DATASHEET

IPM6210A
TM
Data Sheet
August 2001
Precision Dual PWM Controller And
Linear Regulator for Notebook CPUs
The IPM6210A is a highly integrated power controller which
provides a complete power management solution for mobile
CPUs. The IC integrates two PWM controllers and a linear
regulator as well as monitoring and protection circuitry into a
single 28-lead plastic SSOP package. The two PWM
controllers regulate the microprocessor core and I/O
voltages with synchronous-rectified buck converters, while
the linear regulator powers the CPU clock.
The IPM6210A includes 5-bit digital-to-analog converter
(DAC) that adjusts the core PWM output voltage from
0.925V DC to 2.0VDC and conforms to the Intel Mobile VID
specification. The DAC setting may be changed during
operation to accommodate Dual-Mode processors. Special
measures are taken to provide such a transition with
controlled rate in a specified 100µs. A precision reference,
remote sensing, and a proprietary architecture with
integrated processor mode-compensated “droop” provide
excellent static and dynamic core voltage regulation. The
second PWM controller has a fixed 1.5V output voltage and
powers the I/O circuitry. Both PWM controllers have
integrated feedback loop compensation that dramatically
reduces number of the external components. At nominal
loads PWM controllers operate at a fixed frequency of
300kHz. At light loads when the filter inductor current
becomes discontinuous, controllers operate in a hysteretic
mode. Out-of-phase operation of two PWM controllers to
reduce input current ripple is provide in both modes of
operation. The linear regulator uses an internal pass device
to provide 2.5V for the CPU clock generator.
The IPM6210A monitors all the output voltages. A single
Power-Good signal is issued when soft start is completed
and all outputs are within ±10% of their respective set points.
A built-in overvoltage protection for the core and I/O outputs
forces the lower MOSFETs on to prevent output voltages
from going above 115% of their settings. Undervoltage
protection latches the chip off when any of three outputs
drops below 75% of the set value. The PWM controller's
overcurrent circuitry monitors the output current by sensing
the voltage drop across the lower MOSFETs. If precision
overcurrent protection is required, an external current-sense
resistor may optionally be used.
File Number
9033.1
Features
• Provides 3 Regulated Voltages
- 0.9V to 2.0V Microprocessor Core (SpeedStepTM
Enabled)
- 1.5V Microprocessor I/O
- 2.5V Microprocessor Clock Generator
• High Efficiency Over Wide Load Range
• Not Dissipative Current-Sense Scheme
- Uses MOSFET’s rDS(ON)
- Optional Current-Sense Resistor for Precision
Overcurrent
• Adaptive Dead-Time Drivers for N-Channel MOSFETs
• Operates from +5V, +3.3V and Battery (5.6-24V) Inputs
• Precision Core Voltage Control:
- Remote “Kelvin” Sensing
- Summing Current-Mode Control
- On-Chip Mode-Compensated “Droop” for Optimum
Transient Response and Lower Processor Power
Dissipation
• TTL-Compatible 5-Bit Digital Output Voltage Selection
- Wide Range - 0.925V DC to 1.3VDC in 25mV Steps, and
from 1.3VDC to 2.0VDC in 50mV Steps
- Programmable “On-the-Fly” VID Code Change with
Customer Programmable Slew Rate and 100µs Settling
Time
• Power-Good Output Voltage Monitor
• No Negative Voltage on Outputs at Turn-Off
• Overvoltage, Undervoltage and Overcurrent Fault
Monitors
• 300kHz Fixed Switching Frequency
• Thermal Shutdown
Applications
• Mobile PCs
• Web Tablets
• Internet Appliances
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
TEMP. (oC)
PACKAGE
PKG. NO.
IPM6210ACA
-10 to 85
28 Ld SSOP
M28.15
IPM6210ACA-T
-10 to 85
28 Ld SSOP,
Tape and Reel
M28.15
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil and Design is a trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
SpeedStep™ is a trademark of Intel Corporation. | Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2001, All Rights Reserved
IPM6210A
Pinout
IPM6210A (SSOP)
TOP VIEW
LGATE2 1
28 VCC
PGND2 2
27 LGATE1
BOOT2 3
26 PGND1
UGATE2 4
25 BOOT1
PHASE2 5
24 UGATE1
ISEN2 6
23 PHASE1
VID4 7
22 ISEN1
VID3 8
21 PGOOD
VID2 9
20 EN
VID1 10
19 VIN
VID0 11
18 SOFT
VSEN2 12
17 VSEN1
V3IN 13
16 VRET1
VOUT3 14
15 GND
Simplified Power System Diagram
+VIN
VOUT2
I/O
PWM2
PWM1
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
VOUT1
CORE
LINEAR
+VIN
3.3V
VID CODE
REGULATOR
VOUT3
CPU CLK
IPM6210A
2
IPM6210A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +6.5V
Input Voltage, VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +27.0V
V3in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +6.5V
PHASE1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +33.0V
BOOT1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +33.0V
BOOT1,2 with respect to PHASE1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +6.5V
PGOOD, RT/FAULT, and GATE Voltage . . . .GND - 0.3V to VCC +0.3V
Core Output or I/O Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +6.5V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1)
θJA (oC/W)
SSOP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . . 150oC
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC
(SSOP - Lead Tips Only)
Recommended Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5.0V ±5%
Input Voltage, VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7.5V to 24.0V
V3in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +3.3V ±10%
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -10oC to 85oC
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -10oC to 125oC
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Figures 1, 2 and 3
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
-
2
2.5
mA
VCC SUPPLY
Nominal Supply Current
ICC
GATE1, GATE2 Open
Shutdown Supply Current
ICCS
-
30
-
µA
Battery Pin Supply Current
IVIN
30
-
200
µA
IVINSD
-
-
1
µA
Rising VCC Threshold
4.3
4.5
4.6
V
Falling VCC Threshold
3.9
4.1
4.3
V
255
300
345
kHz
-
2
-
V
-
0.5
-
V
VID0-VID4 Input Low Voltage
-
-
1.2
V
VID0-VID4 Input High Voltage
1.8
-
-
V
-
1
-
µA
-1.0
-
+1.0
%
Battery Pin Leakage Current at Shutdown
POWER-ON RESET
OSCILLATOR
Free Running Frequency
VBAT = 16V
Ramp Amplitude, peak-to-peak
Ramp Offset
REFERENCE, DAC AND SOFT START
VID0-VID4 Pull-up Current to VCC
DAC Voltage Accuracy
Soft-Start Current During Start-Up
Soft-Start Current During Mode Change
ISS
ISSM
VSS = 0V...0.9V
18
25
32
µA
VSS = 0.925V...2.0V
350
500
650
µA
-
-
1.2
V
2.0
-
-
V
ENABLE
Enable Voltage Low
VENLOW
IC Inhibited
Enable Voltage High
VENHIGH
IC Enabled
Input has Internal Pull-up Current Source 2µA
(Typ)
PWM 1 CONVERTER
Output Voltage
VOUT1
Defined by the current VID code (Table 1)
100mA < IVOUT1 < 15.0A
Static Load Regulation
3
0.925
-
2.0
V
-2.0
-
+2.0
%
IPM6210A
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Figures 1, 2 and 3 (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
TYP
MAX
UNITS
72
75
78
%
1.2
-
1.6
µs
112
115
120
%
Undervoltage Shutdown Level
VUV1
Undervoltage Shutdown Delay
TDOC1
Overvoltage
VOVP1
Overvoltage Shutdown Delay
TDOV1
1.6
-
3.2
µs
IOC1
100
135
170
µA
Overcurrent Comparator Threshold
Percent of the voltage set by VID code.
Disabled during dynamic VID code change.
MIN
Percent of the voltage set by VID code.
PWM 2 CONVERTER
Output Voltage
VOUT2
1.5
100mA < IVOUT3 < 2.1A
Load Regulation
-2.0
V
-
+2.0
%
Undervoltage Shutdown Level
VUV2
1.09
-
1.13
V
Undervoltage Shutdown Delay
TDOC2
1.2
-
1.6
µs
Overvoltage Shutdown
VOVP2
1.70
-
1.78
V
Overvoltage Shutdown Delay
TDOV2
1.6
-
3.2
µs
IOC2
100
140
170
µA
2.0
%
Overcurrent Comparator Threshold
LINEAR REGULATOR
Output Voltage
VOUT3
2.5
1mA < IVOUT3 < 100mA
Load Regulation
Undervoltage Shutdown Level
Current Limit
-2.0
-
V
VUV3
1.8
-
2.0
V
Ioc3
260
320
400
mA
PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIERS
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
Slew Rate
By Design
-
86
-
dB
GBWP
By Design
-
2.7
-
MHz
SR
By Design
-
1
-
V/µs
PWM 1 CONTROLLER GATE DRIVERS
Upper Drive Pull-Up Resistance
R1UGPUP
-
6
8
Ω
Upper Drive Pull-Down Resistance
R1UGPDN
-
3
5
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Up Resistance
R1LGPUP
-
6
8
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Down Resistance
R1LGPDN
-
0.8
1.5
Ω
Upper Drive Pull-Up Resistance
R2UGPUP
-
12
20
Ω
Upper Drive Pull-Down Resistance
R2UGPDN
-
6
10
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Up Resistance
R2LGPUP
-
10
20
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Down Resistance
R2LGPDN
-
3
5
Ω
PWM 2 CONTROLLER GATE DRIVERS
POWER GOOD
V OUT1 Upper Threshold
Percent of the voltage defined by the VID code
108
-
114
%
VOUT1 Lower Threshold, Falling Edge
Percent of the voltage defined by the VID code
85
-
92
%
VOUT1 Lower Threshold, Rising Edge
Percent of the voltage defined by the VID code
87
-
94
%
VOUT2 Upper Threshold
1.63
-
1.7
V
V OUT2 Lower Threshold
1.32
-
1.38
V
V OUT3 Upper Threshold
2.7
-
2.9
V
VOUT3 Lower Threshold
2.18
-
2.32
V
PGOOD Voltage Low
VPGOOD
IPGOOD = -4mA
-
-
0.5
V
PGOOD Leakage Current
IPGlLKG
VPULLUP = 5.0V
-
-
1.0
µA
4
ISEN2
LGATE2
MODE
CONTROL
COMP 2
VSEN2
PGND2
LGATE2
PHASE2
UGATE2
BOOT2
-
0.9V
EA2
-
R1 = 20K LGATE2
+
-
-
2.8V
SHUTOFF
-
MODE
PHASE1 CONTROL
LOGIC 1
DYNAMIC
DUTY CYCLE
CLAMP
OC LOGIC2
-
PWM
LATCH 2
D Q
R
< Q
-
VCC
Q D
R
Q <
VCC
PWM
LATCH 1
RESET (POR)
POWER-ON
VCC GND
PWM ON
Σ
RAMP 1
FFBK1
EN
HYST ON
DEADT
PWM/HYST
CLK1
CLK
VBAT
GATE LOGIC 2
LO
HI
CLK2
RAMP 2
OC COMP2
HYST COMP2
OVP2
LGDR2
CLK2
VCC
GATE
CONTROL
HGDR2
0.9V
+ -
+
VOUT3
-
+
V3IN
LINEAR REGULATOR
+
-
+
+
+
HI
FFBK1
EA1
-
-
PGOOD
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
MONITOR
OVP2
OVP1
MODE
CONTROL PHASE1
LOGIC 1
DYNAMIC
DUTY CYCLE
CLAMP
OC LOGIC1
LO
OC COMP1
PWM ON
HYST ON
PWM/HYST
DEADT
FCCM
GATE LOGIC 1
SHUTOFF
+
-
+
+
5
FCCM
+
VCC
-
VRET1
VSEN1
VID0 VID1 VID2
LGATE1
ISEN1
VID3 VID4 SOFT
R1 = 20K
TTL DAC
REFERENCE
SOFT START
LGATE1
-
-
+
PRE AMP
CLK1
DAC OUT
PGND1
LGATE1
PHASE1
UGATE1
BOOT1
+ FAST FEEDBACK COMP1
Σ
-
HYST COMP1
OVP1
LGDR1
GATE
CONTROL
HGDR1
+
+
+
+
DACOUT
Block Diagram
IPM6210A
IPM6210A
Functional Pin Descriptions
VSEN1, VRTN1 (Pins 17 and 16)
VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3, VID4 (Pins 11, 10, 9, 8 and 7
Respectively)
These pins are connected to the core converter’s output
voltage to provide remote sensing. The PGOOD, UVP and
OVP comparators use these pins for protection.
VID0-VID4 are the input pins to the 5-bit DAC. The states of
these five pins program the internal voltage reference
(DACOUT). The level of DACOUT sets the core converter
output voltage (V OUT1). It also sets the core PGOOD, UVP
and OVP thresholds.
BOOT1, BOOT2 (Pins 25 and 3)
These pins provide power to the upper MOSFET drivers of
the core and I/O converters. Connect these pins to their
respective junctions of the bootstrap capacitors and the
cathodes of the bootstrap diodes. The anodes of the
bootstrap diodes are connected to pin 28, VCC.
PHASE1, PHASE2 (Pins 23 and 5)
The PHASE nodes are the junction points of the upper
MOSFET sources, output filter inductors, and lower
MOSFET drains. Connect the PHASE pins to the respective
PWM converter’s upper MOSFET source.
ISEN1, ISEN2 (Pins 22 and 6)
These pins are used to monitor the voltage drop across the
lower MOSFETs for current feedback, output voltage droop and
overcurrent protection. For precise current detection these
inputs could be connected to optional current sense resistors
placed in series with sources of the lower MOSFETs. To set the
gain of the current sense amplifier, a resistor should be placed
in series with each of these inputs.
UGATE1, UGATE2 (Pins 24 and 4)
These pins provide the gate drive for the upper MOSFETs.
LGATE1, LGATE 2 (Pin 27 and 1)
SOFT (Pin 18)
Connect a capacitor from this pin to the ground. This capacitor
(typically 0.1mF), along with an internal 25mA current source,
sets the soft-start interval of the converter. When voltage on this
pin exceeds 0.9V, the soft start is completed. After the soft-start
is completed, the pin function is changed. The internal circuit
regulates voltage on this pin to the value commanded by VID
code. The pin now has 500mA source/sink capability that
allows to set desired slew rate for upward and downward VID
code changes.
VIN (Pin 19)
VIN provides battery voltage to the oscillator for feed-forward
rejection of input voltage variations.
EN (Pin 20)
This pin enables IC operation when left open or pulled-up to
VCC. Also, it unlatches the chip after fault when being
cycled.
PGOOD (Pin 21)
PGOOD is an open drain output used to indicate the status
of the PWM converters’ output voltages. This pin is pulled
low when the core output is not within ±10% of the DACOUT
reference voltage, or when any of the other outputs are not
within their respective undervoltage and overvoltage
thresholds.
The PGOOD output is pulled low for “01111” and ‘11111’ VID
code. See Table 1.
These pins provide the gate drive for the lower MOSFETs.
GND (Pin 15)
PGND1, PGND2 (Pin 26 and 2)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin.
These are the power ground connection for the core and I/O
converters, respectively. Tie each lower MOSFET source to
the corresponding pin.
VSEN2 (Pin 12)
This pin is connected to the I/O output and provides voltage
feedback to the I/O error amplifier. The PGOOD, UVP and
OVP comparators use this signal.
V3IN (Pin 13)
This pin provides input power for the 2.5V linear regulator.
The typical input voltage for that pin is 3.3V. Alternatively,
5.0V system rail can be used while efficiency will be
proportionally lower.
VOUT3 (Pin 14)
Output of the 2.5V linear regulator. Supplies current up to
150mA. The output current on this pin is internally limited to
250mA.
6
VCC (Pin 28)
Supplies all the power necessary to operate the chip. The IC
starts to operate when the voltage on this pin exceeds 4.5V and
shuts down when the voltage on this pin drops below 4.0V.
Description
Operation Overview
The IPM6210A three-in-one power management integrated
circuit provides complete power solution for modern
processors for notebook and sub-notebook PCs. The IC
controls operation of two synchronous buck converters and
one linear regulator. The output voltage of the core converter
can be adjusted in the range from 0.925V to 2.0 by changing
the DAC code settings (see Table 1). The output voltage of
the I/O converter is fixed to 1.5V. The internal linear regulator
provides fixed 2.5V for the CPU clock generator from the
system +3.3V bus. The output voltage of the core converter
IPM6210A
can be changed on-the-fly with programmable slew rate,
which makes it especially suitable for the processors that
feature modern power savings techniques as SpeedStepTM
or PowerNow!TM .
Both, core and I/O converters can operate in two modes:
fixed frequency PWM and variable frequency hysteretic
depending on the load level. At loads lower than the critical
where filter inductor current becomes discontinuous,
hysteretic mode of operation is activated. Switchover from
PWM to hysteretic operation at light loads improves the
converters' efficiency and prolongs battery run time. In
hysteretic mode, comparators are synchronized to the main
clock that allows seamless transition between the
operational modes and reduced channel-to-channel
interaction. As the filter inductor resumes continuous
current, the PWM mode of operation is restored.
The core converter incorporates Intersil's proprietary output
voltage droop for optimum handling of fast load transients
found in modern processors. The droop is compensated for
the processor mode changes, which allows for relatively
equal droop in any operation mode and to specify the droop
as a fraction of the VID set voltage.
Initialization
The IPM6210A initializes upon receipt of input power
assuming EN is high or not connected. The Power-On Reset
(POR) function continually monitors the input supply voltage
on the VCC pin and initiates soft-start operation after input
supply voltage exceeds 4.5V. Should this voltage drop lower
than 4.0V, POR disables the chip.
Soft-Start
When soft start is initiated, the voltage on the SOFT pin
starts to ramp gradually due to the 25µA current sourced into
the external capacitor.
When SOFT-pin voltage reaches 0.9V, the value of the
sourcing current rapidly changes to 500µA charging the softstart capacitor to the level determined by the DAC. This
completes the soft start sequence, Figure 1. As long as the
SOFT voltage is above 0.9V, the maximum value of the
internal soft-start current is set to 500µA allowing fast rate-ofchange in the core output voltage due to a VID code change.
In this mode SOFT has both sourcing and sinking
capabilities to maintain voltage across the soft-start
capacitor conforming to the VID code.
This dual slope approach helps to provide safe rise of
voltages and currents in the converters during initial start-up
and at the same time sets a controlled speed of the core
voltage change when the processor commands to do so.
Soft-start circuits for the I/O converter is slaved to the core
output soft-start circuit and they complete their ramp-up
when voltage on the SOFT pin reaches 0.9V.
7
1
2
3
4
Ch1 VCPU 500mV Ch2 VIO 500mV
Ch4 V EN 5.0V
Ch3 VCLK 1.0V
M1.00ms
VIN = 20V
FIGURE 1. INITIAL STARTUP
The value of the soft-start capacitor can be estimated by the
following equation:
∆Issm
Css = ------------------- ∆t
∆Vdac
For the typical conditions when DVdac = 0.25V, Dt = 100µs:
500mA
Cs s = -------------------100µs = 0.2µF
0.25V
With this value of the soft-start capacitor, soft start time will
be equal to:
0.2µFx0.9V
Tss = --------------------------------- = 7.2ms
25µA
OUT1 Voltage Program
This output of PWM1 converter is designated to supply the
microprocessor core voltage. The OUT1 voltage is
programmed to discrete levels between 0.925VDC and
2.0VDC as specified in Table 1. The voltage identification
(VID) pins program an internal voltage reference (DAC)
through a TTL-compatible 5-bit digital-to-analog converter.
The level of the DAC voltage also sets the PGOOD, UVP and
OVP thresholds. The VID pins can be left open for a logic 1
input due to internal 1µA pull-up to VCC .
The ‘11111’ and ‘0111‘ VID codes, as shown in Table 1, shut
the IC down and set PGOOD low.
Core Converter PWM Operation
At the nominal current core converter operates in a fixed
frequency PWM mode. The output voltage is compared with
a reference voltage set by the DAC. The derived error signal
is amplified by an internally compensated error amplifier and
applied to the inverting input of the PWM comparator. To
provide output voltage droop for enhanced dynamic load
regulation, a signal proportional to the output current is
added to the voltage feedback signal. This feedback scheme
in conjunction with a PWM ramp proportional to the input
voltage allows for fast and stable loop response over a wide
range of input voltage and output current variations. For the
sake of efficiency and maximum simplicity, the current sense
signal is derived from the voltage drop across the lower
MOSFET during its conduction time.
SpeedStep™ is a trademark of Intel Corporation.
PowerNow!™ is a trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
IPM6210A
Mode-Compensated Droop
TABLE 1.
PIN NAME
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
NOMINAL
OUT1
VOLTAGE
0
0
0
0
0
2.00
0
0
0
0
1
1.95
0
0
0
1
0
1.90
0
0
0
1
1
1.85
0
0
1
0
0
1.80
0
0
1
0
1
1.75
0
0
1
1
0
1.70
0
0
1
1
1
1.65
0
1
0
0
0
1.60
0
1
0
0
1
1.55
0
1
0
1
0
1.50
0
1
0
1
1
1.45
0
1
1
0
0
1.40
0
1
1
0
1
1.35
0
1
1
1
0
1.30
0
1
1
1
1
No CPU
1
0
0
0
0
1.275
An output voltage ‘droop’ or an active voltage positioning is
now widely used in the computer power applications. The
technique is based on raising the converter voltage at light
load in anticipation of the possible load current step.
Inversely, the output voltage is lowered at high load in
anticipation of possible load drop. The output voltage varies
with the load like it is a resistor connected in series with the
converter’s output. When done as a part of the feedback in a
closed loop, the ‘droop’ is not associated with substantial
power losses, though. There is no such a resistor in a real
circuit, but the feature is rather emulated by the feedback.
The ‘droop’ allows a reduction in size and cost of the output
capacitors required to handle the transient. Additionally, the
CPU power dissipation is also slightly reduced as it is
proportional to the applied voltage squared and even a slight
voltage decrease translates to a measurable reduction in
power dissipated.
VCPU
PERFORMANCE MODE
1.6
BATTERY-OPTIMIZED MODE
TRADITIONAL DROOP
1.35
1
0
0
0
1
1.250
1
0
0
1
0
1.225
1
0
0
1
1
1.200
1
0
1
0
0
1.175
MODE-COMPENSATED DROOP
0
5
10
ICPU
1
0
1
0
1
1.150
FIGURE 2. MODE-COMPENSATED DROOP
1
0
1
1
0
1.125
1
0
1
1
1
1.100
1
1
0
0
0
1.075
1
1
0
0
1
1.050
1
1
0
1
0
1.025
1
1
0
1
1
1.000
1
1
1
0
0
0.975
1
1
1
0
1
0.950
1
1
1
1
0
0.925
When powering the dual mode processor, it is desired to have
an adequate “droop” (equal fractions of the programmed
output voltage) in both performance and battery-optimized
modes of operation. The traditional “droop” is normally tuned
to the worse case load, which is associated with the
performance mode. In the battery optimized mode, the CPU
operating voltage and the clock frequency are both scaled
down. Due to the constant gain in the current loop, the
traditional ‘droop’ compensates only for the operating voltage
change. The degree of the droop achieved in this case is not
the same because the CPU current is significantly lower as it
is illustrated by the following equation.
1
1
1
1
1
No CPU
NOTE:
2. 0 = Connected to GND or VSS, 1 = open or connected to 3.3V
through pull-up resistors.
8
I C PU = KCPU x VCPUi xFCPUi x KF ;
Where, KCPU is a processor constant; VCPUi is processor
operating voltage; FCPUi is processor clock frequency; KF is
a coefficient that varies from 0 to 1 and indicates how heavily
the processor is engaged by the software; i is a denominator
associated with the processor mode of operation
(performance or battery optimized).
IPM6210A
This resistor sets the gain in the current feedback loop. The
droop is scaled to 5.5% of the VID code when current into
ISEN1 pin equals 75µA.
VCPU = 1.6V
1
The output voltage waveforms with droop subjected to load
step are shown on Figures 3 through 5.
VCPU = 1.00V
1
I CPU = 0.3A>>18A
2
Ch1 50mV
M50µs
Ch2 5.0A
FIGURE 3.
This leads to deterioration of the droop benefits in the
battery-optimized mode where they are mostly appreciable,
Figure 2.
ICPU = 0.3A>>12.0A
2
Ch1 50mV
Ch2 5.0A
VCPU = 1.35V
1
M50ms
FIGURE 5.
Feedback Loop Compensation
Due to implemented average current mode control, the
modulator has a single pole response with -1 slope at
frequency determined by load:
1
FPO = -------------------------------- ,
2πxR O xC O
ICPU = 0.3A>>13.5A
2
Ch1 50mV
Ch2 5.0A
M50ms
FIGURE 4.
The IPM6210A incorporates a new proprietary droop
technique specially designed for the SpeedStepTM - enabled
converters and provides mode-compensated, relatively
equal droop in both, the performance and the batteryoptimized modes. The droop is set as a fraction of the VID
programmed voltage and the gain in the current loop is
different for each VID combination. That makes the droop
compensated for the voltage and the frequency changes
associated with the different CPU modes of operation.
To accommodate the droop the output voltage of core
converter is raised 2% at no load conditions. The resistor
connected to ISEN1 pin programs the amount of droop.
I MAX xr DS ( ON )
R C S = ---------------------------------------- – 100Ω
75µA
9
where RO is load resistance; CO is load capacitance. For
this type of modulator Type 2 compensation circuit is usually
sufficient. To reduce number of external components and
remove the burden at determining compensation
components from a system designer, both PWM controllers
have internally compensated error amplifiers.
Figure 6 shows Type 2 amplifier and its response along with
responses of current mode modulator and the converter. The
Type 2 amplifier, in addition to the pole at origin, has a
zero-pole pair that causes a flat gain region at frequencies in
between the zero and the pole.
1
F Z = ----------------------------- = 6kHz ;
2πxR 2 xC 1
1
F P = ----------------------------- = 600k Hz ;
2πxR 1 xC 2
This region is also associated with phase ‘bump’ or reduced
phase shift. The amount of phase shift reduction depends on
how wide the region of flat gain is and has a maximum value
of 90 degrees. To further simplify the converter
compensation, the modulator gain is kept independent of the
input voltage variation by providing feed-forward of VIN to
the oscillator ramp.
IPM6210A
hysteretic mode. If during this pulse counting process the
comparator's output happens to be high, the counter of the
delay circuit will be reset and circuit will continue to monitor
for eight low-level pulses in a row, as shown in Figure 7.
C2
CONVERTER
R2
R1
C1
EA
VOUT
TYPE 2 EA
t
GEA = 18DB
GEA = 14dB
MODULATOR
FZ
FPO
FP
FC
IIND
t
PHASE
COMP
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FIGURE 6.
The zero frequency, the amplifier high-frequency gain and
the modulator gain are chosen to satisfy most of typical
applications. The crossover frequency will appear at the
point where the modulator attenuation equals the amplifier
high frequency gain. The only task that the system designer
has to complete is to specify the output filter capacitors to
position the load main pole somewhere within one decade
lower than the amplifier zero frequency. With this type of
compensation plenty of phase margin is easily achieved due
to zero-pole pair phase ‘boost’.
Conditional stability may occur only when the main load pole
is positioned too much to the left side on the frequency axis
due to excessive output filter capacitance. In this case, the
ESR zero placed within 10kHz...50kHz range gives some
additional phase ‘boost’. Fortunately, there is an opposite
trend in mobile applications to keep the output capacitor as
small as possible.
Automatic Operation Mode Control
The mode control circuit changes the converter’s mode of
operation depending on the level of the load current. At
nominal current the converter operates in a fixed frequency
PWM mode. When the load current drops lower than the
critical value, inductor current becomes discontinuous and
the operation mode is changed to hysteretic.
The mode control circuit consists of a flip-flop which provides
HYST and NORMAL signals. These signals inhibit normal
PWM operation and activate hysteretic comparator and
diode emulation mode of the synchronous MOSFET.
The inputs of the flip-flop are controlled by the outputs of two
delay circuits that constantly monitor output of the phase
node comparator. High level on the comparator output
during PWM cycle is associated with continuous mode of
operation. The low level -- corresponds to the discontinuous
mode of operation. When the low level on the comparator
output is detected eight times in a row, the mode control flipflop is set and converter is commanded to operate in the
10
MODE
OF
OPERATION
HYSTERETIC
PWM
t
FIGURE 7. PWM TO HYSTERETIC TRANSITION
VOUT
t
IIND
1
2 3 4 5
t
6 7 8
PHASE
COMP
MODE
OF
OPERATION
t
HYSTERETIC
PWM
t
FIGURE 8. HYSTERETIC TO PWM TRANSITION
The circuit which restores normal PWM operation mode works
in the same way and is looking for eight in a row high-level
pulses on the comparator’s output. If during this counting
process the comparator’s output happens to be low, the
counter will be reset and the mode control flip-flop will not
change the state. The operation mode will only be changed
when eight pulses in a row fill the counter, see Figure 8. This
technique prevents jitter and chatter of the operation mode
control logic at the load levels close to the critical.
Hysteretic Operation
When discontinuous inductor current is detected, the mode
control logic changes the way the signals in the chip are
processed by entering hysteretic mode. The comparator and
the error amplifier that provided control in the PWM mode
are inhibited, and the hysteretic comparator is now activated.
Changes are also made to the gate logic. The synchronous
rectifier MOSFET is now controlled in diode emulation mode,
hence conduction in the second quadrant is prohibited.
The converter output voltage is applied to the negative input of
the hysteretic comparator. The voltage on the reference input of
the hysteretic comparator is the DAC output voltage with a
IPM6210A
small addition of the clock frequency pulses. Synchronization of
the upper MOSFET turn-on pulses with the main clock enables
seamless transition between the operation modes.
Several scenarios of the current protection circuit behavior
are possible.
Operation During Processor Mode Changes
The PWM1 controller is specially designed to provide “on the
fly” automatic core voltage changes required by some
advanced processors for mobile applications. Dual core
voltage and operation frequency scaling allows for significant
power savings without sacrificing system performance in
battery operation mode.
As processor mode changes can happen when chip is in
PWM or hysteretic mode, measures were taken to provide
equally fast response to these changes. As soon as a DAC
code change is received, the chip is forced into PWM mode
till transition completes regardless of the load level.
Operating the controller in the synchronous PWM mode
allows faster output voltage transitions especially when a
downward output voltage change is commanded.
VIO
1
IIO
2
Ch1 50mV
Ch2 500mA
M50ms
FIGURE 9. I/O CONVERTER LOAD TRANSIENT IN PWM MODE
I/O Converter Architecture
The I/O converter architecture is close to that of the core
converter. It has the same mode control logic and can operate
in a constant frequency PWM mode or in hysteretic mode
depending on the load level, but its structure is much simpler
mainly because of absence of the differential input amplifier and
the DAC. This controller is synchronized to the same clock as
the core converter, but 180 degrees out-of-phase. Thus, some
reduction of the input current ripple is achieved.
VIO
1
IIO
Some performance curves of I/O converter are shown on
Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Gate Control Logic
2
The gate control logic translates generated PWM signals into
the MOSFETs gate drive signals providing necessary
amplification, level shift and shoot-trough protection. Also, it
helps to optimize the IC performance over a wide range of the
operational conditions. As MOSFET switching time can very
dramatically from type to type and with input voltage variation,
the gate control logic provides adaptive dead time by
monitoring gate voltages of both upper and lower MOSFETs.
Protections
All three outputs are monitored and protected against extreme
overload, short circuit and undervoltage conditions. Both PWM
outputs are monitored and protected from overvoltage
conditions. A sustained overload on any output latches-off all
the converters and sets the PGOOD pin low. The chip
operation can be restored by cycling VCC voltage or EN pin.
Overcurrent Protection
Both PWM controllers use the lower MOSFET’s
on-resistance - rDS(ON) to monitor the current for protection
against shorted outputs. The sensed voltage drop after
amplification is compared with an internally set threshold.
11
Ch1 50mV
Ch2 500mA
M50µs
FIGURE 10. I/O CONVERTER LOAD TRANSIENT WITH MODE
CHANGE
If load step is strong enough to pull output voltage lower
than the undervoltage threshold, chip shuts down. If the
output voltage sag does not reach the undervoltage
threshold but the current exceeds the overcurrent
threshold, the pulse skipping circuit is activated. This
breaks the output voltage regulation and limits the current
supplied to the load.
Because of the nature of the current sensing technique,
and to accommodate a wide range of the rDS(ON) variation,
the value of the threshold should represent overload
current about 180% of the nominal value. To decrease
current protection circuit noise susceptibility, a time delay
circuit (8:1 counter which counts the clock cycles) is
activated when the overcurrent condition is detected for the
first time. If after the delay the overcurrent condition
persists, the converter shuts down. If not - normal operation
is restored.
IPM6210A
The overcurrent protection circuit trips when the peak value
of the lower MOSFET current is higher than the one
obtained from the following equation.
I th ⋅ ( R CS + 100Ω )
IOC = ------------------------------------------------R D SON
where: RCS is a resistor from ISEN pin to PHASE pin; Ioc is
the desired overload current trip level; rDS(ON) is either
rDS(ON) of the lower MOSFET, or the value of the optional
current sense resistor; Ith is the threshold of the current
protection circuitry (140µA).
In the linear regulator the maximum current of the
integrated power device is actively limited to 250mA that
eventually creates an undervoltage condition and sets the
fault latch.
Output Inductor Selection
The minimum practical output inductor value is the one that
keeps inductor current just on the boundary of continuous
conduction at some minimum load. The industry standard
practice is to choose the minimum current somewhere from
10% to 25% of the nominal current. At light load, IPM6210A
PWM controllers automatically switch to a hysteretic mode of
operation to sustain high efficiency. It is suggested that
transition to hysteretic mode occur before inductor current
becomes discontinuous. The following equations help to
choose proper value of the output filter inductor.
∆I = 2x Imin
∆Vout
∆I = ----------------ESR
Vin – Vo ut Vout
L = ----------------------------- × ------------Vin
Fs × ∆I
Overvoltage Protection
During operation, severe load dump or a short of an upper
MOSFET can cause the output voltage to increase
significantly over normal operation range. When the output
exceeds the overvoltage threshold of 115% of the DAC
voltage (1.7V for PWM2), the overvoltage comparator forces
the lower gate driver high and turns the lower MOSFET on.
This will pull down the output voltage and eventually blow
the battery fuse. As soon as output voltage drops below the
threshold, OVP comparator is disengaged.
Such an OVP scheme provides soft crowbar function and
does not interfere with on-the-fly VID code changes. During
downward changes in the converter output voltage, the
condition where the OVP threshold is set before the new
value of the output voltage is reached is permissible and
harmless. Also, it does not invert output voltage when
activated, a common problem for OVP schemes with a latch.
Overvoltage protection is not provided for the linear regulator.
Shutdown
When EN (pin 20) is pulled down, the chip is disabled and
enters a low-current state. Both high-side and low-side gate
drivers are turned off. This control scheme produces no
negative output voltage at shutdown, as shown in Figure 11.
A rising edge on EN clears the fault latch.
Thermal Shutdown
The chip incorporates an over temperature protection circuit
that shuts all the outputs down when the die temperature of
150oC is reached. Normal operation restores at die
temperatures below 125oC through the full soft-start cycle.
Design Procedure and Component
Selection Guidelines
As an initial step, define operating voltage range, minimum
and maximum load currents for each controller.
12
1.60VCORE
1
1.50VIO
2
2.50VCLK
3
EN
4
Ch1 500mV
Ch3 1.0V
Ch2 500mV
Ch4 5.0V
M1.0ms
FIGURE 11. SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS
Output Capacitor Selection
An output capacitor serves two major functions in a switching
power supply. Along with an inductor it filters the sequence of
pulses produced by the switcher and supply the load transient
currents. The filtering requirements are a function of the
switching frequency and the ripple current allowed, and are
usually easy to satisfy in high frequency converters.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates in
excess of 10A/µs. High frequency ceramic capacitors placed
beneath the processor socket initially supply the transient
and reduce the slew rate seen by the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor values are generally determined by the total
allowable ESR rather than actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the processor power pins as physically possible.
Consult with the processor manufacturer for specific decoupling
requirements. Use only specialized low-ESR electrolytic
capacitors intended for switching-regulator applications for the
bulk capacitors. The bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the
IPM6210A
output ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop after a
transient. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small
case size perform better than a single large case capacitor.
MOSFET Selection and Considerations
Requirements for the upper and lower MOSFETs are
different in mobile applications. The reason for that is the
10:1 difference in conduction time of the lower and the upper
MOSFETs driven by a difference between the input voltage
which is nominally in the range from 8V to 20V, while
nominal output voltage is about 1.5V.
Requirements for the lower MOSFET are simpler than
those to the upper one. The lower the rDS(ON) of this
device, the lower the conduction losses, the higher the
converter’s efficiency. Switching losses and gate drive
losses are not significant because of zero-voltage switching
conditions inherent for this device in the buck converter.
Low reverse recovery charge of the body diode is important
because it causes shoot-trough current spikes when the
upper MOSFET turns on. Also, important is to verify that
the lower MOSFET gate voltage does not reach threshold
when high dV/dt transition occurs on the phase node. To
minimize this effect, IPM6210A has a low, 0.8Ω typical, low
side driver pull-down resistance.
Requirements to the upper MOSFET rDS(ON) are less
stringent than to the lower MOSFET because its conduction
time is significantly shorter so switching losses can dominate
especially at higher input voltages. It is recommended to have
equal conduction and switching losses in the upper MOSFET
at the nominal input voltage and load current. Then the
maximum of the converter efficiency is tuned to the operating
point where it is most desired. Also, this provides the most
cost effective solution.
Precise calculation of power dissipation in the MOSFETs is
very complex because many parameters affecting turn-on
and turn-off times such as gate reverse transfer charge, gate
internal resistance, body diode reverse recovery charge,
package and layout impedances and their variation with the
operation conditions are not available to a designer. The
following equations are provided only for rough estimation of
the power losses and should be accompanied by a detailed
breadboard evaluation. Attention should be paid to the input
voltage extremes where power dissipation in the MOSFETs
is usually higher.
Io 2 × r DS ( ON ) ( VOUT ) Io × V IN xFs × ton + toff
P U PPER = ----------------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------------V IN
2
VOUT

P LOWER = Io 2 × r DS ( ON ) ×  1 – ----------------
VI N 

Table 2 provides some component information for several
typical applications.
Layout Considerations
Switching converters, even during normal operation,
produce short pulses of current which could cause
substantial ringing and be a source of EMI pollution if layout
constrains are not observed.
TABLE 2
COMPONENT
Maximum
CPU Current
CIRCUIT 1
CIRCUIT 2
CIRCUIT 3
8.0A
12.0A
18.0A
Inductor
0.8µH
1.0µH
2.0µH
Panasonic
Panasonic
Panasonic
ETQP6F2R0BFA ETQP6F2R0BFA ETQP6F2R0BFA
Output
Capacitor
6x270µF
5x270µF
3x270µF
Panasonic
Panasonic
Panasonic
EEFUE0D271R EEFUE0D271R EEFUE0D271R
or
or
Sanyo
Sanyo
4x2R5TPC220M 6x2R5TPC220M
High-Side
MOSFET
HUF76112SK8
HUF76112SK8
2x
HUF76112SK8
Low-Side
MOSFET
ITF86130SK8T
2x
ITF86130SK8T
2x
ITF86130SK8T
1.27kΩ
1.00kΩ
1.50kΩ
Current-Input
Resistor for
~6% Droop At
VO = 1.6V
There are two sets of critical components in a DC-DC
converter. The switching power components process large
amounts of energy at high rate and though, usually appear
to be a source of a noise, end a low power components
responsible for bias and feedback functions, though appear
to be mainly recipients of the noise. The situation with the
IPM6210A control IC is even more critical as it provides
control functions for two independent converters and poor
layout design could lead to cross talk between the
converters and result in degradation in the performance.
A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended.
Dedicate one solid layer for a ground plane. Dedicate
another solid layer as a power plane and break this plane
into smaller island of common voltage levels.
Notice all the nodes that are subjected to high dV/dt voltage
swing as PHASE1,2 nodes, for example. All surrounding
circuitry will tend to couple the noise from these nodes
trough stray capacitance. Do not oversize copper traces
connected to these nodes. Do not place traces connected to
the feedback components adjacent to these traces.
Keep the wiring traces from the control IC to the MOSFET
gate and source as short as possible and capable to handle
peak currents up to 2A. Minimize the area within the gatesource path to reduce stray inductance and eliminate
parasitic ringing at the gate.
Locate small critical components like the soft-start capacitor
and current sense resistors as close, as possible to the
respective pins of the IC.
13
IPM6210A
IPM6210A DC-DC Converter Application Circuit
Figure 12 shows an application circuit of a power supply for
a notebook PC microprocessor system. The power supply
provides the microprocessor core voltage (VCORE), the I/O
voltage (VI/O) and the clock generator voltage (VCLK) from
+5.6-24VDC , +5VDC and +3.3VDC .
Visit Intersil’s web site (www.intersil.com) for the latest
information.
+5V
VIN
+5.6V-24.0V
C1 +
56µF
GND
C5-6
2x1µF
C4
1µF
CR2
BAT54WT1
CR1
BAT54WT1
VCC
VBAT
BOOT2
C2
0.22µF
Q1
HUF76112SK8
UGATE2
PHASE2
L1
VI/O
(1.5V)
R1
C3
330µF
28
21
3
25
24
23
4
5
IPM6210A
ISEN2
22
6
PGOOD
Q2
HUF76112SK8
UGATE1
Q3
HUF76112SK8
ISEN1 R2
LGATE2
PGND2
1
27
2
26
12
17
16
EN
LGATE1
PGND1
C7
0.22µF
VCORE
(0.925 TO 2.0V)
L2
1K
VSEN2
VR_ON
VGATE
BOOT1
500
10µH
+
19
2µH
Q4
ITF86130SK8
C8 +
3x680µF
VSEN1
FROM CPU
CORE
VRTN1
20
11
10
V3IN
+3.3VIN
VCLK
(2.5V)
9
13
8
7
VSEN3
+
14
18
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
SOFT
15
GND
FIGURE 12. APPLICATION CIRCUIT
14
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
C10
0.22µF
C4
10µF
+ C9
8x1µF
2x10µF
IPM6210A
Shrink Small Outline Plastic Packages (SSOP)
M28.15
N
INDEX
AREA
H
0.25(0.010) M
28 LEAD SHRINK NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE
PLASTIC PACKAGE
B M
E
1
2
INCHES
GAUGE
PLANE
-B3
L
0.25
0.010
SEATING PLANE
-A-
h x 45o
A
D
-C-
α
e
B
0.17(0.007) M
A2
A1
0.10(0.004)
C A M
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.053
0.069
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.004
0.010
0.10
0.25
-
A2
-
0.061
-
1.54
-
B
0.008
0.012
0.20
0.30
9
C
0.007
0.010
0.18
0.25
-
D
0.386
0.394
9.81
10.00
3
E
0.150
0.157
3.81
3.98
4
e
C
B S
NOTES:
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2
of Publication Number 95.
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
0.025 BSC
0.635 BSC
-
H
0.228
0.244
5.80
6.19
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.26
0.49
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.41
N
α
28
0o
1.27
28
8o
0o
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
6
7
8o
Rev. 0 2/95
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate
burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed
0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch)
per side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. Dimension “B” does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable dambar protrusion shall be 0.10mm (0.004 inch) total in excess of “B”
dimension at maximum material condition.
10. Controlling dimension: INCHES. Converted millimeter dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
All Intersil products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design and/or specifications at any time without notice.
Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its
use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
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15
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