dm00056244

AN4121
Application note
Poly-phase demonstration kit with the STPMC1 and STPMS2
Introduction
This application note describes the poly-phase demonstration kit with the STPMC1 and
STPMS2.
The STPMC1 is a metering ASSP implemented in an advanced 0.35 µm BCD6 technology.
The STPMC1 device works as an energy calculator in power line systems utilizing a
Rogowski coil, current transformer, shunt or Hall current sensors. Used in combination with
one or more STPMS2 ICs, it implements all the functions needed in a 1-, 2- or 3-phase
energy meter, providing effective measurement of active and reactive energies, VRMS, IRMS,
instantaneous voltage and current per phase in 1-, 2- or 3-phase wye and delta services,
from 2 to 4 wires.
In a standalone configuration, the STPMC1 outputs a pulse train signal having a frequency
proportional to the cumulative active power, and it can directly drive a stepper motor,
therefore implementing a simple active energy meter.
This device can also be coupled with a microprocessor for multifunction energy meters. In
this case, measured data are read at a fixed time interval from the device internal registers
by the microcontroller through an SPI interface.
The STPMS2 is an ASSP designed to be the building block for single or multiphase energy
meters. It consists of a preamplifier and two 2nd order Δ∑ modulators, band-gap voltage
reference, a low-drop voltage regulator and DC buffers in its analog section and clock
generator and output multiplexer in its digital section.
The demonstration kit is made up of a main board with the STPMC1 onboard (STEVALIPE0010V1), and it can be coupled with up to 5 daughterboards, each having an STPMS2
onboard to sense the voltage and current of each phase (STEVAL-IPE0014V1).
Figure 1.
Demonstration kit block diagram
N RST
Cur r ent
S ens or
S T PMS 2
DAS
Vol t a ge
S ens or
DAR
AM12798v1
S T PMS
M 2
VCC
VOT P
MON
MOP
L ED
DAR
DAT
DAS
DAT
S T PMC1
November 2012
XT AL 2
VS S
VS S A
DAN
XT AL 1
DAH
S T PMS
M 2
P1
VDD
DAH
CL K
S CL - NC
S DA- T D
DAN
S T PMS
M 2
S CS
S YN- NP
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AN4121
Contents
Contents
1
Application description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2
Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3
4
2.1
Motherboard circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2
Daughterboard circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1
Current sensing circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2
Anti-aliasing filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.3
Voltage sensing circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.4
Jumper settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3
Clock management network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4
Communication with microprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Board layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1
Layout rules for three-phase systems design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2
Motherboard layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3
Daughterboard layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1
4.2
Three-phase energy measurement accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.1
Test with symmetrical voltages and balanced load at PF = 1 . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.2
Test with symmetrical voltages and balanced load at PF = 0.5
inductive and PF = 0.8 capacitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Typical phase energy measurement accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.1
Test with symmetrical voltages and only one phase load at PF = 1
and PF = 0,5 inductive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A Three-phase systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A.1
Power in three-phase AC circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A.2
Power measurement techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A.2.1
Two-wattmeter method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A.2.2
Three-wattmeter method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A.2.3
One-wattmeter method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix B BOM list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Contents
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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1
Application description
Application description
Poly-phase systems, and particularly three-phase meters, are most commonly used in
practical industrial applications, and in a few cases also for domestic use.
The purpose of the STEVAL-IPE0010V1 + STEVAL-IPE0014V1 is STPMC1 and STPMS2
device demonstration but it can also be used as a starting point to design a Class 0.2
accuracy meter for power line systems from 2- to 4-wire delta or wye service.
Each phase is monitored from an independent daughterboard, in which an autonomous
power supply provides the supply to the board itself and, once it is connected, also to the
motherboard.
In this board, the STPMS2 device senses the phase current through a CT sensor, and the
phase voltage through a voltage divider. The presence of a dedicated network reduces, for a
large amount, the sampling (aliasing) noise, therefore increasing the meter precision. The
STPMS2 outputs a sigma-delta stream sent, together with supply voltage, to the STPMC1
through a card edge connector.
The motherboard receives from the daughterboards the sigma-delta streams that are further
elaborated by the STPMC1. This device, from a 4.194 MHz crystal oscillator, provides a
common clock with programmable frequency to all the daughterboards.
The motherboard, through a 10-pin flat cable connector (P1 in Figure 2), can be interfaced
to a microprocessor board to implement advanced metering features (multi-tariff, data
management and storage, communication…). It also has stepper motor connectors for a
simple energy meter implementation (W2, W5 in Figure 2).
The STPMC1 board can also be interfaced to a dedicated GUI through the STPMxx parallel
programmer/reader released with the application.
Table 1.
Operating conditions
Condition
Value
Unit
VNOM
230
VRMS
INOM
CT: INOM = 1
ARMS
IMAX
CT: IMAX = 30
ARMS
fLIN
50/60 ± 10%
Hz
TOP
- 40 / + 85
°C
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Circuit description
2
Circuit description
2.1
Motherboard circuit
The motherboard consists of the following sections:
●
STPMC1 circuitry
●
Connectors.
The schematic of the board is shown in Figure 2 and in Figure 3.
Figure 2.
STPMC1 circuitry schematics
VCC
VCC
VCC
D12
D9
R 60
4.7K
R 61
4.7K
D10
D11
R 63
4.7K
P1
R 62
4.7K
2
1
4
3
C64
6
5
10n
8
7
10
9
U8
20
TP2
19
18
17
16
15
14
R64
1M1%
13
CLK
CLK
DAN 100
R56
12
DAT 100
R55
11
DAN
Y1
4194.304KHz
DAT
W2 MON
LED
MON
SDATD
MOP
SCLNLC
SCS
CLKOUT
VDD
CLKIN
VSS
SYN
VCC
VSSA
VOTP
CLK
DAH
DAN
DAR
DAT
DAS
1
D7
2
3 W5 MOP
4
5
6
C63
1µ
VCC
7
8
R16
100 DAH
DAH
9
R15
100 DAR
DAR
10
R35
100 DAS
DAS
STPMC1
C61
C62
15p
15p
U9A
CLK
W8
1
GND
2 NCLK
ST_m74hc14
VCC
VCC
U9G
W34
C65
1
100n
2
D8
+
C66
7
GND
VCC
14
VCC
1000u
ST_m74hc14
AM12744v1
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AN4121
Circuit description
Figure 3.
Motherboard connectors schematics
J1
J2
F1
S2
F2
S3
F3
S4
F4
S5
F5
F6
S6
S7
F7
S8
F8
S9
VCC S10
NCLK
CLK
DAR
S1
F1
S2
F2
S3
F3
S4
F4
S5
F5
S6
J3
S1
VCC
J4
S1
F1
S2
F2
S3
F3
S4
F4
S5
F5
F6
S6
S7
F7
S8
F8
F9
S9
F10
VCC S10
VCC
NCLK
CLK
DAS
Card_Edge_10
J5
S1
F1
S2
F2
S3
F3
S4
F4
S5
F5
F6
S6
S7
F7
S8
F8
F9
S9
F10
VCC S10
VCC
NCLK
CLK
DAT
Card_Edge_10
S1
F1
S2
F2
S3
F3
S4
F4
S5
F5
F6
S6
F6
S7
F7
S7
F7
S8
F8
S8
F8
F9
S9
F9
S9
F9
F10
VCC S10
F10
VCC S10
F10
VCC
NCLK
CLK
Card_Edge_10
DAN
Card_Edge_10
VCC
NCLK
CLK
DAH
Card_Edge_10
AM12745v1
2.2
Daughterboard circuit
This section explains the implementation of each phase network which performs the power
measurement.
The schematic can be divided into the following subsets:
2.2.1
●
Current sensing circuit (1) or (2)
●
Anti-aliasing filter (3)
●
Voltage sensing circuit (4).
Current sensing circuit
The STPMS2 has an external current sensing circuit using either a current transformer, in
which a burden resistor is used to produce a voltage between CIN and CIP proportional to
the current measured, or a shunt resistor, or a Rogowski coil current sensor.
2.2.2
Anti-aliasing filter
The anti-aliasing filter is a low-pass filter. It has a negligible influence on the voltage drop
between CIN and CIP, VIN and VIP; its aim is to reduce the distortion caused by the
sampling, also called aliasing, by removing the out-of-band frequencies of the input signal
before sampling it with the analog-to-digital converter.
Filtering is easily implemented with a resistor-capacitor (RC) single-pole circuit which
obtains an attenuation of - 20 dB/dec.
2.2.3
Voltage sensing circuit
A resistor divider is used as voltage sensor.
The 660 kΩ resistor is separated into four, 2 x 150 kΩ and 2 x 180 kΩ, in-series resistors,
which ensure that a high voltage transient does not bypass the resistor. This also reduces
the potential across the resistors, thereby decreasing the possibility of arcing. The following
resistors are used to implement resistor divider:
●
R = R13 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 660 kΩ
●
R5 = 470 Ω.
Inductance L1 and capacitor C2 create a filter which prevents electromagnetic interference
(EMI).
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Circuit description
Figure 4.
Daughterboard circuit schematic
AM12799v1
2.2.4
Jumper settings
The onboard jumpers JP1 to JP4 allow the setting of the STPMS2 device according to
Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 below.
Table 2.
Precision mode and input amplifier gain selection
JP1
MS0
Description
1
GND
LPR, amplifier GAIN selection g3 = 32
(1)
CLK
LPR, amplifier GAIN selection g0 = 4
3
NCLK
HPR, amplifier GAIN selection g0 = 4
4
VDD
HPR, amplifier GAIN selection g3 = 32
2
1. Default value.
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Circuit description
Table 3.
TC of the band-gap reference
JP2
MS1
1
GND
TC = 60 ppm/°C
(1)
CLK
Flattest TC = +30 ppm/°C
2
Description
3
NCLK
TC = +160 ppm/°C
4
VDD
TC = -160 ppm/°C
1. Default value.
Table 4.
Control of voltage channel and output signals
JP3
MS2
1 (1)
Description
GND
Voltage channel ON, DATn = ~(DAT =(CLK) ? bsV : bsC)
2
CLK
Voltage channel OFF, DATn = bsCn, DAT = bsC
3
NCLK
Voltage channel OFF, DATn = bsCn, DAT = bsC
4
VDD
Voltage channel ON, DATn = bsC, DAT = bsV
1. Default value.
Table 5.
Changing of band-gap voltage reference
JP4
MS3
Description
1 (1)
GND
Hard mode, BIST mode OFF
2
CLK
Soft mode
3
NCLK
Reserved
4
VDD
Hard mode, BIST mode ON
1. Default value.
For further details on device configuration, please refer to its datasheet.
2.3
Clock management network
A 4.194 MHz quartz is used to supply the clock to the STPMC1 device. To set this
frequency, internal configuration bits MDIV and FR1 must be kept cleared.
A synchronized clock is provided to all the STPMS2 through pin CLK, whose frequency is
programmable through bit HSA to 1.049 MHz or 2.097 MHz.
2.4
Communication with microprocessor
A control board with embedded microprocessor may be connected to connector P1 using
10-wire flat cable. Table 5 below describes the pinout of the connector.
The STPMC1 has an SPI communication port implemented by four multipurpose pins (SCS,
SYN-NP, SDA-TD, SCL-NLC).
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AN4121
Circuit description
In standalone operating mode these multipurpose pins output:
●
negative power direction on SYN-NP pin;
●
tamper condition detected on SDA-TD pin;
●
no load condition detected on SCL-NLC pin.
For this reason these pins are connected to the three LEDs, D9, D10 and D11.
In this configuration, the LED pin outputs a pulse train with frequency proportional to the
three-phase power and it is connected to LED D12.
When configured in peripheral operating mode, the SPI port is enabled and some
microcontroller based applications can either read internal data records or write the mode
and configuration signals by means of dedicated protocol, or reset the device.
By default, the STPMC1 is configured in peripheral mode (configuration bits APL=0).
This also implies the following output settings:
●
watchdog reset signal on MON pin;
●
zero-crossing (ZCR) on MOP pin;
●
programmable energy pulsed output on LED pin.
For further information on STPMC1 programmable bit settings, please refer to the
datasheet.
The STPMC1 SPI protocol is explained in detail in a related application note.
Table 6.
P1 connector pin description
Pin
Pin name
1.
VOTP
2.
---
3.
GND
4.
SDA-TD
5.
SCS
6.
SCL-NLC
7.
---
8.
SYN-NP
9.
---
10.
VCC
Functional description
Power supply input of +15.0 V during permanent write to OTP cells
Not connected
Signal reference level 0 V and power supply return
SPI interface data
SPI interface enable
SPI interface clock
Not connected
SPI interface signal
Not connected
Power-out of +3.3 or 5 V
Connector P1 is also used in the demonstration phase to connect the measurement module
to a PC through the STPM parallel programmer/reader hardware interface.
This allows the user to set temporary and/or permanently the internal STPMC1 registers
using a dedicated GUI.
The VOTP pin on the connector P1 is used when a host wants to permanently write some
configuration bits in the STPMC1 device. In this case, a +15 V power level must be present
on the VOTP. This level must be delivered from the host itself because the module does not
have an onboard charge pump.
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Board layout
3
Board layout
3.1
Layout rules for three-phase systems design
Noise rejection is the main issue to work on when a three phase multi-chip approach has
been chosen. In this case layout plays a crucial role.
Here are some rules to follow in the layout phase of three-phase systems:
●
Component positioning
The components of the measuring section (STPMS2, current sensor, passive components)
should be placed using the same layout for each phase. The phases should be placed in a
symmetrical scheme. In this way a reduction of the cross talking can be achieved.
The current sensor should be placed very close to the corresponding STPMS2 to minimize
the captured noise.
●
Component routing
The passive components belonging to the analog input channels must be placed between
the sensor and the STPMS2, always respecting a symmetrical scheme.
●
Quartz
The crystal network must be placed close to the STPMC1, and a completely symmetrical
path from the CLK pin of the STPMC1 to STPMS2 devices must be ensured. A copper plate
has been adopted under the crystal both on the TOP and on the BOTTOM side of the PCB.
●
Grounding
The STPMS2 device must be grounded by the exposed pad and by pin VSS, ensuring the
maximum stability of ground plane by placing vias between the top and bottom ground
plane. Analog and digital ground must be separated.
3.2
Motherboard layout
Figure 5.
Motherboard top layout
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AN4121
Board layout
Figure 6.
3.3
Motherboard bottom layout
Daughterboard layout
Figure 7.
Daughterboard top layout
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AN4121
Board layout
Figure 8.
Daughterboard bottom layout
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4
Experimental results
Experimental results
The tests have been conducted on a three-phase metering demonstration board with the
STPMC1 and three STPMS2Ls considering INOM = 5 A, VNOM = 230 V, fline = 50 Hz.
Results are referred to the full scale dynamic range of the current channel (“FS” in Table 7),
which for the sensor selected was ± 37.5%, or as percentage of INOM.
4.1
Three-phase energy measurement accuracy
4.1.1
Test with symmetrical voltages and balanced load at PF = 1
This three-phase energy measurement has been performed in the following conditions:
VR = VS = VT = 230 [VRMS]
IR = IS = IT = I [ARMS]
PF = 1
Table 7.
Three-phase energy measurement
I [A]
% of INOM [%]
% of FS [%]
error [%]
22,5
450%
100%
0,097%
16
320%
71%
0,076%
12
240%
53%
0,040%
10
200%
45%
0,035%
8
160%
36%
-0,008%
5
100%
22%
0,027%
2
40%
9%
0,035%
1
20%
4%
-0,065%
0,5
10%
2%
-0,087%
0,25
5%
1%
-0,096%
0,1
2%
0,4%
-0,087%
0,05
1%
0,2%
-0,096%
0,025
0,5%
0,1%
-0,096%
0,01
0,2%
0,04%
-0,352%
0,005
0,1%
0,02%
-0,435%
0,0025
0,05%
0,01%
-0,487%
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Experimental results
Figure 9.
Graph of experimental results of three-phase energy measurements
AM12746v1
0,5%
0,4%
0,3%
AW Error [%]
0,2%
0,1%
0,076%
0,035%
0,035%
0,0%
-0,096%
-0,1%
-0,096%
-0,096%
-0,087%
0,040%
0,027%
-0,008%
-0,065%
-0,087%
-0,2%
Class 0.2 limits
-0,3%
-0,352%
-0,4%
-0,5%
-0,435%
-0,487%
-0,6%
0,01%
0,10%
1,00%
10,00%
100,00%
% of FS
Table 8.
4.1.2
Limits for class 0,2 meters: poly-phase meters with symmetrical voltages
and balanced loads at PF = 1
I [A]
% of INOM [%]
error [%]
IMAX
-
± 0,2%
In
100%
± 0,2%
0,05*In
5%
± 0,2%
0,0499*In
4,99%
± 0,4%
0,01*In
1%
± 0,4%
Test with symmetrical voltages and balanced load at PF = 0.5 inductive
and PF = 0.8 capacitive
This three-phase energy measurement has been performed in the following conditions:
VR = VS = VT = 230 [VRMS]
IR = IS = IT = I [ARMS]
PF = 0.5 ind
PF = 0.8 cap
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Experimental results
Table 9.
Three-phase energy measurement - PF = 0.5 ind
I [A]
% of INOM [%]
% of FS [%]
error [%]
12
240%
53%
-0,1932%
10
200%
45%
-0,1449%
8
160%
36%
-0,1087%
5
100%
22%
-0,1484%
2
40%
9%
-0,0971%
1
20%
4%
-0,1507%
0,5
10%
2%
-0,0928%
0,25
5%
1%
-0,0348%
0,1
2%
0,4%
-0,1739%
0,05
1%
0,2%
0,0174%
Table 10.
Three-phase energy measurement - PF = 0.8 cap
I [A]
% of INOM [%]
% of FS [%]
error [%]
12
240%
53%
0,0393%
10
200%
45%
0,0525%
8
160%
36%
0,0861%
5
100%
22%
0,0362%
2
40%
9%
0,0634%
1
20%
4%
0,0435%
0,5
10%
2%
0,0362%
0,25
5%
1%
0,0652%
0,1
2%
0,4%
0,0725%
0,05
1%
0,2%
0,1812%
Figure 10. Graph of experimental results of three-phase energy measurement
AM12747v1
0,6%
AW Error [%]
0,4%
0,2%
0,1812%
0,0725%
0,0%
0,0652%
0,0174%
-0,0348%
-0,2%
0,0362%
-0,0928%
0,0435%
-0,1507%
-0,1739%
0,0861%
0,0634%
0,0362%
-0,0971%
0,0393%
-0,1087%
-0,1484%
-0,1449%
Class 0.2 limit - PF = 0,5L/0,8C
0,0525%
PF = 0,5L
PF = 0,8C
-0,1932%
-0,4%
-0,6%
1%
10%
100%
1000%
% of In
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Experimental results
Table 11.
Limits for class 0,2 meters: poly-phase meters with symmetrical voltages
and balanced loads at PF = 0,5 ind or 0,8 cap
I [A]
% of INOM [%]
error [%]
IMAX
-
± 0,3%
In
100%
± 0,3%
0,1*In
10%
± 0,3%
0,099*In
9,9%
± 0,5%
0,02*In
5%
± 0,5%
4.2
Typical phase energy measurement accuracy
4.2.1
Test with symmetrical voltages and only one phase load at PF = 1 and
PF = 0,5 inductive
This single-phase energy measurement has been performed in the following conditions:
VR = VS = VT = 230 [VRMS]
IR = I [ARMS]
IS = IT = 0
PF = 1
PF = 0.5 ind
Table 12.
Phase energy measurement
I [A]
% of In [%]
error [%]
10
200%
-0,0003%
8
160%
-0,0212%
5
100%
-0,0426%
2
40%
0,1152%
1
20%
-0,0309%
0,5
10%
-0,0348%
0,2
4%
0,1196%
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Experimental results
Table 13.
Phase energy measurement PF = 0.5 inductive
I [A]
% of In [%]
error [%]
10
200%
-0,2348%
8
160%
-0,2565%
5
100%
-0,2504%
2
40%
-0,1870%
1
20%
-0,2087%
0,5
10%
-0,1217%
0,2
4%
0,0130%
Figure 11. Graph of experimental results of one phase energy measurement
AM12748v1
0,5%
0,4%
0,3%
AW Error [%]
0,2%
0,1%
0,1196%
0,0%
0,0130%
-0,1%
0,1152%
-0,0348%
-0,0426%
- 0,1217%
-0,2%
-0,1870%
-0,2087%
-0,3%
-0,0212%
-0,0309%
PF = 1
-0,0003%
-0,2348%
-0,2504%
-0,2565% PF = 0,5
Class 0.2 limit - PF = 1
-0,4%
Class 0.2 limit - PF = 0,5
-0,5%
1%
10%
100%
1000%
% of In
Table 14.
Table 15.
Limits for class 0,2 meters: poly-phase meters with symmetrical voltages
and only one phase load at PF = 1
I [A]
% of In [%]
error [%]
IMAX
1000%
± 0,3%
0,05*In
5%
± 0,3%
Limits for class 0,2 meters: poly-phase meters with symmetrical voltages
and only one phase load at PF = 0.5 ind
I [A]
% of In [%]
error [%]
IMAX
1000%
± 0,4%
0,1*In
10%
± 0,4%
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AN4121
Three-phase systems
Appendix A
Three-phase systems
Three-phase is a common method of electric power transmission. It is a type of poly-phase
system used to power motors and many other devices.
The currents are sinusoidal functions of time, all at the same frequency but with different
phases. In a three-phase system the phases are spaced equally, giving a phase separation
of 120°. The frequency is typically 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the US and Canada.
Figure 12. Instantaneous voltage (or current) in one voltage cycle of a three-phase
system
The three phases may be supplied over six wires, with two wires reserved for the exclusive
use of each phase. However, they are generally supplied over three or four wires:
A.1
●
Three-phase, 3-wire delta service which has no neutral and 220 V between phases
●
Three-phase, 4-wire delta and wye service which has 220 V between phase-neutral
and 380 V phase-phase.
Power in three-phase AC circuits
Let's assume that the angle between the phase voltage and the phase current is θ, which is
equal to the angle of the load impedance. Considering the load configurations given in
Figure 14, the phase power and the total power can be estimated easily.
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Three-phase systems
Figure 13. Per-phase powers in (a) a delta-connected load and (b) wye-connected
load
In the case of Figure 13.a, the total active power is equal to three times the power of one
phase:
P1 = P2 = P3 = P = VlineIphase cos θ
PTotal = 3P = 3VlineIphase cos θ
Since the line current in the balanced delta-connected loads,
Iline = 3Iphase
If this equation is substituted into equation 3.51, the total active load becomes:
Equation 1
PTotal = 3 VlineIline cos θ
In Figure 13.b, however, the impedances contain the line currents Iline (equal to the phase
current, Iphase) and the phase voltages:
Vphase = Vline
3
Therefore, the phase active power and the total active power are:
P1 = P2 = P3 = P = VphaseIline cos θ
PTotal = 3P = 3VphaseIline cos θ
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AN4121
Three-phase systems
If the relationship between the phase voltage and the line voltage is used, the total active
power becomes identical to Equation 1 developed. This means that the total power in any
balanced three-phase load (θ- or Y-connected) is given by Equation 1.
Similarly, the total reactive and the total apparent power in the three-phase balanced AC
circuits can be given by:
Q Total =
3 VlineIline sin θ
S Total = 3 VlineIline
A.2
Power measurement techniques
In the three-phase power systems, one, two, or three wattmeters can be used to measure
the total power. A wattmeter may be considered to be a voltmeter and an ammeter
combined in the same box, which has a deflection proportional to VrmsIrmscos θ, where θ is
the angle between the voltage and current. Hence, a wattmeter has two voltage and two
current terminals, which have + or θ polarity signs. Three power measurement methods
utilizing the wattmeters are described next, and are applied to the balanced three-phase AC
load.
A.2.1
Two-wattmeter method
This method can be used in a three-phase 3-wire balanced or unbalanced load system that
may be connected θ or Y. To perform the measurement, two wattmeters are connected as
shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. Two-wattmeter method in star- or delta-connected load
In the balanced loads, the sum of the two wattmeter readings gives the total power. This can
be proven in a star-connected load mathematically using the power reading of each meter
as:
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AN4121
Three-phase systems
P1 = V12I1 cos(30° + θ) = VlineIline cos( 30° + θ)
P2 = V32I3 cos(30° − θ ) = VlineIline cos( 30° − θ)
PTotal = P1 + P2 =
3 VlineIline cos θ
If the difference of the readings is computed,
P2 − P1 = VlineIline cos(30° − θ) − VlineIline cos(30° + θ) = VlineIline sin θ
which is 1/√⎯3 times the total three-phase reactive power. This means that the twowattmeter method can also indicate the total reactive power in the three-phase loads and
also the power factor.
A.2.2
Three-wattmeter method
This method is used in a three-phase four-wire balanced or unbalanced load. The
connections are made with one meter in each line as shown in Figure 15. In this
configuration, the total active power supplied to the load is equal to the sum of the three
wattmeter readings.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3
Figure 15. The wattmeter connections in the three-phase 4-wire loads
A.2.3
One-wattmeter method
This method is suitable only in three-phase 4-wire balanced loads. The connection of the
wattmeter is similar to the drawing given in Figure 15. The total power is equal to three times
the reading of only one wattmeter that is connected between one phase and the neutral.
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Table 16.
BOM list
BOM list
22/26
Appendix B
Motherboard BOM list
Doc ID 023243 Rev 1
Item
Quantity
Reference
Part
PCB footprint
Description
1
2
C61,C62
15 p
sm_0805
2
1
C63
1µ
sm_0805
3
1
C64
10 n
sm_0805
4
1
C65
100 n
sm_0805
5
1
C66
1000 µ
cpcyl1_d500_ls200_040
6
2
D7
Diode
sm_d_1206
DIODE PLANAR 1N4148 SOD323*75 V
6
2
D8
Diode_zener
sm_d_1206
DIODE ZENER ZMM SOD 80*5.1 V (3.3 V) G
7
4
D9, D10, D11, D12
Diode_led
PLCC2
8
5
J1, J2, J3, J4, J5
Card_Edge_10
sullins_10_drxi
9
1
P1
Morsetti_5x2
jumper_5x2_bis
10
5
R15, R16, R35, R55, R56
100
sm_0805
11
4
R60, R61, R62, R63
4.7 k
sm_0805
12
1
R64
1M 1%
sm_0805
13
1
TP2
TP
TEST_POINT
14
1
U8
STPMC1
sog_65m_20_w300_l260
15
1
U9
ST_m74hc14
sog_050_14_w325_l350
16
1
W2
MON
TEST_POINT
17
1
W3
DAH
TEST_POINT
18
1
W4
DAR
TEST_POINT
19
1
W5
MOP
TEST_POINT
20
1
W6
DAS
TEST_POINT
21
1
W7
DAT
TEST_POINT
CAPACITOR AL-RILL 13x22/2M*1000my 25 V
SMD LED low current super red P-LCC-2 OSRAM
(Distrelec 631039)
AN4121
Motherboard BOM list (continued)
Item
Quantity
Reference
Part
PCB Footprint
22
1
W8
GND
TEST_POINT
23
1
W9
DAN
TEST_POINT
24
1
W10
CLK
TEST_POINT
25
1
W34
Morsetti_2
Morsetti_2
26
1
Y1
4194.304 kHz
Auris_hc49ussmd
Table 17.
Description
AN4121
Table 16.
HC-49/US SMD (Distrelec 335026)
Daughterboard BOM list
Doc ID 023243 Rev 1
Quantity
Reference
Part
PCB Footprint
Description
1
1
C1
470 n
rad_1250x425_ls1075_037
2
1
C2
1n
disc_400x200_ls300x100_037
3
1
C3
22 n
sm_0603
4
1
C4
10 n
sm_0603
5
6
C5, C6, C11, C14
1µ
sm_0603
6
1
C12, C13
100 n
sm_0603
7
4
C7, C8, C9, C10
5n
sm_0603
8
2
D1, D2
Diode_rele
sm_1812
9
2
JP1, JP2
Morsetti_4x2
jumper_4x2
10
1
J1
Card_Edge_10
Card_edge_10_mirror
11
1
L1
220 µ
sm_1812
INDUCTOR VF82423 1812*220myH 0,1 A
12
1
R1
82
rad_725x200_ls300_040
RESISTOR WIRE SFR0518 P5 2W*82R K
13
4
R2, R3, R4, R13
150 k 1%
sm_0603
14
2
R5, R12
475 1%
sm_0603
15
1
R6
3.4 1%
sm_0603
16
2
R7, R8
1 k 1%
sm_0603
17
1
R9
42.2 k 1%
sm_0603
CAPACITOR X2 12x21x32/11M*470n 275 V K
CAPACITOR KER X1/Y2 9X5/3M*1.0N 440/330
DIODE RECTIFIER SMD*600 V 1 A
BOM list
23/26
Item
Daughterboard BOM list (continued)
Doc ID 023243 Rev 1
Item
Quantity
Reference
Part
PCB Footprint
18
1
R10
2.2 M 1%
sm_0603
19
1
R11
100 1%
sm_0603
20
2
R14, R17
10
sm_0603
21
2
R15 or R16, R18
0
sm_0603
22
1
SH1
170 µ
r_shunt
23
1
SH2
170 µ
r_shunt_2
24
1
TR1
E4622_X503
VAC_e4622_x503
25
1
U1
STPMS2L
mcs_manual_mlp3x3_16_05_pa
d
26
1
V1
460 V
disc_450x200_ls300x100_037
27
1
W1
N
TEST_POINT
28
1
W2
F
TEST_POINT
29
1
W3
DAR
TEST_POINT
30
1
W4
VREG
TEST_POINT
31
2
W5, W8
VCC
TEST_POINT
32
1
W6
GND
TEST_POINT
33
1
W7
CLK
TEST_POINT
Description
AN4121
Table 17.
VARISTOR MOKS K10*300V
BOM list
24/26
AN4121
5
Revision history
Revision history
Table 18.
Document revision history
Date
Revision
06-Nov-2012
1
Changes
Initial release.
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AN4121
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