AN1421

AN1421
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Using the dsPIC® DSC
Author:
Andreas Reiter and Alex Dumais
Microchip Technology Inc.
ENERGY STAR® AND THE CLIMATE
SAVERS COMPUTING INITIATIVE
(CSCI)
Today, “Green Power” is one of the hottest topics in the
development of power supplies. To meet the latest
“green” standards in all fields of industry, including
automotive and consumer applications, it is necessary
to design for increased efficiency and reliability.
One of the key players in the green movement is the
ENERGY STAR Program (www.energystar.gov).
ENERGY STAR is an international standard for energyefficient consumer products. The organization was
started in the United States, but has been adopted by
many countries worldwide. To earn the right to display
a ENERGY STAR logo, devices must meet strict
energy-usage specifications.
FIGURE 1:
Another key player is the Climate Savers Computing
Initiative (CSCI), www.climatesaverscomputing.org, a
non-profit organization that was spearheaded by
Google Inc. and Intel. CSCI is a partner to ENERGY
STAR, using their specifications for desktops, laptops,
and workstation computers in an effort to encourage
manufacturers to improve the efficiency of a computer’s power delivery, while reducing the energy consumed when the computer is in a Stand-by or Idle state.
CSCI rates products as base, bronze, silver, gold; and
now, the latest specification, platinum.
This application note presents a fully digital-controlled
720W AC-to-DC (AC/DC) power supply, which meets
all CSCI Platinum Specifications, as well as providing a
variety of additional, application-specific features and
functions.
The CSCI Platinum-level efficiency specification
shown in Figure 1 applies to single-phase AC input
power-supply units with a power range from 500W to
1kW, measured at 230 VAC input voltage. Along with
efficiency, the CSCI Platinum Specification also
defines Power Factor as a function of load, as
shown in Figure 2.
CSCI EFFICIENCY LEVELS
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 1
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 2:
CSCI POWER FACTOR LEVELS
PLATINUM-RATED AC/DC
REFERENCE DESIGN FEATURES
Microchip’s Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
works with universal input voltage and produces a regulated output voltage of 12 VDC. The continuous output
power rating of the reference design is 720W.
This reference design supports the following features:
• Standardized form factor: 1U
• Wide-range AC input (90-264 VAC @ 50/60 Hz)
• 20 ms minimum hold-up time to compensate
drop-outs during UPS step-in
• Parallel operation, including load/current sharing
capabilities
• Hot-plug capability for easy maintenance during
operation
• MTBF > 50,000h @ 40°C
• EMI/EMC, which satisfies EN55022, Class B
• Under voltage lock-out
• Over-voltage protection
• Sustained short-circuit protection
• Overtemperature shutdown
• Fan failure monitoring and detection
• Monitoring and control interface
• I2C™-based communication for enhanced power
management
DS01421B-page 2
Hardware Overview
Interleaving topologies offer significant advantages
when high efficiency, reliability, and power density are
required. Splitting each topology in two parallel phases
and interleaving their operation by a 180° phase shift
significantly reduces the current ripple. The decreased
current peak-to-peak values in interleaved topologies
result in lower operating temperatures, which also
equates to reduced losses. Since each phase needs to
carry only half of the total current, the conduction
losses in capacitors, the copper of the printed circuit
board (PCB), and the magnetics, are reduced by a factor of four; as the current appears as a squared value
in the losses computation equations.
In addition to reduced losses, another advantage of
interleaved topologies is the halved current rating for
each phase, which results in a smaller overall size for
the chokes and/or transformers, and reduced size of
the PCB traces, MOSFETs, heat sinks and diodes.
In this reference design, both the Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost stage and the two-switch forward converter have been designed in a two-phase interleaved
architecture. Figure 3 shows a high-level block diagram of the reference design. This section will discuss
the following power stages in more detail:
• Input stage
• 2-Phase Interleaved Power Factor Correction
(IPFC) boost converter
• 2-Phase interleaved two-switch forward DC-to-DC
(DC/DC) converter
• Synchronous rectifier
• Output stage
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
HIGH-LEVEL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Isolation
Input Stage
90-264 VAC
47-63 Hz
Fuses
and Input
Filter
Relays
and
Inrush
Current
Limiter
Output Stage
+12 VDC
60A
Bridge
Rectifier
Auxiliary
Power Supply
+3.3V
+12V
+12V
OR-ing
Output
Filter
+3.3V
DC/DC Converter
Bulk Voltage
~390 VDC
2-Phase Interleaved
Two-switch Forward
DC/DC Converter
2-Phase IPFC
Boost Converter
dsPIC®
IPFC Control Loop
UART
Synchronous
Rectifier
dsPIC®
DC/DC Control Loop
and Load Sharing
Control Board
Fan Drivers
DS01421B-page 3
Current Share Bus
I2C™ Interface
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
FIGURE 3:
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
The input voltage is connected to a bridge rectifier with
a voltage rating of 1,300V and a current rating of 43A.
Across the output of this bridge rectifier, another varistor and an interference suppression capacitor have
been placed for transient protection.
INPUT STAGE
The very first components, placed at the mains terminals, are a filter choke and a 1 µF capacitor across the
terminals for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) suppression. The EMI filter choke is followed by two fuses,
one in the line and one additional in the neutral. The
sockets have been chosen to carry fuses that meet
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) and International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. A 470V
varistor across the mains terminals adds additional
protection against transient voltage spikes.
2-PHASE IPFC BOOST CONVERTER
The IPFC converter uses two identical boost converters,
that are parallel coupled and are operated 180° out-ofphase with respect to each other. Figure 4 shows a highlevel block diagram of the IPFC stage indicating the different currents, voltages, and Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM) control signals.
The input filter stage uses two further filters consisting
of a common mode choke, two Y-capacitors connected
to earth ground, and a metalized polypropylene film
interference suppression capacitor (X-capacitor)
connected across the line and neutral.
The IPFC stage is an AC/DC converter, which converts
the AC input supply voltage to a regulated high-voltage
DC output. Along with boosting the rectified AC voltage
to a regulated DC output voltage, the PFC stage also
shapes the inductor current similar to that of the rectified AC voltage to maintain a high power factor and low
total harmonic distortion. The PFC stage is designed to
operate in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) to
reduce harmonic content in the input current. Figure 5
shows the operational waveforms of the IPFC
converter when operating in CCM.
After the input filter, a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC), with a zero power resistance of 10Ω at
25°C, is used to limit the inrush current below 40A (20A
typical). This NTC will be bypassed by a relay as soon
as the bulk voltage has stabilized and the controller
starts to ramp-up the system.
FIGURE 4:
INTERLEAVED POWER FACTOR CORRECTION BOOST STAGE
Boost PFC, Phase B
IL_PFC_B
ID_PFC_B
ID_PFC_A
IIN
IBulk
IL_PFC_A
Boost PFC, Phase A
IPFC_SWB
IC
VBulk
370 … 410 VDC
IPFC_SWA
VIN
90 … 264 VAC
PWMPFC_B
PWMPFC_A
DS01421B-page 4
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 5:
IDEAL WAVEFORMS OF THE INTERLEAVED POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
BOOST CONVERTER (50% DUTY CYCLE)
PWMPFC_A
PWMPFC_B
IPFC_SWA
IPFC_SWB
DC Component in CCM
ID_PFC_A
ID_PFC_B
DC Component in CCM
' IL_PFC_A
' IL_PFC_B
'IC
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 5
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
The boost PFC topology requires only a single low-side
MOSFET to be driven. The Microchip MCP14E4 twochannel MOSFET driver, with CMOS push-pull outputs
capable of sourcing and sinking 3.5A @ 12V, has been
selected to drive both phases.
Two current sense transformers (CT) with a turns ratio
of 50:1 were used for current sensing. The current
transformers are placed on the drain side of the lowside MOSFETs instead of the source side to gain better
feedback with reduced switching noise.
The current output is converted into a voltage signal by
a 15 burden resistor. A four resistor series-parallel
network (with two 15 resistors in series and two 15
resistors in parallel) was used for this CT burden to
minimize the relative tolerances of the shunt to gain
higher accuracy. The series connection is also used to
divide the voltage by two for the comparator inputs of
the dsPIC® Digital Signal Controller (DSC).
The selection of the PFC MOSFET depends on the
specified output voltage of the IPFC stage, as well as
the maximum current (inductor current) that will pass
through the MOSFET. The drain-to-source rating of the
MOSFET should be greater than the output voltage
with some 20-30% headroom, while the inductor current should be lower than the drain current (ID) of the
MOSFET. The MOSFET selection will also depend on
the thermal characteristics of the package and the
internal ON-state resistance (RDSON). The lower the
ON-state resistance, the less conduction losses
observed. For this design, the MOSFET selected is the
600V
CoolMOS™
C6
Power
Transistor
(IPW60R160C6) from Infineon Technologies.
The selected IPFC diode is the Z-Rec™ Rectifier
(C3D20060D), which is a silicon carbide Schottky
diode from CREE, Inc. This diode was selected for its
reverse voltage rating, forward current rating, low forward voltage drop, and extremely fast switching capabilities. The reverse recovery losses typically form a
significant percentage of the boost converter power
losses. These losses are minimized by using silicon
carbide diodes, because there is almost no reverse
recovery time associated with them.
INTERLEAVED TWO-SWITCH
FORWARD CONVERTER WITH
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFICATION
Figure 6 shows the basic topology with its current paths
and voltages in the interleaved two-switch forward converter design. In contrast to a flyback converter topology, forward converters use voltage transformers to
pass energy to the output during the ON-time of the
MOSFETs.
2-Phase Interleaved Two-Switch Forward
Converter
In a two-switch forward converter, a high-side and lowside MOSFET are used to apply voltage across the primary winding. Both MOSFETs are switched ON and
OFF simultaneously. As soon as voltage is applied
across the primary winding, all windings go positive.
When MOSFET Q3 is switched ON, the current in the
secondary winding will build up.
As current may still be flowing through L1 and C1, the
load and the return path through D3, the current will
build up until its value reaches and exceeds the current
through D3. At this moment, the forward current
through D3 will stop and the voltage VS across the secondary winding will be applied to the start of L1. Once
this occurs, the choke L1 and the output capacitor C1
will be charged and power is delivered to the output.
When the MOSFETs Q1 and Q2 are switched OFF, the
voltages on all windings will reverse. The flyback effect
during this process would result in high voltage levels
across the primary winding of the transformer. These
peaks are clamped by the parallel diodes, D1 and D2.
These diodes will feed the energy stored in the magnetic field back into the supply lines. As the charging
and discharging process will take the same amount of
time (approximately), the duty ratio must not exceed
50%, as this would result in a staircase saturation of the
transformer core.
When the voltage on the secondary side reverses,
MOSFET Q3 is switched OFF and the choke L1 will
continue driving the current into C1 and the load
causing D3 to become forward-biased.
In an interleaved architecture, phase A and phase B
are commutated with a 180° phase shift. As the maximum duty ratio is limited to 50%, the total time in which
the output current is driven through L1, C1, and D3,
becomes very small. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the
operational
waveforms
during
Discontinuous
Conduction Mode (DCM) and CCM, respectively.
DS01421B-page 6
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 6:
INTERLEAVED TWO-SWITCH FORWARD CONVERTER
IIN
D1
Q1
PWMFW_B
FW B
IL
IS
T1
L1
IOUT
VD
PHASE B
VP_B
P B
VS
NP_B
D2
D3
C1
VOUT
12 VDC
NS_%
PWMFW_B Q2
Q3
PWMFW_BS
VBulk
370 … 410 VDC
D4
PWMFW_A Q4
T2
PHASE A
VP_A
NP_A
D5
PWMFW_A Q5
NS_A
Q6
PWMFW_AS
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 7
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 7:
TYPICAL WAVEFORMS OF THE INTERLEAVED TWO-SWITCH FORWARD
CONVERTER IN DCM
180°
QFW_A
QFW_B
t1
t2
T
IIN_max
IIN
+VIN
VP_A
-VIN
VP_B
VD_A*
2 x t1
t2
t1
2 x t2
T
VOUT
VD_B*
VD
VIN x N2/N1
IL
DS01421B-page 8
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 8:
TYPICAL WAVEFORMS OF THE INTERLEAVED TWO-SWITCH FORWARD
CONVERTER IN CCM
180°
QFW_A
QFW_B
t1
T1
IIN
t2
T2
max
IIN
+VIN
T1
2x t1
VP_A
-VIN
t2
T2
t1
2x t2
VP_B
VIN x N2/N1
VD_A*
T2
T1
VD_B*
VD
VIN x N2/N1
IL
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 9
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
As mentioned previously, both MOSFETs of the twoswitch forward converter are turned ON and OFF
simultaneously, and both MOSFETs can be driven by
the same signal using one gate drive transformer with
a single primary and two secondary windings. Although
a gate driver circuit could also be designed using a
direct drive for the low-side and an additional gate drive
transformer for the high-side, this might result in timing
variations between both switches, resulting in
decreased efficiency and higher component stress.
Therefore, it is easier to use one gate drive transformer
with an equal number of turns for the secondary
windings, as shown in Figure 9.
As shown in Figure 9, the current in the primary winding is sensed with a CT. The CT is placed between the
low-side switch and the ground of each converter
phase. As transformers are used to drive the gates on
the primary side as well, the control and feedback interface of the two-switch forward converter is completely
isolated. The controller is placed on the secondary
side. This simplifies the output feedback paths and the
interface to the MOSFET drivers of the synchronous
rectifiers. Similar to the PFC burden resistor network,
the DC/DC burden resistor is comprised of four resistors; two series-connected 27 resistors connected in
parallel with two series-connected 150 resistors. The
series connection is also used to divide the voltage
down for the comparator inputs of the dsPIC DSC.
For this reference design, the selected MOSFETs for
the two-switch forward converter are 600V CoolMOS
C6 Power Transistors (IPW60R280C6) from Infineon
Technologies. The criteria for selecting these MOSFETs is similar to that of the PFC MOSFETs (i.e., low
switching and conduction losses, high drain-to-source
voltage rating and high continuous drain current). The
selected clamping diode(s) for the two-switch forward
converter is the STTH310 High Voltage Ultrafast Rectifier Diode from STMicroelectronics, with a breakdown
voltage of 1000 VDC, a forward current of 3A, and a
forward voltage of less than 1.7V.
FIGURE 9:
To achieve high bandwidth feedback to provide maximum performance, a high-side shunt resistor was used
for the output current feedback. This resistor is placed
between the output capacitors and the output filter to
detect load steps as soon as possible. To minimize the
losses caused by the resistance of this shunt resistor,
two 500 µ resistors were used in parallel. A high-side
current monitor using the Microchip MCP6H02 op-amp
was used to provide the feedback.
GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT, CURRENT AND VOLTAGE FEEDBACK
Q1
Gate Drive
Transformer
D1
L1
T1
RSHUNT
D3
C1
Q3A
Q2
D2
Q3B
MOSFET
Driver
ENB
MOSFET
Driver
DS01421B-page 10
ENA
dsPIC® DSC
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Synchronous Rectifier
Normally, forward converters are designed with one
rectifying diode and one free-wheeling diode. However,
in this reference design, the rectifier diode has been
replaced by a MOSFET to increase efficiency and to
compensate for signal delays that are caused by the
leakage inductance of the secondary transformer winding. This effect becomes more and more significant the
lower the output voltage and the higher the output current rating. In this design with a 12V output voltage providing up to 60A output current, this effect is significant.
A fully synchronous rectifier would also replace the
freewheel diode D3, shown in Figure 9, by a MOSFET.
However, the major aspect is to compensate for propagation delays from the primary to the secondary side.
Replacing diode D3 will have very little effect, but would
bring more complexity into the design, and the required
energy to drive the gate of the additional switch would
exceed the savings. Therefore, a parallel rectifier was
used to minimize the losses.
Due to the high currents, the MOSFET Q3 has been split
into two parallel MOSFETs, Q3A and Q3B, to minimize
the losses caused by the on-resistance at high loads.
Below 50% load, the amount of energy required to drive
the gates exceeds the savings by the parallel operation.
In this state, only one switch is used by disabling one of
the driver channels. This feature was implemented using
the Microchip MCP14E4 MOSFET driver, which offers
two independent, parallel driver outputs, each with a
separated enable input. To increase efficiency at very
light loads, the MOSFETs are completely disabled
utilizing the body diodes of the MOSFETs.
For this design, the selected synchronous MOSFETs
are the HEXFET® Power MOSFET (IRFP4368PbF)
from International Rectifier. These MOSFETs were
selected for their extremely low ON-state resistance
(typically 1.4 m) and their continuous current
capabilities.
Load Balancing in Parallel Operation of
Multiple Power Supply Units
This power supply supports parallel operation with multiple power supply units (PSUs). When more than one
power supply is used, the output voltage of each unit is
never exactly the same. The result would be that the
power supply providing the highest output voltage
would provide more current until it reaches its current
limit, while all other power supplies would decrease
their output power accordingly. To establish equalized
output power of each PSU, a low bandwidth current
share bus interconnects each unit. An output protection
circuit is required to prevent current from being fed into
the output. Figure 10 shows a block diagram of the
reverse current protection and the current share bus
implementation.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
The current share bus is a single wire bus providing a 0
to +12V voltage signal, which is directly proportional to
the maximum single output power of one of the paralleled devices. Each PSU has to provide a voltage signal,
which represents the average output power as a percentage of its maximum output power rating. The resulting voltage, which can be measured on the bus,
represents the highest output power ratio of any of the
paralleled units. When the controller detects a voltage on
the current share bus, that exceeds that produced by the
controller itself, the controller increases its own power
supply output voltage. It is expected that this must result
in an increase of the output current as well, which should
result in a decrease of the visible maximum output current of the “leading” unit. Conversely, when a lower or
equal voltage is detected on the bus, the output voltage,
and so the output current, is decreased until the measured bus voltage exceeds the controller’s own generated voltage, assuming that the other paralleled PSUs
have increased their output voltages and one of them
takes the next lead. This technique allows the paralleling
of power supplies with different power rating, e.g., running two power supplies, one with 300W and the other
with 700W in parallel.
As this technique has a high risk for oscillations, some
precautions have to be taken. First, the range in which
the output voltage can be adjusted is very small (±1%
typical). This is implemented by clamping the adjustment range to certain, programmable minimum and
maximum values. Second, the bandwidth has to be
very small. The control frequency is typically between
2 Hz and 5 Hz.
When multiple PSUs are operated in parallel, the case
might appear that current could be fed into the output. In
case of an internal short circuit, the bus voltage would be
pulled to ground, causing a total system breakdown. To
support redundant parallel operation of multiple units, a
so-called OR-ing protection circuit has been implemented. This circuit consists of a switch in the high-line
and a comparator, which shuts down the gate voltage as
soon as the voltage level at the source output exceeds
the voltage at the drain input. In this reference design,
the OR-ing MOSFET has been split into two parallel
FETs to minimize the on-resistance losses. As there is
no requirement for fast switching, a discrete low-power
charge pump circuit is used to generate the gate voltage.
The comparator across this switch simply shortcuts the
gate voltage to ground when the voltage at the source
output exceeds the voltage at the drain input. The comparator output is monitored by the controller to detect the
shutdown event.
DS01421B-page 11
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 10:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CURRENT SHARE BUS IMPLEMENTATION
QOA
L1
RSHUNT
T1
QOB
C1
D3
Charge
P
Pump
Q3
External
Current Share
Bus Input
(0 … 12V)
Notification
Input
Comparator
PWM
dsPIC® DSC
DS01421B-page 12
PWM
ADC
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
The reference design is controlled using two
Microchip dsPIC DSCs, as shown in Figure 3 in the
“Hardware Overview” section.
The dsPIC33FJ16GS502 device on the primary side
controls the IPFC boost converters, while the
dsPIC33FJ16GS504 device on the secondary side
controls the interleaved two-switch forward converter.
TABLE 1:
dsPIC® DSC System Resources
Table 1 and Table 2 highlight key resources that are
essential for the IPFC and DC/DC stages. These tables
highlight the required number of ADC channels, Comparators, and PWMs that are used to implement both
topologies.
PRIMARY SIDE dsPIC® DSC RESOURCES (dsPIC33FJ16GS502)
Description
PFC Phase 1 Current
Type of Signal
dsPIC® DSC Resource
Analog Input
AN0
PFC Phase 2 Current
Analog Input
AN2
Input Voltage (VAC)
Analog Input
AN4
Bulk Voltage
Analog Input
AN5
Primary Ambient Temperature
Analog Input
AN6
PFC Phase 1 Current
Comparator Input
CMP1B
PFC Phase 2 Current
Comparator Input
CMP2B
Bulk Voltage
Comparator Input
CMP3D
Drive Output
PWM1H
Boost2 MOSFET Gate Drive
Drive Output
PWM2H
Inrush Relay
Drive Output
I/O
Communication
UART (TX/RX)
Boost1 MOSFET Gate Drive
Primary-to-Secondary Communication
TABLE 2:
SECONDARY SIDE dsPIC® DSC RESOURCES (dsPIC33FJ16GS504)
Description
Two-Switch Forward Phase1 Current
Type of Signal
dsPIC® DSC Resource
Analog Input
AN0
Two-Switch Forward Phase1 Current
Analog Input
AN2
High-Side Shunt Current
Analog Input
AN4
Output Voltage
Analog Input
AN5
Secondary Semiconductor Temperature
Analog Input
AN8
Secondary Ambient Temperature
Analog Input
AN10
Two-Switch Forward Phase 1 Current
Comparator Input
CMP1B
Two-Switch Forward Phase 2 Current
Comparator Input
CMP2B
Two-Switch Forward Phase 1 and Synch FETs
Drive Output
PWM1H/PWM1L
Two-Switch Forward Phase 2 and Synch FETs
Drive Output
PWM2H/PWM2L
Fan Drive
Drive Output
PWM3H
OR-ing Drive
Drive Output
PWM4L
Synch FETs Enable/Disable
Drive Output
I/O (2)
Primary-to-Secondary Communication
Communication
UART (TX/RX)
Secondary-to-PC Communication
Communication
I2C™
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 13
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Primary Side
HIGH-LEVEL SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
The primary side software is divided into the following
categories.
• Low Priority: Initialization Routines, Main Loop
and Serial I/O Routines
• Medium Priority: Voltage Control Loop and
Advanced Algorithms
• High Priority: Current Control Loops
Each algorithm implemented on the system is arranged
into one of these three priority levels. Figure 11 shows
a high-level overview of the primary side software.
The dsPIC DSC features interrupt priority levels that
allow critical algorithms to be executed at a deterministic rate without any software latencies. Code components are placed in a category based on the critical
nature of the algorithm.
FIGURE 11:
Highly time sensitive algorithms are generally categorized as high priority. The high priority is assigned to
these critical algorithms through the variable interrupt
priority levels of the dsPIC DSC. In addition to interrupt
priority levels, these algorithms are also aided by smart
scheduling of PWM triggers, ADC acquisitions and
timer values for proper measurement and updates of
system variables. This also facilitates proper CPU
utilization between high and low priority algorithms.
For example, the current control loop for the PFC section is the most time-critical software component for the
primary side software. By calling this routine from the
highest priority Interrupt Service Routine (ISR), timing
relationships for the control loop are maintained, and
results of the control loop are applied to the hardware
immediately when available.
PRIMARY SIDE SOFTWARE HIGH-LEVEL OVERVIEW
Initialization
Oscillator
ADC
PWM
Comparator
Timers
UART
I/O Ports
Voltage Control Loop
and
Advanced Algorithms
Main Loop
Serial I/O Routines
(Low Priority, Low Frequency)
VDC, VAC and IAC Filter
VAVG, VRMS, IRMS Calculation
Bulk Voltage Boost/Reduction
PFC Voltage Loop
PFC Frequency Reduction
PFC Frequency Jitter
DCM Correction
Current Control Loops
(High Priority, High
Frequency)
(Medium Priority, Medium
Frequency)
DS01421B-page 14
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
PFC FREQUENCY REDUCTION
To achieve the maximum efficiency for the system, the
switching period of the PFC stage is modified when the
system is operating in Steady state to minimize the
switching losses. The switching frequency is adjusted
dynamically, based on the current load condition. The
different possible values for the PFC switching period
are stored in a lookup table. The values from the lookup
table are selected on the basis of the calculated current
reference for the current control loop.
The PFC switching period is only modified for light load
conditions, up to 50% load. If the load is found to be
greater than 50% of the rated value, the switching
period remains at the lowest value, or at the highest
switching frequency.
When the system operates at light loads (i.e., < 50%
load), the PFC switching frequency is compared to the
value obtained from the lookup table. If the lookup table
provides a period value greater than the existing value
of the switching period, the existing value of the switching period is incremented in steps of 1 ns, thereby
reducing the switching frequency. The slow increment
of the period ensures that the period is reduced gradually, and does not interfere with the operation of the
PFC control algorithms.
Conversely, if the value obtained from the PFC period
lookup table corresponding to the measured current is
lower than the existing PFC switching period, the PFC
switching period is immediately changed to the lookup
table value. This change is done to support any large
transients that may have occurred since the last execution of the PFC frequency reduction algorithm.
Figure 12 shows the flowchart of the PFC frequency
reduction function.
The PFC control algorithms are based on a time
domain approximation of the converter. Therefore,
changing the switching frequency requires changes of
the control loop output as well. This is done by multiplying the output of the current control loop, with the current period value. This ensures that the reduced
sample frequency is compensated, irrespective of the
switching period.
TABLE 3:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Calling function
Frequency of execution
Maximum instructions
CPU bandwidth utilization
(@ 40 MIPS)
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
PFC Frequency
Reduction
INT2 ISR
150 Hz
90
< 1 MIPS
DS01421B-page 15
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 12:
PFC FREQUENCY REDUCTION
From INT2 ISR
Yes
Is load < 50%?
Determine desired switching period
from lookup table for present load
No
Is switching period > desired
period from lookup table?
Increment switching
period
No
Set switching period to initial value
(highest switching frequency)
Yes
Set period = desired
period from lookup
table
Return to INT2
ISR
DS01421B-page 16
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
PFC FREQUENCY JITTER
FIGURE 13:
A software frequency jitter algorithm is implemented to
improve performance of EMI tests. The jitter algorithm
achieves this by spreading the EMI noise generated by
the system over a range of frequencies by triangular
modulation of the switching frequency. The switching
frequency is modulated within a range of approximately
8-10% of the current center frequency. As a result, the
EMI generated by the system for a particular center
frequency is detected to be lower than without the jitter
algorithm.
The jitter algorithm is located in the INT2 interrupt service routine which runs at a rate of 4800 Hz. Every time
the algorithm is executed, a jitter factor is incremented
or decremented by a fixed step size. The switching
period is then scaled by the jitter factor to produce the
frequency jitter. The jitter factor is incremented on
every INT2 interrupt service routine until the maximum
is reached, and then decremented until the minimum is
reached. The jitter algorithm cycles through the increment and decrement of the jitter factor as long as the
power supply is operating normally.
PFC FREQUENCY JITTER
From INT2 ISR
Add fixed increment to jitter factor
No
Yes
Is jitter factor =
maximum swing?
Invert sign of fixed
increment
The jitter algorithm only allows for a small change in the
switching period and is applied on top of the frequency
reduction function discussed previously.
TABLE 4:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
PFC Frequency Jitter
Calling function
INT2 ISR
Frequency of execution
4800 Hz
Max instructions
Approximate MIPS
utilization
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Calculate new period based
on new jitter factor
32
< 1 MIPS
Return to INT2
ISR
DS01421B-page 17
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DCM CORRECTION
The interleaved PFC Boost converter is designed for
continuous conduction mode (CCM). However, due to
the sinusoidal modulation of the input current, the converter is forced into discontinuous conduction mode
(DCM) near the zero crossings. This causes a change
in the transfer function of the boost converter, and
introduces distortion on the AC current waveform.
The final output of the current control loop is multiplied
by the DCM correction factor to produce the duty cycle
for the PFC boost converter. The correction factor is
applied equally to both interleaved stages of the
converter.
TABLE 5:
The primary side software adds a correction factor to
the current control loop in the event of DCM operation.
This correction factor is calculated as a ratio of the output bulk voltage to the difference between the output
bulk voltage and the instantaneous input voltage. If the
difference between these two parameters is smaller
than a specific threshold, the DCM correction factor
does not have any effect on the control loop.
FIGURE 14:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
DCM Correction
Calling function
Timer2 ISR
Frequency of execution
Max instructions
19200 Hz
55
CPU bandwidth utilization
(@ 40 MIPS)
1 MIPS
DCM CORRECTION
Timer2 ISR
Calculate difference between
instantaneous input voltage and
output bulk voltage
Yes
No
Is |VOUT – VAC| < VOUT/16?
Make divisor = VOUT/16
Make divisor = |VOUT-VAC|
Calculate DCM Factor = VOUT/divisor
Apply DCM factor in current
control loops
Return to Timer2
ISR
DS01421B-page 18
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
BULK VOLTAGE REDUCTION AND BOOST
FUNCTION
The output bulk voltage of the PFC stage is lowered
under Steady state to improve the efficiency at light
loads. This is directly controlled from the secondary
side, by transmitting the load current information back
to the primary side.
When the primary side receives the load current information, it uses a lookup table to determine what bulk
voltage will be sufficient to maintain output voltage regulation on the secondary side. The primary side software then compares the value obtained from the
lookup table to the current bulk voltage. If the value
from the lookup table is lower than the present bulk
voltage, the reference for the voltage loop is slowly decremented until it becomes equal to the voltage from the
lookup table.
Conversely, if the voltage from the lookup table is
higher than the present bulk voltage, the reference for
the voltage control loop is increased instantly to the
lookup value. This is done to account for any load transients that may have occurred on the secondary side,
and the bulk voltage must be raised as quickly as possible to maintain regulation on the secondary side.
The bulk voltage boost function is used to increase the
setpoint of the PFC output bulk voltage in the event of
a large load transient on the secondary side. This function helps to improve the transient response characteristics of the DC/DC converter by providing advance
indication of a load transient to the PFC controller. This
function is also used to reset the switching frequency of
the PFC stage, (see “PFC Frequency Reduction” for
details).
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
The bulk voltage boost function is implemented through
the serial communication channel between the primary
and secondary sides. The secondary side transmits the
desired bulk voltage based on load conditions. If this
desired voltage is greater than the measured bulk voltage by 25V or more, the bulk voltage reference is
replaced with the desired value obtained from the
secondary side.
The bulk voltage boost function and the bulk voltage
reduction function operate with conflicting objectives.
However, the boost function is only applied during a
transient condition, while the voltage reduction is
applied at Steady state. The voltage boost function, if
applied, takes priority over the operation of the bulk
voltage reduction routine.
In addition to the instantaneous boost of the bulk voltage, the voltage control loop operation is also modified
to counter large load transients. When a voltage undershoot of 25V or greater is detected, the integral term of
the PI controller is increased by a “boost factor” to
improve the response of the system.
Figure 15 illustrates the operation of the bulk voltage
reduction and boost routine.
TABLE 6:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Bulk Voltage Reduction
and Boost
Calling function
INT2 ISR
Frequency of execution
4800 Hz
Max instructions
Approximate MIPS
utilization
84
< 1 MIPS
DS01421B-page 19
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 15:
BULK VOLTAGE REDUCTION AND BOOST FUNCTION
INT2 ISR
Receive load current information
from secondary side and find
desired bulk voltage setpoint
Yes
Is present bulk voltage
setpoint > desired setpoint?
No
No
Is Voltage boost
enabled?
Yes
Decrement bulk
voltage setpoint
Change bulk voltage setpoint to
value determined by bulk
voltage boost function
Change bulk voltage setpoint
to normal (steady state) value
Increase voltage loop integral
gain by a “boost factor”
INT2 ISR
DS01421B-page 20
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
PFC CONTROL LOOP IMPLEMENTATION
The PFC control loops are implemented as average
current mode control, with the addition of a sine modulated current waveform. The outer voltage loop is executed in the INT2 interrupt service routine, that is
triggered in software once every four Timer2 period rollovers. The effective execution rate for the voltage loop
is 4800 Hz. The voltage control loop is implemented as
a 32-bit Proportional-Integral (PI) type compensator.
The block diagram of the primary side control scheme
is shown in Figure 16.
The output of the voltage control loop is an average
current value, which is multiplied by the instantaneous
rectified input line voltage, and divided by the square of
the average rectified input voltage. This operation
achieves three goals: 1) it causes the average current
to be modulated into a sinusoidal shape, 2) removes
the effects of magnitude of the input voltage, and 3)
adds an input voltage feed-forward term to the control
loop to improve line regulation. Finally, the sine modulated current is used as the reference for the inner current control loops for the interleaved PFC boost
converter.
The inner current loops are implemented independently for each phase of the interleaved PFC boost
converter. The current control loops are executed
inside the ADC interrupt service routine to ensure that
the measured current is processed as quickly as possible, as any additional delays will have a negative
impact on the phase margin.
Information about advanced algorithms such as the
bulk voltage reduction, switching frequency reduction
and DCM correction is passed into the control loop
structure and used during the execution of the
respective control algorithms.
TABLE 7:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Calling function
Timer 2 ISR
Frequency of execution
Max instructions
CPU bandwidth utilization
(@ 40 MIPS)
TABLE 8:
19200 Hz
56
1 MIPS
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
PFC Voltage PI Loop
Calling function
INT2 ISR
Frequency of execution
4800 Hz
Max instructions
CPU bandwidth utilization
(@ 40 MIPS)
TABLE 9:
34
< 1 MIPS
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Calling function
Frequency of execution
Max instructions
CPU bandwidth utilization
(@ 40 MIPS)
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
PFC Sine Modulation
PFC Current PI Loop
(One Per Interleaved
PFC Stage)
ADCP0 ISR, ADCP1 ISR
96 kHz
105
10 MIPS each
(20 MIPS total)
DS01421B-page 21
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
FIGURE 16:
PFC CONTROL LOOP
UART
Communication
Interface
Secondary Side
Load Current
Secondary
Side Data
Switching
Period
VREF
IREF/2
Voltage PI
+
+
Current PI Loop 1
Duty 1
Current PI Loop 2
Duty 2
-
-
+
(1/VAVG)^2
I1
I2
ADC
VAC
VOUT
DS01421B-page 22
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
PRIMARY SIDE FAULT HANDLING
PRIMARY SIDE TIMING RELATIONSHIPS
The Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design implements a number of Fault protections to minimize damage to the system and connected load, while at the
same time minimizing down time for the power supply.
The Fault handling routines are implemented in appropriate sections of the software. The following is a
description of various Fault handling routines on the
primary side:
Due to the multitasking nature of the system software,
a number of important algorithms must be scheduled
properly to maximize performance, and also efficiently
utilize the available CPU bandwidth.
• PFC Overcurrent Limit: The PFC over-current
limit is implemented as a comparator threshold, to
detect over-current conditions during the switching cycle. When the comparator input exceeds the
programmed threshold, the PWM duty cycle will
be truncated automatically. No system shutdown
occurs if an over-current condition has been
detected, but this fault prevents excessive current
through the PFC MOSFETs. The maximum current limit is specified as the peak current value
plus some margin at 110V input voltage.
• Input Undervoltage/Overvoltage Shutdown:
This reference design is configured to operate as
low as 40 VAC input voltage. However, any operation below 110V is derated for maximum power. If
the input voltage drops below 40 VAC or exceeds
275 VAC, the output is turned OFF.
• PFC Output Bulk Voltage Overvoltage/
Undervoltage Fault: If the PFC output voltage
falls below 375V or exceeds 408V, the output is
shut down.
The primary side software is written in an interruptbased format, where algorithms are divided into high,
medium, and low priority tasks. The ADC ISRs are
assigned the highest priority, during which the current
control loops are executed and the PWM duty cycle is
updated. The PWM trigger feature is utilized to generate analog-to-digital conversion requests. The PWM
triggers enable the ADC sampling to take place synchronous to the PWM signal. The PWM trigger is
adjusted on every switching period to the middle of the
active duty cycle. In Continuous Conduction Mode, this
technique averages the current ripple on top of its DC
component, giving the average value directly without
any need for further filtering. In Discontinuous Conduction Mode this technique gives the average current of
the current on-time. However, the period where the current is zero adds to the result as a negative offset and
is compensated by a correction factor as described
previously in the “DCM Correction” section.
The medium priority tasks are executed in the Timer2
ISR, which is configured to generate an interrupt at a
rate of 19200 Hz. Additional medium priority tasks are
performed in the INT2 ISR, which is manually triggered
in software once every four Timer2 ISRs. This results in
an effective interrupt rate of 4800 Hz for the INT2 interrupt, and it enables algorithms running at different rates
to be incorporated in the medium priority interrupts.
Finally, the low priority tasks are executed in the main
loop, as they are not critical for the system operation.
The low priority tasks are executed at any time when no
high or medium priority interrupts are requested.
Figure 17 and Figure 18 describe the various timing
relationships on the primary side software.
Note:
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
The timing diagrams are drawn showing
relative trigger events. Block size does not
represent actual algorithm duration.
DS01421B-page 23
PRIMARY SOFTWARE TIMING DIAGRAM (HIGH PRIORITY ALGORITHMS ONLY)
3:0+
3:0+
FIGURE 18:
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$'&3DLU,65
,3)&&XUUHQW
/RRS
,3)&&XUUHQW
/RRS
,3)&&XUUHQW
/RRS
,3)&&XUUHQW
/RRS
PRIMARY SOFTWARE TIMING DIAGRAM (COMPLETE)
PWM1H
PWM2H
Low
Priority
DCM Correction
PFC Sine
Modulation
Timer 2 ISR
PFC Freq. Jitter
Bulk Vtg Red./
Boost
PFC Vtg Loop
DCM Correction
PFC Frequency
Reduction
INT2 ISR
Timer2 ISR
PFC Sine
Modulation
PFC Sine
Modulation
Main Loop
DCM Correction
Timer2 ISR
DCM Correction
Timer2 ISR
PFC Sine
Modulation
DCM Correction
PFC Sine
Modulation
Timer2 ISR
PFC Freq. Jitter
Bulk Vtg Red./
Boost
PFC Vtg Loop
DCM Correction
PFC Frequency
Reduction
INT2 ISR
Timer 2 ISR
Medium
Priority
PFC Sine
Modulation
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
High Priority
(ADC ISRs)
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DS01421B-page 24
FIGURE 17:
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Secondary Side
HIGH-LEVEL SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
The secondary side software is structured similar to the
primary side. The code is divided into three main
categories, as follows:
The power control algorithms consist of the voltage and
current control loops, and both are executed as part of
the PWM special event ISR. As a result, this interrupt is
assigned the highest priority in the secondary side
software.
• Low Priority: Initialization Routines, Serial I/O
Routines, Synchronous Rectifier Control, Power
Derating Control, Fault Handling
• Medium Priority: Frequency Reduction, Frequency
Jitter, Soft-start and Load Sharing
• High Priority: Voltage and Current Control
Loops, Load Feed-forward
The medium priority code comprises many advanced
algorithms that are designed to improve a number of
performance factors, including efficiency, transient
response, and load sharing. These various algorithms
are still interrupt-based, but are executed from medium
priority ISRs. The Timer1 and Timer2 interrupts are utilized for executing the medium priority code. The timer
rollover frequencies are specified as 5 Hz for Timer1
and 4800 Hz for Timer2.
All high priority tasks are performed as a part of Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs). On the secondary side
software, the power control algorithms are assigned
the highest priority, as they directly affect the
performance of the output.
All non-critical tasks are included in the low priority
algorithms and are called from the main loop. These
algorithms have no critical impact to the system, and
are mainly used for status reporting or optimization of
performance.
More detail on various algorithms is presented in
subsequent sections.
FIGURE 19:
SECONDARY SIDE SOFTWARE HIGH-LEVEL OVERVIEW
Initialization
Oscillator
ADC
PWM
Comparator
Timers
UART
I/O ports
Advanced Algorithms
Main loop
Serial I/O Routines
Synchronous Rectifier Control
Power Derating
IPRIMARY and IOUT Filter
DC/DC Frequency Reduction
DC/DC Soft-start
Load Sharing
DC/DC Frequency Jitter
Voltage Control Loop
Load Feed-forward
Current Control Loop
(High priority, High
Frequency)
(Low Priority, Low Frequency)
(Medium Priority, Medium
Frequency)
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 25
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DC/DC FREQUENCY REDUCTION
If the period value from the lookup table is found to be
higher than the present switching period, the period is
incremented slowly until it reaches the lookup period
value.
The secondary side frequency reduction is implemented in a fashion similar to that of the primary side.
In this case, the software relies on the load current
measured. Based on the value of the load current, the
desired switching period value is obtained from the
period lookup table. Once the desired switching period
is calculated, the period is updated before executing
the current control loops for the DC/DC converter. The
flowchart for the frequency reduction algorithm is
shown in Figure 20. The switching frequency can only
be modified in the range between 80 kHz and 96 kHz,
due to physical limitations of the 2-switch forward converter.
If the period value obtained from the lookup table is
lower than the present switching period, then the period
is instantaneously changed to the desired value. This is
required to maintain a good transient response.
TABLE 10:
TIMING INFORMATION
DC/DC Frequency
Reduction
Algorithm
Calling function
Timer2 ISR
Frequency of execution
4800 Hz
Max instructions
46
Approximate MIPS
utilization
FIGURE 20:
< 1 MIPS
DC/DC FREQUENCY REDUCTION FUNCTION
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1R
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6HWSHULRG GHVLUHG
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DS01421B-page 26
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DC/DC FREQUENCY JITTER
TABLE 11:
The frequency jitter algorithm on the DC/DC converter
is identical to that on the primary side, described previously. The only differences are that for the DC/DC converter, the frequency jitter algorithm is executed as part
of the Timer2 ISR. The minimum and maximum limits
of the frequency swing are also adjusted based on the
switching frequency of the DC/DC converter. The main
aim of the frequency jitter algorithm is to improve the
EMI performance of the system.
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Calling function
Frequency of execution
Max instructions
Approximate MIPS
utilization
DC-DC Frequency Jitter
Timer2 ISR
4800 Hz
32
< 1 MIPS
The flowchart for the DC/DC frequency jitter algorithm
is shown in Figure 21.
FIGURE 21:
DC/DC FREQUENCY JITTER
From T2 ISR
Add fixed increment to jitter factor
No
Yes
Is jitter factor =
maximum swing?
Invert sign of fixed
increment
Calculate new period based on new
jitter factor
Return to T2 ISR
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 27
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DC/DC CONTROL LOOP IMPLEMENTATION
The DC/DC control loops are implemented as average
current mode control, with an inner current control loop
and an outer voltage control loop. The execution of the
control loops is scheduled in software using the PWM
special event interrupt. Both the voltage and current
loops are implemented as 32-bit Proportional-Integral
(PI) type compensators. The voltage control loop also
adds a load feed-forward term to improve response
time. A block diagram of the control scheme for the DC/
DC converter is shown in Figure 22.
The PWM switching for the interleaved DC-DC converters is configured to be 180° out of phase to minimize
the ripple on the input and output current. The special
event trigger is initialized to generate an interrupt at the
beginning of the PWM period of the first interleaved
DC/DC converter. In the first PWM special ISR, the
voltage loop is executed and a load feed-forward term
is also calculated. The voltage loop output and the
feed-forward term are added together to provide a reference value for the current control loop. If a duty cycle
value from the previous current loop execution is available, then the PWM duty cycle for one interleaved
converter is updated.
TABLE 12:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
DC-DC Current PI Loop
Calling function
PWM Special Event ISR
Frequency of execution
Maximum instructions
133
Approximate MIPS
utilization
TABLE 13:
80 kHz
11 MIPS
TIMING INFORMATION
DC-DC Voltage PI Loop
and Load Feed-forward
Algorithm
Calling function
PWM Special Event ISR
Frequency of execution
Maximum instructions
Approximate MIPS
utilization
80 kHz
182
15 MIPS
At the end of the first ISR, the special event trigger is
modified to the start of the interleaved PWM period,
which is 180° out of phase. The current control loop is
executed in this ISR using the current reference from
the voltage control loop and the measured primary side
current. The current control loop provides the duty
cycle that is required to maintain regulation. The duty
cycle for the second interleaved DC/DC converter is
updated during this ISR.
DS01421B-page 28
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DC/DC CONTROL LOOP
IREF
VREF
Voltage PI
+
+
+
-
+
+
Duty 1
Current PI Loop 1
+
Duty 2
Switching
period
Frequency
Reduction
Load Sharing
Function
Load
Feed-forward
IPRIMARY
IOUT
ADC
VOUT
Load
Share
Signal
DS01421B-page 29
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
FIGURE 22:
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER CONTROL
TABLE 14:
The synchronous rectifiers on the secondary side are
controlled based on the load current to maximize efficiency of the system. At light loads, the switching
losses in the synchronous rectifiers dominate
compared to the conduction losses. Therefore, the
switching of the synchronous rectifiers is turned OFF
for loads below 8A, and the body diodes of the MOSFETs are utilized for the rectification.
TIMING INFORMATION
Synchronous Rectifier
Control
Algorithm
The system utilizes two pairs of synchronous MOSFETs connected in parallel. When a load of 8A to 24A
is detected, one pair of synchronous MOSFETs is
disabled to reduce switching losses.
Calling function
Main loop
Frequency of execution
N/A – will be executed
when no interrupts are
being processed
Maximum instructions
57
Approximate MIPS
utilization
< 1 MIPS
At loads greater than 26A, the conduction losses on the
secondary side of the DC-DC converter dominate the
power losses. Therefore both pairs of synchronous
MOSFETs are enabled to provide the lowest possible
on-state resistance and therefore the highest possible
efficiency.
FIGURE 23:
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER CONTROL
Main Loop
No
Yes
Yes
Disable all
synchronous rectifiers
Is DC-DC load current >26A?
No
Is DC-DC load current <24A?
Is DC-DC load current <8A?
Yes
No
Enable all
synchronous rectifiers
Disable one pair of
synchronous rectifiers
Return to Main
loop
DS01421B-page 30
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
POWER DERATING BASED ON INPUT
VOLTAGE
The system power is derated for input voltages below
110 VAC. However, the power derating function is
implemented on the secondary side. This is achieved
by transmitting the RMS input voltage value from the
primary to the secondary side using the serial
communications channel.
The maximum load current limit is then reduced by an
amount equal to the derating factor, to limit the maximum output power that the system will support. If the
load current exceeds this new current limit, the system
will enter the overcurrent Fault handling routine.
TABLE 15:
After receiving the RMS input voltage information on
the secondary side, a derating factor is calculated. If
the input voltage is found to be greater than 110 VAC,
the derating factor is zero, and no power derating is
applied. For input voltages that are below the threshold
level, the derating factor is proportional to the deviation
below the threshold.
FIGURE 24:
TIMING INFORMATION
Algorithm
Power Derating
Calling function
Main loop
Frequency of execution
N/A – will be executed
when no interrupts are
being processed
Maximum instructions
57
Approximate MIPS
utilization
< 1 MIPS
POWER DERATING
From Main loop
Receive AC input voltage
measurement from primary side
No
Is AC input
voltage < 110 VRMS?
Yes
Calculate power
derating factor
Derating factor = 0
No derating
implemented
Reduce maximum
load current limit by
derating factor
Return to Main
loop
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 31
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
LOAD SHARING
If the load-share signal is detected to be lower than its
own load, then the output voltage reference is
decreased if the output voltage reference is between
12.0 V and 12.1 V DC to allow other PSUs to take the
lead. If the current output voltage reference is within the
range of 11.9V and 12.0 V DC, no action is taken as
there is enough headroom for the other PSUs to take
the lead. Figure 25 shows the flowchart for the load
sharing function.
The Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design supports
parallel connection of multiple systems. This is accomplished with the help of a power supply OR-ing circuit,
and a load share signal. The OR-ing circuit helps to isolate a singular failure on the shared voltage bus without
interruption in the shared bus voltage.
Load sharing is achieved by generating a load-share
signal that provides information about the present loading of the shared voltage bus, with respect to the combined load capacity of all the parallel supplies. This
signal is generated by summing that from each individual supply connected on the shared voltage bus.
TABLE 16:
Algorithm
Load sharing
Calling function
To achieve the load sharing function, each individual
power supply compares this load-share signal with its
own measured load. If the load-share signal is found to
be greater than the loading of the individual supply, the
load sharing algorithm increments the output voltage
reference for the individual power supply until the load
error is minimized.
FIGURE 25:
TIMING INFORMATION
Timer 2 ISR
Frequency of execution
Maximum instructions
4800Hz
117
Approximate MIPS
utilization
< 1 MIPS
LOAD SHARING
From T2 ISR
Transmit individual loading
information onto load share bus
Measure load share signal and
calculate accumulated error value
Yes
Clamp load error to 0
Is load error < 0?
Yes
No
Is load error > maximum
allowed error?
No
Clamp load error
to max value
Calculate output
voltage increment to
max value
Return to T2 ISR
DS01421B-page 32
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
SECONDARY FAULT HANDLING
SECONDARY TIMING RELATIONSHIPS
There are additional faults that are handled from the
secondary side, including the following:
The scheduling of various tasks on the secondary side
is implemented in a fashion similar to the primary side.
• Output Current Fault: If the output load current
is detected to be greater than the maximum rating, the software starts a time-out counter. This
counter is configured to turn OFF the outputs if
the overcurrent condition remains for more than 5
seconds.
• Temperature Shutdown: The reference design
includes three temperature sensors on various
locations on the board, identified as potential hot
spots. These locations are:
- On the bottom side of the board, below the
primary side heat sink
- On the bottom side of the board below the
secondary side heat sink
- On the bottom side of the board, near the fan
connectors
The secondary side software is also interrupt based,
and algorithms are divided into high, medium and low
priority tasks. The PWM Special Event ISR is assigned
the highest priority, during which the current and voltage control loops are executed on alternate interrupts.
The PWM special event trigger is modified on every
interrupt to allow measurement of currents in each
interleaved phase of the DC/DC converter, while also
keeping the ADC measurements synchronous to the
PWM signal.
All three temperatures are collected on the secondary
side. There, they will be checked and the highest individual temperature will be used for fan control and shut
down procedures.
The fans remain OFF below an ambient temperature of
60°C. Between an ambient temperature of 63°C to
70°C, the fans operate at 50% speed. Between 70°C to
80°C, they operate at 100%. Above 80°C, the output is
turned OFF.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
The medium priority tasks are executed in the Timer2
ISR, which is configured to generate an interrupt at a
rate of 4800 Hz.
Finally, the low priority tasks are executed in the main
loop, as they are not critical for the system operation.
The low priority tasks are executed at any time when no
high or medium priority interrupts are requested.
The diagrams in Figure 26 and Figure 27 describe the
various timing relationships on the secondary side
software.
Note:
The timing diagrams are drawn showing
relative trigger events. Block size does not
represent actual algorithm duration.
DS01421B-page 33
SECONDARY SIDE SOFTWARE TIMING DIAGRAM (HIGH PRIORITY ALGORITHMS ONLY)
PWM1H
PWM2H
FIGURE 27:
PWM Special
Event ISR
PWM Special
Event ISR
PWM Special
Event ISR
PWM Special
Event ISR
Voltage Control
Loop
Current Control
Loop
Voltage Control
Loop
Current Control
Loop
SECONDARY SOFTWARE TIMING DIAGRAM (COMPLETE)
PWM1H
PWM2H
Low Priority
DC/DC Freq.
Reduction
DC/DC
Frequency Jitter
Load Sharing
DC/DC Freq.
Reduction
Main Loop
Load Sharing
Timer2 ISR
Timer2 ISR
Medium
Priority
DC-DC
Frequency Jitter
© 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
High
Priority
(PWM
Special
Event ISR)
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
DS01421B-page 34
FIGURE 26:
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
The Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
exchanges data between the primary and secondary
sides through an isolated serial communication interface. The UART module on the dsPIC DSC devices
used on both sides is utilized for the communication.
The data transmitted from the primary side to the secondary side is listed in Table 17, while those transmitted from the secondary side to the primary side are
listed in Table 18.
TABLE 17:
Data Buffer
Index
PRIMARY TO SECONDARY
DATA TRANSMISSION
Parameter
In addition to the primary-secondary serial communications, the reference design also configures the I2C
module on the secondary side to provide system status
information (see Table 19). This information can be
accessed by a remote client to monitor various
operating conditions and system status information.
TABLE 19:
SECONDARY TO I2C CLIENT
DATA TRANSMISSION
Data Buffer
Index
Parameter
0
PFC Input Voltage (RMS)
1
PFC Input Current (RMS)
2
PFC Switching Period
3
PFC Output Bulk Voltage
0
PFC Output Bulk Voltage
4
Primary Heat Sink Temperature
1
PFC Input Voltage (RMS)
5
PFC Current Loop Proportional Gain
2
PFC Input Current
6
PFC Current Loop Integral Gain
3
Primary Heat Sink Temperature
7
PFC Voltage Loop Proportional Gain
4
PFC Switching Period
8
PFC Voltage Loop Integral Gain
5
PFC Current Loop Proportional Gain
9
PFC Status Flag
6
PFC Current Loop Integral Gain
10
N/A
7
PFC Voltage Loop Proportional Gain
11
Load Share Bus Input
8
PFC Voltage Loop Integral Gain
12
Load Share Bus Output
9
PFC Status Flag
13
Load Share Bus Integrator Signal
14
N/A
15
N/A
16
DC/DC Switching Period
17
Synchronous Rectifier State
18
DC/DC Output Voltage
TABLE 18:
Data Buffer
Index
SECONDARY TO PRIMARY
DATA TRANSMISSION
Parameter
0
DC/DC Output Voltage
1
DC/DC Output Current
2
PFC Control Flag
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
19
DC/DC Output Current
20
Secondary Temperature 1
21
Secondary Temperature 2
22
N/A
23
DC/DC Current Loop Proportional Gain
24
DC/DC Current Loop Integral Gain
25
DC/DC Voltage Loop Proportional Gain
26
DC/DC Voltage Loop Integral Gain
27
DC/DC Primary Current
28
DC/DC Primary Current filtered
29
Fault State
30
Maximum Output Current-Limit
31
Current-Limit Counter
DS01421B-page 35
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 36
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX A:
DESIGN PACKAGE
A complete design package for this reference design is
available as an executable installer. This design package can be downloaded from the Microchip corporate
Website at: www.microchip.com
Design Package Contents
The design package contains the following items:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
System Firmware (Primary and Secondary)
Schematics (PDF)
PCB Drawings (PDF)
Bill of Materials
Demonstration instructions (PDF)
System Overview (PDF)
Efficiency Measurement Guidelines (PDF)
Typical Test Results
Software License Agreement
The software supplied herewith by Microchip Technology Incorporated (the “Company”) is intended and supplied to
you, the Company’s customer, for use solely and exclusively with products manufactured by the Company.
The software is owned by the Company and/or its supplier, and is protected under applicable copyright laws. All rights
are reserved. Any use in violation of the foregoing restrictions may subject the user to criminal sanctions under
applicable laws, as well as to civil liability for the breach of the terms and conditions of this license.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED IN AN “AS IS” CONDITION. NO WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED
OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE APPLY TO THIS SOFTWARE. THE COMPANY SHALL NOT, IN ANY
CIRCUMSTANCES, BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, FOR ANY
REASON WHATSOEVER.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 37
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 38
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX B:
ELECTRICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
The electrical specifications for the reference design
are listed in Table 20.
TABLE 20:
REFERENCE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Specification
Input Voltage Range
Input Frequency Range
Minimum
Nominal
Maximum
Unit
85
90 to 264
270
VAC
47
—
63
Hz
11.94
12.00
12.06
VDC
Output Current(1)
—
—
60
A
Power Rating
—
—
720
W
Output Voltage
IPFC Switching Frequency
20
96
100
kHz
DC/DC Switching Frequency
70
96
100
kHz
Bulk Voltage
380
—
400
VDC
Hold-up Time(2)
20
30
32
ms
VIN: 115 VAC @ 60A
—
1.1
—
%
VIN: 230 VAC @ 60A
—
6.5
—
%
VIN: 115 VAC @ 60A
—
0.99
—
—
VIN: 230 VAC @ 60A
—
0.99
—
—
Line Regulation
—
±0.7
±1
%
Load Regulation
—
—
±1
%
Input Current THD
Power Factor
Output Ripple and Noise(3)
Total Efficiency (10 … 100% of Load)
—
—
120
mVPP
85.5
—
94.1
%
Stand-by Power (230 VAC)
—
—
2.8
W
Peak Inrush Current(4)
—
—
33
A
EMC(5)
Open Frame
EN 55022, Class A
Enclosed
EN 55022, Class B
Note 1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Output is protected against sustained short-circuit conditions.
Values at a bulk voltage of 400V DC and 60A output load current.
Test performed with 60A output load current.
Test performed at 264 VAC, turn on at 90° and with 60A output load current.
Values taken under full load conditions at 110V AC input voltage.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 39
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 40
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX C:
TEST RESULTS
This appendix provides information on the test results
for the reference design, as well as a few operational
waveforms.
Efficiency
Figure 28 and Figure 29 highlight efficiency of the
reference design. Figure 28 shows the efficiency at 230
VAC versus load and Figure 29 shows the efficiency at
full load versus input voltage.
FIGURE 28:
EFFICIENCY VS. OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT AT 230 VAC
FIGURE 29:
EFFICIENCY VS. INPUT VOLTAGE AT 60A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 41
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Output Voltage Ripple
Output voltage ripple is measured across the output
capacitors with the shortest possible probe ground
lead. Figure 30 and Figure 31 show the output voltage
ripple of the reference design at 115 VAC and 230 VAC,
respectively.
FIGURE 30:
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE, IOUT: 60A, VIN: 115 VAC
FIGURE 31:
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE, IOUT: 60A, VIN: 230 VAC
DS01421B-page 42
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Inrush Current
Peak inrush current is measured at 264 VAC, 60A
output load current with the AC source turned on at the
peak (90°). Measured peak inrush current is 33A, as
shown in Figure 32.
FIGURE 32:
PEAK INRUSH CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 3 (violet): AC input voltage
Channel 4 (green): AC input current
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 43
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Power Supply Switch-on Delay
The switch-on delay is measured from the time AC
voltage is applied to the power supply until the 12V
output is regulated. The switch-on delay consists of
two main components: the time required for the auxiliary power supply to start-up, and the time required to
analyze the input voltage/frequency and perform a
soft-start on the IPFC and DC/DC converters.
The switch-on delay at 110 VAC and 60A output load
current is approximately 600 ms (Figure 33). The
switch-on delay at 230 VAC and 60A output load current
is approximately 720 ms (Figure 34).
FIGURE 33:
SWITCH-ON DELAY VIN = 110 VAC, 60A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 1 (blue): 12V output voltage
Channel 3 (violet): AC input voltage
Channel 4 (green): AC input current
FIGURE 34:
SWITCH-ON DELAY VIN = 230 VAC, 60A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 1 (blue): 12V output voltage
Channel 3 (violet): AC input voltage
Channel 4 (green): AC input current
DS01421B-page 44
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Hold-up Time
The hold-up time is measured from the time AC power
is lost, to the time the regulated output drops out of
operating range. At 60A output load current, and at an
input voltage of 110/230 VAC, the hold-up time was
measured to be greater than 20 ms (see Figure 35 and
Figure 36).
FIGURE 35:
HOLD-UP TIME VIN = 110 VAC, 60A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 1 (blue): 12V output voltage
Channel 3 (violet): AC input voltage
Channel 4 (green): AC input current
FIGURE 36:
HOLD-UP TIME VIN = 230 VAC, 60A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 1 (blue): 12V output voltage
Channel 3 (violet): AC input voltage
Channel 4 (green): AC input current
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 45
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
Overcurrent Protection
In the event of an overcurrent condition the maximum
output load current is sustained for five seconds before
the output voltage is disabled, as shown in Figure 37.
This shutdown event is programmable and has been
selected for five seconds for demonstration purposes.
FIGURE 37:
OVERCURRENT TEST VIN = 230 VAC, 64A OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT
Legend:
Channel 1 (blue): 12V Output Voltage
Channel 2 (light blue): DC Bus Voltage
DS01421B-page 46
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
EMI Performance
Figure 38 shows the pre-measured graph of the EMI
characteristic. This test was performed on an openframe board without an enclosure.
The EN55022 standard is typically defined between
150 kHz and 30 MHz. As general rule, the frequencies
shown can be split into three major sections:
• Switching Band between 150 kHz to 1 MHz
• Diode Band up to approximately 20 MHz
• MOSFET band up to approximately 30 MHz
The pre-measurement graph shown in Figure 38 also
covers the frequency band up to 300 MHz to discover
potential layout and/or component issues.
FIGURE 38:
EMI CHARACTERISTIC
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 47
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 48
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX D:
KNOWN ISSUES
This appendix provides information on all known issues
and items not yet implemented.
The following features have not been implemented:
• Output power derating for temperature
• System restart from over temperature condition
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 49
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 50
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX E:
SAFETY NOTICES
The following safety notices and operating instructions
should be observed to avoid a safety hazard. If in any
doubt, consult your supplier.
WARNING – This reference design must be earthed
(grounded) at all times.
General Notices
• The reference design is intended for evaluation
and development purposes and should only be
operated in a normal laboratory environment as
defined by IEC 61010-1:2001
• Clean with a dry cloth only
• Operate flat on a bench, do not move during
operation and do not block the ventilation holes
• The reference design should not be operated
without all of the supplied covers fully secured in
place
• The reference design should not be connected or
operated if there is any apparent damage to the
unit
WARNING – The reference design should not be
installed, operated, serviced, or modified except by
qualified personnel who understand the danger of
electric shock hazards and have read and understood
the user instructions. Any service or modification
performed by the user is done at the user’s own risk
and voids all warranties.
WARNING – It is possible for the output terminals to be
connected to the incoming AC mains supply and may
be up to 410V with respect to ground, regardless of the
input mains supply voltage applied. These terminals
are live during operation AND for some time after
disconnection from the supply. Do not attempt to
access the terminals or remove the cover during this
time.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 51
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 52
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX F:
THIRD PARTY
CONSULTANT
Company Profile of APtronic Adaptive Power Solutions
AG, Germany
The development of the Platinum-rated AC/DC reference design was a cooperative project to analyze and
benchmark the capabilities of digital control loops in
real-world applications with stringent requirements.
APtronic develops and produces customized power
converters, inverters and universal power supplies for
telecom and industrial applications.
Aptronic has locations in the US, Europe and Asia. It is
ISO 9001 certified and a member of the Power Sources
Manufacturers Association (PSMA).
Founded: September 2000
Legal entity: Corporation
Board of Directors: Walter Knittel (CEO), Theodor
Schulte (COO)
Address: APtronic AG, An der Helle 26, 59505 Bad
Sassendorf-Lohne, Germany
For more information visit http://www.aptronic.de/
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 53
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 54
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
APPENDIX G:
REVISION HISTORY
Revision A (January 2012)
This is the initial release version of this document.
Revision B (June 2012)
The “Software Overview” section was extensively
updated.
Appendix F: “Third Party Consultant” was added.
Minor updates to text and formatting were incorporated
throughout the document.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS01421B-page 55
Platinum-rated AC/DC Reference Design
NOTES:
DS01421B-page 56
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
•
Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
•
Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
•
There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
•
Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
•
Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, WRITTEN OR ORAL, STATUTORY OR
OTHERWISE, RELATED TO THE INFORMATION,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION,
QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. Microchip disclaims all liability
arising from this information and its use. Use of Microchip
devices in life support and/or safety applications is entirely at
the buyer’s risk, and the buyer agrees to defend, indemnify and
hold harmless Microchip from any and all damages, claims,
suits, or expenses resulting from such use. No licenses are
conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any Microchip
intellectual property rights.
Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC,
KEELOQ, KEELOQ logo, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART,
PIC32 logo, rfPIC and UNI/O are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other
countries.
FilterLab, Hampshire, HI-TECH C, Linear Active Thermistor,
MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control
Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip
Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, chipKIT,
chipKIT logo, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net,
dsPICworks, dsSPEAK, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR,
FanSense, HI-TIDE, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP,
Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB,
MPLINK, mTouch, Omniscient Code Generation, PICC,
PICC-18, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, REAL ICE,
rfLAB, Select Mode, Total Endurance, TSHARC,
UniWinDriver, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other
countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
© 2012, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.
ISBN: 978-1-62076-285-1
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CERTIFIED BY DNV
== ISO/TS 16949 ==
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2009 certification for its worldwide
headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and
Tempe, Arizona; Gresham, Oregon and design centers in California
and India. The Company’s quality system processes and procedures
are for its PIC® MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.
DS01421B-page 57
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DS01421B-page 58
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 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.