND FREQ CHL_SEL 86.6k 3877 TA03 Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTM4630/LTM4630-1 Dual 18A or Single 36A DC/DC µModule Regulator Accurate Phase-to-Phase Current Sharing, Fast Transient Response, 4.5V≤ VIN ≤ 15V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 1.8V LTC3774 Dual, Mulitphase Current Mode Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Operates with Power Blocks, DrMOS Devices or External Controller for Sub-Milliohm DCR Sensing with Redundancy Support Drives/MOSFETs, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.5V LTC3855 Dual, Multiphase, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Differential Output Sensing and DCR Temperature Compensation PLL Fixed Frequency 250kHz to 770kHz, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 12V LTC3838/LTC3838-1/ LTC3838-2 Dual, Fast, Accurate Step- Down Controlled On-Time DC/DC Controller with Differential Output Sensing Synchronizable Fixed Frequency 200kHz to 2MHz, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5.5V LTC3861/LTC3861-1 Dual, Multiphase, Synchronous Step-Down Voltage Mode DC/DC Controller with Diff Amp and Accurate Current Sharing Operates with Power Blocks, DrMOS Devices or External Drivers/MOSFETs, 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V LTC3856 Single Output, Dual Channel Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with Differential Output Sensing Phase-Lockable Fixed 250kHz to 770kHz Frequency, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 5V LTC3875 Dual, Multiphase Synchronous Current Mode Controller with Sub-mΩ DCR Sensing and Temperature Compensation 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.5V/5V Excellent Current Share When Paralleled LTC3866 Single Output Current Mode Synchronous Controller with Sub-mΩ DCR Sensing 4.5V≤ VIN ≤ 38V, 0.6V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.5V Fixed 250kHz to 770kHz Frequency LTC3874 PolyPhase Step-Down Synchronous Slave Controller with Sub-mΩ DCR Sensing Phase Extender for High Phase Count Voltage Rails, Accurate Phase-to-Phase Current Sharing, Sub-mΩ DCR Current Sensing, 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 38V 46 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3877 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LTC3877 3877f LT 0715 • PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2015