TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Features Single chip solution with only a few external components Stand-alone fixed-frequency user mode Programmable multi-channel user mode Low current consumption in active mode and very low standby current PLL-stabilized RF VCO (LO) with internal varactor diode Lock detect output in programmable user mode On-chip AFC for extended input frequency acceptance range 3wire bus serial control interface FSK/ASK mode selection FSK for digital data or FM for analog signal reception RSSI output for signal strength indication and ASK reception Peak detector for ASK detection Switchable LNA gain for improved dynamic range Automatic PA turn-on after PLL lock ASK modulation achieved by PA on/off keying 32-pin Quad Flat Lead Package (QFN) Ordering Information Temperature Code Package Code Delivery Form TH71221.1 (only for existing designs, not for new design-ins) E (-40 °C to 85 °C) LQ (32 L QFN 5x5 Quad) 73 pc/tube 5000 pc/T&R TH71221.2 (for new design-ins) E (-40 °C to 85 °C) LQ (32 L QFN 5x5 Quad) 73 pc/tube 5000 pc/T&R Application Examples Pin Description bottom top OUT_MIX VEE_IF IN_MIX GAIN_LNA OUT_LNA VEE_LNA IN_LNA OUT_PA General bi-directional half duplex digital data RF signaling or analog signal communication Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Low-power telemetry systems Alarm and security systems Wireless access control Garage door openers Networking solutions Active RFID tags Remote controls Home and building automation IN_IFA VCC_IF IN_DEM INT2/PDO INT1 OUT_DEM RSSI OUT_DTA TH71221 LF VEE_PLL TNK_LO VCC_PLL FS1/LD VEE_DIG FS0/SDEN VEE_RO RO FSK_SW IN_DTA ASK/FSK VCC_DIG RE/SCLK Part Number General Description The TH71221 is a single chip FSK/FM/ASK transceiver IC. It is designed to operate in low-power multichannel programmable or single-channel stand-alone, half-duplex data transmission systems. It can be used for applications in automotive, industrial-scientific-medical (ISM), short range devices (SRD) or similar applications operating in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 930 MHz. In programmable user mode, the transceiver can operate down to 27 MHz by employing an external VCO varactor diode. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 1 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Document Content 1 Theory of Operation ...................................................................................................4 1.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Technical Data Overview.................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Note on ASK Operation .................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................. 5 1.5 User Mode Features ......................................................................................................... 5 2 Pin Definitions and Descriptions ..............................................................................6 3 Functional Description ............................................................................................10 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 4 Reference Oscillator (XOSC)..................................................................................................... 11 Reference Divider ...................................................................................................................... 11 Feedback Divider ....................................................................................................................... 11 Frequency Resolution and Operating Frequency ...................................................................... 11 Phase-Frequency Detector ........................................................................................................ 12 Lock Detector............................................................................................................................. 12 Voltage Controlled Oscillator with external Loop Filter.............................................................. 13 Loop Filter .................................................................................................................................. 13 Receiver Part .................................................................................................................. 13 LNA ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Mixer .......................................................................................................................................... 14 IF Amplifier ................................................................................................................................. 14 ASK Demodulator ...................................................................................................................... 14 FSK Demodulator ...................................................................................................................... 15 Transmitter Part .............................................................................................................. 15 Power Amplifier.......................................................................................................................... 15 Output Power Adjustment .......................................................................................................... 16 Modulation Schemes ................................................................................................................. 16 ASK Modulation ......................................................................................................................... 16 FSK Modulation ......................................................................................................................... 17 Crystal Tuning............................................................................................................................ 17 Description of User Modes......................................................................................18 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 4.2.1 5 PLL Frequency Synthesizer ........................................................................................... 10 Stand-alone User Mode Operation ................................................................................. 18 Frequency Selection .................................................................................................................. 18 Operation Mode ......................................................................................................................... 18 Modulation Type ........................................................................................................................ 19 LNA Gain Mode ......................................................................................................................... 19 Programmable User Mode Operation............................................................................. 19 Serial Control Interface Description ........................................................................................... 19 Register Description ................................................................................................20 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 2 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 6 Register Overview .......................................................................................................... 21 Default Register Settings for FS0, FS1...................................................................................... 21 A – word ..................................................................................................................................... 22 B – word ..................................................................................................................................... 23 C – word..................................................................................................................................... 24 D – word..................................................................................................................................... 25 Technical Data..........................................................................................................26 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings ............................................................................................ 26 6.2 Normal Operating Conditions ......................................................................................... 26 6.3 DC Characteristics.......................................................................................................... 27 6.4 PLL Synthesizer Timings ................................................................................................ 29 6.5 AC Characteristics of the Receiver Part ......................................................................... 29 6.6 AC Characteristics of the Transmitter Part ..................................................................... 30 6.7 Serial Control Interface ................................................................................................... 30 6.8 Crystal Parameters ......................................................................................................... 30 7 Application Circuit Examples..................................................................................31 7.1 FSK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (internal AFC option)...................... 31 7.2 FSK Application Circuit Stand-alone User Mode ............................................................ 32 7.3 FSK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15) .................................................. 33 7.4 ASK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (normal data slicer option) ............. 34 7.5 ASK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 16)..................................................................... 35 7.6 ASK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (peak detector option).................... 36 7.7 ASK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 17)..................................................................... 37 8 Extended Frequency Range ....................................................................................38 8.1 9 Board Component List (Fig. 18) ..................................................................................... 38 TX/RX Combining Network......................................................................................39 9.1 Board Component List (Fig. 19) ..................................................................................... 39 9.2 Typical LNA S-Parameters in Receive Mode ................................................................. 39 9.3 LNA Input Impedances in Transmit Mode ...................................................................... 40 10 Package Description ................................................................................................41 10.1 Soldering Information ..................................................................................................... 41 11 Reliability Information..............................................................................................42 12 ESD Precautions ......................................................................................................42 13 Disclaimer .................................................................................................................44 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 3 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 1 Theory of Operation 1.1 General The main building block of the transceiver is a programmable PLL frequency synthesizer that is based on an integer-N topology. The PLL is used for generating the carrier frequency during transmission and for generating the LO signal during reception. The carrier frequency can be FSK-modulated either by pulling the crystal or by modulating the VCO directly. ASK modulation is done by on/off keying of the power amplifier. The receiver is based on the principle of a single conversion superhet. Therefore the VCO frequency has to be changed between transmit and receive mode. In receive mode, the default LO injection type is low-side injection. The TH71221 transceiver IC consists of the following building blocks: 1.2 Low-noise amplifier (LNA) for high-sensitivity RF signal reception with switchable gain Mixer (MIX) for RF-to-IF down-conversion IF amplifier (IFA) to amplify and limit the IF signal and for RSSI generation Phase-coincidence FSK demodulator with external ceramic discriminator or LC tank Operational amplifier (OA1), connected to demodulator output Operational amplifier (OA2), for general use Peak detector (PKDET) for ASK detection Control logic with 3wire bus serial control interface (SCI) Reference oscillator (RO) with external crystal Reference divider (R counter) Programmable divider (N/A counter) Phase-frequency detector (PFD) Charge pump (CP) Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with internal varactor Power amplifier (PA) with adjustable output power Technical Data Overview Frequency range: 300 MHz to 930 MHz in programmable user mode Extended frequency range with external VCO varactor diode: 27 MHz to 930 MHz 315 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz or 915 MHz fixedfrequency settings in stand-alone mode Power supply range: 2.2 V to 5.5 V Temperature range: -40 °C to +85 °C Standby current: 50 nA Operating current in receive: 6.5 mA (low gain) Operating current in transmit: 12 mA (at -2 dBm) Adjustable RF power range: -20 dBm to +10dBm Sensitivity: -105 dBm at FSK with 180 kHz IF filter BW 1.3 Sensitivity: -107 dBm at ASK with 180 kHz IF filter BW Max. data rate with crystal pulling: 20 kbps NRZ Max. data rate with direct VCO modulation: 115 kbps NRZ Max. input level: -10 dBm at FSK and -20 dBm at ASK Input frequency acceptance: ± 10 to ± 150 kHz (depending on FSK deviation) FM/FSK deviation range: ±2.5 to ±80 kHz Analog modulation frequency: max. 10 kHz Crystal reference frequency: 3 MHz to 12 MHz External reference frequency: 1 MHz to 16 MHz Note on ASK Operation Optimum ASK performance can be achieved by using an 8-MHz crystal for operation at 315 MHz, 434 MHz and 915 MHz. For details please refer to the software settings shown in sections 7.4 and 7.6. FSK operation is the preferred choice for applications in the European 868MHz band. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 4 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 2 7 3 IN_DEM RSSI 1 VCC_IF 31 IN_IFA 32 VEE_IF 6 OUT_DEM PKDET SW1 1.5pF 26 FSK Demodulator MIX LNA 5 INT1 IFA SW2 OA1 Control Logic 15 16 TE/SDTA 13 RE/SCLK 12 ASK/FSK 9 IN_DTA 19 VEE_RO 11 FS1/LD 22 VEE_PLL 10 RO 17 FS0/SDEN FSK FSK_SW 23 LF SCLK 21 TNK_LO 20 VCC_PLL Fig. 1: 1.5 RO SDTA RO PA 24 PS_PA SCI R counter SDEN N counter VCO 25 8 OUT_DTA 200k LO OUT_PA 4 INT2/PDO MIX IF ASK OA2 18 14 VCC_DIG IN_LNA bias VEE_DIG 30 OUT_MIX 28 IN_MIX 29 OUT_LNA 27 GAIN_LNA Block Diagram VEE_LNA 1.4 TH71221 block diagram User Mode Features The transceiver can operate in two different user modes. It can be used either as a 3wire-bus-controlled programmable or as a stand-alone fixed-frequency device. After power up, the transceiver is set to Standalone User Mode (SUM). In this mode, pins FS0/SDEN and FS1/LD must be connected to VEE or VCC in order to set the desired frequency of operation. There are 4 pre-defined frequency settings: 315MHz, 433.92MHz, 868.3MHz and 915MHz. The logic level at pin FS0/SDEN must not be changed after power up in order to remain in fixed-frequency mode. After the first logic level change at pin FS0/SDEN, the transceiver enters into Programmable User Mode (PUM). In this mode, the user can set any PLL frequency or mode of operation by the SCI. In SUM pins FS0/SDEN and FS1/LD are used to set the desired frequency, while in PUM pin FS0/SDEN is part of the 3-wire serial control interface (SCI) and pin FS1/LD is the look detector output signal of the PLL synthesizer. A mode control logic allows several operating modes. In addition to standby, transmit and receive mode, two idle modes can be selected to run either the reference oscillator only or the whole PLL synthesizer. The PLL settings for the PLL idle mode are taken over from the last operating mode which can be either receive or transmit mode. The different operating modes can be set in SUM and PUM as well. In SUM the user can program the transceiver via control pins RE/SCLK and TE/SDTA. In PUM the register bits OPMODE are used to select the modes of operation while pins RE/SCLK and TE/SDTA are part of the SCI. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 5 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 2 Pin Definitions and Descriptions Pin No. Name I/O Type 1 IN_IFA input Functional Schematic VCC Description VCC IF amplifier input, approx. 2 kΩ single-ended 2.2k IN_IFA 50 1 140µA VEE 2 VCC_IF supply 3 IN_DEM analog I/O VEE positive supply of LNA, MIX, IFA, FSK Demodulator, PA, OA1 and OA2 VCC VCC IF amplifier output and demodulator input, connection to external ceramic discriminator or LC tank 90k IN_DEM 60k 3 1.5p 10µA 100µA VEE 4 INT2/PDO VEE VCC output OA2 output or peak detector output, high impedance in transmit and idle mode INT2/PDO 4 VEE 5 INT1 input VCC inverting inputs of OA1 and OA2 VCC 200k INT1 120 120 + OA1 5 OUT_DEM analog I/O VCC VEE 6 bias 120 550k 6 OUT_DEM 1k 7 RSSI 550k OA2 output 10p VEE demodulator output and non-inverting OA1 input, high impedance in transmit and idle mode 10p RSSI output, approx. 31 kΩ VCC RSSI 120 31k 7 VEE 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 6 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Pin No. Name I/O Type 8 OUT_DTA output Functional Schematic VCC Description OA1 output, high impedance in transmit and idle mode OUT_DTA 8 VEE 9 VEE_RO ground 10 RO analog I/O ground of RO VCC RO input, base of bipolar transistor 2.6µA 36p RO 36p 10 39k VEE 11 FSK_SW VCC analog I/O FSK_SW 11 FSK pulling pin, switch to ground or OPEN The switch is open in receive and idle mode VEE 12 IN_DTA VCC input IN_DTA 120 12 ASK/FSK modulation data input, pull down resistor 120kΩ 120k VEE 13 ASK/FSK VCC input ASK/FSK ASK/FSK mode select input 120 13 VEE 14 VCC_DIG supply 15 RE/SCLK input positive supply of serial port and control logic VCC RE/SCLK 120 receiver enable input / clock input for the shift register, pull down resistor 120kΩ 15 120k VEE 16 TE/SDTA input VCC TE/SDTA 16 120 transmitter enable input / serial data input, pull down resistor 120kΩ 120k VEE 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 7 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Pin No. Name I/O Type 17 FS0/SDEN input Functional Schematic Description VCC frequency select input / serial data enable input FS0/SDEN 120 17 VEE 18 VEE_DIG ground 19 FS1/LD input / output ground of serial port and control logic VCC frequency select input / lock detector output FS1/LD 19 120 VEE 20 VCC_PLL analog I/O VCC_PLL TNK_LO 21 VD 6.3pF 20 VCO open-collector output, connection to VCC or external LC tank VCC 21 TNK_LO analog I/O VEE LF 6.5k 23 23 LF VEE VCC VCOCUR analog I/O 120 VEE VCO open-collector output, connection to external LC tank charge pump output, connection to external loop filter VEE 22 VEE_PLL ground 24 PS_PA analog I/O ground of PLL frequency synthesizer VCC VCC power-setting input 10µA PS_PA 120 24 VEE 25 OUT_PA output VEE VCC OUT_PA power amplifier opencollector output 1k 25 20p VEE 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 8 of 44 VEE Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Pin No. Name I/O Type 27 VEE_LNA ground 28 OUT_LNA Functional Schematic ground of LNA and PA OUT_LNA output bias 28 37 3.8k 26 IN_LNA input LNA input, single-ended 0.8p VEE GAIN_LNA LNA open-collector output, connection to external LC tank at RF VEE IN_LNA 26 29 Description VEE VCC input GAIN_LNA LNA gain control input 120 29 VEE 30 IN_MIX VCC input mixer input, approx. 200Ω single-ended 210 IN_MIX 30 LO bias VEE 31 VEE_IF ground 32 OUT_MIX output VEE ground of IFA, Demodulator, OA1 and OA2 VCC OUT_MIX mixer output, approx. 330Ω single-ended 100 32 VEE 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 9 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 3 Functional Description 3.1 PLL Frequency Synthesizer The TH71221 contains an integer-N PLL frequency synthesizer. A PLL circuit performs the frequency synthesis via a feedback mechanism. The output frequency fVCO is generated as an integer multiple of the phase detector comparison frequency fR .This reference frequency fR is generated by dividing the output frequency fRO of a crystal oscillator. The phase detector utilizes this signal as a reference to tune the VCO and in the locked state it must be equal to the desired output frequency, divided by the feedback divider ratio N. VCC Reference Oscillator Reference Divider f RO Phase-frequency Detector LF fR Feedback Divider fN Fig. 2: External Loop Filter Charge Pump f VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator Integer-N PLL Frequency Synthesizer Topology The output frequency of the synthesizer fVCO can be selected by programming the feedback divider and the reference divider. The only constraint for the frequency output of the system is that the minimum frequency resolution, or the channel spacing, must be equal to the PFD frequency fR, which is given by the reference frequency fRO and the reference divider factor R: fR = f RO . R (1) When the PLL is unlocked (e.g. during power up or during reprogramming of a new feedback divider ratio N), the phase-frequency detector PFD and the charge pump create an error signal proportional to the phase difference of the two input signals. This error signal is low-pass filtered through the external loop filter and input to the VCO to control its frequency. A very low frequency resolution increases the settling time of the PLL and reduces the ability to cancel out VCO perturbations, because the loop filter is updated every 1/fR. After the PLL has locked, the VCO frequency is given by the following equation: f VCO = N ⋅ f RO = N ⋅ fR . R (2) There are four registers available to set the VCO frequencies in receive (registers RR and NR) and in transmit mode (registers RT and NT). These registers can be programmed using the Serial Control Interface in Programmable User Mode (PUM). In case of Stand-alone User Mode (SUM), the registers are set fixed values (refer to para. 4.1.1). The VCO frequency is equal to the carrier frequency in transmit mode. While in receive mode the VCO frequency is offset by the intermediate frequency IF. This is because of the super-heterodyne nature of the receive part. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 10 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 3.1.1 Reference Oscillator (XOSC) The reference oscillator is based on a Colpitts topology with two integrated functional capacitors as shown in figure 3. The circuitry is optimized for a load capacitance range of 10 pF to 15 pF. The equivalent input capacitance CRO offered by the oscillator input pin RO is about 18pF. To ensure a fast and reliable start-up and a very stable frequency VCC over the specified supply voltage and temperature range, the IRO oscillator bias circuitry provides an amplitude regulation. The amplitude on pin RO is monitored in order to regulate the current of 36pF 36pF the oscillator core IRO. There are two limits ROMAX and ROMIN RO between the regulation is maintained. These values can be changed via serial control interface in Programmable User Mode XTAL (PUM). In Stand-alone User Mode (SUM), ROMAX and ROMIN are set to default values (refer to para. 5.1.3). ROMAX defines the CX2 VEE start-up current of the oscillator. The ROMIN value sets the desired steady-state current. If ROMIN is sufficient to achieve an FSKSW amplitude of about 400 mV on pin RO, the current IRO will be set CX1 to ROMIN. Otherwise the current will be permanently regulated between ROMIN and ROMAX. If ROMIN and ROMAX are equal, no regulation takes place. For most of the applications ROMIN and ROMAX should not be changed from default. Fig. 3: Reference oscillator circuit 3.1.2 Reference Divider The reference divider provides the input signal of the phase detector by dividing the signal of the reference oscillator. The range of the reference divider is 4 ≤ R ≤ 1023 . 3.1.3 (3) Feedback Divider The feedback divider of the PLL is based on a pulse-swallow topology. It contains a 4-bit swallow A-counter, a 13-bit program B-counter and a prescaler. The divider ratio of the prescaler is controlled by the program counter and the swallow counter. During one cycle, the prescaler divides by 17 until the swallow A-counter reaches its terminal count. Afterwards the prescaler divides by 16 until the program counter reaches its terminal count. Therefore the overall feedback divider ratio can be expressed as: N = 17 ⋅ A + 16 ⋅ (B - A) . (4) The A-counter configuration represents the lower bits in the feedback divider register (N0-3 = A0-3) and the upper bits the B-counter configuration (N4-16 = B0-12) respectively. According to that, the following counter ranges are implemented: 0 ≤ A ≤ 15 ; 4 ≤ B ≤ 8191 whereas B > A (5) and therefore the range of the overall feedback divider ratio results in: 64 ≤ N ≤ 131071 . (6) The user does not need to care about the A- and B-counter settings. It is only necessary to know the overall feedback divider ratio N to program the register settings. 3.1.4 Frequency Resolution and Operating Frequency It is obvious from (2) that, at a given frequency resolution fR, the maximum operating frequency of the VCO is limited by the maximum N-counter setting. The table below provides some illustrative numbers. Please also refer to section 4.4.1 for the pre-configured settings in Stand-alone User Mode (SUM). 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 11 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Crystal frequency fRO Frequency resolution fR R counter N counter Operating frequency fVCO 3.0000MHz 2.93kHz 1023 13107 38.437MHz 3.0000MHz 2.93kHz 1023 131071 384.372MHz 8.0000MHz 12.5kHz 640 35812 447.65MHz 8.0000MHz 25kHz 320 34746 868.65MHz 8.0000MHz 250kHz 32 3660 915.0MHz 3.1.5 Phase-Frequency Detector The phase-frequency detector creates an error voltage proportional to the phase difference between the reference signal fR and fN. The implementation of the phase detector is a phase-frequency type. That circuitry is very useful because it decreases the acquisition time significantly. The gain of the phase detector can be expressed as: K PD = I CP , 2π (7) where ICP is the charge pump current which is set via register CPCUR. In the TH7122 design the VCO frequency control characteristic is with negative polarity. This means the VCO frequency increases if the loop filter output voltage decreases and vice versa. When an external varactor diode is added to the VCO tank, the tuning characteristic can be changed between positive and negative depending on the particular varactor diode circuitry. Therefore the PDFPOL register can be used to define the phase detector polarity. 3.1.6 Lock Detector In Programmable User Mode a lock-detect signal LD is available at pin FS1/LD (pin 19). The lock detection circuitry uses Up and Down signals from the phase detector to check them for phase coherency. Figure 4 shows an overview of the lock signal generation. The locked state and the unlock condition will be decided on the register settings of LDTM and ERTM respectively. In the start-up phase of the PLL, Up and Down signals are quite unbalanced and counter CNT_LD receives no clock signal. When the loop approaches steady state, the signals Up and Down begin to overlap and CNT_LD counts down. Herein register LDTM sets the number of counts which are necessary to set the lock detection signal LD. If an unlock condition occurs, the counter CNT_LD will be reloaded and therefore its CARRY falls back. LDTM [1 : 0] 2 D CARRY Control Logic LOCKMODE RESET LD Up Down & & CR LOAD PFD CNT_LD = ERTM [1 : 0] FRO RO 2 D & R Q LD S MUX CARRY CR LOAD Fig. 4: Lock Detection Circuit CNT_ER 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 12 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver The CNT_ER supervises the unlock condition. If Up and Down are consecutive, the counter CNT_ER will be reloaded permanently and its CARRY will not be set, otherwise the counter level of CNT_ER will be reduced by the reference oscillator clock (1/fRO). The register ERTM decides on the maximum number of clocks during Up and Down signals can be non-consecutive without loosing the locked state. The transceiver offers two ways of analyzing the locked state. If the register LOCKMODE is set to ‘0’, only one occurrence of the locked state condition is needed to remain LD = 1 during the whole active mode, otherwise the state of the PLL will be observed permanently. 3.1.7 Voltage Controlled Oscillator with external Loop Filter Fig. 5: 3.1.8 External Loop Filter TNK_LO LF VCC_PLL VD 6.3pF VCOCUR Charge Pump VEE VCO schematic Loop Filter Since the loop filter has a strong impact on the function of the PLL, it must be chosen carefully. For FSK operation the bandwidth of the loop filter must be selected wide enough for a fast relock of the PLL during crystal pulling. The bandwidth must of course also be larger than the data rate. In case of ASK or OOK the bandwidth should be extended even further to allow the PLL to cancel out VCO perturbations that might be caused by the PA on/off keying. The suggested filter topology is shown in Fig. 6. The dimensions of the loop filter elements can be derived using well known formulas in application notes and other reference literature. Fig. 6: 3.2 VCC + The transceiver provides a LC-based voltage-controlled oscillator with an external inductance element connected between VCC and pin TNK_LO. An internal varactor diode in series with a fixed capacitor forms the variable part of the oscillator tank. The oscillation frequency is adjusted by the DC-voltage at pin LF. The tuning sensitivity of the VCO is approximately 20MHz/V for 433MHz operations and 40MHz/V at 868MHz. Since the internal varactor is connected to VCC, a lower voltage on pin LF causes the capacitance to decrease and the VCO frequency to increase. For this reason the phase detector polarity should be negative (PFDPOL = 0). If the operation frequency is below 300MHz, an external varactor diode between pin TNK_LO and VCC_PLL is necessary. The corresponding application schematic is shown in section 8. The VCO current VCOCUR can be adjusted via serial control interface in order to ensure stable oscillations over the whole frequency range. For lowest LO emission in receive mode, VCOCUR should be set to the lowest value. VCC RF CF1 CF2 LF VCO + 2nd order Loop filter Receiver Part The RF front-end of the receiver part is a super-heterodyne configuration that converts the input radiofrequency (RF) signal into an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The most commonly used IF is 10.7 MHz, but IFs in the range of 0.4 to 22 MHz can also be used. According to the block diagram, the front-end consists of a LNA, a Mixer and an IF limiting amplifier with received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The local oscillator (LO) signal for the mixer is generated by the PLL frequency synthesizer. As the receiver constitutes a superhet architecture, there is no inherent suppression of the image frequency. It depends on the particular application and the system’s environmental conditions whether an RF front-end filter should be added or not. If image rejection and/or good blocking immunity are relevant system parameters, a band-pass filter must be placed either in front or after the LNA. This filter can be a SAW (surface acoustic wave) or LC-based filter (e.g. helix type). 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 13 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 3.2.1 LNA The LNA is based on a cascode topology for low-noise, high gain and good reverse isolation. The open collector output has to be connected to an external resonance circuit which is tuned to the receive frequency. The gain of the LNA can be changed in order to achieve a high dynamic range. There are two possibilities for the gain setting which can be selected by the register bit LNACTRL. External control can be done via the pin GAIN_LNA, internal control is given by the register bit LNAGAIN. In case of external gain control, a hysteresis of about 340 mV can be chosen via the register bit LNAHYST. This configuration is useful if an automatic gain control loop via the RSSI signal is established. In transmit mode the LNA-input is shorted to protect the amplifier from saturation and damaging. 3.2.2 Mixer The mixer is a double-balanced mixer which down converts the receive frequency to the IF. The default LO injection type is low side (fVCO = fRX – fIF). But also high side injection is possible (fVCO = fRX + fIF). In this case, the data signal´s polarity is inverted due to the mixing process. To avoid this, the transmitted data stream can be inverted too by setting DTAPOL to ‘1’. The output impedance of the mixer is about 330Ω in order to match to an external IF filter. 3.2.3 IF Amplifier After passing the channel select filter which sets the IF bandwidth the signal is limited by means of an high gain limiting amplifier. The small signal gain is about 80 dB. The RSSI signal is generated within the IF amplifier. The output of the RSSI signal is available at pin RSSI. The voltage at this pin is proportional to the input power of the receiver in dBm. Using this RSSI output signal the signal strength of different transmitters can be distinguished. 3.2.4 ASK Demodulator The receive part of the TH7122 allows for two ASK demodulation configurations: • • standard ASK demodulation or ASK demodulation with peak detector. The default setting is standard ASK demodulation. In this mode SW1 and SW2 are closed and the RSSI output signal directly feeds the data slicer setup by means of OA1. The data slicer time constant equals to T = 200kΩ ⋅ C3 , (8) with C3 external to pin INT1. This time constant should be larger than the longest possible bit duration of the data stream. This is required to properly extract the ASK data’s DC level. The purpose of the DC (or mean) level at the negative input of OA1 is to set an adaptive comparator threshold to perform the ASK detection. Alternatively a peak detector can be used to define the ASK detection threshold. In this configuration the peak detector PKDET is enabled, SW1 is closed and SW2 is open, and the peak detector output is multiplexed to pin INT2/PDO. This way the peak detector can feed the data slicer, again constituted by OA1 and a few external R and C components. The peak detection mode is selectable in programmable user mode. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 14 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 3.2.5 FSK Demodulator The implemented FSK demodulator is based on the phase-coincidence principle. A discriminator tank, which can either consist of a ceramic discriminator or an LC tank, is connected to pin IN_DEM. If FSK mode is selected SW1 is open, SW2 is closed and the output of OA2 is multiplexed to pin INT2/PDO. The demodulator output signal directly feeds the data slicer setup by means of OA1. The data slicer time constant can be calculated using (8). This time constant should be larger than the longest possible bit duration of the data stream as described in the previous paragraph. An on-chip AFC circuit tolerates input frequency variations. The input frequency acceptance range is proportional to the FSK or FM deviation. It can be adjusted by the discriminator tank. The AFC feature is disabled by default and can be activated in programmable mode. 3.3 Transmitter Part The output of the PLL frequency synthesizer feeds a power amplifier (PA) in order to setup a complete RF transmitter. The VCO frequency is identical to the carrier frequency. 3.3.1 Power Amplifier The power amplifier (PA) has been designed to deliver about 10 dBm in the specified frequency bands. Its pin OUT_PA is an open collector output. The larger the output voltage swing can be made the better the power efficiency will be. The PA must be matched to deliver the best efficiency in terms of output power and current consumption. The collector must be biased to the positive supply. This is done by means of an inductor parallel tuned with a capacitor. Or it is made large enough in order not to affect the outVCC VCC put matching network. S-parameters of pin OUT_PA are not useful because the output is very high resistive with a small 3pF L RL portion of parallel capacitance. Since the open-collector output transistor can be considered as a current source, the only parameters needed to design the output matching netOUT_PA work are the output capacitance, the supply voltage VCC, the transistor’s saturation voltage and the power delivered to the VEE load PO. In order to avoid saturation of the output stage, a saturation voltage VCESAT of about 0.7 V should be considered. The Fig. 7: OUT_PA schematic real part of the load impedance can then be calculated using RL = (VCC − VCE SAT ) 2 . 2 ⋅ PO (9) The output capacitance is typically 3 pF. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 15 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Output Power Adjustment The maximum output power is adjustable via the external resistor RPS as shown in Figure 8. There are four predefined power settings in programmable user mode which can be set in the register TXPOWER. The maximum power setting P4 is the default setting. P4 20.00 10.00 P0 / dBm 3.3.2 0.00 315MHz 433MHz 868MHz 915MHz -10.00 -20.00 -30.00 Fig. 8: Output power vs. RPS -40.00 1 3.3.3 10 RPS / kOhm 100 Modulation Schemes The RF carrier generated by the PLL frequency synthesizer can be ASK or FSK modulated. Depending on the selected user mode, the modulation type can be selected either by the ASK/FSK pin or via the serial control interface. Data is applied to pin IN_DTA. The data signal can be inverted by the bit DTAPOL. The following tables for ASK and FSK modulation are valid for non-inverted data (DTAPOL = 0) 3.3.4 ASK Modulation IN_DTA Description 0 Power amplifier is turned off 1 Power amplifier is turned on (according to the selected output power) 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 16 of 44 The transceiver is ASK-modulated by turning on and off the power amplifier. Please also refer to para. 1.3 for ASK modulation limits. Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 3.3.5 FSK Modulation • FSK modulation via crystal pulling VCC FSK modulation can be achieved by pulling the crystal oscillator frequency. A CMOS-compatible data stream applied at pin IN_DTA digitally modulates the XOSC via an integrated NMOS switch. Two external pulling capacitors CX1 and CX2 allow the FSK deviation Δf and center frequency fc to be adjusted independently. At IN_DTA = LOW CX2 is connected in parallel to CX1 leading to the low-frequency component of the FSK spectrum (fmin); while at IN_DTA = HIGH CX2 is deactivated and the XOSC is set to its high frequency, leading to fmax. IRO 36pF 36pF RO XTAL CX2 VEE FSKSW CX1 IN_DTA Description 0 fmin = fc - Δf (FSK switch is closed) 1 fmax = fc + Δf (FSK switch is open) Fig. 9: Crystal Pulling Circuit An external reference signal can be directly AC-coupled to the reference oscillator input pin RO. Then the transceiver is used without a XTAL. Now the reference signal sets the carrier frequency and has to contain the FSK (or FM) modulation • FSK modulation via direct VCO modulation IN_DTA Alternatively FSK or FM can be achieved by injecting the modulating signal into the loop filter to directly control the VCO frequency. Fig. 10 shows a circuit proposal for direct VCO modulation. This circuit is recommended for data rates in excess of about 20 kbps NRZ. An external VCO tuning varactor should be added for narrow-band applications, for example at channel spacings of 25 kHz. For details please refer to the application notes “TH7122 and TH71221 High Speed Data Communication” and “TH7122 and TH71221 Used In Narrow Band FSK Applications” as well as to the “TH7122 and TH71221 Cookbook” CB6 VCC 17 FS0/SDEN 18 VEE_DIG L0 RM1 CM1 RF 19 FS1/LD 20 VCC_PLL 21 TNK_LO CF1 22 VEE_PLL 23 LF CF2 24 Fig. 10: Circuit schematic for direct VCO modulation 3.3.6 Crystal Tuning A crystal is tuned by the manufacturer to the requested oscillation frequency f0 for a certain load capacitance CL within the specified calibration tolerance. The only way to tune this oscillation frequency is to vary the effective load capacitance CLeff seen by the crystal. Figure 8 shows the oscillation frequency of a crystal in dependency on the effective load capacitance. This capacitance changes in accordance with the logic level of IN_DTA around the specified load capacitance. The figure illustrates the relationship between the external pulling capacitors and the frequency deviation. f XTAL C1 fo C0 CL eff R1 f min Fig. 11: Crystal Tuning Characteristic 39010 071221 Rev. 007 L1 f max Page 17 of 44 CX1 CRO CX1+CRO CL (CX1+CX2) CRO CX1+CX2+CRO CL eff Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 4 Description of User Modes 4.1 Stand-alone User Mode Operation After power up the transceiver is set to stand-alone user mode. In this mode, pins FS0/SDEN and FS1/LD must be connected to VEE or VCC to set the desired frequency of operation. The logic level at pin FS0/SDEN must not be changed after power up in order to remain in stand-alone user mode. The default settings of the control word bits in stand-alone user mode are described in the frequency selection table. Detailed information about the default settings can be found in the tables of section 5. 4.1.1 Frequency Selection Channel frequency 433.92 MHz 868.3 MHz 315 MHz 915 MHz FS0/SDEN 1 0 1 0 FS1/LD 0 0 1 1 Reference oscillator frequency R counter ratio in RX mode (RR) 7.1505 MHz 32 16 18 32 223.45 kHz 446.91 kHz 397.25 kHz 223.45 kHz 1894 1919 766 4047 VCO frequency in RX mode 423.22 MHz 857.60 MHz 304.30 MHz 904.30 MHz RX frequency 433.92 MHz 868.30 MHz 315.00 MHz 915.00 MHz 32 16 18 32 223.45 kHz 446.91 kHz 397.25 kHz 223.45 kHz 1942 1943 793 4095 VCO frequency in TX mode 433.92 MHz 868.30 MHz 315.00 MHz 915.00 MHz TX frequency 433.92 MHz 868.30 MHz 315.00 MHz 915.00 MHz IF in RX mode 10.7 MHz 10.7 MHz 10.7 MHz 10.7 MHz PFD frequency in RX mode N counter ratio in RX mode (NR) R counter ratio in TX mode (RT) PFD frequency in TX mode N counter ratio in TX mode (NT) In stand-alone user mode, the transceiver can be set to Standby, Receive, Transmit or Idle mode (only PLL synthesizer active) via control pins RE/SCLK and TE/SDTA. The modulation scheme and the LNA gain are set by pins ASK/FSK and GAIN_LNA, respectively. 4.1.2 Operation Mode Operation mode Standby Receive Transmit Idle RE/SCLK 0 1 0 1 TE/SDTA 0 0 1 1 Note: Pins with internal pull-down 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 18 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 Modulation Type Modulation type ASK FSK ASK / FSK 0 1 LNA gain high low GAIN_LNA 0 1 LNA Gain Mode Programmable User Mode Operation The transceiver can also be used in programmable user mode. After power-up the first logic change at pin FS0/SDEN enters into this mode. Now full programmability can be achieved via the Serial Control Interface (SCI). 4.2.1 Serial Control Interface Description A 3-wire (SCLK, SDTA, SDEN) Serial Control Interface (SCI) is used to program the transceiver in programmable user mode. At each rising edge of the SCLK signal, the logic value on the SDTA pin is written into a 24-bit shift register. The data stored in the shift register are loaded into one of the 4 appropriate latches on the rising edge of SDEN. The control words are 24 bits lengths: 2 address bits and 22 data bits. The first two bits (bit 23 and 22) are latch address bits. As additional leading bits are ignored, only the least significant 24 bits are serial-clocked into the shift register. The first incoming bit is the most significant bit (MSB). To program the transceiver in multi-channel application, four 24-bit words may be sent: A-word, B-word, C-word and D-word. If individual bits within a word have to be changed, then it is sufficient to program only the appropriate 24-bit word. The serial data input timing and the structure of the control words are illustrated in Fig. 12 and 13. SDTA SCLK 24-BIT SHIFT REGISTER 22 22 22 2 22 ‘00’ A - LATCH 22 A-word B - LATCH 22 B-word C - LATCH 22 C-word D - LATCH 22 D-word ‘01’ SDEN ADDR DECODER ‘10’ ‘11’ 22 Fig. 12: SCI Block Diagram 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 19 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Due to the static CMOS design, the SCI consumes virtually no current and it can be programmed in active as well as in standby mode. If the transceiver is set from standby mode to any of the active modes (idle, receive, transmit), the SCI settings remain the same as previously set in one of the active modes, unless new settings are done on the SCI while entering into an active mode. Invalid data SDTA MSB bit 23 LSB bit 22 bit 1 t CH t CWL tCWH Invalid data bit 0 SCLK SDEN t CS tES tEW tEH Fig. 13: Serial Data Input Timing 5 Register Description As shown in the previous section there are four control words which stipulate the operation of the whole chip. In Stand-alone User Mode SUM the intrinsic default values with respect to the applied levels at pins FS0 and FS1 lay down the configuration of the transceiver. In Programmable User Mode (PUM) the register settings can be changed via 3-wire interface SCI. The default settings which vary with the desired operating frequency depend on the voltage levels at the frequency selection pins FS0 and FS1 before entering the PUM. Table 5.1.1 shows the default register settings of different frequency selections. It should be noted that the channel frequency listed below will be achieved with a crystal frequency of 7.1505 MHz. The following table depicts an overview of the register configuration of the TH71221. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 20 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1 Register Overview DATA WORD MSB LSB PACTRL 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 LNAHYST AFC OA2 1 1 1 0 1 0 5.1.1 Bit No. Depends on FS0/FS1 voltage level after power up default 9 4 3 2 1 0 Bit No. Depends on FS0/FS1 voltage level after power up default 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 NR [ 16 : 0 ] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 1 0 Bit No. default NT [ 16 : 0 ] 1 Bit No. default Depends on FS0/FS1 voltage level after power up ERTM [ 1 :0 ] 0 LDTM [ 1 :0 ] D 0 MODCTRL 1 5 Depends on FS0/FS1 voltage level after power up 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 0 BAND 0 VCOCUR [ 1 :0 ] C 0 PFDPOL 0 LNACTRL 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 6 ROMIN [2:0] 1 ROMAX [2:0] 1 DELPLL B 0 Set to 1 1 PKDET 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 0 7 RR [9:0] LOCKMODE 1 8 RT [9:0] 1 9 OPMODE [1:0] 0 LNAGAIN 0 Set to 1 0 TXPOWER [ 1 :0 ] 0 CPCUR A 0 MODSEL 0 DATAPOL 0 IDLE 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Default Register Settings for FS0, FS1 FS1 FS0 Channel frequency BAND VCOCUR [1:0] RR [9:0] NR [ 16 :0 ] RT [ 9 :0 ] NT [ 16 : 0 ] 0 0 868.30 MHz 1 11 16d 1919d 16d 1943d 0 1 433.92 MHz 0 01 32d 1894d 32d 1942d 1 0 915.00 MHz 1 11 32d 4047d 32d 4095d 1 1 315.00 MHz 0 00 18d 766d 18d 793d Note: d – decimal code A detailed description of the registers function and their configuration can be found in the following sections. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 21 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1.2 A – word Name Bits RR [9:0] Description Reference divider ratio in RX operation mode 4d .. 1023d Operation mode OPMODE [11:10] 00 01 10 11 #default Standby mode Receive mode Transmit mode Idle mode LNA gain LNAGAIN [12] 0 1 low LNA gain high LNA gain #default This selection is valid if bit LNACTR (bit 21 in C-word) is set to internal LNA gain control. not used [13] set to ‘1’ for correct function Output power steps TXPOWER [15:14] 00 01 10 11 P1 P2 P3 P4 #default Set the PA-on condition PACTRL [16] 0 1 0 LOCKMODE PA is switched on if the PLL locks PA is always on in TX mode Set the PLL locked state observation mode before lock only #default #default Locked state condition will be ascertained only one time afterwards the LD signal remains in high state. [17] 1 before and after lock locked state will be observed permanently Charge Pump output current CPCUR [18] 0 1 260 µA 1300 µA 0 1 ASK FSK #default Modulation mode MODSEL [19] #default This selection is valid if bit MODCTRL (bit 21 in D-word) is set to internal modulation control. Input data polarity 0 DTAPOL [20] #default normal ‘0’ for space at ASK or fmin at FSK, ‘1’ for mark at ASK or fmax at FSK 1 inverse ‘1’ for space at ASK or fmin at FSK, ‘0’ for mark at ASK or fmax at FSK Active blocks in IDLE mode IDLESEL 39010 071221 Rev. 007 [21] 0 1 only RO active whole PLL active Page 22 of 44 #default Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1.3 B – word Name Bits RT [9:0] Description Reference divider ratio in TX operation mode 4d .. 1023d Set the desired steady state current of the reference oscillator ROMIN [12:10] 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 0 μA 75 μA 150 μA #default 225 μA 300 μA 375 μA 450 μA 525 μA The control circuitry regulates the current of the oscillator core between the values ROMAX and ROMIN. As the regulation input signal the amplitude on pin RO is used. If the ROMIN value is sufficient to achieve an amplitude of about 400mV on pin RO the current of the reference oscillator core will be set to ROMIN. Otherwise the current will be permanently regulated between ROMAX and ROMIN. If ROMIN and ROMAX are equal no regulation of the oscillator current occurs. Please also note the block description of the reference oscillator in para. 3.1.1 Set the start-up current of the reference oscillator ROMAX [15:13] 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 0 μA 75 μA 150 μA 225 μA 300 μA 375 μA 450 μA 525 μA #default Set the start-up current of the reference oscillator core. Please also note the description of the ROMIN register and the block description of the reference oscillator which can be seen above. OA2 operation OA2 [16] 0 1 #default disabled enabled OA2 can be enabled in FSK receive mode. OA2 is disabled in ASK mode receive. Internal AFC feature AFC [17] LNAHYST [18] 0 1 #default disabled enabled Hysteresis on pin GAIN_LNA 0 1 disabled enabled 0 undelayed start 1 starts after 8 valid RO-cycles #default Delayed start of the PLL DELPLL [19] PLL starts at the reference oscillator start-up #default PLL starts after 8 valid RO-cycles before entering an active mode to ensure reliable oscillation of the reference oscillator. not used [20] set to ‘1’ for correct function RSSI Peak Detector 0 PKDET [21] #default disabled The RSSI output signal directly feeds the data slicer setup by means of OA1. 1 enabled In ASK receive mode the RSSI Peak Detector output is multiplexed to pin INT2/PDO. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 23 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1.4 C – word Name Bits NR [16:0] BAND [17] Description Feedback divider ratio in RX operation mode 64d .. 131071d 0 1 Set the desired frequency range recommended at fRF < 500 MHz recommended at fRF > 500MHz Some tail current sources are linked to this bit in order to save current for low frequency operations. VCO active current VCOCUR [19:18] 00 01 10 11 low current (300 µA) standard current (500 µA) high1 current (700 µA) high2 current (900 µA) Phase Detector polarity 0 PFDPOL LNACTRL [20] negative #default VCO OUTPUT FREQUENCY pos neg 1 positive 0 LNA gain control mode external LNA gain control VCO INPUT VOLTAGE #default LNA gain will be set via pin GAIN_LNA. [21] 1 internal LNA gain control LNA gain will be set via bit LNAGAIN (bit 12 in A-word). Nevertheless pin GAIN_LNA must be connected to either VCC or VEE. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 24 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 5.1.5 D – word Name Bits NT [16:0] ERTM LDTM MODCTRL [18:17] [20:19] Description Feedback divider ratio in TX operation mode 64d .. 131071d 00 01 10 11 Set the unlock condition of the PLL 2 clocks #default Set the maximum allowed number of reference 4 clocks (1/fRO) during the phase detector output signals 8 clocks DOWN) can be in-consecutive. 16 clocks clocks (UP & 00 01 10 11 Set the lock condition of the PLL 4 clocks Set the minimum number of consecutive edges of 16 clocks #default detector output cycles, without appearance of any 64 clocks condition. 256 clocks phase unlock 0 Set mode of modulation control: external modulation control #default Modulation will be set via pin ASK/FSK. [21] 1 internal modulation control Modulation will be set via bit MODSEL (bit 19 in A-word). Nevertheless pin ASK/FSK must be connected to either VCC or VEE. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 25 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 6 Technical Data 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings Operation beyond absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage of the device. Parameter Supply voltage Input voltage Input RF level Storage temperature Junction temperature Power dissipation Thermal Resistance Electrostatic discharge Electrostatic discharge Symbol VCC VIN PiRF TSTG TJ Pdiss RthJA VESD1 VESD2 Condition / Note Min Max Unit -0.3 -0.3 -1.0 -0.75 6.0 Vcc+0.3 10 +125 +150 0.25 60 +1.0 +0.75 V V dBm °C °C W K/W kV kV Min Max Unit 2.2 -40 5.5 +85 V ºC 0.3*VCC V @ LNA input -40 human body model, 1) human body model, 2) 1) all pins, except LF, TNK_LO, VCC_PLL and FS1/LD 2) pins LF, TNK_LO, VCC_PLL and FS1/LD 6.2 Normal Operating Conditions Parameter Symbol Supply voltage Operating temperature Input low voltage (CMOS) pins IN_DTA, ASK/FSK, RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD Input high voltage (CMOS) pins IN_DTA, ASK/FSK, RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD Transmit frequency range Receive frequency range VCO frequency IF range FSK demodulator operating range RO frequency fTX fRX fVCO fIF fIF_FSK fRO PFD comparison frequency fR Frequency deviation Δf FSK data rate RFSK ASK data rate FM bandwidth RASK fm VCO gain 39010 071221 Rev. 007 fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Condition VCC TA VIL VIH VIL_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode VIH_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode Set by tank configuration | fRX - fVCO | Set by crystal Set by crystal and R-counter at FM or FSK w/ crystal pulling, NRZ w/ direct VCO mod., NRZ NRZ 0.7*VCC 300 300 300 0.4 2 3 930 930 930 22 22 12 MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz 0.003 1 MHz ±2.5 ±80 20 115 40 10 23 55 kHz kbps kbps kbps kHz 14 28 KVCO Page 26 of 44 V MHz/V Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 6.3 DC Characteristics all parameters under normal operating conditions, unless otherwise stated; typical values at TA = 23 °C and VCC = 3 V Parameter Symbol Condition Min Typ Max Unit 50 200 nA 0.3 0.7 mA 3.5 4.8 6.3 8.0 6.1 8.9 7.4 10.2 6.7 9.5 8.0 10.8 8.2 13.0 10.1 14.9 9.2 13.8 11.1 15.7 13.2 16.4 Operating currents Standby current ISBY Standby mode Reg. BAND Idle current 1 (> 500 MHz) IIDLE 1 (> 500 MHz) Receive supply current - ASK Receive supply current - FSK Transmit supply current @ P1 Transmit supply current @ P2 Transmit supply current @ P3 Transmit supply current @ P4 0 (< 500 MHz) 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) 1 (> 500 MHz) IRXL_ASK IRXH_ASK IRXL_FSK IRXH_FSK 0 (< 500 MHz) IP1 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) IP2 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) IP3 1 (> 500 MHz) 0 (< 500 MHz) IP4 1 (> 500 MHz) Idle mode (RO only), Reg. IDLESEL = 0 Idle mode, (whole PLL), Reg. IDLESEL = 1 ASK Receive mode, LNA @ low gain ASK Receive mode, LNA @ high gain FSK Receive mode, LNA @ low gain FSK Receive mode, LNA @ high gain Transmit mode, Reg. TXPOWER =00, VPS_PA = 0.3V, continuous wave (CW) mode Transmit mode, Reg. TXPOWER =01, VPS_PA = 0.3V, CW mode Transmit mode, Reg. TXPOWER =10, VPS_PA = 0.3V, CW mode Transmit mode, Reg. TXPOWER =11, VPS_PA = 0.3V, CW mode mA mA mA mA mA mA 17.1 20.8 15.2 19.8 19.1 24.5 18.6 25.8 22.5 31.1 23.0 38.6 mA mA mA 26.9 45.2 Digital pin characteristics Input low voltage (CMOS) pins IN_DTA, ASK/FSK, VIL RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD Input high voltage (CMOS) pins IN_DTA, ASK/FSK, VIH RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD 39010 071221 Rev. 007 VIL_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode VIH_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode Page 27 of 44 -0.3 0.3*VCC V 0.7*VCC Vcc+0.3 V Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Parameter Symbol Condition Min Typ Max Unit 70 120 220 kΩ Digital pin characteristics Pull-down Resistor RPD pins IN_DTA , RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA Low level input leakage current pins IN_DTA, ASK/FSK, IIL RE/SCLK, TE/SDTA, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD High level input leakage current IIH pins ASK/FSK, FS0/SDEN, FS1/LD IINL_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode μA -2 IINH_FS1/LD only in Stand-alone user mode 2 μA 30 Ω Analog pin characteristics MOS switch On resistance FSK_SW pin MOS switch Off resistance FSK_SW pin RON ROFF Peak detector pull-up current INT2/PDO pin IPU_PDO Peak detector leakage current INT2/PDO pin IL_PDO OA input offset voltage VOS Voltage threshold for high to low LNA gain transition GAIN_LNA pin Voltage threshold for low to high LNA gain transition GAIN_LNA pin Transmit mode, if Reg. DTAPOL = 0: IN_DTA = 0 if Reg. DTAPOL = 1: IN_DTA = 1 Transmit mode, if Reg. DTAPOL = 0: IN_DTA = 1 if Reg. DTAPOL = 1: IN_DTA = 0 ASK Receive mode, Reg. PKDET = 1 VOUT_DEM > VINT2/PDO ASK Receive mode, Reg. PKDET = 1 VOUT_DEM =< VINT2/PDO 10 1 MΩ -1.1 mA -2 2 μA Receive mode -25 25 mV VGAIN_HL Receive mode, Reg. LNACTRL = 0, Reg. LNAHYST = 1 1.0 1.3 1.6 V VGAIN_LH Receive mode, Reg. LNACTRL = 0, Reg. LNAHYST = 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 V RSSI characteristics RSSI voltage at low IFA input level VL_RSSI RSSI voltage at high IFA input level VH_RSSI 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Receive mode, VIN_IFA = 100μV (CW, 10.7MHz) Receive mode, VIN_IFA = 100mV (CW, 10.7MHz) Page 28 of 44 0.72 V 1.64 V Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 6.4 PLL Synthesizer Timings Parameter Channel switching time wide band tSW_WB narrow band tSW_NB TX – RX switching time 6.5 Symbol tTX_RX Condition Min BPLL = 20kHz, ICP = 260µA BPLL = 2kHz, ICP = 260µA IF = 10.7MHz Typ Max Unit 200 µs 500 µs 1 ms AC Characteristics of the Receiver Part all parameters under normal operating conditions, unless otherwise stated; typical values at Ta = 23 °C and VCC = 3 V; all parameters based on test circuits for FSK (Fig. 14 to 15) and ASK (Fig. 16 to 17), respectively; Parameter fRF= 433.92MHz Input sensitivity ASK fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Symbol PminL_ASK PminH_ASK fRF= 433.92MHz PminL_FSK Input sensitivity FSK fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz PminH_FSK fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz Maximum input signal ASK fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz Maximum input signal FSK fRF= 868.3MHz fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz PmaxL_ASK BIF = 180kHz, fm = 2kHz BER ≤ 3⋅10-3 LNA @ low gain BIF = 180kHz, fm = 2kHz BER ≤ 3⋅10-3 LNA @ high gain BIF = 180kHz, fm = 2kHz Δf = ± 50 kHz BER ≤ 3⋅10-3 LNA @ low gain BIF = 180kHz, fm = 2kHz Δf = ± 50 kHz BER ≤ 3⋅10-3 LNA @ high gain LNA @ low gain PmaxH_ASK LNA @ high gain PmaxL_FSK LNA @ low gain PmaxH_FSK LNA @ high gain Start-up time - ASK ton_ASK Start-up time - FSK ton_FSK Spurious emission Pspur_RX 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Condition from standby to receive mode from standby to receive mode referred to receiver input Page 29 of 44 Min Typ Max -96 Unit dBm -96 -107 dBm -107 -87 dBm -87 -105 dBm -105 -10 dBm -10 -20 dBm -20 -10 dBm -10 -20 dBm -20 1 1.5 ms 1 1.5 ms -54 dBm Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 6.6 AC Characteristics of the Transmitter Part all parameters under normal operating conditions, unless otherwise stated; typical values at Ta = 23 °C and VCC = 3 V; all parameters based on test circuits for FSK (Fig. 14 to 15) and ASK (Fig. 16 to 17), respectively; Parameter Output power fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Output power fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Output power fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Output power fRF= 433.92MHz fRF= 868.3MHz Symbol P1 P2 P3 P4 FSK deviation ΔfFSK FM deviation ΔfFM Modulation frequency FM PLL reference spurious emission Harmonic emission fmod Pspur_PLL Pharm Start-up time ton_TX 6.7 mode = transmit, RPS = see para. 7.3 TXPOWER = 00 mode = transmit, RPS = see para. 7.3 TXPOWER = 01 mode = transmit, RPS = see para. 7.3 TXPOWER = 10 mode = transmit, RPS = see para. 7.3 TXPOWER = 11 depends on Cx1, Cx2 and crystal parameters please refer to the FM circuit in the cookbook Min Typ Max -7 dBm -10 1 dBm -2 6 dBm 3 10 dBm 9 ±2.5 ±25 ±80 ±6 From standby to transmit mode Unit kHz kHz 1 10 -40 -36 kHz dBm dBm 1.5 ms Serial Control Interface Parameter SDTA to SCLK set up time SCLK to SDTA hold time SCLK pulse width low SCLK pulse width high SCLK to SDEN set up time SDEN pulse width SDEN to SCLK hold time 6.8 Condition Symbol Condition tCS tCH tCWL tCWH tES tEW tEH Min Max 150 50 100 100 100 100 100 Unit ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Crystal Parameters Parameter Crystal frequency Load capacitance Static capacitance Equivalent series resistance Spurious response 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Symbol fcrystal Cload C0 R1 aspur Condition fundamental mode, AT only required for FSK Page 30 of 44 Min Max Unit 3 10 12 15 5 180 -10 MHz pF pF Ω dB Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 7 Application Circuit Examples 7.1 FSK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (internal AFC option) CF1 CRX0 CPS FS1/LD 19 VEE_DIG 18 VCC_PLL 20 TNK_LO 21 16 RE/SCLK 15 27 VEE_LNA VCC_DIG 14 RB1 VCC_IF IN_DEM INT2/PDO INT1 OUT_DEM RSSI OUT_DTA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CB5 CX2 RO 10 INIFA CERFIL 32 CB1 FSK input LX FSK_SW 11 31 VEE_IF OUT_MIX 3wire bus CB7 IN_DTA 12 32L QFN 5x5 30 IN_MIX SDTA SCLK ASK/FSK 13 TH71221 29 GAIN_LNA C1 SDEN 26 IN_LNA 28 OUT_LNA C2 L1 OUT_PA VEE_PLL 22 25 Lock detect L0 CTX4 CTX0 Combining network CB6 C0 24 LTX0 RF LF 23 CB2 RPS RX_IN TX_OUT FS0/ SDEN 17 CF2 C3 XTAL 9 FSK output RSSI C4 CERDIS C5 CB4 RP CX1 VEE_RO CB0 VCC Fig. 14: Test circuit for FSK operation in Programmable User Mode (internal AFC option) 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 31 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver FSK Application Circuit Stand-alone User Mode CF1 CF2 FS1/LD 19 VEE_DIG 18 VCC_PLL 20 VCC_DIG 14 27 VEE_LNA 28 OUT_LNA IN_DTA 12 32L QFN 5x5 30 IN_MIX RB1 VCC_IF IN_DEM INT2/PDO INT1 OUT_DEM RSSI OUT_DTA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CB5 LX CX2 RO 10 INIFA CERFIL 32 CB1 FSK input FSK_SW 11 31 VEE_IF OUT_MIX RX enable CB7 ASK/FSK 13 TH71221 29 GAIN_LNA C1 TX enable 16 RE/SCLK 15 26 IN_LNA C2 FS0/ SDEN 17 CPS OUT_PA VEE_PLL 22 25 CRX0 L1 see para. 4.1.1 L0 CTX4 CTX0 Combining network CB6 C0 24 LTX0 RF LF 23 CB2 RPS RX_IN TX_OUT TNK_LO 21 7.2 C3 CX1 XTAL 9 VEE_RO FSK output RSSI C4 CB4 CERDIS C5 RP CB0 VCC Fig. 15: Test circuit for FSK operation in Stand-alone User Mode 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 32 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 7.3 FSK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15) Value @ Value @ Value @ 315 MHz 433.92 MHz 868.3 MHz Value @ 915 MHz Tol. 1.8 pF 0.82 pF ±5% VCO tank capacitor 2.2 pF 1.8 pF ±5% LNA output tank capacitor 1.5 pF 1.5 pF ±5% MIX input matching capacitor 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF ±10% data slicer capacitor ±5% demodulator output low-pass capacitor, depending on data rate 0603 1.5 nF 1.5 nF 1.5 nF 1.5 nF CB0 1210 10 μF 10 μF 10 μF 10 μF ±20% de-coupling capacitor CB1 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB2 0603 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB4 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB5 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB6 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB7 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CF1 0603 1 nF 1 nF 1 nF 1 nF CF2 0603 68 pF 120 pF 150 pF 82 pF ±5% CPS 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% power-select capacitor CX1 0603 8.2 pF 10 pF 12 pF 12 pF ±5% RO capacitor for FSK (Δf = ±20 kHz) CX2 0603 150 pF 56 pF 18 pF 15 pF ±5% RO capacitor for FSK (Δf = ±20 kHz) CRX0 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±5% RX coupling capacitor CTX0 0603 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF ±5% TX coupling capacitor Part Size C0 0603 1.2 pF 1.5 pF C1 0603 3.9 pF 5.6 pF C2 0603 1.5 pF 1.5 pF C3 0603 10 nF C4 0603 C5 Description ±10% RSSI output low pass capacitor ±10% loop filter capacitor loop filter capacitor CTX4 0603 12 pF 4.7 pF 2.2 pF 1.8 pF ±5% TX impedance matching capacitor RB1 0603 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω ±5% protection resistor loop filter resistor RF 0603 47 kΩ 47 kΩ 33 kΩ 33 kΩ ±5% RP 0603 3.3 kΩ 3.3 kΩ 3.3 kΩ 3.3 kΩ ±5% CERDIS loading resistor RPS 0603 22 kΩ 33 kΩ 47 kΩ 47 kΩ ±5% power-select resistor L0 0603 47 nH 22 nH 3.9 nH 3.9 nH ±5% VCO tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part L1 0603 33 nH 15 nH 4.7 nH 4.7 nH ±5% LTX0 0603 15 nH 15 nH 3.9 nH 3.9 nH ±5% LX 0603 0Ω 0Ω 10 nH 10 nH ±5% XTAL HC49 SMD 7x5 7.1505 MHz ±20ppm cal., ±20ppm temp. CERFIL SMD 3.45x3.1 SFECF10M7HA00 B3dB = 180 kHz CERDIS SMD 4.5x2 CDSCB10M7GA136 Note: LNA output tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part impedance matching inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part RO inductor fundamental-mode crystal, Cload = 10 pF to 15pF, C0, max = 7 pF, Rm, max = 70 Ω ceramic filter from Murata, or equivalent part ceramic Discriminator from Murata, or equivalent part - Antenna matching network according to paragraph 9 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 33 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver ASK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (normal data slicer option) CF1 CPS CRX0 FS1/LD 19 VEE_DIG 18 VCC_PLL 20 16 RE/SCLK 15 27 VEE_LNA VCC_DIG 14 VCC_IF IN_DEM INT2/PDO INT1 OUT_DEM RSSI OUT_DTA CERFIL RB1 ASK input RO 10 INIFA 32 CB7 FSK_SW 11 31 VEE_IF CB1 3wire bus SCLK IN_DTA 12 32L QFN 5x5 30 IN_MIX SDTA ASK/FSK 13 TH71221 29 GAIN_LNA C1 SDEN 26 IN_LNA 28 OUT_LNA C2 L1 OUT_PA VEE_PLL 22 25 Lock detect L0 CTX4 CTX0 Combining network CB6 C0 24 LTX0 RF LF 23 CB2 RPS RX_IN TX_OUT FS0/SDEN 17 CF2 TNK_LO 21 7.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OUT_MIX ASK output RSSI C3 CB5 XTAL CX1 9 VEE_RO C5 CB0 VCC Fig. 16: Test circuit for ASK operation in Programmable User Mode (normal data slicer option) Software Settings for ASK fRO = 8.0000MHz CPCUR VCOCUR Channel frequency RR NR RT NT RX TX RX TX 315.00 MHz 80 3043 8 315 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 434.00 MHz 80 4233 8 434 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 915.00 MHz 80 9043 8 915 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 34 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 7.5 ASK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 16) Part Size Value @ 315 MHz Value @ 434 MHz Value @ 915 MHz Tol. C0 0603 1.5 pF C1 0603 3.9 pF 1.8 pF 1 pF ±5% VCO tank capacitor 5.6 pF 1.8 pF ±5% C2 0603 LNA output tank capacitor 1.5 pF 1.0 pF 1.5 pF ±5% C3 MIX input matching capacitor 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% C5 data slicer capacitor 0603 1.5 nF 1.5 nF 1.5 nF ±10% RSSI output low pass capacitor CB0 1210 10 μF 10 μF 10 μF ±20% de-coupling capacitor CB1 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB2 0603 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB5 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB6 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB7 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CF1 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±10% loop filter capacitor CF2 0603 39 pF 39 pF 39 pF ±5% loop filter capacitor CPS 0603 1 nF 1 nF 1 nF ±10% power-select capacitor, depending on data rate Description CX1 0805 18 pF 18 pF 18 pF ±5% RO capacitor CRX0 0603 100 pF 100 pF 10 pF ±5% RX coupling capacitor CTX0 0603 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF ±5% TX coupling capacitor CTX4 0603 12 pF 4.7 pF 1.8 pF ±5% TX impedance matching capacitor RB1 0603 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω ±5% protection resistor RF 0603 33 kΩ 33 kΩ 33 kΩ ±5% loop filter resistor RPS 0603 18 kΩ 33 kΩ 43 kΩ ±5% L0 0603 47 nH 22 nH 3.9 nH ±5% L1 0603 33 nH 15 nH 4.7 nH ±5% LTX0 0603 15 nH 15 nH 3.9 nH ±5% XTAL HC49 SMD 7x5 8.0000 MHz ±20ppm cal., ±20ppm temp. CERFIL SMD 3.45x3.1 SFECF10M7HA00 B3dB = 180 kHz Note: power-select resistor VCO tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part LNA output tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part impedance matching inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part fundamental-mode crystal, Cload = 10 pF to 15pF, C0, max = 7 pF, Rm, max = 70 Ω ceramic filter from Murata, or equivalent part - Antenna matching network according to paragraph 9 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 35 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver ASK Application Circuit Programmable User Mode (peak detector option) CF1 CPS CRX0 FS1/LD 19 VEE_DIG 18 VCC_PLL 20 16 RE/SCLK 15 27 VEE_LNA VCC_DIG 14 VCC_IF IN_DEM INT2/PDO INT1 OUT_DEM RSSI OUT_DTA CERFIL RB1 ASK input RO 10 INIFA 32 CB7 FSK_SW 11 31 VEE_IF CB1 3wire bus SCLK IN_DTA 12 32L QFN 5x5 30 IN_MIX SDTA ASK/FSK 13 TH71221 29 GAIN_LNA C1 SDEN 26 IN_LNA 28 OUT_LNA C2 L1 OUT_PA VEE_PLL 22 25 Lock detect L0 CTX4 CTX0 Combining network CB6 C0 24 LTX0 RF LF 23 CB2 RPS RX_IN TX_OUT FS0/SDEN 17 CF2 TNK_LO 21 7.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OUT_MIX R1 CB5 XTAL CX1 9 VEE_RO R2 ASK output RSSI C5 C6 CB0 VCC Fig. 17: Test circuit for ASK operation in Programmable User Mode (internal Peak Detector option) Software Settings for ASK fRO = 8.0000MHz CPCUR VCOCUR Channel frequency RR NR RT NT RX TX RX TX 315.00 MHz 80 3043 8 315 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 434.00 MHz 80 4233 8 434 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 915.00 MHz 80 9043 8 915 260µA 1300µA 300 µA 900µA 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 36 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 7.7 ASK Test Circuit Component List (Fig. 17) Part Size Value @ 315 MHz Value @ 434 MHz Value @ 915 MHz C0 0603 1.5 pF 1.8 1 pF ±5% VCO tank capacitor C1 0603 3.9 pF 5.6 pF 1.8F ±5% LNA output tank capacitor C2 0603 1.5 pF 1.0 pF 1.5 pF ±5% MIX input matching capacitor C5 0603 1.5 nF 1.5 nF 1.5 nF ±10% RSSI output low pass capacitor C6 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% PKDET capacitor CB0 1210 10 μF 10 μF 10 μF ±20% de-coupling capacitor CB1 0603 10 nF 10 nF 10 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB2 0603 330 pF 330 pF 330 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB5 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB6 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CB7 0603 100 nF 100 nF 100 nF ±10% de-coupling capacitor CF1 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF ±10% loop filter capacitor CF2 0603 39 pF 39 pF 39 pF ±5% loop filter capacitor CPS 0603 1 nF 1 nF 1 nF ±10% power-select capacitor, depending on data rate Tol. Description CX1 0805 18 pF 18 pF 18 pF ±5% RO capacitor CRX0 0603 100 pF 100 pF 10 pF ±5% RX coupling capacitor CTX0 0603 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF ±5% TX coupling capacitor CTX4 0603 12 pF 4.7 pF 1.8 pF ±5% TX impedance matching capacitor R1 0603 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ ±5% PKDET resistor R2 0603 680 kΩ 680 kΩ 680 kΩ ±5% PKDET resistor RB1 0603 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω ±5% protection resistor RF 0603 33 kΩ 33 kΩ 33 kΩ ±5% loop filter resistor RPS 0603 18 kΩ 33 kΩ 43 kΩ ±5% power-select resistor VCO tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part L0 0603 47 nH 22nH 3.9 nH ±5% L1 0603 33 nH 15 nH 4.7 nH ±5% LTX0 0603 15 nH 15 nH 3.9 nH ±5% XTAL HC49 SMD 7x5 8.0000 MHz ±20ppm cal., ±20ppm temp. CERFIL SMD 3.45x3.1 SFECF10M7HA00 B3dB = 180 kHz Note: LNA output tank inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part impedance matching inductor from Würth-Elektronik (WE-KI series) or equivalent part fundamental-mode crystal, Cload = 10 pF to 15pF, C0, max = 7 pF, Rm, max = 70 Ω ceramic filter from Murata, or equivalent part - Antenna matching network according to paragraph 9 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 37 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 8 Extended Frequency Range The operating frequency range of 300 MHz to 930 MHz can be covered without the use of an additional VCO varactor diode. A frequency range extension down to 27 MHz can be realized by adding an external varactor diode to the VCO tank. VCC LTX0 CB6 Lock detect L0 FS1/LD 19 VEE_DIG 18 VCC_PLL 20 OUT_PA TNK_LO 21 LF 23 24 25 Combining network TH71221 TH71121 27 VEE_LNA Fig. 18: VCO tank circuit for extended frequency range SDEN 16 RE/SCLK 15 26 IN_LNA CRX0 Part VD1 C0 CTX4 CTX0 8.1 RB0 FS0/SDEN 17 RPS R01 C01 RF1 CB2 VEE_PLL 22 RX_IN TX_OUT CF2 CF1 RF 28 OUT_LNA VCC_DIG 14 SDTA 3wire bus SCLK CB7 VCC ASK/FSK 13 29 GAIN_LNA IN_DTA Board Component List (Fig. 18) Size Value @ 27 MHz Value @ 40 MHz Value @ 80 MHz Value @ 144 MHz Value @ 170 MHz Description C0 0805 NIP NIP NIP NIP NIP VCO tank capacitor C01 0805 1 nF 1 nF 68 pF 100pF 100 pF VCO tank capacitor CB2 VD1 CF1 CF2 CTX4 0603 SOD-323 0605 0605 0605 330 pF BBY65 1 µF 220 nF NIP 330 pF BBY65 1 µF 100 nF 33 pF 330 pF BB639 1µF 100nF 18pF 330 pF BB833 1µF 100 nF 10 pF 330 pF BB535 1µF 100 nF 8.2 pF de-coupling capacitor varactor diode loop filter capacitor loop filter capacitor TX impedance matching capacitor RB0 0605 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω protection resistor R01 0805 22 Ω 22 Ω 0Ω 0Ω 0Ω VCO tank resistor RF 0805 1.8 kΩ 1.8 kΩ 1.8 kΩ 2.7 kΩ 390 Ω loop filter resistor RF1 0805 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 10 kΩ loop filter resistor power-select resistor RPS 0805 CTX0 CRX0 L0 0805 0805 0805 15 kΩ 10 nF 10 nF 1.2 µH 15 kΩ 10 nF 10 nF 1.0 µH 15 kΩ 10 nF 10 nF 220 nH 22 kΩ 1 nF 1 nF 100 nH 33 kΩ 220 pF 220 pF 47 nH TX coupling capacitor RX coupling capacitor VCO tank inductor LTX0 CB6 CB7 0805 0805 0805 2.2 µH 10 nF 100 nF 330 nH 10 nF 100 nF 220 nH 10 nF 100 nF 100 nH 1 nF 100 nF 100 nH 1 nF 100 nF TX impedance matching inductor de-coupling capacitor de-coupling capacitor fR NT NR LO injection 25 kHz 1080 1508 high 25 kHz 1600 2028 high 25 kHz 3200 2772 low 25 kHz 5760 5332 low 100 kHz 1700 1807 high frequency resolution NT counter NR counter Note: The component values are optimized for the above listed settings of fR, NR and NT. Direct VCO modulation as explained in section 3.3.5 must be applied. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 38 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 9 TX/RX Combining Network 9.1 Board Component List (Fig. 19) Value @ Value @ Value @ Value @ 315 433.92 868.3 915 MHz MHz MHz MHz Part Size CRX0 0603 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF CTX0 0603 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF 10 pF CTX1 CTX2 CTX4 LRX2 LTX0 LTX1 CB2 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 10 pF 10 pF 12 pF 82 nH 15 nH 33 nH 330 pF 6.8 pF 6.8 pF 4.7 pF 56 nH 15 nH 33 nH 330 pF 5.6 pF 3.9 pF 2.2 pF 15 nH 3.9 pF 10 nH 330 pF 4.7 pF 3.9 pF 1.8 pF 15 nH 3.9 nH 10 nH 330 pF No TX/RX switch required Direct connection to λ/4 antenna possible CB2 RF input RF output VCC CTX4 LTX0 LTX1 CTX0 50Ω CTX2 CTX1 25 OUT_PA LRX2 26 IN_LNA CRX0 Fig. 19: Combining network schematic 9.2 Typical LNA S-Parameters in Receive Mode Low Gain Mode Frequency Re[S11] Im[S11] Re[S12] Im[S12] Re[S21] Im[S21] Re[S22] Im[S22] 27 MHZ 40 MHz 80 MHz 170 MHz 315 MHz 433 MHz 868 MHz 915 MHz 0.9138 0.9139 0.9126 0.9054 0.8836 0.8622 0.7161 0.6975 -0.0145 -0.0229 -0.0481 -0.1026 -0.1814 -0.2625 -0.4577 -0.4753 6.06E-005 5.53E-005 5.36E-005 7.44E-004 2.16E-004 7.81E-004 2.35E-003 2.24E-003 4.27E-004 6.73E-004 1.48E-004 3.25E-003 6.21-E003 6.34E-003 1.09E-003 1.10E-003 -0.4172 -0.4092 -0.3989 -0.3828 -0.3300 -0.3248 -0.1265 -0.1062 0.0334 0.0400 0.0581 0.1056 0.1798 0.2168 0.3187 0.3206 0.9986 0.9984 0.9979 0.9966 0.9926 0.9870 0.9543 0.9494 -0.0095 -0.0136 -0.0265 -0.0558 -0.1033 -0.1417 -0.2829 -0.2980 Note: input and output of the LNA are connected to 50 Ω ports without matching elements High Gain Mode Frequency Re[S11] Im[S11] Re[S12] Im[S12] Re[S21] Im[S21] Re[S22] Im[S22] 27 MHZ 40 MHz 80 MHz 170 MHz 315 MHz 433 MHz 868 MHz 915 MHz 0.8417 0.8424 0.8403 0.8273 0.7884 0.7492 0.5007 0.4714 -0.0151 -0.0276 -0.0621 -0.1344 -0.2328 -0.3405 -0.5322 -0.5440 1.36E-004 1.42E-004 1.52E-004 1.86E-004 4.02E-004 1.51E-004 2.36E-004 1.94E-004 8.63E-005 1.07E-004 1.83E-004 3.72E-003 7.04E-003 6.18E-003 1.06E-003 1.06E-003 -4.0840 -4.0840 -4.0630 -3.9550 -3.5100 -3.4700 -1.6710 -1.4690 0.1272 0.2055 0.4338 0.9279 1.6990 1.9920 3.2230 3.2700 0.9994 0.9994 0.9991 0.9977 0.9846 0.9839 0.9501 0.9451 -0.0092 -0.0135 -0.0269 -0.0571 -0.1072 -0.1439 -0.2847 -0.2995 Note: input and output of the LNA are connected to 50 Ω ports without matching elements 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 39 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 9.3 LNA Input Impedances in Transmit Mode Mode LNA off, Pin LNA is shorted IN_LNA Frequency RS LS Frequency RS LS 27 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 170 MHz 33.6 Ω 33.6 Ω 33.6 Ω 34.3 Ω 1.9 nH 2.1 nH 2.4 nH 2.2 nH 315 MHz 433 MHz 868 MHz 915 MHz 32.7 Ω 33.6 Ω 35.7 Ω 36.6 Ω 2.2 nH 2.3 nH 2.7 nH 2.8 nH 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 40 of 44 26 RS LS Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 10 Package Description The device TH71221 is RoHS compliant. D A3 24 17 25 16 32 9 E A1 8 b 1 e A exp osed pad E2 L D2 The “exposed pad” is not connected to internal ground, it should not be connected to the PCB. Fig 12: 32L QFN 5x5 Quad all Dimension in mm min max D E D2 E2 A A1 A3 L e b 4.75 5.25 4.75 5.25 3.00 3.25 3.00 3.25 0.80 1.00 0 0.05 0.20 0.3 0.5 0.50 0.18 0.30 0.118 0.128 0.118 0.128 0.0315 0.0393 0 0.002 0.0079 0.0118 0.0197 0.0197 0.0071 0.0118 all Dimension in inch min max 0.187 0.207 0.187 0.207 10.1 Soldering Information • The device TH71221 is qualified for MSL3 with soldering peak temperature 260 deg C according to JEDEC J-STD-20 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 41 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 11 Reliability Information This Melexis device is classified and qualified regarding soldering technology, solderability and moisture sensitivity level, as defined in this specification, according to following test methods: Reflow Soldering SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices) • IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020 “Moisture/Reflow Sensitivity Classification for Nonhermetic Solid State Surface Mount Devices (classification reflow profiles according to table 5-2)” Wave Soldering SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices) • EN60749-20 “Resistance of plastic- encapsulated SMD’s to combined effect of moisture and soldering heat” Solderability SMD’s (Surface Mount Devices) • EIA/JEDEC JESD22-B102 “Solderability” For all soldering technologies deviating from above mentioned standard conditions (regarding peak temperature, temperature gradient, temperature profile etc) additional classification and qualification tests have to be agreed upon with Melexis. The application of Wave Soldering for SMD’s is allowed only after consulting Melexis regarding assurance of adhesive strength between device and board. 12 ESD Precautions Electronic semiconductor products are sensitive to Electro Static Discharge (ESD). Always observe Electro Static Discharge control procedures whenever handling semiconductor products. 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 42 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver Your Notes 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 43 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09 TH71221 27 to 930MHz FSK/FM/ASK Transceiver 13 Disclaimer 1) The information included in this documentation is subject to Melexis intellectual and other property rights. Reproduction of information is permissible only if the information will not be altered and is accompanied by all associated conditions, limitations and notices. 2) Any use of the documentation without the prior written consent of Melexis other than the one set forth in clause 1 is an unfair and deceptive business practice. Melexis is not responsible or liable for such altered documentation. 3) The information furnished by Melexis in this documentation is provided ’as is’. Except as expressly warranted in any other applicable license agreement, Melexis disclaims all warranties either express, implied, statutory or otherwise including but not limited to the merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement with regard to the content of this documentation. 4) Notwithstanding the fact that Melexis endeavors to take care of the concept and content of this documentation, it may include technical or factual inaccuracies or typographical errors. Melexis disclaims any responsibility in connection herewith. 5) Melexis reserves the right to change the documentation, the specifications and prices at any time and without notice. Therefore, prior to designing this product into a system, it is necessary to check with Melexis for current information. 6) Melexis shall not be liable to recipient or any third party for any damages, including but not limited to personal injury, property damage, loss of profits, loss of use, interrupt of business or indirect, special incidental or consequential damages, of any kind, in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, performance or use of the information in this documentation. 7) The product described in this documentation is intended for use in normal commercial applications. Applications requiring operation beyond ranges specified in this documentation, unusual environmental requirements, or high reliability applications, such as military, medical life-support or life-sustaining equipment are specifically not recommended without additional processing by Melexis for each application. 8) Any supply of products by Melexis will be governed by the Melexis Terms of Sale, published on www.melexis.com. © Melexis NV. All rights reserved. For the latest version of this document, go to our website at: www.melexis.com Or for additional information contact Melexis Direct: Europe, Africa: Americas: Asia: Phone: +32 1367 0495 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1 603 223 2362 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +32 1367 0495 E-mail: [email protected] ISO/TS 16949 and ISO14001 Certified 39010 071221 Rev. 007 Page 44 of 44 Data Sheet Feb/09