AN1426 - Design Tips for the MCP3911

AN1426
Design Tips for the MCP3911
Author:
Craig King
Microchip Technology Inc.
Here, pushing the limits of the analog-to-digital
conversion will be the focus, showing the true
performance limits of the device.
INTRODUCTION
Addressable Devices on Single SPI Bus
The central goal of this application note is to supply
support material for a new MCP3911 design. In many
systems, multiple MCP3911 devices will exist to
measure multiple powers, currents, or voltages. Proper
cascading of the delta sigma master clock (MCLK) and
serial communication to lessen I/O usage on the
microcontroller will be discussed. For energy metering
and power monitoring systems, grounding and layout
are essential when the MCP3911 is connected to the
primary side of a high voltage system, e.g. shunt-based
current sensing systems. PCB layout techniques,
through proper analog and digital grounding, will be
described here, using a reference design available for
the MCP3911.
The MCP3911 analog front ends are addressable in
such a way that multiple devices can be placed on a
single SPI bus using a single CS pin. When ordering
the devices, they can be purchased with different part
numbers containing address codes A0, A1, A2 or A3.
These address options correspond to the following
address bits in the control byte of the MCP3911, shown
in Figure 1.
The operation of the ADC across different operating
conditions will also be discussed. There are various
ways to optimize the accuracy of the analog-to-digital
conversion. Decisions such as choosing the correct
oversampling ratio, or selecting proper MCLK speeds,
can affect the conversion performance from a few dB to
much more, in some cases.
MCP3911
ADDR = A0
OSC1
PHASE A
MCP3911
ADDR = A1
OSC1
SDI
SDO
SCK
CS
RESET
DR
OSC1
SDI
SDO
SCK
CS
RESET
DR
PHASE B
MCP3911
ADDR = A2
PHASE C
FIGURE 1:
SDI
SDO
SCK
CS
RESET
DR
These devices should all share the same oversampling
clock, i.e. the OSC1 pin of these devices should be tied
together. This clock is typically driven from an output
compare or Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) module of
the microcontroller, which is discussed in more detail
later in this application note. This allows for a reduced
pin count microcontroller to be used in a system such
as shown in Figure 1.
SDO
SDI
SCK
CS
RESET
IRQA
IRQB*
IRQC*
OC1/PWM
MCU
*Note: IRQB and IRQC only required if phase
delay block is intended to be used on any
individual MCP3911
Addressable SPI for Poly-phase Meter Designs.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01426A-page 1
AN1426
SINGLE VS. MULTIPLE IRQ
One-command Configuration at System
Startup
When the devices are clocked by a single MCLK, and
the OSC1 pins are tied together, as long as the internal
clock prescale and oversampling ratios are the same,
the data ready pulse will be synchronized between the
devices. This holds true only if there is no phase delay
introduced into the PHASE register, or if the PHASE
register values match. If it is intended for no phase
delay to be introduced on any of the individual
MCP3911 devices, then a single interrupt request pin
(IRQ) can be used, and the devices are simply read in
sequence prior to the next DR event.
Address Options:
A6
A5
A0
0
0
A1
0
1
A2
1
0
A3
1
1
A6
A5
A4
A3
Device
Address
Bits
A2
A1
A0
Register
Address Bits
FIGURE 2:
After VDD has stabilized on the MCP3911, it is possible
to configure the device for use in your application. For
time-sensitive applications, a one-shot configuration
word can be sent to write values across all
configuration registers. The internal registers of the
MCP3911 can be written to and clocked consecutively,
without the need for raising CS between registers and
transmitting multiple control bytes. There is no global
address write command for multiple MCP3911 devices,
so each MCP3911 device must be written to
individually with separate address bytes. It is not
necessary for the master clock (MCLK) of the
MCP3911 to be active during this configuration loading
on the SPI bus. It is also not necessary to reset the
device before this configuration.
If you want to reset or configure all the devices
simultaneously, simply stop the MCLK during the
loading of the configuration registers. The SPI clock
(SCK) will only load the serial interface register values.
The internal function depends on the master digital
clock MCLK, so starting this after the devices have
been loaded would be equivalent to a global address
write.
R/W
Read/
Write Bit
The PHASE:8, STATUSCOM:16, CONFIG:16, and
optionally the offset and gain calibration registers
OFFCAL_CH0:24,GAINCAL_CH0:24,OFFCAL_CH1:
24, and GAINCAL_CH1:24 can all be written
consecutively as shown in Figure 3.
Control Byte.
.
AVDD, DVDD
CS
SCK
00011010 11XXXXXX
SDI
CONFIG2 CONFIG2
00001110
PHASE ADDR/W
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
PHASE
xxxxxxxx
GAIN
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
STATUSCOM
xxxxxxxx
CONFIG
ADDR/W
Optional RESET of both ADCs
FIGURE 3:
One command for writing complete configuration (without calibration)
Typical One Command Configuration.
MCLK Generation
In a system such as the one shown in Figure 1, the
MCLK generated by the microcontroller should always
be present when measuring and calculating power
quantities. In the system shown, the MCLK and MCU
internal clock are synchronous, which is best when
attempting to do a specific number of power
calculations between an integer number of samples.
DS01426A-page 2
The MCP3911 contains an internal oscillator, which
allows the device to be used with an external crystal.
This draws slightly more current, the internal oscillator
circuitry can be disabled by setting the CLKEXT bit to 0
if a crystal is not used, and the part receives an
externally generated clock source, such as a pin on a
microcontroller, as shown in Figure 1. For higher
performance microcontrollers, the operating frequency
of the MCU clock can be higher than the limit of the
internal analog master clock (AMCLK) of the
MCP3911.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN1426
For situations such as this, the internal prescaler of the
MCP3911 should be used, as shown in Table 1, by
changing the PRE bits in the configuration register.
TABLE 1:
PRESCALER SETTINGS
Config
Analog Master Clock
Prescale
PRE<1:0>
0
0
AMCLK = MCLK/1 (default)
0
1
AMCLK = MCLK/2
1
0
AMCLK = MCLK/4
1
1
AMCLK = MCLK/8
Continuous Read Modes
The MCP3911 has various read modes that allow you
to loop over certain regions of addresses. These
modes are available by changing the READ bits in the
CONFIGURATION register. This allows the user to
avoid sending multiple control bytes.
There are a total of four read modes. Registers that are
defined as groups can be read continuously with a
single CS assertion. Registers that are defined as
types can be read continuously with a single CS
assertion. The entire register map can be read
continuously with a single CS assertion, or a single
register can be read repeatedly with a single CS
assertion. A description of the register types and
groups are defined in Table 2. Note this is a partial
listing of the register set.
.
TABLE 2:
REGISTER MAP GROUPING
FOR ALL CONTINUOUS READ/
WRITE MODES
= 11
= 10
= 01
TYPE
GROUP GROUP
0x00
0x01
0x04
0x05
MOD
PHASE
0x06
0x07
0x08
GAIN
0x09
STATUSCOM
0x0A
0x0B
CONFIG
0x0C
0x0D
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
The MCP3911 has many low power options that should
be used to lessen the power consumption of the
device, given certain application environments. The
various blocks of the device that can be shut down will
be described here.
OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
The MCP3911 contains an internal oscillator that
allows the device to be connected to a low-cost crystal
and generate its own internal clock source. In
applications where a MCU is driving the clock (or some
other clock source), the oscillator circuit of the device
can be put into shutdown mode, saving current. This is
done by setting the CLKEXT bit in the CONFIG register
to logic high.
MCLK SPEED AND OSR SELECTION
AMCLK is the internal clock speed that is post
prescaler and drives the sample rate of the device. If
your application is power sensitive, the bandwidth of
the system should be thoroughly investigated, as the
internal clock speed and sampling rate is the overall
factor in determining the current drawn through DVDD
pin, DIDD.
Changing the Oversampling Ratio (OSR) will have no
effect on AIDD, i.e. increasing the oversampling to get
higher accuracy data at a slower rate will not diminish
the power consumed inside the MCP3911. However,
from an overall system perspective, the use of higher
OSRs on the MCP3911 will greatly reduce any post
averaging and power consumption that might then be
needed on the MCU. Therefore, it is always best to use
the highest OSR as possible, to put the averaging on
the MCP3911, and reduce the data rate and processing
that occurs on the MCU. The bandwidth of the
application will limit the highest OSR. For power
measurement and energy metering applications,
typically the 50th or 60th harmonic is enough for
adequate bandwidth selection. So for a 60 Hz line
frequency, this would require at minimum a 4-5 ksps
rate from the ADC. The relationship between sample
rate (DRCLK), OSR, and MCLK is shown in the
following equation.
EQUATION 1:
GROUP
0x03
CHANNEL 1
TYPE
0x02
GROUP
CHANNEL 0
Address
LOOP ENTIRE REGISTER MAP
READ<1:0>
Function
Power Optimization
DMCLK
AMCLK
MCLK
DRCLK = ---------------------- = --------------------- = ----------------------------------------------------------OSR
4 × OSR
4 × OSR × PRESCALE
So for a target data rate of ~4 ksps, an OSR of 256 can
be used from a MCLK of 4 MHz.
DS01426A-page 3
AN1426
ANALOG CURRENT BOOST
The driving factor of the analog IDD, (AIDD), is the
current boost setting in the CONFIG register. The
current boost options determine how much current is
given to the analog portion of the device, which drives
the delta sigma modulator, PGA, and other blocks
crucial to the A/D conversion. For slower sampling
speeds, the current required by this circuit is lessened,
and a lower boost setting should be used.
The following figure shows the trade-off in AIDD for the
different boost settings, and also the relationship
between MCLK and DIDD. Notice that AIDD is not
affected by increasing the MCLK, only by changing the
BOOST setting.
4
AIDD, Boost = 2x
3.5
IDD (mA)
3
2
AIDD, Boost = 1x
AIDD, Boost = 0.6x
1.5
5
1
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Boost = 2x
Boost = 0.66x
Boost = 1x
Boost = 0.5x
0 5x
0
5
10
15
20
25
MCLK Frequency (MHz)
30
FIGURE 5:
SINAD vs. MCLK and
BOOST Settings, VDD = 3.3V.
4.5
2.5
So the obvious next question should be, how do I
determine the correct BOOST setting for my
application? Once you have determined the
appropriate sample rate and MCLK frequency for your
application, you can choose the correct boost setting.
As you can see from the following figure, the
performance of the device (shown here by measuring
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD)) is
drastically impacted at certain sampling rates, if the
proper current boost is not selected.
Signal-to--Noise and Distortion
Ratio (dB)
To directly change the digital current consumption, a
slower MCLK can be used, if the bandwidth of the
application allows it. Digital IDD (DIDD) is directly tied to
the MCLK rate. If power consumption is more important
than analog to digital conversion, then a slower MCLK
with a lower OSR might yield ADC results that are
sufficient for the application, while keeping the power
consumption lower.
AIDD, Boost = 0.5x
0.5
DIDD, All Boost Settings
0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30
MCLK Frequency (MHz)
FIGURE 4:
Operating Current vs. MCLK
and BOOST Settings, VDD = 3.3V.
DS01426A-page 4
Here you can see, for the lowest boost setting that
consumes the least power (Boost = 0.5x), performance
falls off around 3-4 MHz. Whereas, the highest current
boost setting that consumes the most power (Boost =
2x), AMCLK can be driven to almost 20 MHz with no
degradation of performance. The above graph is for
PGA GAIN = 1 and for VDD = 3.3V. This graph does not
tell the entire story, as maximum clock rates are also
slightly effected by PGA gain and VDD. Table 3
provides a more complete story, showing
recommended maximum clock speeds as a function of
BOOST, PGA, and VDD. This table was generated by
selecting the limit where SINAD was more than -5 dB
from its maximum.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN1426
TABLE 3:
MAXIMUM AMCLK LIMITS AS A FUNCTION OF BOOST AND PGA GAIN
VDD = 3.0V to 3.6V, TA
from -40°C to 125°C
Conditions
Boost
VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V, TA
from -40°C to 125°C
Gain
Maximum AMCLK
(MHz)
Maximum AMCLK
(MHz)
Maximum AMCLK
(MHz)
Maximum AMCLK
(MHz)
0.5x
1
3
3
3
3
0.66x
1
4
4
4
4
1x
1
10
10
10
10
2x
1
16
16
16
16
0.5x
2
2.5
3
3
3
0.66x
2
4
4
4
4
1x
2
10
10
10
10
2x
2
14.5
16
13.3
14.5
0.5x
4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.66x
4
4
4
4
4
1x
4
10
10
8
10
2x
4
13.3
16
10.7
11.4
0.5x
8
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.66x
8
4
4
4
4
1x
8
10
10
6.7
8
2x
8
10
14.5
8
8
0.5x
16
2
2
2
2
0.66x
16
4
4
4
4
1x
16
10.6
10.6
8
10
2x
16
12.3
16
8
10.7
0.5x
32
2
2
2
2
0.66x
32
4
4
4
4
1x
32
10
11.4
8
10
2x
32
13.3
16
8
10
FULL SHUTDOWN MODE
The MCP3911 offers the ability to put the device into
extreme low power mode for situations when the ADCs
are not being used. These modes shut off the entire
analog section of the chip and consume less than 1
micro amp of power. This is defined as “FULL
SHUTDOWN MODE” and can be entered by setting
the shutdown bits in the CONFIG register. This mode
disables everything in the device, including the POR,
so care should be taken when using this shutdown
mode.
Detecting a POR event inside the
MCP3911
In certain applications, it may be useful for the system
to know if a Power on Reset (POR) event has occurred
inside the MCP3911. This can be caused if there is a
glitch or other noise on the power supply and would
erroneously reset all the configuration settings back to
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
zero without the host MCU being aware (unless a
check of the registers or a test against the configuration
CRC is done).
One method of doing this would be to check the timing
of the data ready (DR) pulses coming from the device.
A POR is going to cause two extra 1/DRCLK time
periods before the first DR pulse after POR, due to the
SINC filter settling time.
Accuracy Optimization
Optimizing the device for proper AMCLK speeds and
low power modes is not the only way to get the most out
of the MCP3911. Using the device to get optimal
accuracy from the analog-to-digital conversion is the
primary concern in many applications. This section will
discuss how to get the best dynamic performance
(SINAD, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)) from the
device under various situations.
DS01426A-page 5
AN1426
Signal-to
o-Noise and Distortion
Ratio (dB)
The dithering block of the MCP3911 introduces noncorrelated pseudo-random noise into the modulator
output of the MCP3911, adding to the overall noise
floor of the device. This additive noise, however,
effectively lowers any correlated noise created by the
MCP3911 device itself. This is the reason for
decreased THD and improved INL for the device.
However, the overall accuracy is typically denoted by
looking at the Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)
calculated from SINAD, which is a combination of the
harmonics included in the THD specification, and the
noise floor, accurately described by the Signal-to-Noise
ratio (SNR). The important thing to note here is that
since the dithering block is adding noise, depending on
which OSR you are using, the oversampling may or
may not be able to effectively remove the uncorrelated
noise added by the dithering block. The following figure
shows SINAD versus OSR at the different dithering
options (see Figure 6).
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
It can be shown that for the lower OSR settings
(OSR=32, OSR=64), the dithering should be turned off,
or set to none. This will increase the overall
performance by many dB and at least 1-2 bits of
performance.
At the higher OSR, the dithering block has less of an
impact, and should typically be turned ON, due to the
improvement in THD, shown below:
Total Harm
monic Distortion (dBc)
CORRECT USE OF THE MCP3911 DITHERING
BLOCK
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
80
-90
-100
-110
-120
Dithering = None
Dithering = Minimum
Dithering
t e g = Medium
ed u
Dithering = Maximum
32
64
128
256
512
1024 2048 4096
Oversampling Ratio (OSR)
FIGURE 7:
THD vs. OSR.
Dithering = Maximum
Dithering = None
Here, the effect of the dithering block is lessened at the
lower OSRs for removing the correlated noise, such as
THD.
Dithering = Medium
Dithering = Minimum
32
64
128
256
512
1024 2048 4096
Oversampling Ratio (OSR)
FIGURE 6:
Correct Use of Dithering at
Various OSR Settings.
DS01426A-page 6
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN1426
Here you can see the shunt, which is connected across
connection points CP4 and CP5. It is also connected to
the ground of the system, initially to a node described
here as GROUND B or GNDB. This is the most noisy
place on the meter, as it is tied directly to the outside
world, at the connection to the line. L4 and C13 provide
some immunity to external noise. The capacitive power
supply created by C12, C14, R11, D3, and D2 is more
completely described in AN994 “IEC Compliant
Active-Energy Meter Design” (DS00994B), also
available on the MCP3911 product page on Microchip’s
web site. This document details component value
selection for this part of the circuit. For this application
note and the focus of discussion here, we are
interested in the grounding and power scheme of this
circuit. Note that the power supply components are all
connected to GNDB, with inductive choke L5
separating GNDB from a new ground, GNDA, or
Analog Ground.
Hardware Layout / PCB Grounding
The MCP3911 is a mixed signal IC with both analog
and digital ports. For power, it has both analog (AVDD)
and digital (DVDD) pins. For grounding, it has both
analog and digital ground pins as well, labeled AGND
and DGND, respectively. An MCP3911 system will also
include a microcontroller or DSP. As the device has
been primarily designed for power and energy
measurement-type applications, direct connection to
the outside world via a high voltage power line is also a
likely scenario, and a hurdle towards a low noise PCB
design.
The schematic and layout discussed in this section are
from a meter designed with the MCP3911 and
PIC18F65J90. Complete schematic, layout, Gerbers
and BOM are located on the MCP3911 product page on
Microchip’s web site.
The first point of discussion is the power supply, shown
in Figure 8. This shows the connection directly to a high
voltage line, e.g. a two-wire 120V or 220V system. A
current sensing shunt is used for the current
measurement on the high side (line side), and this also
supplies the ground for the system. This is necessary,
as the shunt is connected directly to the channel input
pins of the MCP3911. If the shunt is off-board, it will
require wires coming from the shunt to the inputs of the
PCB here CP4 and CP5. To reduce sensitivity to
external influences such as Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI), these two wires should form a
twisted pair, not shown in the figure.
Also shown here is the separation of a 3.3V digital and
3.3V analog supply. Depending on the cost sensitivity
of the application, a single regulator with adequate
filtering between a digital and analog supply rail might
be sufficient. The most conservative approach is
shown here.
C11 and C17 would represent the analog and digital
“start’ points, where sensitive components would be
caught on power lines stemming from this base
charging locale.
POWER
U2
GNDB
MCP1790 3.3V
D1
1
3
2
1
VIN
VIN
MRA4005
HIGH
C13
0.01uF
RAD_10x13x4
CP5
Via_2.5x1.5
Shunt GND
C11
10uF
1206
GNDB GNDB
GNDB
U3
D2
C12
R11
5%
Ferrite Bead 0.47uF
470
MRA4005 C14
RAD_15x18x11 AXIAL 25.4-18x7.5
470uF
MOV1
D3
3SMAJ5929B AL-F
S20K420
GNDB
3.3VD
C10
0.1uF
0603
2
GNDB
CP4
Via_2.5x1.5
3
GND
Power Jack 2.5mm
L4
VOUT
VOUT
GND
+9V IN
J1
MCP1790
1
VIN
VIN
C15
0.1uF
0603
VOUT
VOUT
3.3V
3
3.3VA
GND
TP8
TP_Wire_0.3''
C16
0.1uF
0603
GND
2
L5
GNDB GNDB
C17
10uF
1206
GNDB GNDB
Ferrite Bead
GNDB
FIGURE 8:
3.3V Digital.
GNDA
Example Power Supply and Grounding, Separate Regulators Supply 3.3V Analog and
The analog ground (GNDA) is separated out to be
home to the most noise sensitive part of the application
circuit, where the signal sizes would typically be the
smallest. In energy metering and power monitoring
systems, this sensitive part is always the current
sensing area of the PCB.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Small power shunts and small currents lead to very
small signals going into the current channel of the
MCP3911. For example, a 200 mΩ shunt measuring a
current of 50 mA produces a peak-to-peak voltage of
28.2 µV. (200 x 10 -6 Ω x 50 x 10 - 3 A x 2 x sqrt(2) = 28.2
x 10 -6 V). These small signals must all be kept
separate from other parts of the system.
DS01426A-page 7
AN1426
Taking a closer look at Figure 9, you will notice that all
components associated with the current input path are
connected to the analog ground (GNDA). Also note that
the voltage reference bypass capacitors C8 and C9 are
also connected to this ground plane. The analog
ground and the analog VDD are also connected and
bypassed to GNDA. DGND and the digital side of the
device are connected to GNDB.
CP1
Via_1.6x1
LINE_SHUNT1
GNDA
R3
330k
1%
1206
R1
10
5%
0603
GNDA
L1
R4 0603
800mA/150mOhm 1k
C1
0.1uF
1206
C2
C3
10uF 0.1uF
TANT-A 0603
1%
GNDA GNDA
L2
LINE_SHUNT2
CP2
Via_1.6x1
R2
10
5%
0603
C4
0.1uF
0603
U1
1
GNDB
2
R5 0603
3
R6 800mA/150mOhm 1k 1%
C5
0.1uF
1206
GNDA
330k
1%
1206
GNDA
4
5
6
R7
1k
1%
0603
L3
HIGH
3.3VD
AFE_SYNC
3.3VA
800mA/150mOhm
R8
330k
1%
1206
R9
330k
1%
1206
GNDA
R10
1k
1%
0603
C6
0.1uF
1206
GNDA
DS01426A-page 8
GNDA
GNDA
8
GNDA
10
9
C7
C8
0.1uF 10uF
1206 TANT-A
GNDA GNDA
FIGURE 9:
7
C9
0.1uF
0603
GNDA GNDA
RESET
SDI
SDI
DVDD
DVDD
SDO
SDO
AVDD
AVDD
SCK
SCK
CH0+
CH0+
CS
CS
CH0CH0-
OSC2
OSC2
CH1CH1-
OSC1/CLKI
OSC1/CLK1
CH1+
CH1+
AGND
AGND
DR
MDAT0
MDAT0
RFIN/OUT+ MDAT1
MDAT1
RFIN-
DGND
DGND
20
MPU_SDO
19
MPU_SDI
18
MPU_SCK
17
AFE_F0/CS
16
15
14
AFE_CLKIN
AFE_DR
13
12
11
GNDB
MCP3911
MCP3911 Showing Proper Analog (GNDA) and Digital (GNDB) Grounding.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN1426
PCB LAYOUT
For component placement and layout, the utmost care
must be given to this area also. The traces on the PCB
must be kept as short as possible, and any symmetry
within the differential pair must be maintained.
FIGURE 11:
MCP3911 Design with
Proper Analog and Digital Grounding and Power
Supply Layout.
FIGURE 10:
PCB Layout of Noise
Sensitive Components; Red Line Represents
Analog Ground Plane AGND.
The red line in Figure 10 represents the AGND section
of the PCB. The power supply and MCU are separated
on the right hand side of the PCB, surrounded by the
digital ground plane. The MCP3911 is kept on the left
hand side, surrounded by the analog ground plane.
The back side of the board shows the same ground
plan, again surrounded in red. There are two separate
power supplies going to the digital section of the
system and the analog section, including the
MCP3911. Here you can also see the ferrite bead that
is connecting the analog and digital ground places,
circled in yellow in Figure 11.
The ferrite bead between the digital and analog ground
planes helps to keep high frequency noise from
entering through the device. Also, they are typically
placed on the shunt inputs and into the power supply
circuit for additional protection.
Summary
The MCP3911 is a highly accurate analog-to-digital
converter that can achieve 15.5 effective number of bits
(ENOB) with extremely low signal levels. Proper PCB
design is essential, especially when dealing with
primary side high-voltage designs. The device is
extremely configurable and offers the user many
choices for varying applications. When used correctly,
it offers a powerful solution to analog-to-digital
conversion needs.
REFERENCE
[1] MCP3911 Data Sheet, “3.3V Two-Channel Analog
Front End”, Microchip Technology Inc., DS22286,
2012.
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01426A-page 9
AN1426
NOTES:
DS01426A-page 10
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
•
Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
•
Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
•
There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
•
Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
•
Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR
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OTHERWISE, RELATED TO THE INFORMATION,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION,
QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. Microchip disclaims all liability
arising from this information and its use. Use of Microchip
devices in life support and/or safety applications is entirely at
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Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC,
KEELOQ, KEELOQ logo, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART,
PIC32 logo, rfPIC and UNI/O are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other
countries.
FilterLab, Hampshire, HI-TECH C, Linear Active Thermistor,
MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control
Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip
Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, chipKIT,
chipKIT logo, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net,
dsPICworks, dsSPEAK, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR,
FanSense, HI-TIDE, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP,
Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB,
MPLINK, mTouch, Omniscient Code Generation, PICC,
PICC-18, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, REAL ICE,
rfLAB, Select Mode, Total Endurance, TSHARC,
UniWinDriver, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other
countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
© 2012, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.
ISBN: 987-1-62076-245-5
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CERTIFIED BY DNV
== ISO/TS 16949 ==
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2009 certification for its worldwide
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are for its PIC® MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.
DS01426A-page 11
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