cd00244454

AN3022
Application note
100 W transition-mode PFC pre-regulator with the L6564
Introduction
This application note describes the demonstration board based on the transition-mode PFC
controller L6564 and presents the results of its bench demonstration. The board implements
a 100 W, wide-range mains input, PFC pre-conditioner suitable for ballast, adapters, flat
screen displays, and all SMPS required to meet the IEC61000-3-2 or the JEITA-MITI
regulation.
The L6564 is a current-mode PFC controller operating in transition mode (TM). Available in
an innovative and small package, the SSOP-10, the L6564 offers improved performance
and protection with respect to equivalent 8-pin TM controllers.
Figure 1.
December 2010
EVL6564-100W: L6564 100W TM PFC demonstration board
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
1/32
www.st.com
Contents
AN3022
Contents
1
Main characteristics and circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2
Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3
Test results and significant waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4
3.1
Harmonic content measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2
Inductor current in TM and L6564 THD optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3
Voltage feed-forward and brownout functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4
PFC_OK pin and feedback failure (open loop) protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Power management and housekeeping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1
Layout hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5
EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements . . . 26
6
PFC coil specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1
General description and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2
Electrical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.4
Winding characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.5
Mechanical aspect and pin numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.6
Unit identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2/32
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
AN3022
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
EVL6564-100W: L6564 100W TM PFC demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
EVL6564-100W TM PFC demonstration board: electrical schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: compliance to EN61000-3-2 standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: compliance to JEITA-MITI standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input current waveform at 230 V - 50 Hz 100 W load . . . . . . . . 11
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input current waveform at 100 V - 50 Hz 100 W load . . . . . . . . 11
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: power factor vs. output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: THD vs. output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: efficiency vs. output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: average efficiency acc. to ES-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: static Vout regulation vs. output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds & inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz - full load . . . . . . . . 13
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds & inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz - full load (Detail) . . 13
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds & inductor current at 230Vac - 50 Hz - full load . . . . . . . . . 14
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds & inductor current at 230Vac - 50 Hz - full load (Detail). . . 14
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vcs & inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz - full load . . . . . . . . 15
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vcs & inductor current at 230 Vac - 50 Hz - full load . . . . . . . . 15
L6562A input mains surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac – no VFF input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
EVL6564 100W TM PFC: input mains surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac CFF = 1 µF, RFF = 1 MΩ16
L6562A input mains dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac – no VFF input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Input mains dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac CFF = 1µF, RFF = 1 MΩ. . .17
L6563 input current at 100 Vac-50Hz CFF = 0.47 µF, RFF = 390 kΩ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input current at 100 Vac-50Hz CFF = 1 µF, RFF = 1 MΩ . . . . . .18
EVL6564-100W startup attempt at 80 Vac - 60 Hz – full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
EVL6564-100W startup with slow input voltage increasing – full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564-100W turn-off with slow input voltage decreasing – full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564-100W startup at 90 Vac -60 Hz – full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564-100W startup at 265 Vac-50 Hz – full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564-100W load transient at 115 Vac - 60 Hz - full load to no load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
EVL6564-100W open loop at 115 Vac - 60 Hz - full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Interface circuits that let DC-DC converter’s controller IC disable the L6564 . . . . . . . . . . . 23
EVL6564-100W PCB layout (SMT side view). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
EVL6564-100W CE peak measurement at 100Vac - 50Hz Full Load phase . . . . . . . . . . . 26
EVL6564-100W CE peak measurement at 100Vac - 50Hz Full Load neutral . . . . . . . . . . 26
EVL6564-100W CE peak measurement at 230Vac - 50Hz Full Load phase . . . . . . . . . . . 27
EVL6564-100W CE peak measurement at 230Vac - 50Hz Full Load neutral . . . . . . . . . . 27
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Top view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
3/32
Main characteristics and circuit description
1
AN3022
Main characteristics and circuit description
The main characteristics of the SMPS are:
●
Line voltage range: 90 to 265 Vac
●
Minimum line frequency (fL): 47 Hz
●
Regulated output voltage: 400 V
●
Rated output power: 100 W
●
Maximum 2 fL output voltage ripple: 20 V peak-to-peak
●
Hold-up time: 10 ms (VDROP after hold-up time is 300 V)
●
Minimum switching frequency: 40 kHz
●
Minimum estimated efficiency 92% (at Vin = 90 Vac, Pout = 100 W)
●
Maximum ambient temperature: 50 °C
●
PCB type and size: Single-side, 35 µm, CEM-1, 90 x 83 mm
This demonstration board implements a 100 W power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator,
continuous power, on a regulated 400 V rail from a wide range mains voltage and provides
for the reduction of the mains harmonics, which allows meeting the European EN61000-3-2
or the Japanese JEITA-MITI standard. The regulated output voltage is typically the input for
the cascaded isolated DC-DC converter that provides the output rails required by the load.
The board is designed to allow full-load operation in still air.
The power stage of the PFC is a conventional boost converter, connected to the output of
the rectifier bridge D1. It is completed by the coil L2, the diode D3 and the capacitor C6. The
boost switch is represented by the power MOSFET Q1. The NTC R1 limits the inrush
current at switch-on. It is connected to the DC rail, in series to the output electrolytic
capacitor, in order to improve the efficiency during low line operation because the RMS
current flowing into the output stage is lower than current flowing into the input stage at the
same input voltage, thus increasing efficiency. The board is equipped with an input EMI filter
necessary to filter the commutation noise coming from the boost stage.
At startup the L6564 is powered by the capacitor C11 that is charged via the resistors R7
and R16. Then the L2 secondary winding and the charge pump circuit (C7, R4, D4 and D5)
generate the Vcc voltage, powering the L6564 during normal operation. The L2 secondary
winding is also connected to the L6564 pin #7 (ZCD) through the resistor R5. Its purpose is
to supply the information that L2 has demagnetized, needed by the internal logic for
triggering a new switching cycle.
The divider R9, R12, R17 and R19 provides the L6564 multiplier with the information of the
instantaneous mains voltage that is used to modulate the peak current of the boost.
The resistors R2, R8, R10 with R13 and R14 are dedicated to sense the output voltage and
send to the L6564 the feedback information necessary to regulate the output voltage. The
components C9, R18 and C8 constitute the error amplifier compensation network necessary
to keep the required loop stability.
The peak current is sensed by resistors R25 and R26 in series to the MOSFET and the
signal is fed into pin #4 (CS) of the L6564. On pin #4 (CS) there is also a small filter
composed of R24 and C15.
The capacitor C13 and the parallel resistor R32 complete an internal peak-holding circuit
that obtains information on the RMS mains voltage. The voltage signal at pin #5, which is a
4/32
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
AN3022
Main characteristics and circuit description
DC level equal to the peak voltage on pin #3 (MULT), is fed to a second input to the
multiplier for the 1/V2 function necessary to compensate the control loop gain dependence
on the mains voltage. Additionally, the pin #5 (VFF) is internally connected to a comparator
providing brownout (AC mains undervoltage) protection. A voltage below 0.8 V shuts down
(does not latch) the IC and brings its consumption to a considerably lower level. The L6564
restarts as the voltage at the pin rises above 0.88 V.
The divider R3, R6, R11 and R15 provides the L6564 pin #6 (PFC_OK) with the information
regarding the output voltage level. This information is required by the L6564 output voltage
monitoring and disable functions, used for PFC protection purposes.
If the voltage on pin #6 (PFC_OK) exceeds 2.5 V, the IC stops switching and restarts as the
voltage on the pin falls below 2.4 V, implementing the dynamic OVP and preventing the
output voltage from becoming excessive in case of transients because of the slow response
of the error amplifier. However, if at the same time, the voltage of the INV pin falls below 1.66
V (typ.) that of the pin PFC_OK, a feedback failure is assumed. In this case the device is
latched off. Normal operation can be resumed only by cycling Vcc, bringing its value lower
than 6 V before rising up to the turn-on threshold.
Additionally, if the voltage on pin #6 (PFC_OK) is tied below 0.23 V, the L6564 shuts down.
To restart the L6564, the voltage on pin #6 (PFC_OK) has to increase above 0.27 V. This
function can be used as a remote on/off control input.
To allow interfacing the board with a D2D converter, the connector J3 allows powering the
L6564 with an external Vcc and also controlling the IC operation via pin #6 (PFC_OK).
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
5/32
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Main characteristics and circuit description
AN3022
Electrical diagram
EVL6564-100W TM PFC demonstration board: electrical schematic
!-V
Bill of material
Table 1.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC bill of material
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
Des.
Part type/part value
Case/package
Description
C1
470N
DWG
X2 - FLM cap - R46-I 3470--M1-
Arcotronics
C4
470N
DWG
X2 - FLM cap - R46-I 3470--M1-
Arcotronics
C5
470N - 400V
DWG
400V - FLM cap - B32653A4474
Epcos
C6
47µF - 450V
C7
4N7
1206
100V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C8
680N
1206
25V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C9
68N
0805
50V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C10
100N
1206
50V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C11
47uF-50V
Dia. 5X10 mm
C12
2N2
1206
50V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C13
1uF
0805
25V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C15
220p
0805
50V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
C16
2N2
0805
50V CERCAP - general purpose
AVX
D1
GBU4J
STYLE GBU
D2
1N4005
D3
Dia. 18X31.5 mm 450V - aluminium ELCAP - ED series - 105°C
50V - aluminium ELCAP - YXF series - 105°C
Supplier
Bill of material
7/32
2
Nippon-chemicon
Rubycon
Single phase bridge rectifier
Vishay
DO-41
Rectifier - general purpose
Vishay
STTH2L06
DO-41
Ultrafast high voltage rectifier
D4
LL4148
MINIMELF
D5
BZX79-C18
DO - 35
F1
FUSE 4A
DWG
Fuse T4A - time delay
HS1
HEAT-SINK
DWG
Heat sink for D1& Q1
JPX3
0R0
1206
SMD jumper
J1
MKDS 1,5/ 3-5,08
DWG
PCB term. block, screw conn., pitch 5mm - 3 W.
STMicroelectronics
High speed signal diode
Vishay
Zener diode
Vishay
Wichmann
Phoenix Contact
AN3022
VISHAY
EVL6564-100W TM PFC bill of material (continued)
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
Part type/part value
Case/package
Description
J2
MKDS 1,5/ 2-5,08
DWG
PCB term. block, screw conn., pitch 5mm - 2 W.
J3
CON3
DWG
PCB term. block, pitch 2.5mm - 3 W.
L1
HF2826-203Y1R5-T01
DWG
Input emi filter - 20mH-1.5A
TDK
L2
SRW2620PQ-X22V102
DWG
PFC inductor - 0.52mH (X08141-01-B)
TDK
Q1
STF7NM50N
TO-220FP
R1
NTC 2R5-S237
DWG
NTC resistor P/N B57237S0259M000
EPCOS
R2
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R8
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R10
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R3
3M3
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R6
3M3
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R4
100R
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R5
68K
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R7
180K
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R16
180K
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R9
2M7
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R12
2M7
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R11
2M2
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R13
62K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R14
27K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R15
51K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R17
1M5
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 1% - 100ppm/°C
Vishay
R18
82K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R19
51K
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R21
27R
1206
SMD standard film res - 1/4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
N-channel power mosfet
Supplier
Phoenix Contact
Molex
STMicroelectronics
Bill of material
8/32
Des.
AN3022
Table 1.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC bill of material (continued)
Des.
Part type/part value
Case/package
Description
R22
100K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R24
220R
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL STAND. FILM RES - 0.4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R25
0R47
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL STAND. FILM RES - 0.4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R26
0R68
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL STAND. FILM RES - 0.4W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R30
1K
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R31
10R
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 5% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
R32
1M0
0805
SMD standard film res - 1/8W - 1% - 250ppm/°C
Vishay
U1
L6564D
SSOP-10
Transition-mode PFC controller
Supplier
Bill of material
9/32
Table 1.
STMicroelectronics
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
AN3022
Test results and significant waveforms
AN3022
3
Test results and significant waveforms
3.1
Harmonic content measurement
One of the main purposes of a PFC pre-conditioner is the correction of input current
distortion, decreasing the harmonic contents below the limits of the relevant regulations.
Therefore, this demonstration board has been tested at full load at both the nominal input
voltage mains according to the European standard EN61000-3-2 Class-D and Japanese
standard JEITA-MITI Class-D.
The circuit is able to reduce the harmonics well below the limits of both regulations from full
load down to light load (measurements are given in Figure 3 and Figure 4). Please note that
all measures and waveforms have been done using a Pi-filter (using a 20 mH common
mode choke and two 470NF-X2 filter capacitors) to filter the noise coming from the circuit.
Figure 3.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC:
compliance to EN61000-3-2
standard
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Figure 4.
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EVL6564-100W TM PFC:
compliance to JEITA-MITI
standard
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!-V
Vin = 230 Vac - 50 Hz, Pout = 100 W
Vin = 100 Vac - 50 Hz, Pout = 100 W
THD = 3.89%, PF = 0.983
THD = 3.21%, PF = 0.999
10/32
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
!-V
AN3022
Test results and significant waveforms
For user reference, waveforms of the input current and voltage at the nominal input voltage
mains and different load conditions are given in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
Figure 5.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input
current waveform at 230 V - 50 Hz
100 W load
Figure 6.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input
current waveform at 100 V - 50 Hz
100 W load
CH1: Vout
CH1: Vout
CH2: I_AC
CH2: I_AC
CH3: V bridge
CH3: V bridge
The power factor (PF) and the total harmonic distortion (THD) have been measured too and
the results are given in Figure 7 and Figure 8. As visible, the PF remains close to unity
throughout the input voltage mains and the total harmonic distortion is very low.
Figure 7.
EVL6564-100W TM PFC:
power factor vs. output power
Figure 8.
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THD vs. output power
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The efficiency, measured according to the ES-2 requirements, is very good at all load and
line conditions (Figure 9). At full load it is always higher than 94%, making this design
suitable for high-efficiency power supplies. The average efficiency, calculated according to
the ES-2 requirements at different nominal mains voltages, is given in Figure 10.
Doc ID 16106 Rev 2
11/32
Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 9.
AN3022
EVL6564-100W TM PFC:
efficiency vs. output power
Figure 10. EVL6564-100W TM PFC:
average efficiency acc. to ES-2
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9DF+]
3RXW :
2XWSXW3RZHU
!-V
9LQBDF>9UPV@
$&LQSXWYROWDJH
!-V
Figure 11. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: static Vout
regulation vs. output power
2XWSXW9ROWDJHYV2XWSXW3RZHU
2XWSXW9ROWDJH>9GF@
9RXW#9DF+]
9RXW#9DF+]
9RXW#9DF+]
3RXW :
3RXW :
3RXW :
3RXW :
2XWSXW3RZHU
!-V
The measured output voltage at different line and static load conditions is given in Figure 11.
As visible, the voltage is very stable over the entire input voltage and output load range.
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3.2
Test results and significant waveforms
Inductor current in TM and L6564 THD optimizer
Figure 12 through 17 show the waveforms relevant to the inductor current at different
voltage mains. As visible in Figure 12 and Figure 14 the peak inductor current waveform
over a line half-period follows the MULT (pin #3) at both input mains voltage and therefore
the line current is in phase with the input AC voltage, giving low distortion of the current
waveform and high power factor. On both the drain voltage traces, close to the zero-crossing
points of the sine wave, it is possible to note the action of the THD optimizer embedded in
the L6564. It is a circuit that minimizes the conduction dead-angle occurring in the AC input
current near the zero-crossings of the line voltage (crossover distortion). In this way, the
THD (total harmonic distortion) of the current is considerably reduced. A major cause of this
distortion is the inability of the system to transfer energy effectively when the instantaneous
line voltage is very low. This effect is magnified by the high-frequency filter capacitor placed
after the bridge rectifier, which retains some residual voltage that causes the diodes of the
bridge rectifier to be reverse-biased and the input current flow to temporarily stop. To
overcome this issue, the device forces the PFC pre-regulator to process more energy near
the line voltage zero-crossings as compared to that commanded by the control loop. This
results in both minimizing the time interval where energy transfer is lacking and fully
discharging the high-frequency filter capacitor after the bridge. Essentially, the circuit
artificially increases the ON-time of the power switch with a positive offset added to the
output of the multiplier in the proximity of the line voltage zero-crossings. This offset is
reduced as the instantaneous line voltage increases, so that it becomes negligible as the
line voltage moves toward the top of the sinusoid. Furthermore, the offset is modulated by
the voltage on the VFF pin so as to have little offset at low line, where energy transfer at
zero-crossings is typically quite good, and a larger offset at high line where the energy
transfer gets worse. To derive maximum benefit from the THD optimizer circuit, the highfrequency filter capacitors after the bridge rectifier should be minimized, to be compatible
with EMI filtering needs. A large capacitance, in fact, introduces a conduction dead-angle of
the AC input current in itself, thus reducing the effectiveness of the optimizer circuit.
Figure 12. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds &
Figure 13. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds &
inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz full load
full load (Detail)
CH1: Q1 drain voltage
CH1: Q1 drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin #3
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin #3
CH4: L2 inductor current
CH4: L2 inductor current
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN3022
In Figure 13 and Figure 15 the detail of the waveforms at the switching frequency allows
measuring the operating frequency and the current peak at the top of the input sine wave
during operation at 100 Vac and 230 Vac. The multiplier waveform has been captured as
reference.
Figure 14. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds &
Figure 15. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vds &
inductor current at 230Vac - 50 Hz inductor current at 230Vac - 50 Hz full load (Detail)
full load
CH1: Q1 drain voltage
CH1: Q1 drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin #3
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin #3
CH4: L2 inductor current
CH4: L2 inductor current
In Figure 16 and Figure 17 the detail of the waveforms at the switching frequency allows
viewing the operation of the transition mode control. Once the inductor has transferred all
the energy stored, a falling edge on the ZCD pin (pin #5) is detected which triggers a new
on-time by setting the gate drive to high. As soon as the current signal on the CS pin (pin #4)
has reached the level programmed by the internal multiplier circuitry according to the input
mains instantaneous voltage and the error amplifier output level, the gate drive is set low
and MOSFET conduction is stopped. A following off-time transfers the energy stored in the
inductor into the output capacitor and to the load. At the end of the current conduction a new
demagnetization is detected by the ZCD pin that provides for a new on-time of the MOSFET.
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Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 16. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vcs &
Figure 17. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Vcs &
inductor current at 100 Vac - 50 Hz inductor current at 230 Vac - 50 Hz full load
full load
CH1: GD - Pin #9
CH1: GD - Pin #9
CH2: ZCD - Pin #7
CH2: ZCD - Pin #7
CH3: CS - Pin #4
CH3: CS - Pin #4
CH4: L2 inductor current
CH4: L2 inductor current
3.3
Voltage feed-forward and brownout functions
The power stage gain of PFC pre-regulators varies with the square of the RMS input
voltage. Because the gain has a single pole characteristic, the crossover frequency fc varies
with the square of the RMS input voltage. This leads to large trade-off in the design. For
example, setting the gain of the error amplifier to get fc = 20 Hz at 264 Vac means having
fc = 4 Hz at 88 Vac, resulting in a sluggish control dynamics. Additionally, the slow control
loop causes large transient current flow during rapid line or load changes that are limited by
the dynamics of the multiplier output. This limit is considered when selecting the sense
resistor to let the full load power pass under minimum line voltage conditions, with some
margin. However a fixed current limit allows excessive power input at high line, whereas a
fixed power limit requires the current limit to vary inversely with the line voltage.
Voltage feed-forward can compensate for the gain variation with the line voltage and allow
overcoming all of the above-mentioned issues. It consists of deriving a voltage proportional
to the input RMS voltage, feeding this voltage into a squared/divider circuit (1/V2 corrector)
and providing the resulting signal to the multiplier that generates the current reference for
the inner current control loop.
In this way, a change of the line voltage causes an inversely-proportional change of the half
sine amplitude at the output of the multiplier (if the line voltage doubles the amplitude of the
multiplier, the output is halved and vice versa) so that the current reference is adapted to the
new operating conditions with (ideally) no need for invoking the slow dynamics of the error
amplifier. Additionally, the loop gain is constant throughout the input voltage range, which
improves significantly dynamic behavior at low line and simplifies loop design.
Actually, with other PFCs embedding the voltage feed-forward, deriving a voltage
proportional to the RMS line voltage implies a form of integration, which has its own time
constant. If it is too small, the voltage generated is affected by a considerable amount of
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN3022
ripple at twice the mains frequency that causes distortion of the current reference (resulting
in high THD and poor PF). If it is too large, there is a considerable delay in setting the right
amount of feed-forward, resulting in excessive overshoot and undershoot of the preregulator’s output voltage in response to large line voltage changes. Clearly a trade-off was
required.
The L6564 implements an innovative voltage feed-forward which, with a technique that
makes use of just two external parts, overcomes this time constant trade-off issue whichever
voltage change occurs on the mains (either a surge or drop). A capacitor CFF and a resistor
RFF, both connected from the pin VFF (pin #5) to ground, complete an internal peak-holding
circuit that provides a DC voltage equal to the peak of the rectified sine wave applied on pin
MULT (pin #3). In this way, in case of a sudden line voltage rise, CFF is rapidly charged
through the low impedance of the internal diode. In case of a line voltage drop, an internal
“mains drop” detector enables a low impedance switch which suddenly discharges CFF
avoiding a long settling time before reaching the new voltage level. Consequently, an
acceptably low steady-state ripple and low current distortion can be achieved without any
considerable undershoot or overshoot on the pre-regulator’s output like in systems with no
feed-forward compensation.
Figure 18. L6562A input mains surge 90 Vac to Figure 19. EVL6564 100W TM PFC: input
140 Vac – no VFF input
mains surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac
CFF = 1 µF, RFF = 1 MΩ
CH1: Vout
CH1: Vout
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: I_AC
CH4: I_AC
Figure 19 shows the behavior of the EVL6564-100W demonstration board in case of an
input voltage surge from 90 to 140Vac. In the diagram it is evident that the VFF function
provides for the stability of the output voltage which is not affected by the input voltage
surge. In fact, thanks to the VFF function, the compensation of the input voltage variation is
very fast and the output voltage remains stable at its nominal value. The opposite is
confirmed in Figure 18 which shows the behavior of a PFC using the L6562A and delivering
the same output power. The controller cannot compensate a mains surge and the output
voltage stability is guarantee by the feedback loop only. Unfortunately, as previously stated,
its bandwidth is narrow and thus the output voltage has a significant deviation from the
nominal value. The circuit has the same behavior in case of a mains surge at any input
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Test results and significant waveforms
voltage, and it is not affected if the input mains surge happens at any point on the input sine
wave.
Figure 21 shows the circuit behavior for a mains dip. As previously described, the internal
circuitry has detected the decrease of the mains voltage and it has activated the CFF
internal fast discharge. As visible, in that case, the output voltage changes but in a few
mains cycles it comes back to the nominal value. The situation is different if we check the
performance of a controller without the VFF function. Figure 20 shows the behavior of a PFC
using the L6562A delivering similar output power. For a mains dip from 140 Vac to 90 Vac,
the output voltage fluctuation is not very different, but the output voltage requires a longer
time to restore the original value.
Testing with a wider voltage variation (e.g. 265 Vac to 90 Vac), the output voltage fluctuation
of a PFC without the voltage feed-forward fast discharging is amplified and it requires more
time to recover its original set value (400 V).
Figure 20. L6562A input mains dip 140 Vac to
90 Vac – no VFF input
Figure 21. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: Input
mains dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac
CFF = 1µF, RFF = 1 MΩ
CH1: Vout
CH1: Vout
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: I_AC
CH4: I_AC
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN3022
Comparing Figure 22 and Figure 23 we can see that the input current of Figure 23 has a
better shape and the 3rd harmonic current distortion is not noticeable. This demonstrates
the benefits of the new voltage feed-forward circuit integrated in the L6564, allowing to get a
fast response to mains disturbances but using a quite long VFF time constant provides also
very low THD and high PF at the same time as confirmed by the measurements below the
waveforms.
Figure 22. L6563 input current at 100 Vac-50Hz Figure 23. EVL6564-100W TM PFC: input
CFF = 0.47 µF, RFF = 390 kΩ
current at 100 Vac-50Hz CFF = 1 µF,
RFF = 1 MΩ
THD: 5.15% - 3RD Harmonic: 43 mA
THD: 3.17% - 3RD Harmonic: 30.5 mA
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH2: MULT (pin #3)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: I_AC
CH4: I_AC
Another function integrated in the L6564 is the brownout protection which is basically a nonlatched shutdown function that must be activated when a mains undervoltage condition is
detected. This abnormal condition may cause overheating of the primary power section due
to an excess of RMS current. Brownout can also cause the PFC pre-regulator to work in
open loop and this could be dangerous to the PFC stage itself and the downstream
converter, should the input voltage return abruptly to its rated value. A further problem is the
spurious restarts that may occur during converter power-down which cause the output
voltage of the converter to not decay to zero monotonically. For these reasons it is usually
preferable to shut down the unit in case of brownout.
Brownout thresholds are set internally at 0.88 V (typ.) for enabling and 0.8 V (typ.) for
disabling the L6564. Sensing of the input mains condition is done by an internal comparator
connected to pin VFF (pin #5) which delivers a voltage signal proportional to the input mains.
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Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 24. EVL6564-100W startup attempt at
80 Vac - 60 Hz – full load
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH2: Vcc voltage (Pin #10)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: gate drive (Pin #9)
Because in the L6564 the brownout thresholds are set internally, the startup and shutdown
thresholds can be adjusted slightly by modifying the resistor values used for the MULT pin.
In Figure 24 a startup tentative below the startup threshold is captured. As shown at startup
the brownout function does not allow the PFC startup even if Vcc has reached the L6564
turn-on threshold.
Figure 25 and Figure 26 show the circuit waveforms during brownout protection. In both
cases the mains voltage were increased or decreased slowly. As visible at turn-on or at turnoff there are no bouncing or starting attempts by the PFC converter.
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN3022
Figure 25. EVL6564-100W startup with slow
Figure 26. EVL6564-100W turn-off with slow
input voltage increasing – full load
input voltage decreasing – full load
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH2: gate drive (Pin #9)
CH2: gate drive (Pin #13)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: Vcc (pin #10)
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show the waveforms during the startup of the circuit at mains plugin. We can notice that the Vcc voltage rises up to the turn-on threshold, and the L6564 starts
operating. For a short time the energy is supplied by the Vcc capacitor, and then the
auxiliary winding with the charge pump circuit takes over. At the same time, the output
voltage rises from the peak value of the rectified mains to the nominal value of the PFC
output voltage. The good phase margin of the compensation network allows a clean startup,
without any large overshoot.
Figure 27. EVL6564-100W startup at
90 Vac -60 Hz – full load
Figure 28. EVL6564-100W startup at
265 Vac-50 Hz – full load
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH1: PFC Output voltage
CH2: Vcc voltage (Pin #10)
CH2: Vcc voltage (Pin #10)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH3: VFF (pin #5)
CH4: Gate Drive (Pin #9)
CH4: Gate Drive (Pin #9)
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3.4
Test results and significant waveforms
PFC_OK pin and feedback failure (open loop) protection
During normal operation, the voltage control loop provides for the output voltage (Vout) of
the PFC pre-regulator close to its nominal value, set by the resistors ratio of the feedback
output divider. In the L6564, a pin of the device (PFC_OK, pin #6) has been dedicated to
monitor the output voltage with a separate resistor divider composed of R3, R4, R11 (high)
and R15 (low), see Figure 1. This divider is selected so that the voltage at the pin reaches
2.5 V if the output voltage exceeds a preset value (Vovp), usually larger than the maximum
Vout that can be expected, also including worst-case load/line transients.
For the EVL6564-100W we have:
Vo = 400 V, Vovp = 434 V.
Select: R3+R4+R11=8.8MΩ;
then: R15 = 8.8 MΩ · 2.5 / (434-2.5) = 51 kΩ.
Once this function is triggered, the gate drive activity is immediately stopped until the
voltage on the pin PFC_OK drops below 2.4 V, see an example in Figure 29.
Notice that both feedback dividers connected to L6564 pin #1 (INV) and pin #6 (PFC_OK)
can be selected without any constraints. The unique criterion is that both dividers have to
sink a current from the output bus which needs to be significantly higher than the current
biasing the error amplifier and PFC_OK comparator.
The OVP function described above is able to handle “normal” overvoltage conditions, i.e.
those resulting from an abrupt load/line change or occurring at startup. In case the
overvoltage is generated by a feedback disconnection, for instance, when one of the upper
resistors of the output divider fails open, an additional circuitry detects the voltage drop of
the pin INV. If the voltage on pin INV is lower than 1.66 V and at the same time the OVP is
active, a feedback failure is assumed. Thus, the gate drive activity is immediately stopped,
the device is shut down, its quiescent consumption is reduced below 180 µA and the
condition is latched as long as the supply voltage of the IC is above the UVLO threshold. To
restart the system it is necessary to recycle the input power, so that the Vcc voltage of the
L6564 goes below 6 V and that one of the PWM controller goes below its UVLO threshold.
Note that this function offers a complete protection against not only feedback loop failures or
erroneous settings, but also against a failure of the protection itself. Either resistor of the
PFC_OK divider failing short or open or a PFC_OK pin floating results in shutting down the
IC and stopping the pre-regulator.
Moreover, the pin PFC_OK doubles its function as a non-latched IC disable. A voltage below
0.23 V shuts down the IC, reducing its consumption below 2 mA. To restart the IC, simply let
the voltage at the pin go above 0.27 V.
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Test results and significant waveforms
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Figure 29. EVL6564-100W load transient at
Figure 30. EVL6564-100W open loop
115 Vac - 60 Hz - full load to no load
at 115 Vac - 60 Hz - full load
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH1: PFC output voltage
CH2: PFC_OK (Pin #7)
CH2: PFC_OK (Pin #7)
CH3: GD (pin #9)
CH3: GD (pin #9)
CH4: Iout
The event of an open loop is captured in Figure 30, we can notice the protection intervention
latching the operation of the L6564.
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4
Power management and housekeeping functions
Power management and housekeeping functions
Unlike similar PFC controllers with more pins, the housekeeping functions of the L6564 are
minimized but still there, and the device, in spite of the low pin count, has some main
functionalities that make it suitable to be implemented in high-end applications.
For example, in order to save power during light load operation or to put the converter in a
safe condition after detecting a failure of the DC-DC converter, a communication line can be
established between the cascade converter and the PFC via the disable function included in
the PFC_OK pin (pin #6). Needless to say, this operation assumes that the cascaded PFC
converter stage works as the master (thanks also to the integrated brownout function) and
the DC-DC stage as the slave or, in other words, that the PFC stage starts first, it powers
both controllers and enables/disables the operation of the downstream converter stage.
Several PWM controllers by STMicroelectronics have integrated some housekeeping
functions for the D2D and offer the possibility to interface directly the L6564 with the
downstream PWM controller via dedicated pins.
Should the residual consumption of the chip be an issue, it is also possible to cut off the
supply voltage. In this case, this operation assumes that the cascaded DC-DC converter
stage works as the master and the PFC stage as the slave or, in other words, that the DCDC stage starts first, it powers both controllers and enables/disables the operation of the
PFC stage.
The EVL6564-100W offers the possibility to test the disable function by connecting it to the
cascaded DC-DC converter using the J3 connector. The PFC_OK pin, Vcc and ground are
available via the series resistors R30 and R31.
Figure 31. Interface circuits that let DC-DC converter’s controller IC disable the
L6564
0&#?/+
,!
,
0&#?/+
,
6CC
,!
0&#?34/0
0&#?34/0
,
6CC
6CC?0&#
,
!-V
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Power management and housekeeping functions
4.1
AN3022
Layout hints
The layout of any converter is a very important phase in the design process needing
attention by the design engineers like any other design phase. Even if it the layout phase
sometimes looks time-consuming, a good layout does indeed save time during the
functional debugging and the qualification phases. Additionally, a power supply circuit with a
correct layout needs smaller EMI filters or less filter stages and which allows consistent cost
savings.
Converters using the L6564 do not need any special or specific layout rule to be followed,
just the general layout rules for any power converter have to be applied carefully. Basic rules
are listed here below which can be used for other PFC circuits having any power level,
working either in transition mode or with a fixed-off time control.
24/32
1.
Keep power and signal RTN separated. Connect the return pins of components
carrying high current such as the input filter, sense resistors, and output capacitor as
close as possible. This point is the RTN star point. A downstream converter must be
connected to this return point.
2.
Minimize the length of the traces relevant to the boost inductor, MOSFET drain, boost
rectifier and output capacitor.
3.
Keep signal components as close as possible to each relevant pin of the L6564.
Specifically, keep the tracks relevant to pin #1 (INV) as short as possible. Components
and traces relevant to the error amplifier have to be placed far from traces and
connections carrying signals with high dV/dt like the MOSFET drain.
4.
Please connect heat sinks to power GND.
5.
Add an external shield to the boost inductor and connect it to power GND.
6.
Please connect the RTN of signal components including the feedback, PFC_OK and
MULT dividers close to the L6564 pin #8 (GND).
7.
Connect a ceramic capacitor (100 - 470 nF) to pin #10 (Vcc) and to pin #8 (GND), close
to the L6564. Connect this point to the RTN star point (see rule1).
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Power management and housekeeping functions
Figure 32. EVL6564-100W PCB layout (SMT side view)
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EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements
5
AN3022
EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance
measurements
The following figures show the peak measurement of the conducted noise at full load and
nominal mains voltages for both mains lines. The limits shown in the diagrams are EN55022
class-B which is the most popular regulation for domestic equipments using a two-wire
mains connection.
It is also useful to remind that typically a PFC produces a significant differential mode noise
with respect to other topologies and therefore in case an additional margin with respect to
the limits is required, we suggest trying to increase the across-the-line (X) capacitors or the
capacitor C5 after the rectifier bridge. This is more effective and cheaper than increasing the
size of the common mode filter coil that in this case would filter the differential mode noise
by the leakage inductance between the two windings only.
In order to recognize if the circuit is affected by common mode or differential mode noise, it
is sufficient to compare the spectrum of phase and neutral line measurements. If the two
measurements are very similar, the noise is almost totally common mode. If there is a
significant difference between the two measurement spectrums, their difference represents
the amount of differential mode noise. Of course to get a reliable comparison the two
measurements have to be done under the same conditions. If the peak measurement is
used (as in the following figures), some countermeasures must be used, like synchronizing
the sweep of the spectrum analyzer with the input voltage. This is necessary as TM PFC
has a switching frequency that is modulated along the sine wave.
Because the differential mode produces the common mode noise by the magnetic field
induced by the current, decreasing the differential mode consequently limits the common
mode.
Figure 33. EVL6564-100W CE peak
Figure 34. EVL6564-100W CE peak
measurement at 100Vac - 50Hz Full
measurement at 100Vac - 50Hz Full
Load phase
Load neutral
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EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements
Figure 35. EVL6564-100W CE peak
Figure 36. EVL6564-100W CE peak
measurement at 230Vac - 50Hz Full
measurement at 230Vac - 50Hz Full
Load neutral
Load phase
As visible in the diagrams, in all test conditions there is a good margin of the measures with
respect to the limits. The measurements have been done in peak detection to speed up the
sweep, otherwise taking a long time. Please note that the harmonic measurements done in
quasi-peak or average as required by the regulation will be much lower because of the
jittering effect of the TM control that cannot be perceived in peak detection.
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PFC coil specifications
AN3022
6
PFC coil specifications
6.1
General description and characteristics
6.2
6.3
●
Applications: consumer, home appliance
●
Transformer: open
●
Coil former: vertical, 6+6 pins
●
Max. temp. rise: 45 °C
●
Max. operating ambient temp.: 60 °C
●
Mains insulation: N.A.
●
Unit finishing: varnish
Electrical characteristics
●
Converter topology: boost, transition mode
●
Core: PQ26/20 – PC44
●
Min. operating frequency: 40 kHz
●
Typical operating frequency: 20 kHz
●
Primary inductance: 520 mH ±10% at 1 kHz – 0.25 V (a)
●
Peak primary current 4.2 APK
●
RMS primary current 1.4 ARMS
Electrical diagram
Figure 37. Electrical diagram
02)-
!58
!-V
a. Measured between pins #5 & #9
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6.4
PFC coil specifications
Winding characteristics
Table 2.
Winding characteristics
Pins
Winding
RMS current
Number of turns
Wire type
5-9
Primary (1)
1. 4 ARMS
57.5 - FIT
Multi stranded
#7 x φ0.20 mm
11 - 3
AUX (2)
0.05 ARMS
5.5 - spaced
φ0.28 mm
1. Primary winding external insulation: 2 layers of polyester tape
2. Aux. winding is wound on top of primary winding. External insulation with 2 layers of polyester tape
6.5
Mechanical aspect and pin numbering
●
Maximum height from PCB: 21.5 mm
●
Coil former: vertical, 6+6 pins
●
TDK P/N: BPQ26/20-1112CP
●
Pins #1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12 are removed. Pin 8 is for polarity key.
–
External copper shield: not insulated, wound around the ferrite core, including the
coil former. It must be well adhered to the ferrite. Height is 8 mm. Connected to pin
#3 by a soldered, solid wire.
Figure 38. Top view
!-V
6.6
Unit identification
●
Manufacturer: TDK
●
Manufacturer P/N: SRW2620PQ-X22V102
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References
7
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AN3022
References
●
“10-pin transition-mode PFC controller” L6564 datasheet
●
“How to design a TM PFC pre-regulator with the L6564” application note AN3009
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8
Revision history
Revision history
Table 3.
Document revision history
Date
Revision
Changes
18-Nov-2009
1
Initial release
15-Dec-2010
2
Updated: Section 3.4 on page 21
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AN3022
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