dm00214136

UM1922
User manual
VIPower® M0-7 standard high-side drivers hardware design guide
Introduction
VIPower® parallel high-side drivers have reached the 7th generation of smart power drivers
(internally called M0-7). In this latest set of drivers all the experience and know-how from
existing features of the previous generations as well as new features have been
implemented.
The continuous increasing demanding requirements from automotive customers in terms of
quality, reliability, flexibility and cost effective system solutions represent the basic factor of
new protection feature concept (latch off in overload condition beside the already known
auto restart feature) and new diagnostic features like real time device case temperature and
battery terminal voltage sensing beside the already existing output current sensing available
to the microcontroller in a unique “MultiSense” pin.
Purpose of this user manual is to give a comprehensive “tool kit” for a better understanding
of the behavior of the M0-7 parallel High Side Drivers (abbreviation HSDs) in their
application usage context and thus allowing the design engineer an easier design in.
July 2015
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Contents
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Contents
1
2
3
General items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1
Overview about M0-7 standard high-side drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2
Application schematics – monolithic devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3
Application schematics – hybrid devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4
Application schematics – description of external components . . . . . . . . . 13
Reverse battery protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2
Reverse battery protection of monolithic HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1
Schottky diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2
Diode + resistor in GND line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3
N-channel MOSFET in GND line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.4
P-channel MOSFET in the VCC line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.5
Dedicated ST Reverse FET solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Protection against battery transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1
Introduction on automotive electrical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2
Source of hazard on automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.1
3.3
Propagation of electrical hazards on the supply rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4
Standard for the protection of automotive electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5
Basic application schematic to protect a M0-7 standard monolithic high-side
driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.1
3.6
4
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Conducted hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Components dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Component dimensioning for hybrid devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.6.1
Dimensioning of the series resistors on I/O line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.6.2
Dimensioning of the GND network to pass the ISO n.1 and 2a level IV
(2011 edition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Usage/handling of fault reset and standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1
Latch-off functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2
Standby mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3
Flexible blanking time (fault reset management) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
5.1
Classification of M0-7 HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2
SEL pins truth table (device dependant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3
Connection of SEL pins with control logic (Microcontroller) . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Load compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1
Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.2
Power loss calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.2.1
Conduction losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2.2
Switching losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Inductive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3.1
Turn-on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3.2
Turn-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.3.3
Calculation of dissipated energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3.4
Selection criterion with reference to I-L plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.3.5
External clamping protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3.6
Loss of VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
MultiSense - analogue current sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
7.2
Principle of MultiSense signal generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
7.3
7.2.1
Current monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2.2
Normal operation (channel ON, no fault, SEn active) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2.3
Current monitoring range of linear operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2.4
Impact of the output voltage to the MultiSense output . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2.5
Failure flag indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2.6
Considerations on MultiSense resistor choice for current monitor . . . 124
7.2.7
Usage when multiplexing several devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.2.8
LED diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.2.9
Diagnostic with paralleled loads / partial load detection . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.2.10
K factor calibration method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.2.11
Open load detection in off-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.2.12
MultiSense diagnostic evaluation with SPC560Bxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.2.13
MultiSense low pass filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
TCASE, VCC (device dependent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.3.1
VCC monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
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7.3.3
Example on evaluation of VCC, TCASE and diagnostic with SPC560Bxx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Paralleling of logic input pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.1.1
Monolithic HSDs supplied from different supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.1.2
Hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.1.3
Mix of monolithic and hybrid HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Paralleling of MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.2.1
Monolithic HSDs supplied from different supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.2.2
Hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.2.3
Mix of monolithic and hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.3
Paralleling of GND protection network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.4
Paralleling of outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.4.1
Current balancing with resistive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.4.2
Overload behavior with resistive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.4.3
Driving inductive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Inverse output current behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.2
Device capability versus inverse current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.3
10
Case temperature monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Paralleling of devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.1
9
7.3.2
9.2.1
Device in steady state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.2.2
Device driven in PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
ESD protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
10.1
EMC requirements for ESD at module level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
10.2
EMC Requirements for ESD at device level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
10.3
Design and layout basic suggestions to increase ESD failure point level 184
Usage in “H-Bridge” configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.2
M0-7 high-side drivers in “H-Bridges”: specific considerations . . . . . . . 186
11.2.1
Short circuit event to ground and to battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
11.2.2
Cross current events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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11.2.3
Usage of MultiSense TCHIP in H-Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
11.2.4
Freewheeling current of inductive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Appendix A References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
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List of tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 18.
Table 19.
Table 20.
Table 21.
Table 22.
Table 23.
Table 24.
Table 25.
Table 26.
Table 27.
Table 28.
Table 29.
Table 30.
Table 31.
Table 32.
Table 33.
Table 34.
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Reverse battery protection concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Reverse battery-voltages on pins (VND7040AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Static reverse battery - voltages on pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Static reverse battery - voltages on pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
ISO 7637-2: 2004 (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ISO 7637-2: 2011 (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ISO 7637-2 2004 and 2011 tests and results on monolithic HSDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
GND network proposals for Hybrids HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ISO 7637-2 levels and results for Hybrid HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
M0-7 HSD devices not featuring latch-off functionality and FaultRST pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Truth table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
MultiSense multiplexer addressing for a dual channel device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Classification of M0-7 HSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Full logic implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Reduced logic implementation (only current sense signal, no TCHIP, no VCC) . . . . . . . . 59
Truth table for monolithic devices, separate MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Truth table for monolithic devices, common MultiSense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Truth table monolithic + hybrid, separate MultiSense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Truth table hybrid devices separate supply rails, common MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Typical bulb loads for given M0-7 RON class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
VND7040AJ measurement of switching losses versus L in steady state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
VND7040AJ measurement of switching losses versus L in PWM mode (with external
freewheeling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Maximum capacitance on the HSD output (no power limitation triggered - Tjstart ~ 25 °C) 93
Paralleling bulbs – overview on the example of VND7020AJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
VSENSE measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
MultiSense pin levels in off-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Diagnostics - overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
SPC560Bxx example signals mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Example of channels configuration on a dual channels HSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = ON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = OFF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
M0-7 HSDs ESD results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Maximum switching slopes which do not cause cross current due to MOSFETs capacitances
(measurements on a sample on each component) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
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List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Typical application schematics – monolithic devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Typical application schematics – hybrid devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Voltage levels during reverse battery (diode + resistor protection). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Negative GND shift (TDEMAG > tD_STBY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
GND resistor requirements (inductive load)–test setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Measurement example (tDEMAG > tD_STBY) without GND resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Measurement example (tDEMAG > tD_STBY) with 4.7 kΩ GND resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Generic schematic and test setup with N-channel MOSFET in GND line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
MOSFET solution in GND – experiment VND7020AJ, ISOpulse 1 (-150V, 90 Ω) . . . . . . . 27
Reverse battery test VN7016AJ (13.5 V → -4 V, 82 mΩ, R2 = 15 kΩ) as per LV 124:
2009-10 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Generic schematic and test setup with P-channel MOSFET in VCC line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
MOSFET solution in VCC – experiment VND7020AJ, ISOpulse 1 (-100 V, 90 Ω) . . . . . . . 30
Reverse battery test according to LV 124:2009-10: VN7016AJ (13.5 V at -4 V, 82 mΩ,
R2 = 1kΩ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reverse polarity protection – reverse FET protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Maximum current versus duration time of VN5R003H-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Conducted hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Radiated hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Various surges occurring in the supply rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 pulse 1 in a monolithic HSD
and indication of pin voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Basic test setup for ISO 7637-2 pulses applied to VND7020AJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 (2004) pulse 1 in Hybrid HSD
and indication of pin voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 (2011) pulse 1 in Hybrid HSD
and indication of pin voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Basic test setup for ISO 7637-2 (2004) pulses applied to VN7004AH-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Recommended GND network for ISO 7637-2 (2011) level IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Basic Test setup for ISO 7637-2 (2011) pulses applied to VN7004AH-E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (Tjunction << TTSD). . . . . . . . .50
Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (TR < Tjunction < TTSD) . . . . 50
Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (autorestart mode and latch-off)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Standby mode activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Standby state diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
FR handling example - bulb inrush blanking (VNQ7140AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Common FaultRST pin handling example – basic schematic (without decoupling
components) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
FaultRST pin handling concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
FaultRST pin handling example - overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
FaultRST pin handling example – detail of diagnostic period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
FaultRST pin handling example – detail of unlatch pulse (Ch. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Monolithic devices, common power supply rails, separate MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Monolithic devices, common power supply rails, common MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Monolithic devices, separate power supply rails, common MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Monolithic and hybrid device, separate power supply rails, separate MultiSense . . . . . . . 63
Hybrid devices, separate power supply rails, common MultiSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
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10
List of figures
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.
Figure 71.
Figure 72.
Figure 73.
Figure 74.
Figure 75.
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
Figure 78.
Figure 79.
Figure 80.
Figure 81.
Figure 82.
Figure 83.
Figure 84.
Figure 85.
Figure 86.
Figure 87.
Figure 88.
Figure 89.
Figure 90.
Figure 91.
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Principle of the setup used for the simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Simulation result–normal condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Simulation result–cold condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Simulation result–hot condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Control stage current consumption in ON state, all channels on driving nominal load datasheet value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Steady state condition, datasheet values IOUT = 3 A, RON at 150 ºC = 44 mΩ . . . . . . . . . 70
RON dependency on temperature (measured on a VND7140AJ sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RON dependency on VCC (measured on a VND7140AJ sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RON dependency on IOUT (measured on a VND7140AJ sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Switching and conduction losses (resistive loads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Example of switching losses on VND7040AJ with 4.5Ω resistive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Example of switching losses on VNQ7040AY with 5.2 Ω resistive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
LED cluster example 1–LED test board (6 x 3 LEDs OSRAM LA E67-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
LED cluster example 2–tail & brake light (VW Passat B6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Slew rate and switching losses (VND7140AJ, LED test board) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Slew rate and switching losses (VND7140AJ, VW Passat B6–tail & brake). . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Switching losses with low inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Low inductance (TDEMAG << tWOFF) – measurement example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Switching losses with high inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
High inductance (TDEMAG >> tWOFF) – measurement example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Switching losses with high inductance and external freewheeling (single event) . . . . . . . 85
Switching losses – high inductance + ext. freewheeling (PWM operation). . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF): measurement example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Figure 62: High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF) – measurement example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
High inductance (TDEMAG > TPWM_OFF) – measurement example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
High inductance (TDEMAG > TPWM_OFF) – measurement example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
A typical example of HSD combined with capacitive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Measurement example - VND7040AJ on 320µF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Xenon load - slew rate, switching losses (VN7016AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
HSD turn-on phase with inductive load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Turn-on example: VND7140AJ with inductive load (L = 260 mH, R = 81 Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Inductive load–HSD turn-off phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Inductive load: turn-off example: VND7040AJ, L = 260 mH, R = 81 Ω. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Maximum turn-off current versus inductance – VND7020AJ datasheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Inductive load – turn-off: VND7020AJ, L = 2.2 mH, R = 4 Ω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Example of external clamping circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Test setup-verification of new external clamp proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
PWM 50% at 100 Hz, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
PWM 80 % at 400 Hz, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
ISO pulse 1 (-100 V, 10 Ω), 2 mH at 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Loss of VCC, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Loss of VCC with inductive load (monolithic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Test setup – loss of VCC (monolithic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF + 2.2 µF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF + 100 µF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
M0-7 driver with analogue current sense – block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Structure of MultiSense signal generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
VSENSE saturation example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Plotted VSENSE with increasing IOUT versus time with RSENSE = 220 Ω (left) and
RSENSE = 470 Ω (right) for VND7040AJ and corresponding XY plot (VCC = 14 V) . . . . 121
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Figure 92.
Figure 93.
Figure 94.
Figure 95.
Figure 96.
Figure 97.
Figure 98.
Figure 99.
Figure 100.
Figure 101.
Figure 102.
Figure 103.
Figure 104.
Figure 105.
Figure 106.
Figure 107.
Figure 108.
Figure 109.
Figure 110.
Figure 111.
Figure 112.
Figure 113.
Figure 114.
Figure 115.
Figure 116.
Figure 117.
Figure 118.
Figure 119.
Figure 120.
Figure 121.
Figure 122.
Figure 123.
Figure 124.
Figure 125.
Figure 126.
Figure 127.
Figure 128.
Figure 129.
Figure 130.
Figure 131.
Figure 132.
Figure 133.
Figure 134.
Figure 135.
Figure 136.
Figure 137.
Figure 138.
Figure 139.
Figure 140.
List of figures
Behavior of VSENSE_SAT vs VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Behavior of ISENSE_SAT vs VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Failure flag indication-example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
MultiSense operation of VND7040AJ in current monitoring with increasing overload and
consequent device’s latch off due to thermal protection intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MultiSense in TCHIP mode behavior versus RSENSE for VND7140AJ at VCC = 14 V and
TC = 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MultiSense in VCC mode behavior versus RSENSE for VND7140AJ at VCC = 14 V and
TC = 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Bulb / LED diagnostic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Minimum ON time for correct VSENSE sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Switched current sense resistor–example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Example of single point calibration at low current for VND7020AJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
VSENSE vs IOUT measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
RPU calculation with no load connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
RPU calculation with load connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Analogue HSD – open load detection in off-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Open load / short to VCC detection in OFF state - delay after IN is set from low to high . 138
Open load/short to VCC detection in OFF state - delay after SEn is set from low to high . 139
Open-load without pull-up timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Open-load with pull-up timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Short circuit to VBATT timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Power limitation or overtemperature waveforms (in autorestart mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Power limitation or overtemperature waveforms (in lacth mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
eMIOS PWM generation mode principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
SPC extended ADC channels block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
CSENSE diagnostic approach principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Example of connection of multiple HSDs to SPC using external ADC MUX control. . . . . 145
SPC560Bxx example MultiSense trigger points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Low pass filter connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
GND voltage shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
VCC monitor transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Example MultiSense reading on multiple HSDs with GND shift compensation . . . . . . . . 151
GND shift measurement position example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Proper connection of SEn pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended) during loss of GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Paralleling of inputs summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Safe solution for paralleling MultiSense pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Paralleling of MultiSense summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Common GND network with different supply lines (not recommended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Test setup – paralleling of outputs (load current sharing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Sharing of load current, VON regulation (VND7020AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Current sense behavior at low current (VND7020AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Sharing of load current, VON regulation (VND7140AJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Current sense behavior at low current (VND7140AJ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Behavior during overload condition (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
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10
List of figures
UM1922
Figure 141.
Figure 142.
Figure 143.
Figure 144.
Figure 145.
Figure 146.
Figure 147.
Figure 148.
Figure 149.
Figure 150.
Figure 151.
Figure 152.
Figure 153.
Figure 154.
Figure 155.
Figure 156.
Figure 157.
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
Figure 160.
Figure 161.
Figure 162.
Figure 163.
Test setup–paralleling of outputs (inductive loads). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Bulb with 10 µH (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2 mH / 2.8 Ω (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2mH / 2.8Ω with external freewheeling (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Test setup – inductive short circuit test with paralleled outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Inductive short – 5 µH/50 mΩ (VND7020AJ, Ch0 and Ch1 in parallel, Latch mode) . . . . 170
Inverse current injected by a capacitive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Inverse Current injected by an inductive load in the high-side driver of an H-Bridge . . . . 173
Inverse current Injected by a short circuit to battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Current Injection test set-up and concerning a double channel HSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Waveforms related to the inverse injection on a channel driven in PMW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
ESD current pulses according to different standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
ESD test application scheme for HSD placed on a powered module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
ESD charge device model test scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Equivalent circuit for ESD protection dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
H-Bridge scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Example of automobile multi-motor driving connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
VND7040AJ cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
VND7140AJ cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
VND7012AY cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
PowerMOS capacitance effect during high dVDS/dt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Test set up for H-Bridge cross current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
H-Bridge formed by one VND7140AJ and two OMNIFETs II showing the high-side
freewheeling phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Figure 164. H-Bridge formed by one VND7140AJ and two OMNIFETs II showing the high-side
freewheeling phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Figure 165. H-Bridge formed by one VND7012AY and two OMNIFETs II showing the freewheeling via
HSD body diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
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General items
1
General items
1.1
Overview about M0-7 standard high-side drivers
The M0-7 standard high-side drivers are manufactured using STMicroelectronics®
proprietary VIPower® technology. The devices are designed to drive 12 V automotive
resistive as well as inductive and capacitive loads connected to ground. A 3.3 V and 5 V
CMOS-compatible interface to a microcontroller unit is provided. The products feature a
very low quiescent current to preserve battery charge during standby mode. Undervoltage
shutdown acts below 4 V in order to ensure the loads are driven when charge pump can
deliver sufficient power. Overvoltage clamp structure protects the devices effectively from
“ISO 7637-2:2004(E)” pulses (with the exception of load dump pulses, unclamped or
clamped above 40 V). At loss of ground the outputs are safely turned-off, current injected
into the outputs is less than 2 mA. At loss of VCC the outputs are also safely turned-off, but
special care must be taken when inductive loads are driven, since additional external
protection is required to absorb the demagnetization energy (refer to Chapter 6: Load
compatibility).
Reverse battery protection is provided in conjunction with external components for
monolithic standard high-side drivers, whilst hybrid high-side drivers are reverse battery
protected by self turn-on of output channels without the need of external components (refer
to Chapter 2: Reverse battery protection). Note that no protection features are operating
under reverse battery conditions.
M0-7 standard high-side drivers integrate advanced protective functions such as load
current limitation, overload active management by power limitation and overtemperature
shutdown with configurable latch-off. A FaultRST pin unlatches the output in case of fault or
disables the latch-off functionality. A dedicated multifunction multiplexed analog output pin
delivers sophisticated diagnostic functions including:
•
Proportional load current sense
•
Supply voltage feedback
•
Chip temperature sense
•
Detection of overload
•
Short circuit to ground
•
Short to VCC and
•
Off-state open-load
A SenseEnable pin allows off-state diagnosis to be disabled when it is needed to send the
module in low power mode. Moreover, thanks to the sense enable functionality, it is possible
to share one common external sense resistor among several devices and so to manage a
MultiSense diagnostic bus.
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195
General items
1.2
UM1922
Application schematics – monolithic devices
Figure 1. Typical application schematics – monolithic devices
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1.3
General items
Application schematics – hybrid devices
Figure 2. Typical application schematics – hybrid devices
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1.4
Application schematics – description of external
components
•
Pull-up: this resistor is optional and is needed when open-load in off state diagnostic is
required. It has to be dimensioned to pull up the output above the maximum open-load
in off state detection voltage (VOL max) and make sure that the output voltage stays
below the minimum open-load in off state detection voltage (VOL min) in case the load is
connected (for details refer to Section 7.2.11: Open load detection in off-state).
•
R5//CEXT: a low pass-filter, as an RC filter, can be placed across the RSENSE resistor to
suppress HF noise. The time constant of this filter (τ = RC) should be long enough to
effectively suppress the noise and short enough to allow MultiSense signal stabilization
taking into account multiplexer delay and settling times. C2 should be placed close to
the MCU's A/D input. Also, the ground connection for C2 should be at the same
potential as the ground of the A/D reference. The filter resistor R5 is also used to limit
the A/D's input pin current (for details refer to Section 7.2.13: MultiSense low pass
filtering).
•
R6//CEXT: this low pass-filter and ADC input connection is optional and is
recommended for monolithic devices, when a precise chip temperature or supply
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voltage feedback reading is required. For dimensioning the same recommendations
apply as for R5//C2.
•
C4: it is recommended to place a ceramic capacitor on each output to dissipate energy
of high frequency, high voltage transients, in particular ESD transient pulses. A 100 V
ceramic capacitor generally has sufficient voltage capability. The device ESD
robustness of each pin is rated in Absolute Maximum Rating chapter of the datasheet
(for details refer to Chapter 11: Usage in “H-Bridge” configurations).
•
C5: C5 capacitor helps to suppress voltage transients that originate from other
actuators connected in parallel and sharing the same battery line. This capacitor will be
capable to suppress only low energetic short transient pulses. The device itself is rated
to sustain ISO 7637-2:2004(E) transient test pulses 1-4 up to test level IV according to
class C. Other methods are needed to protect the module from higher energy
transients, such as load dump.
Moreover C5 capacitor helps to suppress HF noise at the VCC pin that is generated by
the high-side driver device itself. The noise can originate from the charge pump
circuitry or from the switching slopes of PWMed outputs.
Using a 100 nF low ESR ceramic capacitor mounted close to device VCC and GND
terminals the devices meet CISPR25 Class 5 requirements measured in conducted
emission voltage method in DC, as well as in PWM, operation.
Finally, during a loss of VCC condition, the C5 capacitor supplies load current for the
demagnetization of inductive loads.
•
RSENSE: RSENSE resistor will convert the MultiSense output current, which is a copy
proportional to the load current, into a voltage which can be read by the A/D Converter
of the Microcontroller. The RSENSE should be dimensioned to ensure proper resolution
range and granularity to monitor nominal current as well as detecting open load or
overload events. Typical values of RSENSE are in the range from 1 kΩ to 2.7 kΩ, in
order to generate typically 1 V – 2 V sense voltage at nominal load current. RSENSE
selection must also take into account maximum power dissipation and maximum
current injection during reverse battery conditions and ISO 7637-2:2004(E) and ISO
7637-2:2011(E) pulse 1 transients. Refer to Section 7.2.6: Considerations on
MultiSense resistor choice for current monitorfor details on RSENSE dimensioning rules.
•
R1-R5: R1-R5 serial resistors are needed on digital inputs in order to limit the current in
the input structures as well as in the microcontroller output structures to a safe value
during transient and reverse battery conditions. A proper value for such resistors is
15 kΩ.
No low ohmic impedance paths to GND such as pull down transistors or capacitors
shall be connected directly to the digital inputs. In such conditions, device ground shift
may trigger intrinsic parasitic structures and an unlimited, destructive current path from
VCC to the digital input will be formed.
•
RGND//DGND: a reverse polarity protection network between device ground and module
ground is needed for monolithic devices. The diode prevents unlimited destructive
current flow through the VCC - GND clamping structure in case of reverse polarity
connection. RGND paralleled to DGND avoids device ground dropping to negative
voltage during turn-off of inductive loads. Typical values range from 1 kΩ to 4.7 kΩ,
higher values reduce power dissipation under reverse battery condition (for details
refer to Chapter 2: Reverse battery protection).
Hybrid devices (for classification of Hybrid and Monolithic HSDs please refer to
Section 5.1: Classification of M0-7 HSDs) do not need GND network (please refer to
Figure 2) in case pulses belonging to ISO 7637-2:2004(E) standard are requested to
be passed. A resistive path in the GND connection of Hybrid devices with RGND > 300,
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would not properly activate the self-turn on of the Power MOS in case of reverse
battery (the load current would circulate into the Body Diode instead). RON in reverse
battery conditions with self-turn on is indicated in the Hybrid devices' datasheets. In
case ISO 7637-2:2011(E) is requested to be fulfilled the same schematic applies
except in case ISO pulses 1 level IV and 2a level IV are requested to be passed. In this
case a GND network must be implemented (for details, please refer to Section 3.6.2:
Dimensioning of the GND network to pass the ISO n.1 and 2a level IV (2011 edition)).
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2
Reverse battery protection
2.1
Introduction
A universal problem in automotive environment is the threat of damage when an end user
inverts the battery polarity.
Users of battery powered equipment expect safeguards to prevent damage to the internal
electronics in the event of reverse battery installation. These safeguards can be either
mechanical (use of special connectors) or electronic. In that case battery powered
equipment designers and manufacturers must ensure that any reverse current flow and
reverse bias voltage is low enough to prevent damage to the equipment’s internal
electronics. To provide these electronic safeguards, different concepts applying passive or
active reverse polarity protection are possible and described in this chapter.
Depending on the type of device (monolithic or hybrid, for classification please refer to
Section 5.1: Classification of M0-7 HSDs), a specific protection must be implemented in
order not to exceed the device’s reverse capability:
2.2
•
Monolithic HSDs: the reverse battery protection needs to be inserted according to the
instructions suggested in this chapter. In particular, if the reverse polarity protection is
installed on device GND connection, the device will conduct through the body diode of
the power MOSFET with the current limited by the external load. Since no device
intrinsic protection schemes are active in reverse condition, special care must be taken
on total Power Dissipation.
•
Hybrid HSDs: in contrast to monolithic devices, all hybrids VIPower HSD do not need
any external components to protect the internal logic in case of a reverse battery
condition. The protection is provided by internal structure. Moreover, due to the fact
that the output MOSFET turns on even in reverse battery mode and thus providing the
same low ohmic path as in regular operation condition, no additional power dissipation
has to be considered. Even more: if e.g. a diode without any parallel resistor is
connected to GND of a hybrid HSD the output MOSFET is unable to turn on and thus
the unique feature of the driver is disabled.
Reverse battery protection of monolithic HSDs
Reverse battery protection schemes basically can be grouped in the following categories:
•
Active or passive reverse polarity protection
•
Reverse polarity protection on supply line (VCC terminal) or on GND line (GND
terminal)
Table 1. Reverse battery protection concepts
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Reverse battery
protection concept
Chapter
Active/passive
VCC terminal/
GND terminal
Conduction through
output stage
Schottky Diode
2.2.1
Passive
VCC
No
Diode || Resistor
2.2.2
Passive
GND
Yes
N-channel MOSEFT
2.2.3
Active
GND
Yes
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Reverse battery protection
Table 1. Reverse battery protection concepts (continued)
2.2.1
Reverse battery
protection concept
Chapter
Active/passive
VCC terminal/
GND terminal
Conduction through
output stage
p-channel MOSFET
2.2.4
Active
VCC
No
Reverse FET
2.2.5
Active
VCC
No
Schottky diode
When the battery is installed backwards, the Schottky diode is reverse–biased and only the
rated leakage current IR flows. With respect to a standard diode, the Schottky diode has the
advantage of a very low voltage drop in forward direction, hence power dissipation is
reduced. However, the disadvantage of using a Schottky diode is, that it is typically more
expensive than a standard diode.
Below reported, there is the suggested procedure to choose properly the right device. The
following parameters will constitute the selection criteria:
•
The average current used by the device, electronic module, load to be reverse battery
protected. Failure scenarios, such as an output shorted to GND (load short circuit)
have to be considered as well.
•
The maximum repetitive peak reverses voltage VRRM
•
The maximum ambient temperature Tamb
The following inequality must apply in all cases:
T amb + R th ⋅ P < T jMAX
where:
2
P = V TO ⋅ I F ( AV ) + rd ⋅ I F ( RMS )
IF(AV) = maximum average forward current
IF(RMS) = RMS forward current
Rth = thermal resistance (Junction to ambient) for the device and mounting in use
rd = small signal diode resistance
VTO are depending on the special characteristics of the diode.
One important thing to take into account is the peak reverse voltage limit of the Schottky
diode: VRRM = 100 V seems a good compromise with respect to the “ISO 7637-2:2004(E)”
pulse 1 Test levels IV. In case compliance with “ISO 7637-2:2011(E)” pulse 1 Test level IV is
required, VRRM must be ≥ 150 V. The main drawback of this method is the power dissipation
in the Schottky diode in forward direction. Depending on the type of package, the Rth and
the ambient temperature, the maximum affordable power dissipation in the Schottky diode is
typically in the range of 1 W. In consequence the maximum average forward current is
limited to the range of 1 A – 2 A.
The direct diode reverse battery protection can also be replaced with a simple fuse.
However, upon battery inversion this fuse will blow and the module will need to be replaced
or repaired.
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Diode + resistor in GND line
The reverse battery protection is applied to the GND terminal of the driver. This kind of
protection leaves the output power stage in reverse battery condition conductive through its
body diode. The current is limited by the external load. Since no thermal protection works in
reverse condition, special attention must be paid to the total power dissipation in the device.
During the reverse battery event, the peak junction temperature shall remain safely below
the maximum allowed junction temperature (TTSD_max). Considering a voltage drop on the
internal body diode of VF_max = 0.7 V, the resulting power dissipation in the high-side driver
per output channel is PD = 0.7 V * ILOAD. Zthj-a diagrams reported in HSD datasheets
support the user to calculate the maximum affordable load current for a given PCB layout.
Note that the intrinsic diode between MultiSense pin and VCC pin will be forward biased in
reverse battery condition. The current is limited by the external sense resistor. A 1 kΩ sense
resistor will dissipate 250 mW about.
For what concerns the GND path of the device, the integrated VCC - GND clamping
protection, which circuit behaves like a Zener diode will be forward biased in reverse battery
condition. The power dissipation in the GND resistor therefore is determined by
PD = (-VBAT_rev - 0.3 V)² / RGND. A 1 kΩ GND resistor will dissipate 250 mW about.
The following figure provides an overview about the resulting voltage levels on pins in a
typical application schematic during reverse battery condition.
Figure 3. Voltage levels during reverse battery (diode + resistor protection)
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Table 2. Reverse battery-voltages on pins (VND7040AJ)
Pin voltages [V] VND7xxxAJ
Pin voltages [V] microcontroller
VCC
-16
VDD
-0.4
VFR
-9.7
VFR_µC
-0.7
VIN0
-10
VIN0_µC
-0.7
VIN1
-10
VIN1_µC
-0.7
VSEn
-10
VSEn_µC
-0.7
VSEL0
-10
VSEL0_µC
-0.7
VSEL1
-10
VSEL1_µC
-0.7
VCS
-15.3
VCS_µC
-0.7
VOUT0
-15.3
VOUT1
-15.3
VGND
-15.4
GND voltage on device is dropping to the reverse battery voltage plus the forward voltage of
the integrated VCC to GND clamping circuit. Voltage on MultiSense pin is dropping to the
reverse battery voltage plus the forward voltage across the internal ESD protection diode.
The maximum allowed DC output current on MultiSense pin (ISENSE) in reverse battery
conditions is limited to 20 mA. Therefore the Sense Resistor RSENSE must be chosen
accordingly:
R SENSE > ( V BAT_reverse – 0.7V ) ⁄ 0.02A = 765Ω
For generic RSENSE dimensioning rules, please refer to Chapter 7: MultiSense - analogue
current sense .
Due to the clamping voltage of the integrated ESD protection diodes on logic pins
(FaultRST, INx, SELx, SEn) the voltage on those pins is dropping to -10 V about. Therefore a
serial resistor is needed to limit the current and protect the I/O structure on microcontroller
port pins and the high-side driver´s logic pins.
Furthermore the ground network shall ensure the device will work properly when driving
inductive loads and/or is not being damaged when submitted to ISO 7637-2:2011(E) pulse 1
test level IV pulses.
The diode at the GND terminal blocks the current through the forward biased internal
substrate diode of the HSD during reverse battery condition.
A resistor connected in parallel to the diode is recommended in case the device drives a
high inductive load with a demagnetization time longer than tD_STBY (delay time for the
device to reach standby mode after the last logic pin (INx, FaultRST, SEn and SELx) is set
low). The purpose of this resistor is to suppress a negative voltage on the GND pin during
the standby mode if the demagnetization phase is still ongoing. Without this resistor, the low
supply current in standby mode (Isoff = 0.5 µA max at 85 °C) allows the GND pin to be pulled
negative by the demagnetization voltage on the output (~ (VCC - VCLAMP) ~
(13.5 V – 46 V) = -32.5 V) via an internal pull-down resistor (~90 kΩ) on the output (see
Figure 4). If the negative ground shift exceeds the input high level threshold, the device
leaves the standby mode and tends to turn on. The GND pin is immediately pulled high
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(~ 600 mV) by the increased supply current ISON so that the standby mode will be activated
again after tD_STBY. As a result, we could see short negative peaks on the GND pin with
period of tD_STBY during the whole demagnetization phase. These peaks are not long
enough to activate the HSD output, which means the device works safely even without the
GND resistor. However, this resistor is still needed in order to suppress the described
parasitic oscillations (if TDEMAG > tD_STBY).
The ground network can be safely shared amongst several different high-side drivers,
provided they are supplied from the same supply rail. Sharing the ground network is even
possible among different HSDs, when they are supplied from different supply rails. In this
case however, special precautionary measures must be applied (for details refer to
Section 8.3: Paralleling of GND protection network). The presence of the ground network
will produce a shift (~ 600 mV) in the input threshold. This shift will not vary, if more than one
HSD share the same diode/resistor. The diode at the GND terminal allows the high-side
driver to clamp positive ISO pulses above 46 V (the typical clamping voltage of the HSD).
Negative ISO pulses still pass GND and logic terminals. The diode should withstand
clamped ISO currents in case of positive ISO pulses and reverse voltages in case of
negative ISO pulses.
Dimensioning of the GND diode
The most severe positive “ISO 7637-2:2004(E)” pulse we have to consider is test pulse 2a
at level IV (50 V during 50 µs). This voltage is considered on top of the nominal supply
voltage of 13.5 V – so the total voltage is 63.5 V. The M0-7 HSDs have a clamping voltage
VCLAMP = 46 V typical. In case of a typical device the remaining voltage is
63.5 V - 46 V - 0.7 V = 16.8 V. The ISO pulse generator output impedance is 2 Ω. With this
the resulting peak current through the diode is 8.4 A for duration of 50 µs.
The most severe negative “ISO 7637-2:2004(E)” pulse we have to consider is test pulse 1 at
level IV (-100 V at 1 ms). This pulse is directly transferred to the GND pin via the internal
clamping. So, the maximum peak reverse voltage of the diode should be at least 100 V. In
case “ISO 7637-2:2011(E)” pulse 1 test level IV compliance is required, the maximum peak
reverse voltage of the diode should be at least 150 V.
Note:
The Diode will work in avalanche mode if the pulse level is above the rated reverse voltage.
Conclusion:
The dimensioning the GND diode must fulfill the following:
Note:
•
Maximum peak forward current:
8.4 A for 50 µs for ISO 7637-2:2004(E)
•
Maximum reverse voltage:
-100 V for ISO 7637-2:2004(E) resp. -150 V
for ISO 7637-2:2011(E)
As seen from above explanation, the HSD with a diode protection at the GND pin doesn’t
clamp negative ISO pulses on the supply line. Therefore an appropriate serial protection
resistor should be used between microcontroller and HSD (typically 15 kΩ). The resistor
value should be calculated according to the maximum injected current to I/O pin of the used
microcontroller and to the maximum Input sink current of the HSD.
Diode parameters can be lower if an external clamping circuitry is used (e.g. HSD module is
supplied from a protected power supply line).
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Reverse battery protection
Dimensioning of the GND resistor
The GND resistor is recommended in case of a high inductive load. To determine if the
resistor is needed or not, we need to know the demagnetization time (TDEMAG). The resistor
is recommended if TDEMAG is higher than the standby delay time (tD_STBY).
A typical tD_STBY value of 350 µs is considered in this comparison.
TDEMAG can be determined by either measurement (Figure 6, RGND = 4.7 kΩ, Load: Relay
270 mH/ 90 Ω alternatively Bulb on a typical wire harness with 6 µH stray inductance) or
calculation, using Equation 1 and Equation 2.
Figure 4. Negative GND shift (TDEMAG > tD_STBY)
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Equation 1
V DEMAG = V BAT – V CLAMP
Equation 2
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
L
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  -----------------------------------------------
R
V DEMAG


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Figure 5. GND resistor requirements (inductive load)–test setup
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Figure 6. Measurement example (tDEMAG > tD_STBY) without GND resistor
tD_STBY
tDEMAG
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Figure 7. Measurement example (tDEMAG > tD_STBY) with 4.7 kΩ GND resistor
The experimental trials have shown:
•
The operation with high inductivity load (TDEMAG > tD_STBY) is correct even without the
GND resistor (only the diode), knowing that the device GND pin oscillation with period
of tD_STBY may be present (see Figure 6)
•
In all cases, the 10 kΩ resistor was enough to reduce the GND shift below the logic
input activation level (so eliminate the oscillations)
•
The 4.7 kΩ appears to be the best compromise between the GND shift safety and
power dissipation during static reverse battery condition (~50 mW)
The value of the resistor should be low enough to be sure that the negative voltage at the
GND pin is suppressed as much as necessary to keep the device off. This means the VGND
should be kept above -1.3 V.
The minimum resistor value is determined by the maximum DC reverse ground pin current
of the HSD in reverse battery condition:
V BAT ( reverse )
16V
R GND ≥ ------------------------------------------------ = ------------------- = 80Ω
200mA
I GND ( reverse )max
In order to keep the power dissipation on the resistor during reverse battery condition as low
as possible, it is recommended to select the resistor value close to the maximum value
(4.7 k).
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Summary – dimensioning of the resistor
Resistor recommended if:
TDEMAG > tD_STBY
Resistance:
4.7 kΩ (or lower)
Voltage capability:
min. 150 V (ISO 7637:2-2011(E) pulse 1 at level IV)
min. 100 V (ISO 7637:2-2004(E) pulse 1 at level IV)
Power dissipation (reverse battery):
min. 50 mW (4.7 kΩ)
Example with relay coil:
In case of a relay coil connected supposing following conditions:
Load resistance:
RLOAD = 90 Ω
Wiring inductances:
L = 270 mH
Initial current I0:
0.14 A
Applying Equation 2, yields a TDEMAG = 1.0 ms > tD_STBY
Example with resistive load with long wire harness:
In case of a resistive load connected via long wires, supposing following conditions:
Load resistance:
RLOAD = 5 Ω
Wiring inductances:
L = 5µH (in case of very long cabling)
Initial current I0:
2.7 A
Applying Equation 2, yields a TDEMAG = 0.4 µs << tD_STBY_min
Example with short circuit with long wire harness:
In case of a resistive load connected via long wires, supposing following conditions:
Load resistance:
RLOAD = 100 Ω
Wiring inductances:
L = 5 µH (in case of very long cabling)
Initial current I0:
130 A (ILIMH_max - lowest ohmic monolithic HSD
VN7010AJ)
Applying Equation 2, yields a TDEMAG = 18µs << tD_STBY_min
This demagnetization phase lasts very short time in comparison to the standby delay time
so, in case of not highly inductive loads, no GND resistor is needed in parallel to the GND
diode.
2.2.3
N-channel MOSFET in GND line
In comparison to the solutions described in the previous chapters, reverse polarity
protection with MOSFETs offer two main advantages: lower power losses and minimal
voltage drop. Generally the MOSFET´s body diode is oriented in the direction of normal
current flow. When the battery is installed incorrectly, the N-MOS (P-MOS) FET’s gate
voltage is low (high), preventing it from turning ON.
When the battery is properly installed and the portable equipment is powered, the N-MOS
(P-MOS) FET’s gate voltage is taken high (low) and its channel shorts out the diode.
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A voltage drop of RDS(on) × ISON is seen in the ground return path when using the N-MOS
FET. A voltage drop of RDS(on) × ILOAD is seen in the power path when using the PMOS
FET. In the past, the primary disadvantage of these circuits has been the high cost of low
RDS(on), low-threshold voltage FETs. However, advances in semiconductor processing have
resulted in FETs that provide minimal drops in small packages.
The N-channel MOSFET is connected in such a way, that its gate is driven directly by the
battery voltage and its drain is connected to ground. In normal condition it is ON whilst a
reverse battery event switches it OFF (because VGS ≤ 0) and protects the HSD.
In Figure 8 is reported a generic schematic with N-channel MOSFET configuration. In this
case, like for the solution with Diode || Resistor network in the GND line, the HSD´s output
stage body diode is forward biased and therefore is conducting during the reverse battery.
The current is limited by the external load. Since no thermal protection works in reverse
condition, special care must be taken on the total power dissipation in the device. During the
reverse battery event, the peak junction temperature shall remain safely below the
maximum allowed junction temperature (TTSD_max). Considering a voltage drop on the
internal body diode of VF_max = 0.7 V, the resulting power dissipation in the HSD per output
channel is PD = 0.7 V · ILOAD.
Zthj-a diagrams reported in HSD datasheets help the user to calculate the maximum
affordable load current for a given PCB layout.
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Figure 8. Generic schematic and test setup with N-channel MOSFET in GND line
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Table 3. Static reverse battery - voltages on pins
Reverse battery
(VCC = -16 V)
Normal operation
(standby mode)
Normal operation
(out0=on, out1 = off)
Normal operation
(out0=on, out1 = on)
VCC [V]
-15.99
14
13.97
13.95
VGND [V]
-15.37
0
0.000028
0.000042
VG_Q1 [V]
-15.92
13.97
13.95
13.94
IR2 [µA]
-4.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
Table 3 reports the measurement results on VND7020AJ test vehicle: GND voltage on
device is dropping to the reverse battery voltage plus the forward voltage of the integrated
VCC to GND clamping circuit (substrate diode). Voltage on MultiSense pin is dropping to the
reverse battery voltage plus the forward voltage across the internal ESD protection diode.
The maximum allowed DC output current on MultiSense pin (ISENSE) in reverse battery
conditions is limited to 20 mA. Therefore the sense resistor RSENSE must be chosen
accordingly:
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RSENSE > (|VBAT_reverse – 0.7 V|) / 0.02 A = 765 Ω
For generic RSENSE dimensioning rules, please refer to Chapter 7: MultiSense - analogue
current sense .
Due to the clamping voltage of the integrated ESD protection diodes on logic pins
(FaultRST, INx, SELx, SEn) the voltage on those pins is dropping to -10 V about. Therefore a
serial resistor is needed to limit the current and protect the I/O structure on microcontroller
port pins and the high-side driver´s logic pins. The gate voltage of the N-channel MOSFET
is pulled down to the reverse battery voltage, ensuring the MOSFET is fully off. In normal
operation only the leakage current of ZD1 Zener diode is flowing through R2 to GND. In
order to minimize this current even at higher supply voltages, a diode with higher Zener
voltage (i.e. 18 V) might be chosen. The Zener voltage should be anyway always lower than
the maximum rated Gate Source Voltage VGS of the N-channel MOSFET.
The resistor R2 limits the current through the Zener diode at supply voltages higher than the
Zener voltage and limits the charging/discharging current of the gate. In addition the resistor
R2 together with the gate capacitance of the N-channel MOSFET determines the turn-off
time when exposed to fast negative transients or abrupt reverse polarity according to the
LV 124: 2009-10 standard. 15 kΩ as demonstrated by the experiment reported below
appears to be a good compromise between minimizing the charging/discharging current
and ensuring a fast turn-off time.
A capacitor might be placed between Gate and Source of the N-channel MOSFET. The RC
filter composed by R2 and C can be dimensioned to be transparent against the fast negative
pulses ISO 7637-2:2004(E) pulse 1 test level IV, keeping the reverse polarity protection
circuitry switched on. The usage of such capacitor C is not recommended, when the system
must be compliant to ISO 7637-2:2011(E) pulse 1 test level IV. In this case in fact it is
needed that the pulse does not discharge through the HSD and the conducting N-channel
MOSFET as this might be destructive for the HSD.
Figure 9. MOSFET solution in GND – experiment VND7020AJ, ISOpulse 1 (-150V, 90 Ω)
Ibat
MOSFET in avalanche
Vcc capacitor recharging
Figure 9 shows the example of a 100 V/100 mΩ N-channel MOSFET in the schematics, as
for Figure 8, submitted to ISO 7637:2-2011(E) pulse 1 transients. In order to limit the current
in this experiment a 90 Ω generator resistor was chosen. As long as the N-channel
MOSFET is still conducting during the negative pulse, the voltage on VCC pin (VBAT) is
clamped to minus one diode voltage due to the forward biased substrate diode of the HSD.
The N-channel MOSFET is turned off once the GND voltage begins to drop. This happens
within a few microseconds. The first current spike is due to the recharging of the VCC
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capacitor. As soon as the GND voltage drops to -100 V, the N-channel MOSFET starts to
conduct in avalanche until the pulse amplitude drops below its breakdown voltage
BVDSS = 100 V.
The breakdown voltage BVDSS of the N-channel MOSFET either should be higher than the
maximum negative transient peak voltage of ISO 7637:2-2011(E) or the energy capability of
the N-channel MOSFET in avalanche must be high enough to sustain the transient pulse
energy.
Figure 10. Reverse battery test VN7016AJ (13.5 V → -4 V, 82 mΩ, R2 = 15 kΩ) as per
LV 124: 2009-10 standard
R2 = 15k
VCC - GND stress: ~0.1mJ
Figure 10 shows an example of an abrupt reverse battery test changing the polarity of the
battery supply from 13.5 V to -4 V within a few µs. The test setup used a 100 V/100 mΩ
N-channel MOSFET with a gate resistor R2 = 15 kΩ. The total line impedance is measured
with 82 mΩ in line with the requirements of LV 124: 2009-10.
The N-channel MOSFET is able to turn-off within 10 µs about. During this time a relatively
high current will flow through the HSD substrate diode. The total energy dissipated in the
HSD is around 100 µJ, which is withstood by the M0-7 high-side driver family.
2.2.4
P-channel MOSFET in the VCC line
The P-channel MOSFET is connected in such a way that its Gate is connected to GND via a
resistor R2 and its drain to VCC pin, while the source acts as the reverse polarity protected
supply. In Figure 11 is reported a generic schematic with P-channel MOSFET configuration.
Compared to an N-channel MOSFET the device will be turned on by applying a negative
gate source voltage.
It is important to insert the transistor in the right direction, because the P-channel MOSFET
has as well an intrinsic anti parallel body diode which is in forward direction from drain to
source.
By referring the gate signal to the ground line, the device is fully turned on when the battery
is applied in the right polarity.
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Figure 11. Generic schematic and test setup with P-channel MOSFET in VCC line
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As soon as the battery voltage is applied and for the first start up, the body diode of the
MOSFET will conduct, until the channel is switched on in parallel. The Zener diode will
clamp the Gate of the MOSFET to its Zener voltage in case of over voltage on the battery
track. In normal operation only the leakage current of ZD1 Zener Diode is flowing through
R2 to GND. In order to minimize this current even at higher supply voltages, a diode with
higher Zener voltage (i.e. 18 V) might be chosen, however it shall be dimensioned to ensure
the Zener voltage is always safely below the maximum rated gate source voltage VGS of the
P-channel MOSFET.
The resistor R2 limits the current through the Zener diode at supply voltages higher than the
Zener Voltage and limits the charging/discharging current of the gate. In addition the resistor
R2 together with the gate capacitance of the P-channel MOSFET determines the turn-off
time when exposed to fast negative transients or abrupt reverse polarity according to
LV 124: 2009-10 standard. 1 kΩ as demonstrated by the experiment reported below
appears to be a good compromise between minimizing the charging/discharging current
and ensuring a fast turn-off time. Due to the fact, that the P-channel MOSFET will carry also
the load current, it needs to be a lower ohmic component compared to an N-channel
reverse polarity protection MOSFET in the GND line. In consequence it will have a higher
gate capacitance, hence longer turn-off times for identical gate resistance R2.
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Measured values (VND7020AJ)
Table 4. Static reverse battery - voltages on pins
Reverse battery
(VBAT = -16 V)
Normal operation
(standby mode)
Normal operation
(out0 = on, out1 = off)
Normal operation
(out0 = on, out1 = on)
VBAT [V]
-16.02
14.02
14.00
13.98
VCC [V]
0
14.02
13.99
13.97
VG_Q1 [V]
0
0
0
0
IR2 [µA]
0
0
0
0
Table 4 reports the measurement results on VND7020AJ test vehicle, according to the
schematic in Figure 11: VCC voltage on device is completely decoupled from the reverse
battery voltage. No negative voltage is present on MultiSense and on logic pins. By reverse
polarity, the MOSFET will be switched off, because the gate source voltage for this case will
be positive VGS > 0 (voltage drop over the Zener diode) and protects the HSD.
The same reverse polarity protection network can be shared among several HSD connected
to the battery.
A capacitor might be placed between gate and source of the P-channel MOSFET. The RC
filter composed by R2 and C can be dimensioned to be transparent against the fast negative
pulses ISO 7637-2:2004(E) pulse 1 test level IV, keeping the reverse polarity protection
circuitry switched ON. The usage of such capacitor C is not recommended, when the
system must be compliant to ISO 7637-2:2011(E) pulse 1 test level IV. In this case in fact it
is needed that the pulse does not discharge through the HSD and the conducting P-channel
MOSFET as this might be destructive for the HSD.
Figure 12. MOSFET solution in VCC – experiment VND7020AJ, ISOpulse 1
(-100 V, 90 Ω)
R2 = 1k
MOSFET in avalanche
Gate capacitance discharging (~11nF)
Figure 12 shows the example of a 55 V/16 mΩ P-channel MOSFET in the schematics as
per Figure 11 submitted to ISO 7637:2-2004(E) pulse 1 transients. In order to limit the
current in this experiment a 90 Ω generator resistor was chosen. As long as the P-channel
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MOSFET is still conducting during the negative pulse, the voltage on VCC pin (VBAT) is
clamped to minus one diode voltage due to the forward biased substrate diode of the HSD.
The P-channel MOSFET is turned off once the VBAT voltage begins to drop. This happens
within few tens of microseconds about. As soon as the VBAT voltage drops to -55 V, the
P-channel MOSFET starts to conduct in avalanche until the pulse amplitude drops below its
breakdown voltage BVDSS = 55 V.
The breakdown voltage BVDSS of the P-channel MOSFET either should be higher than the
maximum negative transient peak voltage of ISO 7637:2-2011(E) or the energy capability of
the P-channel MOSFET in avalanche must be high enough to sustain the transient pulse
energy.
Figure 13. Reverse battery test according to LV 124:2009-10: VN7016AJ (13.5 V at
-4 V, 82 mΩ, R2 = 1kΩ)
R2 = 1k
VCC - GND stress: ~0.6mJ
Figure 13 shows the example of an abrupt reverse battery test changing the polarity of the
battery supply from 13.5 V to -4 V within a few us. The test setup used a 55 V/16 mΩ
P-channel MOSFET with a gate resistor R2 = 1 kΩ. The total line impedance is measured
with 82 mΩ in line with the requirements of LV 124:2009-10.
The P-channel MOSFET is able to turn-off within 20 µs about. During this time a relatively
high current will flow through the HSD substrate diode. The total energy dissipated in the
HSD is around 600 µJ, which is withstood by the M0-7 HSD family.
2.2.5
Dedicated ST Reverse FET solution
The VN5R003H-E is a device made using STMicroelectronics® VIPower® technology. It is
intended to provide reverse battery protection to an electronic module. This device, which
consists of an N-channel MOSFET and its driver circuit, has two power pins (drain and
source) and a control pin, IN (see Figure 14).
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Figure 14. Reverse polarity protection – reverse FET protection
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Note that a MOSFET has always an intrinsic anti parallel body diode. If the IN voltage
versus drain is negative the device is turned ON. The MOSFET is fully turned on when
applying the battery voltage and the IN pin goes negative versus drain. Due to the fact that
the Source is at high potential, the MOSFET is a high-side switch not referring to ground; a
charge pump circuit is needed to boost the gate voltage over the source voltage to turn the
MOSFET on.
During reverse polarity of the battery, no voltage will supply the gate of the MOSFET which
will automatically switch off. When IN is left open, device is in OFF state and behaves like a
power diode between source and drain pins. The power losses of an N-channel MOSFET
for a reverse battery protection are determined by the RDS(on) of the device and the load
current. The device is able to withstand an abrupt high load current value, typical of an
application where several HSDs are activated simultaneously, and loads like motors or
bulbs can have a transient current above the devices’ DC Current maximum rating. The
diagram reported in Figure 15 gives information about the safe operating area as well as the
maximum pulsed drain current the device is able to manage during normal operation.
The usage of VN5R003H-E for reverse polarity protection is not recommended, when the
system must be compliant to ISO 7637-2:2011(E) pulse 1 test level IV. In this case in fact it
is needed that the pulse does not discharge through the HSD and the conducting
VN5R003H-E device as this might be destructive for the HSD.
The VNR003H-E is robust against “ISO 7637-2 2004 rev E” pulses in the configuration with
IN pin grounded through a resistance R > 5 Ω.
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Figure 15. Maximum current versus duration time of VN5R003H-E
Note:
PCB FR4 area = 58 mm x 58 mm, PCB thickness = 2 mm, Cu thickness = 35 mm, Copper
areas: minimum pad lay-out and 2 cm2.
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3
Protection against battery transients
3.1
Introduction on automotive electrical hazards
The automotive environment is the source of many electrical hazards. These hazards, such
as electromagnetic interference, electrostatic discharges and other electrical disturbances
are generated by various accessories like ignition, relay contacts, alternator, injectors,
SMPS (i.e. HID front lights) and other accessories. Because electronic modules are
sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances (EMI), electrostatic discharges (ESD) and other
electrical disturbances, caution must be taken wherever electronic modules are used in the
automotive environment.
These hazards can occur directly in the wiring harness in case of conducted hazards, or be
applied indirectly to the electronic modules by radiation. These generated hazards can
impact the electronics in two ways - either on the data lines or on the supply rail wires,
depending on the environment.
Several standards have been produced to model the electrical hazards that are currently
found in automobiles. As a result, manufacturers and suppliers have to consider these
standards and have to add protection devices to their modules to fulfill the major obligations
imposed by these standards.
The chapter deals with the robustness of M0-L7 monolithic devices submitted to ISO76372:2004 and ISO7637-2:2011 disturbances on the battery line and mounted in the typical
application scheme.
3.2
Source of hazard on automotive
3.2.1
Conducted hazards
These hazards occur directly in the cable harness. They are generated by inductive loads
like electro-valves, solenoids, alternators, etc.
The schematic in Figure 16 is a typical configuration
Figure 16. Conducted hazards
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These hazards are generated by high current switching like relay contact, high current MOS
or IGBT switches, ignition systems, etc. The electromagnetic field generated by these
circuits directly affects lines or modules near the source of the electromagnetic radiation.
The schematic diagram in Figure 17 indicates how electromagnetic radiation creates such
hazards as electromagnetic interference in electronic modules.
Figure 17. Radiated hazards
3.3
Propagation of electrical hazards on the supply rail
Transients that are generated on the supply rail range mainly concern ISO7637-2 and
ISO10605 standards.
The most energetic transients are those resulting from load-dump and jump start. But all
other hazards may affect the normal operation of electronic modules.
The load-dump is caused by the discharged battery being disconnected from the alternator
while the alternator is generating charging current. This transient can last 400 ms and the
equivalent generator internal resistance is specified as 0.5 Ω minimum to 4 Ω maximum.
According to the ISO 7637-2 standard, the “+100 spikes” are due to supply sudden
interruption of currents in a device connected in parallel with the DUT due to the inductance
of the wiring harness, while the “-150 V spikes” are due to a supply disconnection from
inductive loads.
This chapter deals with voltage transient pulses, detailed on the ISO 7637-2 standard.
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Figure 18. Various surges occurring in the supply rail
3.4
Standard for the protection of automotive electronics
All the hazards indicated above are described by several standards bodies such as the
Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE), the Automotive Electronic Council (AEC) and the
International Standard Organization (ISO).
Since the ISO7637 are the most important automotive standards regarding electrical
hazards transient, this document mainly concerns the cases considering such standard:
Below the electrical characteristics of ISO 7637-2 editions 2004 and 2011;
Table 5. ISO 7637-2: 2004 (E)
ISO
7637-2:
2004(E)
Test
pulse
Test levels
Burst cycle/pulse repetition time
III
IV
Number of
pulses or test
times
1
-75 V
-100 V
5000 pulses
0.5 s
5s
2 ms, 10 Ω
2a
+37 V
+50 V
5000 pulses
0.2 s
5s
50 µs, 2 Ω
3a
-100 V
-150 V
1h
90 ms
100 ms
0.1 µs, 50 Ω
3b
+75 V
+100 V
1h
90 ms
100 ms
0.1 µs, 50 Ω
4
-6 V
-7 V
1 pulses
100 ms, 0.01 Ω
5b
+65 V
+87 V
1 pulses
400 ms, 2 Ω
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Protection against battery transients
Table 6. ISO 7637-2: 2011 (E)
Test
pulse(1)
Selected
test
level(2)
Test pulse severity level,
US(3) (4)
IV
III
I/II
1
-150 V
-112 V
-75
2a
+112 V
+55 V
2b
+10 V
3a
3b
Min. number
of pulses or
test times
Burst cycle/pulse repetition
time
Min.
Max.
500 pulses
0.5 s
(5)
+37
500 pulses
0.2 s
5s
+10 V
+10
10 pulses
0.5 s
5s
-220 V
-165 V
-112
1h
90 ms
100 ms
+150
+112 V
+75
1h
90 ms
100 ms
1. Test pulse as in 5.6 paragraph of ISO 7637-2:2011(E) (see Appendix A: References).
2. Values agreed between vehicle manufacturer and equipment supplier.
3. The amplitudes are the values of US as defined for each test pulse in 5.6 paragraph of ISO 7637-2:2011(E) (see Appendix
A: References).
4. The former levels I and II are revised because they did ensure sufficient immunity in subsequent road vehicles’ design.
5. The maximum pulse repetition time shall be chosen so that it is the minimum time for the DUT to be correctly initialized
before the application of the next pulse and shall be ≥ 0.5 s.
3.5
Basic application schematic to protect a M0-7 standard
monolithic high-side driver
The hardware design techniques used for an application will establish the baseline immunity
performance. The purpose of hardware techniques is to protect the device from
performance degradation or long-term reliability problems.
Below reported, the STM application proposal, for protecting monolithic HSDs under the
common stress event mentioned in the ISO 7637-2 editions 2004 and 2011.
To provide these electronic safeguards, manufacturers typically chose either a diode, or
resistor or capacitor for protecting both data-line and supply rails.
Components used to suppress or control transients, as well as their implementation details,
are described in the next paragraph, providing a basic description of how the most typically
used components are employed in low-cost designs for achieving the desired level of
transient immunity.
Components used to suppress or control transients can be grouped into two main
categories:
•
Components that shunt transient currents (voltage limiters)
•
Components that block transient currents (current limiters)
Note that depending on the rise time (frequency bandwidth) of the transient, a component
may function as either a shunt or a block. For instance, at a slow rise time (low frequency
bandwidth) an inductor will have little impedance (a shunt). At faster rise times (higher
frequency bandwidth), an inductor will have greater impedance (a block). As a result,
transient suppression components must be carefully selected for the optimal operating
conditions. The actual performance of the component in the application will depend on the
frequency-based characteristics of the component and the board layout.
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Resistors
Series resistance between two nodes can provide inexpensive and effective transient
protection blocking or limiting transients with frequency-independent resistance. Resistance
can be used to create low-pass filters and to decouple power domains. Series resistance is
primarily suited to protecting digital or analog signals that carry low currents and can accept
a modest voltage drop (across the series resistance).
Capacitors
Capacitors are used in a variety of transient protection roles. They can be used to filter the
high frequency pulses produced by an ESD event. They also provide switching current to
ICs and serve as energy storage bins that limit voltage variation.
In either role, the capacitor can be used to effectively shunt fast transients of limited energy,
such as ESD. Important characteristics to consider, when selecting capacitors, are the
maximum DC voltage rating, parasitic inductance, parasitic resistance, and over-voltage
failure mechanism.
3.5.1
Components dimensioning
Because the Reverse Battery event, the device needs to be protected by an external diode
plus a resistor network (in case of inductive loads) connected in series to the ground pin. In
this chapter, the ground network is dimensioned referring to the ISO7637-2 edition 2011 test
pulse 1 and 2.
Due to the presence of such protection network, the Negative ISO pulse 1 level IV (-150 V at
1 ms) is directly transferred to the GND pin via the internal clamping. Then, the HSD with a
diode protection at the GND pin does not clamp negative ISO pulses on the supply line.
Moreover the internal parasitic structures of I/O pins, link these pins directly to VBAT and
then to -150 V (see Figure 19). Therefore an appropriate serial protection resistor should be
used between microcontroller and HSD in order to limit the current injected into these pins.
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Figure 19. Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 pulse 1 in a monolithic
HSD and indication of pin voltages
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Besides, since the device input may be driven independently of the microcontroller by a
separate HW, which is supplied directly from battery, it’s mandatory to decouple the signal
coming from the microcontroller to the one coming from the limp home circuitry, in order to
avoid any backward supply of one circuit versus the other one. The decoupling is ensured
by a signal diode, placed in series to the Limp Home path connected to the device input.
Dimensioning of the series resistors on I/O line
The resistor value should be calculated according to the maximum injected current to I/O pin
of the used microcontroller. That value can be assumed about 10 mA so that, the resistors
value should be at least 15 kΩ (150 V/10 mA):
Ri ≥ 15 kΩ
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The basic application schematic has been validated in order to be reliable with the following
stress test, based the ISO7637-2 standard edition 2004 and 2011, in different operative
conditions:
•
ISO n1 (2 msec/10 Ω, 5 K pulses);
–
•
ISO n2a (50 µsec/2 Ω, 5 K pulses);
–
•
Class C must be complied (full operational after each pulse).
ISO n3a (0.1 µsec/50 Ω, 1h);
–
•
Class C must be complied (full operational after each pulse).
Class B must be complied (full operational even during pulses exposure)
ISO n3b (0.1 µsec/50 Ω, 1h);
–
Class B must be complied (full operational even during pulses exposure)
Figure 20. Basic test setup for ISO 7637-2 pulses applied to VND7020AJ
Below reported the operative conditions (given for VND7020AJ):
•
Device in OFF state and output in open load
•
Device in OFF state with OUTs in short circuit to GND
•
Device in ON state (IN0/IN1 high) and output in open load
•
Device in ON state (IN0/IN1 high) driving 3 Ω resistive load on each OUT
•
Device in Limp Home state (IN0/IN1 pulled-up by 2.7 kΩ + Diode to VCC) and output in
OL.
After test exposure device results are given in the Table 7 (here the most severe pulses are
reported):
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Table 7. ISO 7637-2 2004 and 2011 tests and results on monolithic HSDs
TEST PULSE
ISO
7637-2
2004
2011
1
Level III
1
Level IV
2a
Level III
2a
Level IV(1)
3a
Level III
3a
Level IV
3b
Level III
3b
Level IV
Class C
Class C
Class C
Class C
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class C
Class C
Class C
Class C or E
(1)
Class C: full operational after each pulse
Class B: full operational even during pulses exposure
Class E: One or more functions of the device do not perform as designed after exposure to disturbance
and cannot be returned to proper operation without replacing the device
1. The results on pulse ISO7637-2 2011 2a level IV depend mainly on load status and condition (open load, nominal load,
shorted load, resistive load, inductive load, capacitive load). Lower ohmic loads with low inductive contribution help to
increase the sustainable peak voltage for the device reaching Class C compliance. Tests performed on VND7020AJ, for
example, give as result class C in the condition ON state with a resistive load equivalent to the nominal one on each output
(see Figure 20); instead they give class E with Outputs in open load.
Moreover M0-7 Monolithic HSDs pass the load dump clamped pulse test (class C according
to Table 7 criteria) relevant to the standard ISO-7637-2:2004(E) (5b pulse with 40 V
centralized load dump suppressor) as well as the standard ISO 16750-2:2010 (E) (pulse
with 35 V centralized load dump suppressor).
3.6
Component dimensioning for hybrid devices
Differently from monolithic devices, the Hybrids do not need the external reverse battery
protection network since they have an embedded protection formed by an anti-parallel
Zener diode which prevents the signal clamp activation (refer to Figure 5). Moreover the
reverse battery event enables the self turn-on of output channels. For this reason, during the
ISO transients, the parasitic structures of I/O pins are softly triggered with no high current
flowing through them. Nevertheless, as precaution, a serial protection resistance is
suggested between microcontroller and logic pins to limit the current flowing. Hybrid devices
are fully compliant with the tests level specified in the ISO 7637-2: 2004 (see the relevant
table for more details).
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Figure 21. Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 (2004) pulse 1 in Hybrid
HSD and indication of pin voltages
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Anyway, to be compliant with the ISO 7637-2 (edition 2011) test pulse 1 level IV and 2a level
IV, it is recommended to adopt a GND network in order to limit the current flowing through
the internal clamp structure.
Due to the presence of such protection network, the Negative ISO pulse 1 level IV (-150 V
for 2 ms) is transferred to the GND pin via the 20 V (typical clamp voltage). Then, logic pins
could go down to about -130 V (see Figure 22) and this would lead to a triggering of
parasitic structures on Signal pins. Therefore a suitable serial protection resistor between
microcontroller and HSD is mandatory to limit the current flowing through these pins.
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Figure 22. Internal structures involved during application of ISO 7637-2 (2011) pulse 1 in Hybrid
HSD and indication of pin voltages
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Besides, since the device inputs may be driven independently from the microcontroller by a
separate HW (limp home feature), which is supplied directly from battery, it is mandatory to
decouple the signal coming from the microcontroller to the one coming from the Limp home
Circuitry, in order to avoid any backward supply of one circuit versus the other one. The
decoupling is ensured by a signal diode, placed in series to the Limp Home path connected
to the device input as shown in Figure 22.
3.6.1
Dimensioning of the series resistors on I/O line
The resistor value should be calculated according to the maximum injected current to I/O
pins of the used microcontroller. That value can be assumed equal to 10 mA so that, the
resistors value should be at least 13 kΩ (130 V/10 mA); an input series resistor Ri = 15 kΩ
can be considered a reasonable value.
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The recommended application schematic guarantees device operation according to the
below classes standard ISO7637-2 edition 2004 and 2011, as shown in the table below:
•
ISO n1 (2 ms/10 Ω, 5K pulses)
Class C must be complied (full operational after each pulse).
•
ISO n2a (50 µs/2 Ω, 5K pulses)
Class C must be complied (full operational after each pulse).
•
ISO n3a (0.1 µs/50 Ω, 1h)
Class B must be complied (full operational even during pulses exposure)
•
ISO n3b (0.1 µs/50 Ω, 1h)
Class B must be complied (full operational even during pulses exposure)
Figure 23. Basic test setup for ISO 7637-2 (2004) pulses applied to VN7004AH-E
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3.6.2
Dimensioning of the GND network to pass the ISO n.1 and 2a level IV
(2011 edition)
As already mentioned, to pass the ISO n.1 (-150 V) and 2a (112 V) pulses a dedicated GND
network must be used.
The suggested basic solution is represented by a resistance R1 between device GND and
module GND
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Figure 24. Recommended GND network for ISO 7637-2 (2011) level IV
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A second solution with an additional branch in parallel (R2 + low drop diode D) depends on
specific considerations. The Table 8 gives a suggestion according to the Hybrid device type
and to the logic level of Input pin adopted.
The given suggestion, based on some experimental measures, take into account a
minimum high state input voltage on Regulator's side and the maximum voltage drop on
15 kΩ I/O series resistance.
This yields a maximum allowed GND voltage on the device's GND network for 5 V and 3.3 V
system.
Table 8. GND network proposals for Hybrids HSDs
Device/VREG supply voltage
Single/double channels
VN7007AH
VN7004AH-E
VND7012AY
Quad channels VNQ7040AY
5V
Assumption: max allowed GND
Shift: 1.67 V
Only R1: 150 Ω (value for each
driver)
R1 = 270 Ω // (low drop D +
series resistor R2 = 47 Ω) (value
for each driver)
Vz(D) > 150 V
3.3 V
Assumption: max allowed GND
Shift: 0.33 V
Only R1: 33 Ω (value for each
driver)
Only R1 = 18 Ω (value for each
driver)
•
R1 must be chosen taking into account the two following limits:
–
Minimum value is chosen according to the signal clamp structure energy capability
and maximum power dissipation allowed inside the component (the lower is the
resistance value the higher is the Power dissipated during the pulses)
–
Maximum value is chosen to guarantee PowerMOS operation in full RON during
reverse battery and a GND shift that guarantees device properly driven ON even
in the worst case device limits (relevant parameters to be taken into account at
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device level are minimum VIH and maximum IGND(ON), values are both available in
datasheets). Experimental trials have led to fix the below range:
— 47 Ω < R1 < 300 Ω in case of 5 V Input logic level and single or double channel
Hybrid HSD.
— 18 Ω < R1 < 300 Ω in case of 3.3 V Input logic level and quad channel Hybrid
HSD
•
The simple reverse battery network (R1) is not always enough. In case of four channels
Hybrid HSD, a further D+R2 network is required in order to keep the GND pin voltage
drop as little as possible and avoid usage of big space demanding, low ohmic R1
component. R2 must be chosen according to the following limits:
–
Minimum value must limit the current flowing from VCC to GND through the
internal signal clamp structure during the ISO 2a pulse;
–
Maximum value according to maximum GND shift that guarantees device properly
driven ON even in the worst case device limits (relevant parameters to be taken
into account at device level are minimum VIH and maximum IGND(ON), both values
are available in datasheets). Experimental trials have led to suggest the below
range (assuming R1 = 270 Ω and drop Voltage on diode of 0.4 V):
— 18 Ω < R2 < 91 Ω
In Figure 25 a test setup is used in order to measure capability of M0-7 Hybrid device, in this
case the VN7004AH-E, to sustain ISO7637-2: (2011) pulses.
Figure 25. Basic Test setup for ISO 7637-2 (2011) pulses applied to VN7004AH-E
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Operative conditions (given for VN7004AH-E) are reported below:
•
Device in OFF state and output in open load
•
Device in OFF state with OUTs in short circuit to GND
•
Device in ON state (IN0/IN1 high) and output in open load
•
Device in ON state (IN0/IN1 high) driving 1.3 Ω resistive load on each OUT
•
Device in Limp Home state (IN0/IN1 pulled-up by 2.7 K + Diode to VCC) and output in
OL.
Results are reported in Table 9:
Table 9. ISO 7637-2 levels and results for Hybrid HSDs
ISO
7637-2
Test pulse
1 Level III
1 Level IV 2a Level III
2a Level IV
3a Level III 3a Level IV 3b Level III
3b Level IV
2004
Class C
Class C
Class C
Class C
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
2011
Class C
Class C or
E(1)
Class C
Class C or
E(2)
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class B
Class C: full operational after each pulse
Class B: full operational even during pulses exposure
Class E: One or more functions of the device do not perform as designed after exposure to disturbance
and cannot be returned to proper operation without replacing the device
1. By adding a series resistance (47 Ω) on GND pin, the device is able to pass level IV of ISO 7637-2 (2011) N 1 edition 2011.
2. Device is not able to pass the level IV of ISO 7637-2: 2011 in off-state with open-load condition.
In off-state condition with a minimum series resistance on the GND pin, the device is able to pass level ISO 1 and 2a, level
IV of ISO 7637-2: 2011.
Moreover M0-7 Hybrid HSDs pass the load dump clamped pulse test (class C according to
Table 7 criteria) relevant to the standard ISO-7637-2:2004(E) (5b pulse with 40 V
centralized load dump suppressor) as well as the standard ISO 16750-2:2010 (E) (pulse
with 35 V centralized load dump suppressor).
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4
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Usage/handling of fault reset and standby
On top of M0-5 Enhanced HSDs functions and protections, in the new M0-7 devices
additional features have been implemented:
•
•
Latch-off functionality:
–
FaultRST pin = high:
The drivers will latch-off in case of power limitation or thermal shutdown. In order
to unlatch the channel(s), a low level pulse on FaultRST pin is required for
minimum duration of tLATCH_RST. This time ensure the device clears the latch only
if required and not accidentally.
–
FaultRST pin = low or left open:
The drivers will behave like M0-5Enhanced devices (autorestart in case of power
limitation or thermal shutdown).
Standby mode (all generic input pins: INx, SEn, SELx, FaultRST low or open):
A permanent low level on FaultRST pin, SEn pin, SELx pin and all INx pins disables all
outputs and sets the devices in standby mode after elapse of standby mode blanking
time tD_STBY (open load diagnostic in off-state is disabled). Current consumption in this
state is ISTBY. The device reverts to active mode (normal operation) as soon as at least
one of the generic inputs is set high.
FaultRST pin and Latch-off functionality are not present on specific device classes of the
M0-7 standard HSD family:
Table 10. M0-7 HSD devices not featuring latch-off functionality and FaultRST pin
Octapak
SO-8
VN7004AH-E
VN7040AS
VN7007AH
VN7050AS
VN7140AS
Devices listed in Table 10 operate in auto restart mode in case of power limitation or thermal
shutdown.
4.1
Latch-off functionality
The latch-off functionality is available when the FaultRST pin (logic input) is set high. This
pin is common for all device channels.
In case an overload occurs, the related channel is automatically latched-off at the first
intervention of either power limitation or thermal shutdown. The latch condition is indicated
by VSENSEH level on the related multi sense pin. Please refer to the truth tables to identify
the conditions to detect a latched channel through the VSENSEH level on the related multi
sense pin.
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Table 11. Truth table
Mode
Conditions
INX
FR
SEn
SELx
OUTx
MultiSense
Comments
Standby
All logic inputs
low
L
L
L
L
L
Hi-Z
Low quiescent
current consumption
L
X
Normal
Nominal load
connected:
Tj < TTSD
and
ΔTj < ΔTj_SD
H
L
H
H
H
L
Overload
Undervoltage
OFF-state
diagnostics
Negative output
voltage
L
Refer to Table 12
H
Overload or
short to GND
causing:
Tj > TTSD
and
ΔTj > ΔTj_SD
L
X
H
L
H
H
H
L
VCC < VUSD
(falling)
X
X
Short to VCC
L
X
Open-load
L
X
Inductive loads
turn-off
L
X
Refer to Table 12
X
X
Refer to
Table 12
Outputs configured
for auto-restart
Outputs configured
for latch-off
Refer to
Table 12
Output cycles with
temperature
hysteresis
Outputs latch-off
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
Re-start when
VCC > VUSD
+ VUSD hyst (rising)
Refer to
Table 12
External pull-up
L
L
H
Refer to Table 12
H
<0 V
Table 12. MultiSense multiplexer addressing for a dual channel device
MultiSense output
SEn
SEL1 SEL0 MUXchannel
Normal mode
Overload
OFF-state diag.
Negative
output
L
X
X
Hi-Z
H
L
L
Channel 0
diagnostic
ISENSE = 1/K * IOUT0 VSENSE = VSENSEH
VSENSE = VSENSEH
0
H
L
H
Channel 1
diagnostic
ISENSE = 1/K * IOUT1 VSENSE = VSENSEH
VSENSE = VSENSEH
0
H
H
L
TCHIP sense
VSENSE = VSENSE_TC
H
H
H
VCC sense
VSENSE = VSENSE_VCC
As indicated in Table 12 the VSENSEH failure flag is present on MultiSense pin of a latched
channel x, if the following conditions are met:
Note:
•
MultiSense is enabled (SEn = High)
•
The channel x is driven on through its input (INx = High)
•
The multiplexed MultiSense is mapped to channel x through appropriate SELx pin
settings
Off-state diagnostic is provided on the MultiSense, if INx = Low.
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All latched channels can be restarted by setting the FaultRST pin low for a duration
corresponding to the maximum tLATCH_RST (this parameter is given in the datasheet)
A graphical explanation of the latch-off functionality can be seen in Figure 26, Figure 27 and
Figure 28:
Figure 26. Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (Tjunction << TTSD)
Figure 27. Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (TR < Tjunction < TTSD)
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Figure 28. Latch functionality - behavior in hard short circuit condition (autorestart mode and
latch-off)
4.2
Standby mode
The standby mode is available when the FaultRST pin, SEn pin, SELx pin and all INx pins
are set low or open and kept in this condition for a duration corresponding to the maximum
tD_STBY. This time, tD_STBY, has been introduced in order to avoid entering the standby
condition in case all generic input pins are low during a commutation, so no accidental
standby can occur (see Figure 29). In standby condition the supply current drops down to
0.5 µA (max at 85 °C).
As soon as the device enters the standby mode, all diagnostic latches are reset. This is also
caused by the fact that the FaultRST pin is set low for a time tD_STBY > tLATCH_RST.
The device exits the standby condition as soon as anyone of FaultRST pin, SEn pin, SELx
pin or one of the INx pins is set high.
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Figure 29. Standby mode activation
The device leaves the Standby mode when any of the above mentioned pins is set high (see
Figure 30).
Figure 30. Standby state diagram
Normal Operation
{
t > t D_STBY
INx = Low
AND
FaultRST = Low
AND
SEn = Low
AND
SELx = Low
INx = High
OR
FaultRST = High
OR
SEn = High
OR
SELx = High
Stand-by Mode
4.3
Flexible blanking time (fault reset management)
On one hand the use of the latch-off functionality provides significant benefits to the
application in terms of safety and reliability due to the very fast reaction and protection
against hazardous conditions induced by heavy overload or short circuit events. On the
other hand it requires from the user a proper selection of the suitable high-side driver for a
given load, in example through load compatibility studies (refer to Chapter 6: Load
compatibility). Concretely, the latch-off functionality might interfere with the load, in case it
has an inrush characteristic as for example an incandescent bulb, a DC motor or a
capacitive load. The transient current, which typically has the highest peak at low ambient
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temperature and high battery voltage, may trigger the power limitation, leading to latch-off of
the HSD. In consequence the load will not be turned on. Even though the device could be
restarted again by toggling FaultRST pin low for a time longer than tLATCH_RST, so that all
latches are reset, the latch will occur again as long as the device is maintained in latch-off
mode.
A possible way to overcome this issue is managing the FaultRST pin in such a way that the
latch-off functionality is blanked out for a time longer than the time of the inrush of the bulb.
The following figure is giving an example, on how the correct turn-on of an incandescent
bulb is ensured by means of a 20 ms blanking pulse on FaultRST pin. Despite the device
toggles in Power Limitation for approximately 10 ms, the load is correctly activated with
negligible delay.
Figure 31. FR handling example - bulb inrush blanking (VNQ7140AJ)
Zoom 10x
GAPG1122131113MS
Even more, the FaultRST pin can be managed as a global system pin, connecting this pin of
several high-side drivers in parallel to a specific microcontroller I/O port (refer to example in
Figure 32 and Section 8.1: Paralleling of logic input pins for advice on how to parallel pins).
This signal is always kept high, means all connected devices are configured in latch-off
mode, except
•
For a periodical “unlatch” pulse for duration longer than tLATCH_RST max, once per
diagnostic period. This “unlatch” pulse aims at restarting all latched channels, which
are supposed to be restarted, i.e. when the debouncing strategy for short circuit
detection is not yet elapsed.
•
For a blanking pulse (FaultRST low for i.e. 10 ms) generated at every activation of any
channel.
Figure 33 illustrates the described FaultRST pin handling concept.
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Figure 32. Common FaultRST pin handling example – basic schematic (without
decoupling components)
GAPG1122131114MS
Figure 33. FaultRST pin handling concept
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A practical example shall further clarify the concept. A quad channel device is used in the
following conditions:
•
OUT0: bulb (start-up)
•
OUT1: floating
•
OUT2: short to GND (permanent on)
•
OUT3: floating
Channel 0 is switched on. Channel 1-3 are permanently on. The MultiSense multiplexer is
switched every 10 ms in order to monitor sequentially the current sense information on
channels 0-3, the TCASE temperature information and the VCC local supply voltage
information. Consequently it takes 60ms to sample once each diagnostic source. On the
FaultRST pin a 20 µs “unlatch” pulse is forced once per diagnostic period and 10 ms
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blanking pulse is imposed synchronously with the rising edge on IN0. During bulb inrush
Channel 0 operates in power limitation for a few ms.
Vcc
Ch3
Tchip
Ch2
Ch1
Ch0
Vcc
Ch3
Tchip
Ch2
Ch1
Vcc
Ch0
Ch3
Tchip
Ch2
Ch1
Ch0
Figure 34. FaultRST pin handling example - overview
GAPG1122131129MS
While Figure 34 shows an overview about the sequence of periodical unlatch pulses and the
blanking pulse on FaultRST pin over several diagnostic periods, Figure 35 provides the
detail of one diagnostic period. CurrentSense on channel 0 rises to VSENSEH failure flag as
soon as the channel enters in power limitation. Thanks to the blanking pulse the channel is
able to turn on the bulb correctly in autorestart mode. CurrentSense on channel 1 and
channel 3 report open load failures. CurrentSense on channel 2 indicates the channel is
latched-off due to a power limitation or overtemperature event.
Figure 36 shows the effect of the regular “unlatch” pulse on the shorted channel 2, as long
as its input is kept high. After elapse of tLATCH_RST the channel is turning on into the short
circuit and latching off again as soon as ΔTj_SD dynamic temperature threshold (power
limitation) is reached. This fast device intervention protects the device and the system,
including connectors and wire harness, from short circuit stress induced degradation. For
details regarding device endurance in short circuit conditions, refer to the relevant AECQ100-012 characterization reports.
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Figure 35. FaultRST pin handling example – detail of diagnostic period
GAPG1122131130MS
Figure 36. FaultRST pin handling example – detail of unlatch pulse (Ch. 2)
1 PWM Cycle after unlatch pulse ( permanent short to GND)
GAPG1122131131MS
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5
Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
For diagnostic of M0-7 devices one analog monitoring output signal is used. It is capable to
provide current sense signal reflecting channel output current or digital failure flag in off
state signaling open load (provided by the presence of an external pull-up resistor) or short
to VCC diagnostic. Information about device temperature or VCC voltage can be also
selected. Signal output is controlled by SEn pin (enable/disable MultiSense output signal)
and a set of SEL pins (used for diagnostic signal selection). The number of control pins
depends on implementation and number of channels applied on device.
5.1
Classification of M0-7 HSDs
As preamble of this chapter, we can consider the M0-7 high-side drivers as belonging to two
main groups:
•
Monolithic HSDs: one chip is present inside the package
•
Hybrid HSDs: two chips are present inside the package, one acting as power stage and
the other one acting as drive, control and protection stage.
The main difference between the two categories from an application standpoint is that the
Hybrid HSDs have an additional integrated protection against the reverse battery event
(please refer to Chapter 2: Reverse battery protection).
In Table 13 the current M0-7 set of high-side drivers according to the above classification is
presented. The assembly package to which the final suffix in the part number is referring to
is indicated as well.
Table 13. Classification of M0-7 HSDs
Typical RON
1 channel
2 channels
4 mΩ
VN7004AH-E(1)
VND7004AY(1)
7 mΩ
VN7007AH(1)
10 mΩ
VN7010AJ(2)
4 channels
VND7012AY(1)
12 mΩ
16 mΩ
VN7016AJ(2)
20 mΩ
VN7020AJ(2)
VND7020AJ(2)
VND7030AJ(2)
30 mΩ
40 mΩ
VN7040AJ
VN7040AS(2)
VND7040AJ(2)
VNQ7040AY(1)
50 mΩ
VN7050AJ
VN7050AS(2)
VND7050AJ(2)
VNQ7050AJ(2)
140 mΩ
VN7140AJ
VN7140AS(2)
VND70140AJ(2)
VNQ7140AJ(2)
1. Hybrid HSD.
2. Monolithic HSD.
Note:
Final suffix: J = PowerSS0-16; H = OctaPAK; S = SO-8; Y = PowerSSO-36.
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5.2
UM1922
SEL pins truth table (device dependant)
There are defined two main categories:
•
Full logic implementation - provide output current sense, VCC and TCHIP sensing
•
Reduced logic implementation - only current sense of output(s)
Complete encoding and its mapping to devices can be found in the following tables
(different colors show mapping between device and SEL pins used)
Table 14. Full logic implementation
SEL2
SEL1
SEL0
SEn
MultiSense output signal
Quad channel control signals
Double channel control signals
Single channel control signals
X
X
X
L
L
L
L
H
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
Current Sense Ch0
Current Sense Ch0
Current Sense Ch1
Current Sense Ch1
Current Sense
L
L
H
H
L
H
L
H
TCHIP Sense
TCHIP Sense
Current Sense Ch2
L
H
H
H
VCC Sense
VCC Sense
Current Sense Ch3
H
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
L
H
H
VCC Sense
H
H
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
H
VCC Sense
Only quad channel
devices have SEL2
Devices list
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VND7004AY
VN7010AJ
VND7012AY
VN7016AJ
VND7020AJ
VN7020AJ
VND7030AJ
VN7040AJ
VND7040AJ
VN7050AJ
VND7050AJ
VN7140AJ
VND7140AJ
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VNQ7040AY
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
Table 15. Reduced logic implementation (only current sense signal, no TCHIP, no VCC)
SEL1
SEL0
SEn
MultiSense output signal
Quad channel control signals
Single channel control signal
X
X
L
High Z
High Z
L
L
H
Current Sense
Current Sense Ch0
L
H
H
—
Current Sense Ch1
H
L
H
—
Current Sense Ch2
H
H
H
—
Current Sense Ch3
Devices list
VN7004AH-E
Only quad channel device has
SEL0, SEL1
VNQ7050AJ
VN7007AH
VN7040AS
VN7050AS
VN7140AS
5.3
Connection of SEL pins with control logic (Microcontroller)
SEL pins are usually driven by microcontroller in order to select MultiSense output signal
(for diagnostic purposes). In order to save microcontroller pins, multiple devices SEL pins
can be driven in parallel, sharing the same Microcontroller pins. To protect devices and
Microcontroller from disturbances or possible damage, there are valid recommendations for
paralleling of SEL pins (for details, see Chapter 11: Usage in “H-Bridge” configurations).
The following examples show possible combinations and influence to a hardware
connection scheme.
Example 1
•
VN7020AJ + VND7020AJ + VNQ7140AJ
•
Common power supply, common GND network
•
Common SEn, SEL0...2 (separate MultiSense)
All three devices are designed in monolithic technology. Devices have different number of
SEL pins. In order to use only one protection resistor on the side of microcontroller, there
must be used common VBAT power supply as well as the same ground protection network
(fulfilling conditions for paralleling SELn on monolithic devices). Each HSD’s MultiSense
output is mapped to separate A/D input.
Additional A/D channel is used for measurement of GND protection network offset. While
MultiSense is switched to voltage mode (VBAT or TCASE), output level is referred to device
ground (not to global GND).
To adjust measured MultiSense value of VBAT or TCASE, GND offset measured value can be
used accordingly:
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
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VBAT or TCHIP corrected value = VSENSE – VGND
Figure 37. Monolithic devices, common power supply rails, separate MultiSense
VBAT
100nF/50V
100nF /50V
100nF /50V
Common bus for SEn, SEL0..2
V DD
U1
U2
U3
VCC
V DD
GPIO
GPIO
FaultRST
15k
SEn
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
15k
SEL2
GPIO
GPIO
IN1
SEL0
SEn
SEL1
SEL0
OUT0
IN2
IN3
SEL1
OUT1
OUT1
Multisense
INx control
. .. ..
IN0
OUT0
GND
Multisense
RSEN SE
GND
SEn
RSENSE
15k
GPIO
IN0
OUT0
SEn
15k
GPIO
FaultRST
IN1
FaultRST
control
15k
GPIO
VCC
IN0
VC C
FaultRST
OUT2
SEL 0
SEL 1
15k
A/D 1
SEL 2
OUT3
15k
A/D 2
15k
A/D 3
Multisense
15k
A/D 4
GND
GND offset measurement
R SENSE
GND
470pF
470 pF
470 pF
470pF
RPROT
4k7
DGND
Truth table shows signals mapping.
Table 16. Truth table for monolithic devices, separate MultiSense
SEL2
SEL1
SEL0
SEn
A/D 1
MultiSense U1
VN7020AJ
A/D 2
MultiSense U2
VND7020AJ
A/D 3
MultiSense U3
VNQ7140AJ
X
X
X
L
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
L
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch0
Current Sense Ch0
Current Sense Ch1
Current Sense Ch1
Current Sense
L
L
H
H
L
H
L
H
TCHIP Sense
TCHIP Sense
Current Sense Ch2
L
H
H
H
VCC Sense
VCC Sense
Current Sense Ch3
H
L
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
Current Sense(1)
TCHIP
VCC
Current Sense
Ch0(1)
Current Sense Ch1(1)
Sense(1)
Sense(1)
TCHIP
VCC
Sense(1)
Sense(1)
TCHIP Sense
VCC Sense
TCHIP Sense
VCC Sense
1. SEL2 not applicable - output according SEL1, SEL0 and SEn.
Example 2
•
VN7020AJ + VND7020AJ + VNQ7140AJ
•
Common power supply, common GND network
•
Common MultiSense (separate SEn control)
The same HSDs are used like in Example 1, but different topology is used - separate SEn,
common MultiSense signal. This option uses only one A/D channel for all HSDs.
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
On the other hand, a decreased number of analogue channels increases the number of
control signals - separate SEn Pins control. In total, pin count is the same as in Example 1.
The same strategy as GND offset measurement is used in this example.
Improper configuration on SEn_1...2 outputs causes no valid VSENSE result (multiple
MultiSense outputs can be activated - applied into common RSENSE).
Figure 38. Monolithic devices, common power supply rails, common MultiSense
V BAT
100 nF/50V
100nF/50V
100nF/50V
Common bus for SEL0..2
V DD
U1
V DD
GPIO
FaultRST
15k
SEn_3
15k
SEn_2
15k
SEn_1
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
15k
SEL2
GPIO
GPIO
GPIO
GPIO
GPIO
IN1
OUT0
OUT0
SEn
SEL0
SEn
SEL1
SEL0
OUT0
IN2
IN3
SEL1
Multisense
VCC
IN0
OUT1
OUT1
GND
Multisense
100..470pF
. ... .
FaultRST
IN1
15k
GPIO
U3
VCC
IN0
GND
SEn
INx control
GPIO
IN0
FaultRST
control
15k
U2
FaultRST
VCC
100..470pF
OUT2
SEL0
SEL1
15k
SEL2
OUT3
GPIO
15k
A/D 1
Multisense
15k
GND
GND offset measurement
A/D 2
100..470pF
GND
RSENSE
470pF
470pF
RPROT
4k7
DGND
Truth table shows signals mapping.
Table 17. Truth table for monolithic devices, common MultiSense
SEL2
SEL1
SEL0
A/D (MultiSense)
X
X
X
L
L
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
H
H
L
L
H
L
H
L
L
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
L
L
VCC Sense
L
L
L
H
L
Current Sense Ch0
L
H
L
H
L
Current Sense Ch1
H
L
L
H
L
TCHIP Sense
H
H
L
H
L
VCC Sense
Current Sense
N/A
N/A
DocID028098 Rev 1
MultiSense
U1
VN7020AJ
Hi-Z
MultiSense
U2
VND7020AJ
SEn_U1 SEn_U2 SEn_U3
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
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Table 17. Truth table for monolithic devices, common MultiSense (continued)
SEL1
SEL0
SEn_U1 SEn_U2 SEn_U3
A/D (MultiSense)
L
L
L
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch0
L
L
H
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch1
L
H
L
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch2
L
H
H
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch3
H
L
L
L
L
H
Hi-Z
H
L
H
L
L
H
Hi-Z
H
H
L
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
L
L
H
VCC Sense
x
x
x
Other combinations of SEn
MultiSense
U3
VNQ7140AJ
SEL2
Hazard states
Example 3
•
VN7020AJ + VND7020AJ + VNQ7140AJ
•
Separate power supply lines, common GND network
•
Common MultiSense (Separate SEn control)
Topology of control part (SEn, SEL0...2) is similar to Example 2. The main difference consists
of using separate power supply lines on HSDs. Due to this fact, recommendations of
paralleling SEL signals are implemented as well as MultiSense input (described in
Chapter 8: Paralleling of devices ):
•
MultiSense monitor is using diode in series to on MultiSense outputs
•
Each HSD control signal is using own protection resistor
Figure 39. Monolithic devices, separate power supply rails, common MultiSense
V BAT 1
VBAT 2
100 nF/50V
100nF /50V
100nF /50V
Common bus for SEL0..2
V DD
U1
15k
VDD
15k
SEn _3
GPIO
U2
15k
FaultRST
IN0
VC C
15k
GPIO
GPIO
GPIO
SEn _1
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
15k
OUT0
SEn
15k
SEL1
15k
15k
OUT0
15k
SEn
IN0
IN1
IN2
OUT0
IN3
SEL0
SEL1
GND
OUT1
OUT1
Multisense
GND
INx cont rol
... ..
VCC
15k
100..470pF
GPIO
FaultRST
Multisense
FaultRST
control
GPIO
15k
IN0
15k
SEL0
U3
15k
IN1
SEL2
GPIO
VCC
15k
SEn _2
GPIO
FaultRST
15k
SEn
OUT2
15k
100..470 pF
15k
15k
SEL0
SEL1
SEL2
GPIO
OUT3
15k
A/D 1
Multisense
15k
A/D 2
GND
GND
GND offset measurement
100 ..470pF
A/D 3
15k
RSENSE
470pF
470pF
470 pF
RPR OT
4k7
DGND
RPR OT
4k7
Signals mapping truth table is the same as in Example 2.
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Usage and handling of MultiSense SEL pin
Example 4
•
VN7004AH-E + VND7020AJ
•
Separate power supply lines
•
Common control pins (SEn), separate MultiSense
Depicted is a combination of hybrid and monolithic HSDs. In order to use common control
signals for both HSDs, protection resistor is used for each device separately (see Chapter 8:
Paralleling of devices , paralleling monolithic and hybrid HSDs). Additional A/D is used for
GND shift offset compensation of TCHIP and VBAT signals.
Figure 40. Monolithic and hybrid device, separate power supply rails, separate
MultiSense
VBAT 1
VBAT 2
100nF /50V
100 nF/50V
Common bus for SEn, SEL0..1
VDD
U1
15k
VDD
GPIO
GPIO
15k
SEn
GPIO
FaultRST
U2
VCC
15k
15k
IN0
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
SEn
FaultRST
VC C
IN0
IN1
OUT0
OUT0
15k
15k
FaultRST
control
.. .. .
GPIO
15k
Multisense
INx control
GPIO
SEn
SEL 0
SEL 1
GND
OUT1
Multisense
GND
R SENSE
RSEN SE
GPIO
15k
A/D 1
15k
A/D 2
15k
A/D 3
GND offset measurement
470 pF
GND
470pF
RPR OT
4k7
470pF
DGND
Truth table shows signals mapping.
Table 18. Truth table monolithic + hybrid, separate MultiSense
SEL1
SEL0
SEn
A/D 1
MultiSense U1
VN7004AH-E
A/D 2
MultiSense U2
VND7020AJ
X
X
L
Hi-Z
Hi-Z
L
L
H
L
H
H
Current Sense Ch0
Current Sense Ch1
Current Sense
H
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
VCC Sense
Example 5
•
VN7004AH-E + VNQ7040AY
•
Separate power supply lines
•
Separate SEn control pins (common MultiSense)
Because of both hybrid HSDs share common MultiSense and different power supply lines
are used on each HSD, serial protection diode is used on each device MultiSense output.
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Figure 41. Hybrid devices, separate power supply rails, common MultiSense
V BAT 1
VBAT 2
100 nF/50V
100 nF/50V
SEL0..2
V DD
U1
V DD
GPIO
GPIO
SEn _2
15k
SEn _1
15k
FaultRST
VC C
15k
IN0
SEn
OUT0
SEL2
GPIO
GPIO
15k
LEDx control
15k
OUT0
IN2
15k
Multisense
LED 0
GND
FaultRST
control
15k
OUT1
LED 1
100..470pF
15k
.. ...
INx control
GPIO
IN0
IN3
GPIO
GPIO
VCC
IN1
15k
SEL1
GPIO
FaultRST
15k
SEL0
GPIO
U2
15k
SEn
OUT2
15k
15k
15k
GPIO
SEL 0
SEL 1
SEL 2
OUT3
15k
A/ D 1
Multisense
GND
GND
470 pF
RSENSE
100 ..470pF
Truth table shows signals mapping.
Table 19. Truth table hybrid devices separate supply rails, common MultiSense
SEL2
SEL1
SEL0
SEn_U1
SEn_U2
A/D (MultiSense)
X
X
X
L
L
Hi-Z
H
L
Current Sense
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L
L
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch0
L
L
H
L
H
Current Sense Ch1
L
H
L
L
H
Current Sense Ch2
L
H
H
L
H
Current Sense Ch3
H
L
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
L
H
L
H
VCC Sense
H
H
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
L
H
VCC Sense
X
X
X
H
H
DocID028098 Rev 1
MultiSense
U1
VN7004AH-E
Hazard states
MultiSense
U2
VNQ7040AY
N/A
UM1922
Load compatibility
6
Load compatibility
6.1
Bulbs
This chapter is intended to suggest drivers that can be used for typical automotive bulb
loads or typical combinations of bulbs. A major consideration when driving bulbs is the
inrush current generated when starting up a cold filament.
A properly selected driver should allow the safe turn on of the bulb without any restrictions
under normal conditions. Under worst case conditions the driver should still be able to turn
on the bulb even if some protection of the driver may be triggered temporarily. However, the
drivers´ long term integrity should not be jeopardized. Typical combinations of bulbs and
M0-7 devices (RON classes), are shown in the following Table 20.
Table 20. Typical bulb loads for given M0-7 RON class
Device RDSON class [mΩ]
Suggested bulb types and combinations in the given 1.,
2. and 3. conditions
4
2 x H1 (2 x 55 W)
2 x H4 (2 x 55 W/60 W)
2 x H7 (2 x 55 W)
2 x H9 (2 x 65 W)
7
H1 (55 W)
H4 (55 W/60 W)
H7 (55 W)
H9 (65 W)
10
H1 (55 W)
H4 (55 W/60 W)
H7 (55 W)
H9 (65 W)
12
3 x P27 W + R5 W
H1 (55 W)
H4 (55 W/60 W)
H7 (55 W)
H9 (65W)
16
H1 (55 W)
H4 (55 W/60 W)
H7 (55 W)
H9 (65 W)
20
2 x P21 W
2 x P27 W
2 x P21 W + R5 W
2 x P27 W + R5 W
30
2 x P21 W + R5 W
2 x P27 W
40
P21 W + R5 W
P27 W + R5 W
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Table 20. Typical bulb loads for given M0-7 RON class (continued)
Suggested bulb types and combinations in the given 1.,
2. and 3. conditions
Device RDSON class [mΩ]
50
P21 W
P27 W(1)
140
2 x R5 W
R10 W(2)
1. Condition 3. applied to VNQ7050AJ is fulfilled with TCASE = 90 °C
2. Condition 3. applied to VNQ7140AJ is fulfilled with TCASE = 95 °C
Simulation example – VN7016AJ with H4 bulb (60 W)
A simulation is performed in order to verify if the driver is able to turn on the bulb and
matches the requirements under the defined conditions – see 1.: Normal condition, 2.: Cold
condition and 3.: Hot condition below. The tool used for this simulation is based on
Matlab/Simulink.
Figure 42. Principle of the setup used for the simulation
GAPG1122131140MS
1.
66/196
Normal condition
–
VBAT:
13.5 V
–
TCASE:
25 °C
–
TBULB:
25 °C
–
Requirement:
none of the protection functions must be triggered.
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 43. Simulation result–normal condition
GAPG1122131141MS
2.
Cold condition
–
VBAT:
16 V
–
TCASE:
25 °C
–
TBULB:
25 °C
–
Requirement:
power limitation allowed for durations of less than 20 ms
(autorestart mode considered).
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Figure 44. Simulation result–cold condition
GAPG1122131142MS
3.
Hot condition
–
VBAT:
16 V
–
TCASE:
105 °C
–
TBULB:
25 °C
–
Requirement:
thermal shutdown is allowed for a duration below 20 ms
(autorestart mode considered).
Figure 45. Simulation result–hot condition
GAPG1122131143MS
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Load compatibility
Conclusion
The device is able to turn-on a H4 bulb (60 W) under specified conditions 1.: Normal
condition, 2.: Cold condition and 3.: Hot condition without triggering the device protection
functions (Power Limitation, Thermal shutdown).
Note:
The mentioned simulation example only refers to the inrush current at turn-on of a cold bulb.
Still the steady state power dissipation and, in case of PWM is applied, the additional
switching losses of the driver have to be considered in order not to exceed the maximum.
possible power dissipation. This obviously becomes more important with a larger number of
channels per package (i.e. dual or quad channel drivers) and high power loads applied to
more than one channel. In case the application requires latch mode configuration of the
HSD, in order to avoid unwanted turning off of the bulb during the inrush phase it is
suggested to implement a proper software strategy, in order to set up a blanking time
whenever the inrush of the bulb occurs. Blanking time length depends on environmental
conditions, bulb type and device type.
6.2
Power loss calculations
The power loss calculation is an important step during the application design as it is a basis
for further thermal considerations and PCB design.
This chapter is intended to provide guidelines for calculation and estimation of power
dissipation in the device in combination with different kind of loads (resistive, inductive,
capacitive etc.) and with different modes of operation (steady state, PWM).
All next evaluations are focused on power losses in the power MOSFET of the device. The
power dissipation of other parts (control logic, charge pump) is in most cases negligible. If
needed, it can be calculated from the device supply current (IS) and supply voltage value
(VCC):
Device control part power dissipation [W]:
P CTRL = V CC ⋅ I GND ( ON )
Example 1: For VND7020AJ
Figure 46. Control stage current consumption in ON state, all channels on driving
nominal load - datasheet value)
IGND(ON)
Control stage current
consumption in ON
state. All channels
active.
VCC = 13 V; VSEn = 5 V;
VFR = VSEL0,1 = 0 V;
VIN0 = 5 V; VIN1 = 5 V;
IOUT0 = 3 A; IOUT1 = 3 A
—
—
12
mA
P CTRL = V CC ⋅ I GND ( ON ) = 13V ⋅ 12mA = 156mW
The next description is divided into 2 sub-chapters:
•
Conduction losses: steady-state losses (during the ON state)
•
Switching losses: losses during switching phases
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Load compatibility
6.2.1
UM1922
Conduction losses
The conduction losses are given by the power dissipation of the MOSFET switch due to the
ON state resistance (RON).
ON state power dissipation [W]:
2
P ON = R ON ⋅ I OUT
ON state energy loss [J]:
W RON = P ON ⋅ t ON
where tON = ON state duration
Example 2: For VND7020AJ
Figure 47. Steady state condition, datasheet values IOUT = 3 A, RON at 150 ºC = 44 mΩ
IOUT = 3 A; Tj = 25 °C
RON
ON-state resistance
22
IOUT = 3 A; Tj = 150 °C
44
IOUT = 3 A; VCC = 4 V;
Tj = 25 °C
30
2
P ON = R ON ⋅ I OUT = 44mΩ ⋅ 3A
2
mΩ
= 396mW
The RON parameter depends mainly on temperature (see measurement on Figure 48). This
should be taken into account during the calculations.
In most cases, it is not necessary to consider the dependency on VCC or IOUT. The RON is
almost independent of VCC down to ~4 V (see Figure 49) and almost independent of IOUT
for a Drain Source voltage range above the output voltage drop limitation (given in the
datasheet as VON = 20 mV typical - see Figure 49).
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Load compatibility
Figure 48. RON dependency on temperature (measured on a VND7140AJ sample)
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DocID028098 Rev 1
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195
Load compatibility
UM1922
Figure 50. RON dependency on IOUT (measured on a VND7140AJ sample)
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The calculation of conduction losses in PWM mode is based on similar consideration as in
case of steady state losses (focusing on RON, IOUT, ton), however it is important to consider
right PWM on time (corrected with the turn-on/off switching delays and switching times) and
right current in on state (for instance in case of bulb it depends on actual duty cycle):
Corrected duty cycle [-]:
t dON – t dOFF – t WON
D COR = D – -------------------------------------------------------t period
where:
t IN_high
D = ------------------- [-]
t period
Duty cycle applied on input pin
t dON
--------------- [s]
t dOFF
Turn on/off delay time
t won [s]
Turn on switching time
ON state power dissipation [W]
2
P ON = R ON ⋅ I OUT ( ON )
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Note:
Load compatibility
In case of bulb, the load current in on state depends on actual duty cycle.
Average power dissipation: [W]:
P AVG = P ON ⋅ D COR
6.2.2
Switching losses
The switching losses are important especially in PWM operation. Compared to conduction
losses, the calculation depends on many factors like the load characteristic (resistive,
capacitive or inductive), device characteristics (switching times) and environmental
conditions (ambient, temperature, battery voltage).
The switching shapes of M0-7 devices are optimized to fulfill the EMC requirements with
minimum switching losses. Moreover, the turn-on and turn-off shapes are symmetrical to
ensure minimum duty cycle error.
Switching losses-resistive loads, bulbs
This sub chapter deals with all kind of loads with resistive character (such as bulbs, heating
elements etc.). The inductivity of wire harness is neglected (< 5 µH considered). The next
calculations are simplified assuming constant resistance of the load. However, it is
applicable also for non-linear resistive loads (bulbs) driven in PWM mode. The PWM
frequency is usually high enough (>50 Hz) to minimize the filament temperature (resistance)
variation over the PWM period so it behaves like constant resistor.
The instantaneous power dissipation in the switch during the switching phase is equal to
drain to source voltage (VDS) multiplied by the output (load) current (IOUT). With given
switching shapes and resistive load, the instantaneous power dissipation can be
approximated by triangular waveform (see yellow area on Figure 51).
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Figure 51. Switching and conduction losses (resistive loads)
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Considering resistive load, the maximum instantaneous power dissipation occurs at half of
the nominal output voltage and half of the nominal load current. It is the point where the
switch resistance matches the load resistance (maximum power transfer theorem,
impedance matching).
Peak power dissipation [W]:
2
V BAT
V OUT I OUT V BAT V BAT
P MAX = --------------- ⋅ ------------- ≈ -------------- ⋅ -------------- = -------------2
2
2
2⋅R
4⋅R
Turn-on (Turn-off) energy loss [J]:
2
1 V BAT
W ON = W OFF = --- ⋅ -------------- ⋅ t WON
6
R
Note:
( t WON = t WOFF )
Linear shape of the switching phase and symmetrical turn-on/off shapes considered
Same calculations are applicable also on the bulb in PWM mode. If the PWM frequency is
high enough (> 50 Hz) the filament temperature (resistance) variation over the PWM period
is negligible so it behaves like constant resistor.
Note:
74/196
Typical and maximum switching losses on nominal resistive loads are specified in the
datasheet with parameters WON and WOFF (considering VCC = 13 V, -40 °C < Tj < 150 °C).
The switching losses vary with battery voltage. If we suppose constant switching times at
varying the battery voltage, this yields:
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
P LOADatVBAT2
WONatVBAT2 = W ONatVBAT1 ⋅ --------------------------------------P LOADatVBAT1
P LOADatVBAT2
W OFFatVBAT2 = W OFFatVBAT1 ⋅ --------------------------------------P LOADatVBAT1
Experimental measurements on M0-7 HSDs have highlighted that switching times are
slightly decreasing with increasing VCC so the above formulas are approximated.
Calculation example: VND7040AJ
•
Load:
4.5 Ω resistor
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
tWON, tWOFF:
60 µs → this parameter is not explicitly specified in the datasheet.
The value can be obtained by the measurement (this case) or estimated from dVOUT/dt
datasheet parameter
•
Requirement:
driver must not run into thermal shutdown
Peak power dissipation [W]:
2
2
V BAT
16V
P MAX = -------------- = --------------------- = 14.2W
4⋅R
4 ⋅ 4.5Ω
Turn-on/Turn-off energy loss [J]:
2
1 16V
W ON = W OFF = --- ⋅ -------------- = 60μs = 569μJ
6 4.5Ω
Switching losses measurement–comparison with calculation
The switching losses in the HSD are measured by an oscilloscope with mathematical
functions. The first function F1 shows the actual power dissipation on the HSD
(VBAT - VOUT) * IOUT, the second function F4 shows the HSD energy (integral of F1).
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Figure 52. Example of switching losses on VND7040AJ with 4.5Ω resistive load
As seen from the measurement, in this case the switching shapes are not absolutely
symmetrical so the turn-off loss is slightly higher (531 µJ turn-off versus 417 µJ turn-on).
Measured values are slightly below the calculated value (569 µJ).
Another measurement example shows switching shapes and losses of VNQ7040AY on
channel 0 configured in bulb mode, VBAT = 16 V, Temperature = 25 ºC, resistive load 5.2Ω:
76/196
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Load compatibility
Figure 53. Example of switching losses on VNQ7040AY with 5.2 Ω resistive load
Switching losses - LED clusters
The switching losses evaluation in combination with LED loads is a much more complex
task compared with resistive loads. Since there are many different types of the LED string, it
is almost impossible to cover all cases with one general calculation formula (like in case of
resistive loads). Exact calculation is problematic even for specific LED load (with known
behavior) due to its non-linear V/A characteristic (see examples in the next figures).
Therefore, it is usually more efficient to do the estimation only or switching losses
measurement as shown in this chapter.
Figure 54. LED cluster example 1–LED test board (6 x 3 LEDs OSRAM LA E67-4)
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Figure 55. LED cluster example 2–tail & brake light (VW Passat B6)
The first example shows a simple LED cluster with serial-parallel combination of LEDs and
resistors. In the second example there is a schematic and V/A characteristic measured on a
real LED lamp (VW Passat B6). As seen on schematic, on top of the serial-parallel
LED/resistor strings there is a reverse battery protection diode, ESD capacitor on input
terminal and “dummy load” circuitry with bipolar transistors. This circuitry is used to adapt
the LED string behavior (V/A characteristic) according to diagnostic requirements (open
load in on-state, open load in off-state).
Example 1: Switching losses–measurement
The following example shows the switching losses measurement on VND7140AJ with LED
cluster example 1 (LED test board - 6 x 3 LEDs OSRAM LA E67-4) using an oscilloscope
with mathematical functions. The first function F1 shows the actual power dissipation on the
HSD (VBAT - VOUT) * IOUT, the second function F4 shows the HSD energy (integral of F1).
Conditions:
78/196
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
PWM:
200 Hz, 70 %
•
Load:
test board with 6 x 3 LED OSRAM LA E67-4 (see Figure 54)
•
Device:
VND7140AJ
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 56. Slew rate and switching losses (VND7140AJ, LED test board)
VBAT
0.55W
0.6W
VOUT
6.9μJ
IOUT
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
8.5μJ
GAPG1127130951MS
Measured losses: WON ~ 6.9 µJ, WOFF ~ 8.5 µJ
Contribution to total average power dissipation:
W ON + W OFF
6.9μJ + 8.5μJ
P SW = ------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------- = 3.1mW
1
T PWM
-----------------200Hz
Example 2: Switching losses – measurement
This example shows the switching losses measurement on VND7140AJ with LED cluster
example 2 (VW Passat B6–tail & brake light) using an oscilloscope with mathematical
functions. The first function F1 shows the actual power dissipation on the HSD
(VBAT - VOUT) * IOUT, the second function F4 shows the HSD energy (integral of F1).
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
PWM:
200 Hz, 70 %
•
Load:
VW Passat B6 – Tail & Brake (see Figure 55)
•
Device:
VND7140AJ
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Figure 57. Slew rate and switching losses (VND7140AJ, VW Passat B6–tail & brake)
VBAT
2.1W
VOUT
IOUT
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
26μJ
1.1W
17μJ
GAPG1127130952MS
Measured losses: WON ~ 26 µJ, WOFF ~ 17 µJ
Contribution to total average power dissipation:
W ON + W OFF
26μJ + 17μJ
P SW = ------------------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 8.6mW
1
T PWM
-----------------200Hz
Switching losses - inductive loads
A typical characteristic of inductive loads is the tendency to maintain the direction and value
of the actual current flow. Applying nominal voltage on inactive load (turn-on), it takes a
certain time (depending on time constant τ = L/R) to reach nominal current. Removing the
voltage source from the active load (turn-off), the load inductance tends to continue to drive
the current via any available path (i.e. clamp of the HSD) by reversing its voltage (acts as a
source) until the stored energy (EL=1/2 L I02) is dissipated. Time needed to dissipate this
energy is called demagnetization time (TDEMAG). This time is strongly dependent on the
voltage across the load (VDEMAG) at which the demagnetization is performed (higher
|VDEMAG| → shorter TDEMAG). A typical VDEMAG for M0-7 devices is equal to VCC – 46 V.
V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
L
Corresponding TDEMAG can be calculated as T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln ---------------------------------------------R
V DEMAG
(neglecting the turn-off switching time of the HSD) where L = load inductance; R = load
resistance and I0 = load current at the beginning of turn-off event.
From these considerations it is obvious that instant power dissipation and switching losses
in the HSD are usually higher at turn-off phase. Since the HSD output behavior
(voltage/current waveforms) depends on several factors (mainly on the ratio between the
demagnetization time and turn-off switching time tWOFF), the next analysis of switching
losses is divided into the following parts:
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•
Low inductance (TDEMAG < tWOFF)
•
High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF)
•
High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF) with external freewheeling diode
–
Steady state operation (single turn-on / turn-off)
–
PWM operation
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Low inductance (TDEMAG < tWOFF)
If the load inductance is relatively low (so the stored energy is dissipated within the HSD
turn-off time tWOFF), the output voltage decays down to 0 (or slightly in negative) without the
activation of the output clamp (see Figure 58).
Figure 58. Switching losses with low inductance
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In this case, the switching losses can be roughly estimated from equivalent losses with pure
resistive load (see calculation in previous chapter). Since the output current is delayed from
the output voltage, the losses at turn-on phase (WON) will be lower, while the losses at turnoff phase (WOFF) will be higher (up to factor of 5) in comparison with pure resistive load.
This factor was found experimentally in condition when the demagnetization time (TDEMAG)
is matching with turn-off switching time (tWOFF).
Measurement example – Low inductance (TDEMAG < tWOFF)
This measurement example compares the switching losses in the VND7040AJ with two
different loads – pure resistive 13.5 Ω and 60 µH at 13.5 Ω.
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
PWM:
200 Hz, 70 %
•
Load:
13.5 Ω; 60 µH at 13.5 Ω (calculated TDEMAG = 1.9 µs)
•
Device:
VND7040AJ
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Figure 59. Low inductance (TDEMAG << tWOFF) – measurement example
VBAT
VND7040AJ at 13.5Ω
VOUT
139μJ
IOUT
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
157μJ
VND7040AJ at 60μH / 13.5Ω
204μJ
116μJ
GAPG1127130954MS
Measured losses (pure resistive 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 139 µJ, WOFF ~ 157 µJ
Measured losses (60 µH at 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 116 µJ, WOFF ~ 204 µJ
WON ratio (60 µH versus pure resistive): 116 / 139 = 0.83x
WOFF ratio (60 µH versus pure resistive): 204 / 157 = 1.30x
High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF)
If the load inductance is relatively high (so the time needed for the load demagnetization is
much higher than the HSD turn-off time tWOFF), the output voltage at turn-off phase is forced
negative so the load current continues via the HSD output clamp (see Figure 60).
82/196
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UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 60. Switching losses with high inductance
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The above example explains a single turn-on / turn-off event. This means that zero load
current is considered at the beginning of turn-on phase and nominal load current is
considered at the beginning of turn-off phase.
Assuming TDEMAG >> tWOFF, the switching losses can be calculated as follows:
Turn-on energy loss [J]:
W ON ≈ 0
Turn-off energy loss [J]:
V DEMAG + V BAT
V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R

W OFF = ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ L ⋅  R ⋅ I 0 – V DEMAG ⋅ ln ----------------------------------------------
2
V DEMAG


R
(Losses during transition phases tWON and tWOFF neglected)
Calculation example (single turn-on / off event):
•
Load:
20 mH at 13.5 Ω
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
VDEMAG:
-30 V (VBAT – 46)
•
I0:
1.185 A (VBAT / 13.5 Ω)
V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
L
0.02
– 30 + 1.185 ⋅ 13.5
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln ---------------------------------------------- = ----------- ⋅ ln -------------------------------------------------- = 633μs
R
13.5
V DEMAG
– 30
WON ≈ 0 (TDEMAG >> TWON → 633 µs >> ~60 µs → condition fulfilled)
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V DEMAG + V BAT
V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R

W OFF = ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ L ⋅  R ⋅ I 0 – V DEMAG ⋅ ln ---------------------------------------------- =
2
V DEMAG


R
– 30 + 16
– 30 + 1.185 ⋅ 13.5
= ------------------------- ⋅ 0.02 ⋅  13.5 ⋅ 1.185 – – 30 ⋅ ln -------------------------------------------------- = 16mJ


2
– 30
13.5
Measurement example, comparison with calculation – high inductance
(TDEMAG > tWOFF)
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
20 mH at 13.5 Ω
•
Device:
VND7040AJ
Figure 61. High inductance (TDEMAG >> tWOFF) – measurement example
VBAT
VOUT
VND7040AJ at 20mH / 13.5Ω
13.63mJ
42W
IOUT
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
650μs
GAPG1127130956MS
Measured TDEMAG: 6500 µs (633 µs calculated)
Measured WON: 11 µJ (0 estimated)
Measured WOFF: 13.63 mJ (16 mJ calculated)
Measured losses (pure resistive 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 139 µJ, WOFF ~ 157 µJ
WON ratio (20 mH versus pure resistive): 11/139 = 0.08x
WOFF ratio (20 mH versus pure resistive): 13630/157 = 86.8x
The measured values correspond to theoretical assumptions and calculations:
High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF) with external freewheeling diode
An external clamping circuitry (i.e. freewheeling diode) is usually used to protect the HSD in
case the demagnetization energy is exceeding the energy capability of a given HSD. By
using a standard freewheeling diode, the demagnetization voltage is reduced from –32 V (a
typical VDEMAG of M0-7 device at VBAT = 14 V) to approximately –1 V (depending on
forward voltage of the diode - see Figure 62). This has an influence to the demagnetization
time (lowering |VDEMAG| → increasing TDEMAG), as can be derived from the TDEMAG
equation.
84/196
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Figure 62. Switching losses with high inductance and external freewheeling (single event)
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The above example explains a single turn-on / turn-off event. This means that zero load
current is considered at the beginning of turn-on phase and nominal load current is
considered at the beginning of turn-off phase.
Assuming TDEMAG >> tWOFF, the switching losses can be estimated as follows:
Turn-on energy loss [J]: WON ~ 0
Turn-off energy loss [J]: WOFF 3x higher versus pure resistive load
Note:
The factor 3 is the result of experiment (see Table 21 and Table 22)
In PWM operation (or at turn-on with a small delay after the last turn-off) there is a possibility
that the turn-on event comes before the end of the demagnetization phase (if the PWM offstate time is shorter that the load demagnetization time: (TDEMAG > TPWM_OFF). This means
that turn-on phase is starting while the current is still forced via the freewheeling diode. This
makes the turn-on switching loss significant if compared with the case of zero starting
current. As a rough estimation a ~3x higher value can be considered versus equivalent
resistive load. This way of the operation is frequently used on purpose – i.e. for the load
current regulation by PWM duty cycle (see Figure 63).
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Figure 63. Switching losses – high inductance + ext. freewheeling (PWM operation)
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Assuming TDEMAG >> TPWM_OFF, the switching losses can be estimated as follows:
VBAT: 16 V
Temperature: 23 °C
Turn-on energy loss [J]: WON ~3x higher versus equivalent resistive load
Turn-off energy loss [J]: WOFF ~3x higher versus equivalent resistive load
Note:
The factor 3 is the result of experiment (see Table 21 and Table 22)
Measurement example 1 – high inductance with external freewheeling (single
event)
Conditions:
86/196
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
20 mH at 13.5 Ω
•
External freewheeling diode:
STPS2H100
•
Device:
VND7040AJ
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 64. High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF): measurement example 1
VBAT
VND7040AJ at 20mH / 13.5Ω
(external freewheeling)
VOUT
18W
IOUT
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
533μJ
GAPG1127130959MS
Measured losses (20 mH at 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 11 µJ, WOFF ~ 533 µJ
Measured losses (pure resistive 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 139 µJ, WOFF ~ 157 µJ
WON ratio (20 mH versus pure resistive): 11 / 139 = 0.08x
WOFF ratio (20 mH versus pure resistive): 533 / 157 = 3.39x
The measured values confirm that the turn-on switching loss is negligible (zero starting
current) while the turn-off switching loss is ~3x higher in comparison with pure resistive load.
Measurement example 2 – High inductance with external freewheeling (single
event)
Conditions
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
1 mH at 2 Ω
•
External freewheeling diode:
STPS2H100
•
Device:
VN7004AH-E
Figure 65. Figure 62: High inductance (TDEMAG > tWOFF) – measurement example 2
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Measured losses (1 mH at 2 Ω): WON ~ 0.04 mJ, WOFF ~ 1.75 mJ
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Measurement example 3 – High inductance with external freewheeling (PWM
operation)
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
20 mH at 13.5 Ω
•
External freewheeling diode: STPS2H100
•
Device:
VND7040AJ
•
PWM:
80 % at 500 Hz
Figure 66. High inductance (TDEMAG > TPWM_OFF) – measurement example
VND7040AJ at 20mH / 13.5Ω
(external freewheeling)
16W
13W
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
463μJ
307μJ
GAPG1127131000MS
Measured losses (20 mH at 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 307 µJ (IOUT ~ 1 A)
WOFF ~ 463 µJ (IOUT ~ 1.2 A)
Measured losses (resistive 13.5 Ω): WON ~ 139 µJ (IOUT = 1.2 A)
WOFF ~ 157 µJ (IOUT = 1.2 A)
WON ratio (20 mH versus resistive equivalent): 307/(139 * 12/1.22) = 3.18x
WOFF ratio (20 mH versus resistive equivalent): 463/157 = 2.95x
88/196
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Load compatibility
The measured values confirm that the turn-on and turn-off losses are ~3x higher in
comparison with equivalent resistive load.
Measurement example 4 – High inductance with external freewheeling (PWM
operation)
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
1 mH at 2 Ω
•
External freewheeling diode: STPS2H100
•
Device:
VN7004AH-E
•
PWM:
80 % at 500 Hz
Figure 67. High inductance (TDEMAG > TPWM_OFF) – measurement example 4
Measured losses (1 mH at 2 Ω): WON ~ 0.44 mJ, WOFF ~ 1.69 mJ
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Measurement example – switching losses versus L (VND7040AJ)
In order to get a better idea about the switching losses dependency on the value of the
inductance, a comparative measurement with different load inductances was performed on
VND7040AJ. The summary of this measurement is shown in the tables below. The Table 21
describes the steady state operation (single turn-on / off event), with or without an external
freewheeling diode. For each load inductance, there is a measurement of switching losses
and switching times (time between 10-90 % of nominal VOUT considered). All switching
losses are compared versus the resistive load. In the last column there is a calculation of
demagnetization time (considering VDEMAG = -28 V).
VBAT = 16 V Single turn-on (ILOAD = 0), single turn-off (ILOAD = nominal = 1.2 A)
Table 21. VND7040AJ measurement of switching losses versus L in steady state
Load
WON
WOFF
WOFF
(with external
freewheeling)
tOFF
[µs]
tON [µs]
10-90% 90-10%
of VOUT of VOUT
TDEMAG
(calculated)
(at -28 V)
[µs]
L [µH]
R [Ω]
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
1.5
13.5
139
1.00 x
157
1.00 x
157
1.00 x
35
39
0.0
15
13.5
130
0.94 x
173
1.10 x
173
1.10 x
35
38
0.5
60
13.5
116
0.83 x
204
1.30 x
204
1.30 x
35
38
1.9
300
13.5
69
0.50 x
382
2.43 x
321
2.04 x
34
35
9.5
1 000
13.5
54
0.39 x
785
5.00 x
438
2.79 x
33
36
32
3 500
13.5
52
0.37 x
2 370
15.1 x
492
3.13 x
31
36
111
5 400
13.5
50
0.36 x
3 470
22.1 x
487
3.10 x
31
36
171
20 000
13.5
11
0.08 x
13 630
86.82 x
533
3.39 x
30
36
633
The Table 22 describes the PWM operation with high duty cycle (shortest possible PWM offtime adjusted to have complete turn-off / on phase). The measurement was done with
external freewheeling only (Schottky diode). In the last column there is a calculation of
demagnetization time (considering VDEMAG = -0.6 V).
VBAT = 16 V PWM 94 % at 500 Hz (120 µs off-time) → shortest possible for complete turnoff/on phase
Table 22. VND7040AJ measurement of switching losses versus L in PWM mode (with external
freewheeling)
WON
(with external
freewheeling)
Load
WOFF
(with external
freewheeling)
tON [µs]
tOFF [µs]
TDEMAG
(calculated)
L [µH]
R [Ω]
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
(10-90% of
VOUT)
(90-10% of
VOUT)
(at -0.6V) [µs]
1.5
13.5
139
1.00
157
1.00
35
39
0.0
15
13.5
130
0.94
173
1.10
35
38
4
60
13.5
118
0.85
205
1.31
35
38
15
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Table 22. VND7040AJ measurement of switching losses versus L in PWM mode (with external
freewheeling) (continued)
WON
(with external
freewheeling)
Load
WOFF
(with external
freewheeling)
tON [µs]
tOFF [µs]
TDEMAG
(calculated)
L [µH]
R [Ω]
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
[µJ]
Ratio vs
res. load
(10-90% of
VOUT)
(90-10% of
VOUT)
(at -0.6V) [µs]
300
13.5
65
0.47
315
2.01
34
37
74
1 000
13.5
162
1.17
450
2.87
33
38
246
3 500
13.5
302
2.17
490
3.12
32
37
861
5 400
13.5
360
2.59
505
3.22
31
36
1328
20 000
13.5
398
2.86
490
3.12
31
35
4919
Note:
Used inductors: 1.5 µH ÷ 5.4 mH: Air coil (1.5 mm2 cable)
20 mH: Iron powder core inductor (ISAT ~ 3 A)
The coil resistance compensated by adding a serial resistor to reach 13.5 Ω in total.
Switching losses - capacitive loads
This chapter deals with the switching losses in combination with capacitive loads. A typical
application example is the usage of the HSD as a supply voltage switch for other modules
(see Figure 68).
Figure 68. A typical example of HSD combined with capacitive load
VBAT
M0-7 - HSD
Supplied module (s)
Clamp
VDS
IOUT
Switchable supply line
OUT
ESR
RGND
VOUT
R
C
DGND
A capacitive character of the load creates an inrush current during turn-on phase,
depending mainly on the load capacitance, switching time and the load resistance (i.e.
capacitor ESR). A typical requirement for the HSD in such applications is ability to handle
the worst case inrush current without activation of the protection mechanisms (power
limitation or thermal shutdown) to ensure correct operation of connected load (module).
Since there are several variables and conditions depending on application, there is no
calculation provided in this chapter.
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The following measurement was performed on several different parts (RDSON classes) in
order to determine the turn-on switching loss, slew rate and maximum possible capacitance
which don’t trigger the device protection. The devices were loaded by an electrolytic
capacitor (or parallel combination of capacitors) and 10 kΩ resistor (for the discharge).
Conditions:
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Device/Load (10 kΩ pull down resistor connected in parallel for discharge)
–
VND7140AJ, Ch.0:
10 µF
22 µF
32 µF (10+22)
44 µF (22+22)
76 µF (22+22+22+10)
88 µF (22+22+22+22)
–
VND7040AJ, Ch.0:
100 µF
220 µF
320 µF (100+220)
440 µF (220+220)
660 µF (220+220+220)
–
VND7020AJ, Ch.0:
220 µF
440 µF (220+220)
1220 µF (1000+220)
1440 µF (1000+220+220)
2200 µF
3200 µF (2200+1000)
–
VN7016AJ
220 µF
440 µF (220+220)
1000 µF
2200 µF
2640 µF (2200+220+220)
3200 µF (2200+1000)
–
VN7004AH-E
220 µF
440 µF (220+220)
2200 µF
3200 µF (2200+1000)
4700 µF
5700 µF (4700+1000)
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•
Used capacitors:
Electrolytic – aluminum
–
1 µF / 50V, ESR = 1.7 Ω
–
10 µF / 25V, ESR = 1 Ω
–
22 µF / 25V, ESR = 0.7 Ω
–
100 µF / 50V, ESR = 0.17 Ω
–
220 µF / 35V, ESR = 0.14 Ω
–
1000 µF / 35V, ESR = 0.03 Ω
–
2200 µF / 25 V, ESR = 0.035 Ω
–
4700 µF / 35 V, ESR = 0.020 Ω
Experimental results done on a sample of each mentioned device have highlighted that no
protection is triggered for value of capacitance below the ones indicated in Table 23.
Figure 69. Measurement example - VND7040AJ on 320µF
GAPG1127131002MS
Table 23. Maximum capacitance on the HSD output (no power limitation triggered - Tjstart ~ 25 °C)
Part number
Experimentally
determined maximum
capacitance [µF]
Turn-on loss
[mJ]
Slew rate
(dVOUT/dt)
[V/µs]
Max. capacitance [µF]
(safety margin applied)
VND7140AJ
76 (22+22+22+10)
6.05
0.11
47
VND7040AJ
320 (100+220)
19.9
0.084
220
VND7020AJ
1220 (1000+220)
44.7
0.039
820
VN7016AJ
2200
80
0.031
1500
VN7004AH-E
4700
357
0.008
3300
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Switching losses - Xenon
Since there are several different types of the Xenon modules/Lamps, there is probably no
general way for the switching losses calculation or estimation. Aim of this chapter is to show
one example related to a measurement with specific Xenon module and Xenon lamp.
In most cases, there are two inrush currents phases. The first peak comes during the HSD
activation (charging of the input capacitor of the module) and the second peak after the
ignition of the Xenon bulb. Therefore, in terms of switching losses, the xenon module
behaves like a capacitive load (the first inrush current peak). When the input capacitor is
charged (VOUT reaches nominal current) the input current falls down (usually almost zero)
until the ignition starts (usually after a few ms delay). This second inrush phase is not
contributing to the turn-on switching loss since the HSD is already turned–on. The losses
during HSD deactivation are usually negligible due to the capacitive character of the load.
Switching losses – measurement example
•
VBAT:
16 V
•
Temperature:
23 °C
•
Load:
•
–
Xenon lamp: Phillips D2S 35 W
–
Ballast: Hella 5DV 008 290-00
Device:
VN7016AJ
Figure 70. Xenon load - slew rate, switching losses (VN7016AJ)
Turn-off after
60s on-time
ZOOM
GAPG1127131003MS
Measured values:
WON ~ 3.1 mJ (dVOUT/dt)ON = 0.8*16 V/44 µs = 0.29 V/µs
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WOFF ~ 0 mJ (dVOUT/dt)OFF = 0.8*16 V/251 µs = 0.051 V/µs
During the HSD channel activation the xenon module behaves like capacitive load
(waveforms / losses equivalent to ~47 µF capacitor). When the input capacitor is charged
(VOUT = nominal) the input current falls to ~0 until the convertor starts (~1.5 ms delay).
The losses during HSD deactivation are below the measurement resolution (capacitive
character of the load).
6.3
Inductive loads
Switching inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, motors etc. can generate transient
voltages of many times the steady-state value. For example, turning off a 12 volt relay coil
can easily create a negative spike of several hundred volts. The M0-7 high-side drivers are
well designed to drive such kind of loads, in most cases without any external protection.
Nevertheless there are physical limits for each component that have to be respected in
order to decide if an external protection is necessary or not.
As a feature of the M0-7 drivers it can be highlighted that a relatively high output voltage
clamping leads to a fast demagnetization of the inductive load.
The aim of this chapter is to have a simple guide on how to check the conditions during
demagnetization, how to select a proper HSD (and the external clamping if necessary)
according to the given load.
6.3.1
Turn-on
When a HSD turns on an inductive load the current is increasing with a time constant given
by L/R values, so the nominal load current is not reached immediately. This fact should be
considered in diagnostics software (i.e. to avoid false open-load detection).
Figure 71. HSD turn-on phase with inductive load
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Figure 72. Turn-on example: VND7140AJ with inductive load (L = 260 mH, R = 81 Ω)
GAPG1127131005MS
6.3.2
Turn-off
The HSD turn-off phase with inductive load is explained in Figure 73. The inductance
reverses the output voltage in order to be able to continue driving the current in the same
direction. This voltage (so called demagnetization voltage) is limited to the value given by
the clamping voltage of the HSD and the battery voltage:
Equation 3
V DEMAG = V BAT – V CLAMP = 13V – 46V (typical)
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Figure 73. Inductive load–HSD turn-off phase
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The load current decays exponentially (linearly if R → 0) and reaches zero when all energy
stored in the inductor is dissipated in the HSD and the load resistance.
Since the HSD output clamp is related to the VBAT pin, the energy absorbed by the HSD
grows with increasing battery voltage (the battery is in series with the high-side switch and
load so the energy contribution of the battery is increasing with the battery voltage).
6.3.3
Calculation of dissipated energy
The energy dissipated in the high-side driver is given by the integral of the actual power on
the MOSFET through the demagnetization time:
T DEMAG
E HSD =
0
V CLAMP ⋅ i OUT ( t ) dt
To integrate the above formula we need to know the current response iOUT(t) and the
demagnetization time TDEMAG. The IOUT(t) can be obtained from the well-known formula of
R/L circuit current response using the initial current I0 and the final current VDEMAG/R
considering iOUT ≥ 0 condition (see Figure 73):
–t ⋅ R
-------------
V DEMAG 
L
i OUT ( t ) = I 0 –  I 0 + --------------------------- ⋅  1 – e



R


( 0 < t < T DEMAG → i OUT ≥ 0 )
Putting i(t) = 0 we can calculate the demagnetization time:
Equation 4
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
L
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  -----------------------------------------------
R
V DEMAG


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Equation 5
I0
lim R → 0 T DEMAG = L ⋅ -----------------------V DEMAG
(simplified for R → 0 )
Substituting the TDEMAG and iOUT(t) by the formulas above we can calculate the energy
dissipated in the HSD:
T DEMAG
E HSD =
0
V CLAMP ⋅ i OUT ( t ) dt =
T DEMAG
0
( V BAT + V DEMAG ) ⋅ i OUT ( t ) dt
then
Equation 6
V BAT + V DEMAG
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
E HSD = ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ L ⋅ R ⋅ I0 – V DEMAG ⋅ ln  -----------------------------------------------
2
V DEMAG


R
Equation 7
V BAT + V DEMAG
2
1
lim R → 0 E HSD = --- ⋅ L ⋅ I 0 ⋅ -----------------------------------------------2
V DEMAG
(simplified for R → 0 )
Calculation example:
This example shows how to use above equations to calculate the demagnetization time and
energy dissipated in the HSD:
•
Battery voltage:
VBAT = 13.5 V
•
HSD:
VND7040AJ
•
Clamping voltage:
VCLAMP = 46 V (typical for M0-7)
•
Load resistance:
R = 81 Ω
•
Load inductance:
L = 260 mH
•
Load current (at turn-off event):
I0 = VBAT/R = 167 mA
Step 1) Demagnetization voltage calculation using Equation 1
V DEMAG = V BAT – V CLAMP = 13.5 – 46 = – 32.5V
Step 2) Demagnetization time calculation using Equation 2:
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
32.5 + 0.167 ⋅ 81
0.260
L
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  ----------------------------------------------- = --------------- ⋅ ln  -------------------------------------------- = 1.12ms


32.5
81
R
V DEMAG


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Step 3) Calculation of energy dissipated in the HSD using Equation 6:
V BAT + V DEMAG
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
E HSD = ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ L ⋅ R ⋅ I 0 – V DEMAG ⋅ ln  -----------------------------------------------
2
V DEMAG


R
13.5 + 32.5
32.5 + 0.167 ⋅ 81
= ----------------------------- ⋅ 0.260 ⋅ 81 ⋅ 0.167 – 32.5 ⋅ ln  --------------------------------------------


2
32.5
81
Step 4) Measurement (comparison with theory):
=
= 4.04mJ
Figure 74. Inductive load: turn-off example: VND7040AJ, L = 260 mH, R = 81 Ω
VBAT
VOUT
E = 3.6mJ
IOUT
VCLAMP = 42.5V
VDEMAG = 29V
TDEMAG = 1.2ms
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
GAPG1127131007MS
The demagnetization energy dissipated in the HSD was measured by an oscilloscope with
mathematical functions. The first function F1 shows the actual power dissipation on the
HSD (VBAT - VOUT) * IOUT, the second function F4 shows the HSD energy (integral of F1).
As seen from the oscillogram, measured values are close to the theoretical calculation:
EHSD = 3.6 mJ (4.04 mJ calculated), TDEMAG = 1.2 ms (1.12 ms calculated).
6.3.4
Selection criterion with reference to I-L plot
Even if the device is internally protected against break down during the demagnetization
phase, the energy capability has to be taken into account during the design of the
application.
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It is possible to identify two main mechanisms that can lead to the device failure:
•
The temperature during the demagnetization rises quickly (depending on the
inductance) and the uneven energy distribution on the power surface can cause the
presence of a hot spot causing the device failure with a single shot.
•
Like in a normal operation, the life time of the device is affected by the fast thermal
variation as described by the Coffin-Manson law. A repetitive demagnetization energy
causing a temperature variation above 60 K will cause a shorter life time.
These considerations lead to two simple design rules:
•
The energy has to be below the energy the device can withstand at a given inductance.
•
In case of a repetitive pulse, the average temperature variation of the device should not
exceed 60 K at turn-off.
To fulfill these rules the designer has to calculate the energy dissipated in the HSD at turnoff and then to compare this number with the datasheet values as shown in the following
example.
Example:
Check if the VND7020AJ device can safely drive the inductive load 2.2 mH at 4 Ω under
following conditions:
•
Battery voltage:
VBAT = 16 V
•
HSD:
VND7020AJ
•
Load resistance:
R=4Ω
•
Load inductance:
L = 2.2 mH
•
Load current (at turn-off event):
I0 = VBAT/R = 16 V/4 Ω = 4 A
•
Power clamping voltage:
VCLAMP = 46 V (typical value considered)
Step 1) Demagnetization voltage calculation using Equation 1
V DEMAG = V BAT – V CLAMP = 16 – 46 = – 30V
Step 2) Demagnetization time calculation using Equation 2:
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
L
0.0022
30 + 4 ⋅ 4
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  ----------------------------------------------- = ------------------ ⋅ ln  ------------------------ = 235μs

R
4
30 
V


DEMAG
Step 3) Calculation of energy dissipated in the HSD using Equation 6:
V BAT + V DEMAG
 V DEMAG + I 0 ⋅ R
E HSD = ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ L ⋅ R ⋅ I 0 – V DEMAG ⋅ ln  -----------------------------------------------
2
V DEMAG


R
30 + 4 ⋅ 4
16 + 30
= ------------------- ⋅ 0.0022 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 – 30 ⋅ ln  ------------------------

2
30 
4
Step 4) HSD datasheet analysis:
=
= 20.1mJ
The maximum demagnetization energy is derived from the I-L diagram in the datasheet (see
Figure 75).
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Figure 75. Maximum turn-off current versus inductance – VND7020AJ datasheet
Specified at:
VCC = 13.5V
R = 0Ω
0.1mH, 18A
EMAX = ~22.9mJ
TDEMAG = ~55μs
5.5
1mH, 7.7A
EMAX = ~42mJ
TDEMAG = ~237μs
2.2mH, 5.5A:
EMAX = ~47.1mJ
TDEMAG = ~372μs
2.2
GAPG1127131008MS
The maximum turn-off current for 2.2 mH inductance is 5.5 A (for the repetitive pulse,
Tjstart = 125 ºC) which is above the load current in this example (I0 = 4 A). However, this
current limit is specified for R = 0 Ω and VBAT = 13.5 V. Since these conditions are different
from conditions considered in this example (R = 4 Ω, VBAT = 16 V), it is recommended to
find the energy limit in the I-L diagram with same demagnetization time as calculated in the
example (235 µs). Then it is possible to directly compare this limit with calculated energy in
the application (regardless the different condition). As a first step, the 2.2 mH, 5.5 A limit is
selected from the I-L diagram and related energy limit and demagnetization time is
calculated:
Demagnetization energy related to selected point (2.2 mH, 5.5 A) using Equation 7:
V BAT + V DEMAG
2
2 13.5 + 32.5
1
1
E MAX = --- ⋅ L ⋅ I MAX ⋅ ------------------------------------------------ = --- ⋅ 0.0022 ⋅ 5.5 ⋅ ----------------------------- = 47.1mJ
2
2
35.5
V DEMAG
Demagnetization time related to selected point (2.2 mH, 5.5 A) using Equation 5:
I0
5.5
T DEMAG = L ⋅ ------------------------ = 0.0022 ⋅ ----------- = 372μs
32.5
V DEMAG
Note:
Same calculation as EMAX and TDEMAG is performed at 1 mH and 0.1 mH, just to see the
dependency on inductance (see Figure 75).
As seen from the calculation, the maximum energy related to selected point is 47.1 mJ at
372 µs. In order to find the energy limit at 235 µs, either an iterative process can be
performed in graphical way (repeat the same calculation with different I-L point choices until
the TDEMAG is matching), or the following empiric formula can be used, where E1 is the
sustainable energy for time t1 and E2 is sustainable energy corresponding to different
application condition (time t2):
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t2
235μs
E 2 ≈ E 1 ⋅ ---- = 47.1mJ ⋅ ----------------- = 37.4mJ
372μs
t1
Conclusion: The device is able to safely drive the selected load since the calculated
demagnetization energy (20.1 mJ at 235 µs) is clearly below the maximum allowed
demagnetization energy derived from the I-L diagram for the repetitive operation
Tjstart = 125 ºC: 37.4 mJ at 235 µs.
Step 5) Measurement (comparison with theory):
The demagnetization energy dissipated in the HSD was measured by an oscilloscope with
mathematical functions. The first function F1 shows the actual power dissipation on the
HSD (VBAT - VOUT) * IOUT, the second function F4 shows the HSD energy (integral of F1).
Figure 76. Inductive load – turn-off: VND7020AJ, L = 2.2 mH, R = 4 Ω
VBAT
VOUT
E = 19.1mJ
IOUT
VCLAMP = 44V
Note: Parallel resonance between
2.2mH and ESD capacitor 22nF.
VDEMAG = 28V
TDEMAG = 220μs
PLOSS = (VBAT-VOUT)*IOUT
GAPG1127131009MS
As seen from the oscillogram, measured values are close to the theoretical calculation:
EHSD = 19.1 mJ (20.1 mJ calculated), TDEMAG = 220 µs (235 µs calculated).
Conclusion:
The device can safely drive the load without additional protection. The worst case
demagnetization energy is clearly below the device limit.
6.3.5
External clamping protection
The main function of an external clamping circuitry is to clamp the demagnetization voltage
and dissipate the demagnetization energy in order to protect the HSD. It can be used as a
cost effective alternative in case the demagnetization energy is exceeding the energy
capability of a given HSD. A typical example is driving DC motors (high currents in
combination with high inductance). During the selection of a suitable HSD for such kind of
application we usually end up in the situation that a given HSD is fitting in terms of current
profile, but the worst case demagnetization energy is too high (turn-off from stall condition at
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16 V, -40 ºC). Rather than selecting a bigger HSD the use of an external clamp can be the
most convenient choice.
External clamping circuitry – requirements summary:
•
Negative clamping voltage below the HSD clamping voltage
•
No conduction at:
•
–
Normal operation (0-16 V)
–
Jump start (27 V for 60 s)
–
Load Dump (36 V for 400 ms)
–
Reverse battery condition (-16 V for 60 s)
Proper energy capability
–
Single demagnetization pulse
–
Repetitive demagnetization pulse
An example of external clamping circuitry (compatible with all above listed requirements) is
shown on Figure 77.
Figure 77. Example of external clamping circuitry
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It is a combination of standard freewheeling diode and active reverse battery protection with
N-channel MOSFET (introduced in previous reverse battery protection chapter). Since the
anode of the diode is connected to the source of the MOSFET, it is protected (disconnected)
during reverse battery condition or negative ISO pulse. In normal operation conditions it
behaves like a standard freewheeling diode (connected in parallel with load). By using a
standard silicon diode, the demagnetization voltage is reduced from –32 V (a typical
VDEMAG of M0-7 device at VBAT = 14 V) to approximately –1 V (depending on forward
voltage of the diode and the voltage drop on the MOSFET). This has an influence to the
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demagnetization time (lowering |VDEMAG| → increasing TDEMAG), as can be derived from
the TDEMAG equation.
Component selection:
•
•
MOSFET Q1:
–
According to ISO pulse requirements – see reverse battery protection chapter
–
Drain current (pulsed) IDM: IDM(a) > Load current
Diode DF:
–
Peak repetitive reverse voltage VRRM: VRRM > 52 V
(must not conduct during positive transient on the output → limited by the
VCC_GND clamp VCLAMP_max = 52 V)
–
Non-repetitive peak forward surge current IFSM: IFSM > Load current
This parameter must be aligned with TDEMAG
–
Average rectified forward current IF(AV): IFAV > (Average clamp current in repetitive
operation)
Limited by max. junction temperature
Experimental verification of described clamping circuitry
Check the freewheeling operation at different conditions (different duty cycle in repetitive
operation, negative ISO pulse, loss of VCC).
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Device:
VND7040AJ
•
Load:
2 mH, 5.5 Ω
a. Limited by safe operating area according to TDEMAG (single pulse).
Limited by max. junction temperature (repetitive pulses).
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Figure 78. Test setup-verification of new external clamp proposal
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Repetitive operation – PWM 50 % at 100 Hz (the demagnetization time is shorter than the
PWM off-state time, see Figure 79):
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195
Load compatibility
UM1922
Figure 79. PWM 50% at 100 Hz, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ)
Average power dissipation in the diode = ~130mW
ZOOM
Energy dissipated in
the diode = ~1.3mJ
GAPG1127131702MS
Repetitive operation – PWM 80 % at 400 Hz (the demagnetization time is longer than the
PWM off-state time, see Figure 80):
106/196
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 80. PWM 80 % at 400 Hz, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ)
Average power dissipation in the diode = ~240mW
ZOOM
Energy dissipated in
the diode = ~0.6mJ
GAPG1127131703MS
Negative ISO pulse exposure on VCC line:
DocID028098 Rev 1
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195
Load compatibility
UM1922
Figure 81. ISO pulse 1 (-100 V, 10 Ω), 2 mH at 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ)
ZOOM
Load demagnetization
completed
Reverse current
forced via the output
Discharging of the
gate of the MOSFET
Delay time t3 elapsed, negative
pulse generated
GAPG1127131704MS
108/196
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 82. Loss of VCC, 2 mH / 5.5 Ω (VND7040AJ)
Discharging of the
gate of the MOSFET
Output turned-on (GND pin
pulled below the logic input)
MOSFET in avalanche (~120V)
GAPG1127131705MS
Conclusion:
The circuitry behavior is the expected one. After loss of VCC or negative ISO transient, most
of the demagnetization energy is submitted to the reverse battery protection MOSFET and
supply line (capacitor). The energy dissipated in the device is relatively low since the
channels are most of the time turned-on (the device GND pin pulled negative via
freewheeling diode, below the logic pins).
6.3.6
Loss of VCC
The loss of supply voltage (e.g. due to blown fuse, intermittent contact on ECU connector
etc.), in combination with inductive load on HSD output, can lead to huge negative voltage
peak on all device pins (assuming the load without external freewheeling). The aim of this
paragraph is to complement the theoretical explanations of different cases of loss of VCC
with experimental verifications. The device used is the VND7020AJ.
Monolithic device (with GND network)
When the VCC disconnection occurs during the on-state, the load inductance tends to
continue to drive the current via any available path by reversing its voltage (acts as a
1
2
source) until the stored energy EL = --- ⋅ L ⋅ I 02 is dissipated. Therefore the lowest voltage
potential is seen on the OUT pin which is forced in negative by the inductance – see
Figure 83.
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Load compatibility
UM1922
Figure 83. Loss of VCC with inductive load (monolithic)
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The VCC pin is pulled down by the output via the device power MOSFET. If the gate of this
MOSFET is still charged (immediately after the VCC disconnection), the VCC pin voltage
follows the OUT pin voltage while the voltage levels on both pins are the same (neglecting
the voltage drop on RDSON). As the gate is being discharged, the voltage drop can rise up to
the VCLAMP (~46 V) as indicated on the figure. Since the VCC pin is floating (neglecting the
VCC capacitor), the negative voltage is theoretically unlimited (no external freewheeling
considered, no discharge path for the demagnetization available). Practically, the VCC pin
voltage is limited by the breakdown voltage of the GND network diode through which the
demagnetization paths is closed (the GND pin is also pulled down via an internal VCC - GND
clamp structure with one diode voltage drop versus VCC pin). The MultiSense and all logic
pins are pulled down as well – see clamp structure on Figure 83.
The fact that all device pins are pulled so deeply in negative can have the following
drawbacks:
110/196
•
The GND network diode must have a proper avalanche capability
(limiting factor during the choice, higher cost)
•
A relatively high current injected to the microcontroller
(~ -10 mA per pin in case of above example, assuming 15 k serial resistors)
•
Negative peak on VCC pin can influence other devices sharing same supply line or
same ground protection network
•
The level of the negative pulse on VCC is not exactly known (depends on break down
voltage of DGND which is usually not exactly specified)
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
The above mentioned issues can be eliminated by a proper Capacitor selection or
Bidirectional suppressor selection connected between the VCC pin and module ground. This
external device provides the demagnetization path and absorbs the demagnetization
energy.
Capacitor selection
A minimum capacitor value can be roughly estimated from the energy content stored in the
inductor and required suppression level (voltage change on the capacitor after the
demagnetization phase):
1
2
Energy stored in the inductor: E L = --- ⋅ L ⋅ I02
Energy absorbed by the VCC capacitor:
1
E L = --- ⋅ C VCC ⋅ ( V CC – V CC_FINAL ) 2
2
Where:
I0:
Load current at VCC disconnection
VCC:
Supply voltage
VCC_FINAL:
Final voltage on VCC capacitor after the demagnetization phase
If we assume that the whole inductive energy is transferred to the capacitor (EL = EC) this
yields:
2
I0
CVCC ≅ L ⋅ -----------------------------------------------------2
( V CC – VCC_FINAL )
Calculation example:
Battery voltage:
•
VCC = 14 V
Final voltage on VCC capacitor:
–
Option 1)
VCC_FINAL = 0 V
–
Option 2)
VCC_FINAL = -90 V (still safe value in order to avoid the
breakdown of DGND, with maximum reverse voltage 100 V)
•
Load inductance: L = 1 mH
•
Load current:
(negative voltage fully suppressed)
I0 = 4 A
Option 1):
2
I0
42
CVCC ≅ L ⋅ ------------------------------------------------------ = 0.001 ⋅ ----------------------- = 81.63 μF
2
(
14
– 0 )2
( V CC – VCC_FINAL )
Option 2):
2
I0
42
CVCC ≅ L ⋅ ------------------------------------------------------ = 0.001 ⋅ --------------------------- = 1.48 μF
2
( 14 – 90 ) 2
( V CC – VCC_FINAL )
The minimum capacitor value needed to completely suppress the negative voltage peak on
VCC pin after the loss of VCC is ~81.6 µF. If the VCC drop down to -90 V is accepted (still safe
level in case of 100 V DGND used), the capacitor value can be reduced to ~1.48 µF.
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Load compatibility
UM1922
Bidirectional suppressor selection
A bidirectional suppressor can be used as an alternative to the capacitor. Following
requirements must be fulfilled:
•
•
•
Negative clamping voltage (absolute value considered)
–
Below the maximum reverse voltage of the GND network diode
–
Above the reverse battery requirement (-16 V)
Positive clamping voltage
–
Above normal VBAT range (0-16 V)
–
Above the Jump Start requirement (27 V for 60 s)
–
Above the Load Dump requirement (36 V for 400 ms)
Energy capability
–
Must be compatible with standard ISO pulses 1, 2a, 3a, 3b
–
Must be able to withstand the demagnetization energy:
Peak power dissipation (see calculation below)
Discharge time (see calculation below)
Peak power dissipation on suppressor: PP = V CL ⋅ I0
Discharge (demagnetization) time:
 V CL + R ⋅ I 0
L
T DEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  ---------------------------------
R
VCL


where:
I0:
Load current at VCC disconnection
VCL:
Clamping voltage of the suppressor device
R:
Load resistance
Example of suppressor selection for given application conditions:
•
Load inductance: L = 1 mH
•
Load current:
I0 = 4 A
•
Load resistance:
R = 3.5 Ω
•
Negative clamping voltage requirement: |VCL| < |-60 V|
Peak power dissipation:
PP = V CL ⋅ I0 = 60 ⋅ 4 = 240W
Discharge (demagnetization) time:
 V CL + R ⋅ I 0 0.001
L
60 + 3.5 ⋅ 4
TDEMAG = ---- ⋅ ln  --------------------------------- = --------------- ⋅ ln  ----------------------------- = 60μs


V CL
60
R
3.5


Bidirectional automotive TRANSIL SM4T39CAY-E (SMA package) selected:
112/196
•
Peak pulse power rating: 400 W (10/1000 µs) OK (240 W at 60 µs required)
•
Max. clamping voltage: +/-53.3 V at 7.5 A OK (|VCL| < |-60 V| required)
•
Min. breakdown voltage: +/-36.7 V at 1 mA OK (compatible with load dump)
•
Compatibility with ISO pulses: OK (ISO pulse 1, 2a, 3a, 3b specified in datasheet)
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Measurement example (VND7020AJ)
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Load
Ch 0: 1 mH, 3.5 Ω
–
Ch 1: No load connected
Capacitor on device VCC pin:
–
Option 1) 100 nF
–
Option 2) 100 nF + 2.2 µF (ceramic)
–
Option 3) 100 nF + 100 µF (electrolytic)
•
GND network:
•
To be checked:
Diode STPS2H100 + Resistor 4.7 k
–
Make a Loss of VCC during normal operation (mechanical disconnection of power
supply while the channel is active – see test setup schematic)
–
Monitor following signals:
VOUT
(Ch. 1 – Yellow)
VCC
(Ch. 2 – Red)
VGND
(Ch. 3 – Blue)
IOUT
(Ch. 4 – Green)
VCC – VGND: (F1 – Yellow) – Calculated by math. function
Figure 84. Test setup – loss of VCC (monolithic)
+
Oscilloscope
14V
0.5m, 1.5mm2
Power
Supply
0.5m, 1.5mm2
•
–
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
1m, 1.5mm2
ST7 Motherboard
GND
Vreg
Loss of VCC location
M0-7 Daughterboard
V CC
GND
ST7
100 nF
VDD
VND7020AJ
15k
GPIO
IN0
15k
GPIO
VCC
FaultRST
15k
GPIO
GND
VOUT 0
OUT0
IN1
22nF
15k
GPIO
GPIO
GND
SEL0
15k
SEL1
V OUT1
OUT1
VSENSE
15k
ADC
470pF
GND
Inductive
load
SEn
15k
GPIO
IOUT0
22nF
Multisense
GND
Rsense
2.2k
GND
GND
VGND
Rgnd
4.7k
Dgnd
STPS2H100
GND
GND
GND
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Load compatibility
UM1922
Figure 85. Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF)
CVCC = 100nF
VCC: -150V
VGND: -150V
(GND diode in avalanche mode)
GAPG1127131708MS
Most of the demagnetization energy (Figure 85) is absorbed by the GND network diode (in
avalanche mode). The voltage peak on the VCC and GND pin is ~-150 V (equal to break
down voltage of the diode). The device channel stays on for whole demagnetization phase
~30 µs. A positive overshoot on VCC is seen at the end of demagnetization phase, due to
the resonance between the VCC capacitor and load inductance.
114/196
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Load compatibility
Figure 86. Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF + 2.2 µF)
CVCC = 100nF + 2.2μF
VCC: -80V
GAPG1127131709MS
Most of the demagnetization energy (Figure 85) is absorbed by the VCC capacitor. The
voltage peak on the VCC pin is -80 V. The device channel stays on for the whole
demagnetization phase ~80 µs. A positive overshoot on VCC is seen at the end of
demagnetization phase, due to the resonance between the VCC capacitor and load
inductance.
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Load compatibility
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Figure 87. Loss of VCC (VND7020AJ, 1 mH/ 3.5 Ω, 100 nF + 100 µF)
CVCC = 100nF + 100μF
VCC: -1V
GAPG1127131800MS
The demagnetization energy (Figure 87) is distributed between the device and VCC
capacitor. The turn-off phase is seen when the VCC capacitor is discharged below
undervoltage. Final voltage on VCC is ~ -1 V.
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UM1922
MultiSense - analogue current sense
7
MultiSense - analogue current sense
7.1
Introduction
For diagnostic of M0-7 devices an analog monitoring output called MultiSense is used. It is
multiplexing several analogue signals, controlled by SELx and SEn pins.
Depending on the device family, these types of signals are provided:
•
Current monitor-current mirror of channel output current
•
VCC voltage-scaled monitor of VCC
•
Case temperature-scaled chip temperature
On top of these signals, it is possible to apply high Z state on MultiSense pin output when
SEn is set to low
VC
Figure 88. M0-7 driver with analogue current sense – block diagram
Internal Supply
VCC – GND
Clamp
Undervoltage
shut-down
Control & Diagnostic
VCC – OUT
Clamp
FaultRST
INPUT
Gate Driver
VCC
T
SEL1
SEL0
VON
Limitation
VCC
SEn
Current
Limitation
MONITOR
MultiSense
MUX
ISENSE
RPROT
TEMP
Fault
Diagnostic
Power Limitation
Overtemperature
Temp
MONITOR
Short to VCC
Open-Load in OFF
To uC ADC
K factor
RSENSE
Current
Sense
CURRENT
MONITOR
Fault
IOUT
OUT
VSENSEH
GND
GAPG1127131801MS
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
7.2
UM1922
Principle of MultiSense signal generation
Figure 89. Structure of MultiSense signal generation
Vcc
INPUT
Sense MOS
Main MOS
OUT
Current sense
Vbat Monitor
Temperature monitor
Multisense Switch Block
Fault
MULTISENSE
To uC ADC
RPROT
RSENSE
GAPG1127131802MS
In General, the MultiSense output signal operates for VCC < 24 V
Current monitor
During no fault conditions (VOUT > VOUT_MSD - see datasheet value), the current flowing
through Main MOS is mirrored through Sense-MOS. Sense-MOS is scaled down as a copy
of the Main MOS according to a defined geometric ratio. Current is passed through
MultiSense Switch Block fully decoupling MultiSense signal from output current.
In fault conditions, internal logic switches to MultiSense mode and delivers constant voltage
on the output (named VSENSEH).
Temperature, VBAT monitor
Internal logic is switched to voltage output mode, applying output voltage corresponding to
temperature or VCC sensor (according to the selected signal).
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UM1922
7.2.1
MultiSense - analogue current sense
Current monitor
When current mode is selected in the MultiSense, this output is capable of providing:
•
Current mirror proportional to the load current in normal operation, delivering current
proportional to the load according to known ratio named K
•
Diagnostics flag in fault conditions delivering fixed voltage with a certain current
capability in case of
–
Power Limitation, Overtemperature in on-state
–
Short to VBAT / Open-load in off-state (with external pull-up resistor) condition.
The current delivered by the current sense circuit can be easily converted to a voltage by
using an external sense resistor, allowing continuous load monitoring and abnormal
condition detection.
7.2.2
Normal operation (channel ON, no fault, SEn active)
While device is operating in normal conditions (no fault intervention), VSENSE calculation
can be done using the following simple equations:
Current provided by MultiSense output: ISENSE = IOUT/K
while the Voltage on Voltage on RSENSE: VSENSE = RSENSE . ISENSE = RSENSE . IOUT/K
Where:
7.2.3
•
VSENSE is the voltage measurable on RSENSE resistor
•
ISENSE is the current provided from MultiSense pin in current output mode
•
IOUT is the current flowing through output
•
K factor represents the ratio between Power MOS cells and Sense MOS cells; Its
spread includes geometric factor spread, current sense amplifier offset and process
parameters spread of overall circuitry specifying ratio between IOUT and ISENSE.
Current monitoring range of linear operation
During the current monitoring the voltage on MultiSense pin will have a certain voltage
depending on load conditions and RSENSE value (as default value it can be assumed, for
example, that MultiSense voltage at nominal load current is 2 V). Particular care must be
taken for the correct dimensioning of the RSENSE in order to ensure linearity in the whole
load current range to be monitored (for different the full dimensioning rules on RSENSE
please seeSection 7.2.5: Failure flag indication). In fact the current monitoring via
MultiSense is guaranteed until a maximum MultiSense voltage of 5 V (defined as minimum
value of VSENSE_SAT in M0-7 datasheets)
Example 1: MultiSense voltage saturation
VND7020AJ RSENSE selected in order to have VSENSE = 2 V at IOUT = 3 A
Considering (for sake of simplicity) K2 at 3 A = 2755 (typical value) → ISENSE = 1.089 mA →
RSENSE = 1.84 kΩ
Given a VSENSE_SAT minimum (given in the datasheets) of 5 V, the maximum
ISENSE = 5 V/ 1.84 kΩ = 2.72 mA so to have still linearity, and assuming that K2 remains
constant, the maximum IOUT ~ 7.5 A.
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195
MultiSense - analogue current sense
UM1922
In other words, with the selected RSENSE any load current greater than 7.5 A will produce
the same VSENSE (see Figure 90)
Figure 90. VSENSE saturation example
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Moreover care must be taken to prevent the current mirror output from saturation, then
causing again the ISENSE no longer to be proportional to IOUT. This normally happens when
the maximum current from the current mirror is reached and corresponds to the minimum
value of the parameter ISENSE_SAT (ISENSE_SAT minimum, reported in the datasheets).
Example 2 MultiSense current saturation
VND7020AJ RSENSE selected in order to have VSENSE = 2 V at IOUT = 3 A
Considering an overload current of 6 A at 4 V of MultiSense pin Analog Voltage and
ISENSE_SAT = 4 mA minimum, RSENSE has to fulfill the following formula:
V SENSE
4V
R SENSE > -------------------------------------------- = ------------- = 1kΩ
4mA
I SENSE_SAT_MIN
In Figure 91 a measurement of MultiSense of VND7040AJ is given. Two different low
RSENSE values are connected to the MultiSense pin and relevant linearity range of VSENSE
versus IOUT is highlighted. In the measured sample the ISENSE_SAT = VSENSE / RSENSE is
about 5.4 mA corresponding to a maximum monitorable current of about 13 A.
120/196
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UM1922
MultiSense - analogue current sense
Figure 91. Plotted VSENSE with increasing IOUT versus time with RSENSE = 220 Ω (left)
and RSENSE = 470 Ω (right) for VND7040AJ and corresponding XY plot (VCC = 14 V)
RSENSE = 220 ohm
RSENSE = 470 ohm
PLIM starts
3.7ms
13.8A
2.62V
VSENSE (500mV/div)
0
VSENSE (500mV/div)
0
IOUT (5A/div)
IOUT (5A/div)
GAPG1127131804MS
VSENSE_SAT and ISENSE_SAT minimum values are guaranteed for the minimum VCC voltage
in which all K factor limits are guaranteed (in datasheets this is 7 V) and maximum operating
junction temperature (in datasheets this is 150 °C) which represent worst case conditions in
the assessment of the maximum load current to be monitored. Experimental Measurements
on samples have.
In Figure 92 and Figure 93 plots extracted from experimental data at 25 °C are shown for
VSENSE_SAT and ISENSE_SAT respectively. The Voltages in the plots refer to module GND so
they include the voltage drop on GND network of about 300 mV.
Figure 92. Behavior of VSENSE_SAT vs VCC
VSENSE_SAT funcon
8
7
6
VSENSE_SAT[V]
Note:
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
VCC[V]
GAPG1128131805MS
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
UM1922
Figure 93. Behavior of ISENSE_SAT vs VCC
The ISENSE_SAT decreases significantly for VCC below about 10 V. Above this battery level
we can consider as minimum value of ISENSE_SAT = 5.2 V (instead of the minimum of
ISENSE_SAT = 4 mA given in the datasheets at VCC = 7 V). This increases the upper load
current range that can be monitored by the current sensing avoiding any saturation
Note:
The MultiSense current monitoring linear behavior is featured down to a VCC = 4.5 V and for
VSENSE < VCC – 1.5 V (even though relevant specification limits reported in datasheets are
not guaranteed anymore).
7.2.4
Impact of the output voltage to the MultiSense output
The current sense operation for load current approaching the current limitation is not
guaranteed and predictable. Indeed, because of the intervention of the current limiter, the
output voltage can drop significantly, up to approximately 0 V in the extreme case of a hard
short circuit.
Being the whole circuit referred to VOUT, ambiguous and unreliable current values could be
sourced by the MultiSense under such conditions.
In order to bring the MultiSense into a defined state, a dedicated circuit section shuts down
the current sense circuitry when VOUT drops below the threshold VOUT_MSD (typically 5 V).
In conclusion, in normal operation the current sense works properly within the described
border conditions. For a given device, the ISENSE is a single value monotonic function of the
IOUT as long as the maximum VSENSE (1st example) or the current sense saturation (2nd
example) are reached, i.e. there’s no chance to have the same ISENSE for different IOUT
within the given range.
7.2.5
Failure flag indication
In case of Power Limitation or overtemperature or open load/short to VCC in OFF state, the
fault is indicated by the MultiSense pin which is switched to a “current limited” voltage
source.
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UM1922
MultiSense - analogue current sense
Indeed, with reference to Figure 89 whenever a Power Limitation/overtemperature condition
is reached, The MultiSense output is internally pulled up to VSENSEH.
The MultiSense output, in those events is controlled in such a way to develop at least a
voltage of VSENSEH (given in the datasheet) across the external sense resistor.
In any case, the current sourced by the MultiSense in this condition is limited to the ISENSEH
(given in the datasheet). In order to allow the current sense pin to develop at least
VSENSEH = 5 V, a minimum sense resistor value must be set (for details see Section 7.2.6:
Considerations on MultiSense resistor choice for current monitor).
The typical behavior of a M0-7 high-side driver in case of overload or hard short circuit is
shown in the following figures (FaultRST set low so to indicate autorestart mode):
Figure 94. Failure flag indication-example 4
Short to GND
IN0
VSENSE
VOUT
20A/div
IOUT
GAPG1129131807MS
An example of a condition with a progressive increase of the output current (single shot
ramp) by an electronic load supplied by VND7040AJ is shown in Figure 95. Sense resistor
is 2.2 kΩ. Device is set in latch-off mode. The saturation voltage VSENSE_SAT is reached and
then the current limitation ILIM_H: afterwards the Thermal protection acts. As soon as the
output voltage falls down below about 5 V (parameter VOUT_MSD in the datasheet) the
MultiSense pin goes in high impedance, as previously explained, until the first power
limitation peak is reached. At this point the MultiSense pin is reactivated again and the
VSENSE_H voltage is issued and latched. Since, in this case, the FaultRST pin is set high
(latch off) the PowerMOS remains off.
DocID028098 Rev 1
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195
MultiSense - analogue current sense
UM1922
Figure 95. MultiSense operation of VND7040AJ in current monitoring with increasing overload
and consequent device’s latch off due to thermal protection intervention
VBAT = 14V
VSENSE saturation
Thermal Protection
VSENSE_H (latch-off)
Current limitation reached
Current sense is in high impedance when VOUT < 5V
7.2.6
Considerations on MultiSense resistor choice for current monitor
In normal operating conditions, the following equation describes relation between IOUT and
VSENSE
Equation 8
I OUT
V SENSE = R SENSE I SENSE = R SENSE ------------- [ V ]
K
Design value of Sense Resistor can be calculated from the above equation given the
intended voltage at the ADC with the nominal load current and the typical K factor of the
device.
The calculated sense resistor implies the following considerations that the Hardware
Designer has to take into account:
1.
In normal operating conditions, in order not to reach MultiSense voltage saturation
VSENSE_SAT, with the maximum load current that can be read IOUT_MAX, the RSENSE
has to fulfill the following equation:
Equation 9
V SENSE_SAT_MIN
R SENSE < K MIN ---------------------------------------------- [ V ]
I OUT_MAN
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
Within this maximum current linearity of MultiSense is guaranteed. If a lower maximum
load current needs to be read, like for example LED string, the RSENSE value must be
increased.
2.
In normal operating conditions, the maximum sense voltage that can be read with the
given RSENSE must be higher than a certain ADC threshold. This can be expressed by
the following equation:
V SENSEMAX
R SENSE > ---------------------------------------------I SENSE_SAT_MIN
Where VSENSEMAX is the maximum voltage that the ADC has to read at the maximum
monitored load current. This value can be below or equal to 5 V which normally is the
maximum operating range of the ADC.
3.
In fault conditions (overload, short-circuit to GND that cause Power Limitation or
Thermal Shutdown and in Open Load/Short to Battery in OFF state), in order to be able
to differentiate a normal operating condition from a Fault condition, the MultiSense pin
must be capable of developing a voltage above the VSENSEH (Value given in the
datasheet, VSENSEH = 6 V typically). Therefore the following condition must be fulfilled:
Equation 10
V SENSE_H_min
R SENSE > --------------------------------------I SENSE_H_min
4.
Finally the current sense resistor is necessary to protect the MulitSense pin in case of
reverse battery. During this event, for monolithic devices an intrinsic diode between
MultiSense and VCC pins is forward biased and the resulting current must be limited (in
the datasheet the maximum MultiSense current that can flow in reverse battery
condition is indicated in the absolute maximum ratings table). This value is given in the
Absolute Maximum Ratings section of M0-7 datasheets (ISENSE value, in case of
VND7020AJ this is 20 mA), therefore the minimum RSENSE to protect the MultiSense
pin in case of reverse battery (supposing a static condition of VCC = -16 V) is:
– V CC – V
16V – 0.7V
F
R SENSE > ----------------------------------------- = ----------------------------- = 765Ω
20mA
I SENSE_rev_max
5.
The above given RSENSE = 765 Ω is suitable as well to protect the current sense circuit
against pulse 1, up to level IV (ISO 7637-2 (E): 2004 and 2011)
In conclusion the RSENSE value must fulfill two opposite conditions for having linearity in
normal operating condition: one is avoiding MultiSense pin current saturation (increase
RSENSE) and the other is avoiding MultiSense pin voltage saturation (decrease of RSENSE).
Moreover the RSENSE value has to be dimensioned in order to distinguish a normal
operating condition (linear mode VSENSE proportional to load current) from a Fault condition
(Constant Voltage Generator developing VSENSE_H across the RSENSE).
In Chip Temperature and VCC monitor mode the MultiSense is a voltage source with limited
current but in this case the current saturation is higher than the ISENSE_SAT so linearity in
TCHIP and VCC reading is respected with the minimum RSENSE which fulfills the
recommendation of point b). In Figure 96 and Figure 97 experimental plots on a
VND7140AJ are shown in typical conditions for the TCHIP and VCC monitor versus RSENSE
respectively.
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Figure 96. MultiSense in TCHIP mode behavior versus RSENSE for VND7140AJ at
VCC = 14 V and TC = 25 °C
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Figure 97. MultiSense in VCC mode behavior versus RSENSE for VND7140AJ at
VCC = 14 V and TC = 25 °C
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An example about RSENSE value definition is shown:
Example 3:
Let’s consider the VN7016AJ (16 mΩ HSD) with a nominal load current IN = 5 A which
corresponds to an intended VSENSE = 2 V and typical K2 = 3750 (from datasheet). Let us
apply above Equation 8:
V SENSE
2
R SENSE = K ⋅ ----------------------- = 3750 ⋅ --- = 1.5kΩ
5
I OUT
Let us suppose that the maximum load current the ADC has to monitor in linearity is 2 times
the nominal current so to say 10 A at VSENSEMAX = 4 V. So this means that neither
VSENSE_SAT nor ISENSE_SAT must be reached and in fault conditions a voltage above 5 V
must be issued. Let us verify that RSENSE value chosen is the correct one by applying above
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Equation 9, and Equation 10:
V SENSE_SAT_MIN
5
R SENSE < K 3MIN ⋅ ---------------------------------------------- ≈ ( 3750 – 3750 ⋅ 0.18 ) ⋅ ------ = 1.54kΩ
10
I OUT_MAN
V SENSEMAN
4V
R SENSE > ---------------------------------------------- = ------------- = 1kΩ
I SENSE_SAT_MIN
4mA
V SENSE_H_min
5V
R SENSE > --------------------------------------- = ------------- = 714Ω
I SENSE_H_min
7mA
So the chosen sense resistor of 1.5 kΩ is correct.
7.2.7
Usage when multiplexing several devices
If several devices are supposed to share one RSENSE resistor, for proper diagnostic only
one MultiSense of each device at a time should be activated.
All other devices sharing the RSENSE should apply the High-Z state on MultiSense output
(SEn = L). In this case, RSENSE is supplied from one device at a time.
If, by mistake more than one MultiSense is activated, the MultiSense output in current mode
will draw a current in the shunt resistor RSENSE defined as:
I SENSE =
 ISENSE[N]
where [N] is number of devices with enabled current output
There must be considered the possibility of VSENSE saturation (range of linear operation),
since current delivered from multiple devices increase voltage drops on RSENSE.
In case one device is switched to voltage output (due to fault condition), diagnostic for other
devices cannot be applied (since VSENSEH is applied to RSENSE)
7.2.8
LED diagnostic
VNQ7040AY device (Quad channels) contains a feature consisting in a switch able output
mode selected through dedicated control pin LEDx according to the connected load
(Bulb/LED).
Several output parameters are influenced according to the selected mode (Bulb/LED):
•
K factor for current sense monitoring
•
ILIMH, ILIML as well as
•
dV/dt slopes for rising and falling edges
For applications, where output type is not known in advance, it is possible drive LEDx pin by
microcontroller pin (applying appropriate protection - see relevant chapter).
Then output mode (parameters) can be adjusted even after PCB production by SW
modification inside microcontroller.
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Figure 98. Bulb / LED diagnostic example
V DD
VCC
V DD
Outputs ON /OFFcontrol
15k
GPIO
15k
GPIO
Load type (Bulb /LED) not known during layout
IN1
15k
GPIO
15k
GPIO
GPIO
VCC
IN0
Outputs BULB /LED mode (Ch.0, 1) 15k
OUT0
IN2
IN3
OUT1
LED 0
15k
GPIO
LED 1
Analogue diagnostic control
GPIO
15k
GPIO
OUT2
10nF /100V
10nF/100V
15k
15k
GPIO
SEn
SEL0
OUT3
SEL1
15k
GPIO
SEL2
Analogue feedback signal
A/D
GND
Multisense
GND
15k
Rsense
Only one load type connected after production
RGND
4K7
Diagnostic in OFF state
Considering diagnostic of LED loads, it can appear specific situation during diagnostic in
OFF state. While pull-up resistor is applied during OFF state diagnostic (allowing distinguish
between output “short to VCC” and “open-load”), current flowing through pull-up resistor can
create unintended LED light emission.
To prevent such a situation, external circuitry inside the LED load, or a pull-down structure
on device level is needed to create sufficient load for detection, without side effect of LED
lightning.
Without external circuitry on LED loads, diagnostic in off state is not recommended.
Diagnostic in ON state
Since LED loads are usually driven by PWM signal at low duty cycle, limitations for
diagnostic in ON state can arise.
Considering the spread of time delay between Input switched and current sense output
signal (specified in datasheet by TDESENSE2H), there is a minimum required ON time, for
which diagnostic is possible:
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Minimum duty cycle calculation
Figure 99. Minimum ON time for correct VSENSE sampling
Minimum ON time
Vsense
Sampling
Input control
Vsense
TDSENSE2H_MIN
TDSENSE2H_MAX
tDSENSE2L_MIN
tDSENSE2L_MAX
tDSENSE2H ~250 µs (maximum datasheet value)
tON_MINIMUM = tDSENSE2H = 250 µs
Considering PWM frequency 200 Hz →TPERIOD = 1/200 Hz = 5 ms
Duty cycle corresponding to tON_MINIMUM = 100% * (250 / 5000) = 5%
Result: At PWM frequency 200 Hz, minimum duty cycle is 5 % for valid VSENSE diagnostic.
Minimum operating current
Distinguishing between open load and minimum load is possible without calibration.
Taking reference values of VND7020AJ datasheet: minimum KOL = 1020 at specified
current of 10 mA, considered as maximum failure current gives maximum:
0.01A
I OL_SENSE_MAX = ---------------- = 9.8μA
1020
For output current of 0.1 A, considered as detectable load ISENSE, the minimum and
maximum sense current can be calculated as follows:
I OUT
0.1A
I SENSE_MIN = ---------------------------- = ------------- = 19μA
5100
K LED_MAX
I OUT
0.1A
I SENSE_MAX = -------------------------- = ------------- = 55μA
1800
K LED_MIN
Results show that differentiation between open load of 10 mA and minimum load current of
100 mA is possible without calibration.
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Diagnostics with different load options
In some cases the requirement profile asks for alternative loads driven with one and the
same high-side driver. This could be a bulb lamp with the alternative of an LED (- cluster). In
this case the driver:
•
Has to handle the high inrush current of the bulb load
•
Has to provide a power dissipation low enough during continuous operation
•
Must not indicate an open load in case of an LED (-cluster) is applied instead of a bulb.
In case of different load options (Bulb/LED) there is the possibility to use two different
(switch able) sense resistors in order to have the current sense band in the appropriate
range matching the different load currents.
An example of a current sense resistor switching circuit can be seen in the Figure 100. The
measured scale can be extended by RSENSE1 switched in parallel to RSENSE2 by MOSFET
Q1.
Figure 100. Switched current sense resistor–example
Vbat
+5V
100nF/50V
100nF
GND
GND
Microcontroller
VCC
VDD
FR
OUT
15k
IN
OUT
Logic
15k
SEn
OUT
SEL
15k
21W
LED
CLUSTER
GND
GND
OUT
Multisense
OUT
C urrent mirror
15k
GND
ADC in
15k
Rsense1
Rsense 2
10nF/100 V
Q1
R GN D
4k7
OUT
DGN D
10k
GND
10nF
GND
7.2.9
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
Diagnostic with paralleled loads / partial load detection
Table 24. Paralleling bulbs – overview on the example of VND7020AJ
Configuration
2x21W
Failure of one 21 W detectable without calibration
2x27W
Failure of one 27 W detectable without calibration
21W + 5W
2x21W + 5W
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Failure type detection
Failure of 21 W detectable without calibration, failure of 5 W cannot be detected
Failure of one 21 W bulb can be detected without calibration only above 10 V
battery voltage, assuming that a missing 5 W bulb must not trigger the failure
diagnostic
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
Table 24. Paralleling bulbs – overview on the example of VND7020AJ (continued)
Configuration
Failure type detection
2x27 W + 5 W Failure of one 27 W detectable without calibration, failure of 5 W cannot be detected
2x21 W + 5 W
Failure of one 21 W bulb can be detected with calibration, assuming that a missing 5
W bulb must not trigger the failure diagnostic
The Table 24 shows a set of cases where bulbs in parallel, driven by the suitable M0-7 HSD
(see as reference Table 20 in Section 6.1: Bulbs) channel are used. The M0-7 HSD family
allows the detection of individual bulb failures when in a parallel arrangement. However, if
we consider the bulb wattage spread, the HSD K-factor tolerance, the variation of bulb
currents vs. VBAT and the resolution of the ADC it is clear that accurate failure determination
can be difficult in some cases. For example if there are bigger and smaller bulbs paralleled
the detection limit for the lowest power bulb is lost in the tolerances.
In order to achieve better current sense accuracy, the current sense calibration (K factor
measurement) of each HSD can be adopted.
7.2.10
K factor calibration method
In order to reduce the VSENSE spread, it is possible to reduce the K spread and eliminate the
RSENSE variation by adding a simple test (calibration test) at the end of the module
production line.
Single point calibration on low current
K factor can be calibrated in “single point” by measurement of ISENSE for specified IOUT.
K is then calculated as
I OUT
K CALIBRATED = ------------------I SENSE
For low currents diagnostic using single point calibration method, it is possible distinguish
between open-load (<10 mA) and low current (limit depending on device RDSON;
for example VND7020AJ datasheet specifies low current level > 50 mA).
For calibration of K factor at IOUT = 30 mA, Tj = 25 °C and VCC = 13 V, in the datasheet of
VND7020AJ there is specified a maximum drift of K factor ±30 % in range
IOUT = 10 to 50 mA, temperature range of Tj = -40 ºC to 150 ºC and battery range VCC = 7 V
to 18 V.
All these parameters allow clear distinguishing between minimum and maximum IOUT within
specified range.
Following example shows detection thresholds with no overlapping zone between maximum
VSENSE corresponding to open load threshold (at 10 mA) and minimum VSENSE
corresponding to minimum load (at 50 mA)
Example 4
IOUT = 30 mA
RSENSE = 2.2 kΩ
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VSENSE = 17.6 mV – measured value
I OUT
I OUT
30mA
K CALIBRATED = ------------------- = ---------------------- = --------------------- = 3750
17.6mV
I SENSE
V SENSE
----------------------------------------2.2kΩ
R SENSE
K MIN = K CALIBRATED ( – 30% ) = 3750 ⋅ 0.7 = 2625
K MAN = K CALIBRATED ( 30% ) = 3750 ⋅ 0.7 = 2625
Maximum VSENSE level for open-load detection is then
I OUT
10mA
K SENSE_OL = R SENSE ⋅ -------------- = 2200 ⋅ ---------------- = 8.4mV
2625
K MIN
And following minimum VSENSE for low current load (at 50 mA)
I OUT
50mA
K SENSE_LOAD = R SENSE ⋅ ---------------- = 2200 ⋅ ---------------- = 22.6mV
4819
K MAX
Considering 12-bit A/D converter for VSENSE monitoring with error of 2LSB bits and
measurement range 0 - 5 V, gives precision
5V
± 2 ( LSB ) ⋅ ------------- = ± 2mV
4096
Considering a maximum leakage of +/-0.3 µA of the ADC, this causes on the 15 kΩ ADC
series resistor, an error on ADC voltage of +/- 4.5 mV. Even applying these errors, result is a
non-overlapping thresholds for detection of:
•
Open-load (IOUT < 10 mA),
where VSENSE < 8.4 mV +/- 2 mV +/- 4.5 mV → Max 14.9 mV
•
Minimum load (IOUT > 50 mA),
where VSENSE > 22.6 mV +/- 2 mV +/- 4.5 mV → Min 16.1 mV
Figure 101 gives a graphical explanation of the Example 4.
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Figure 101. Example of single point calibration at low current for VND7020AJ
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Two points calibration - How the calibration works
To calibrate means to measure on a specific device soldered in a module the K ratio at a
given output current by a VSENSE reading. Since the relation of IOUT = ISENSE · K is known it
is then easy to calculate the K ratio. However, even if the K ratio measured in a single point
eliminates the parametric spread, it doesn’t eliminate the VSENSE variation due to the K
dependency on output current.
This variation can be eliminated doing the following considerations:
Table 26 and Figure 102 show a VSENSE measurement on a sample of VND7020AJ with
RSENSE = 2.2 kΩ.
Table 25. VSENSE measurement
IOUT [A]
VSENSE [V]
1
0.823
2
1.647
3
2.465
4
3.283
5
4.090
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Figure 102. VSENSE vs IOUT measurement
The trend is almost linear in the application range and then we can approximate the VSENSE
trend with the following equation:
Equation 11
V SENSE = m ⋅ I OUT + a
Where “m” [Ω] is the rectangular coefficient and “a” [V] is a constant.
By inverting this equation it is easy to get a relation where the output current can be
calculated as:
Equation 12
I OUT = M ⋅ V SENSE + b
Instead of IOUT = ISENSE · K once M [S] and b are known, it is possible to evaluate the IOUT
with a high accuracy leaving only the spread due to the temperature variation.
The current sense ratio maximum fluctuation is expressed in the datasheet with the
parameter dK/K (maximum relative error in the full MultiSense VCC and Tj specification
range versus K at VCC = 13 V and Tj = 25 °C).
How to calculate M and b
To calculate M and b two simple measurements, done at the end of the production line, are
needed. Chosen two reference output currents, IREF1 and IREF2, the relevant VSENSE1 and
VSENSE2 have to be measured. Then these 4 values can be stored in an EEPROM in order
to let the microcontroller use this information to calculate M and b using the simple formulas
reported below.
Since we defined IOUT = M · VSENSE + b it is also true that:
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Equation 13
I REP1 = M ⋅ V SENSE1 + b
and
I REP2 = M ⋅ V SENSE2 + b
Solving these two equations we get the following relations:
Equation 14
I OUT = M ⋅ V SENSE + b
I REF1 – I REF2
M = ---------------------------------------------------------V SENSE1 – V SENSE2
I REF2 ⋅ V SENSE1 – I REF1 ⋅ V SENSE2
b = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V SENSE1 – V SENSE2
Example 5: M, b calculation for the chosen device
Fixing IREF1 = 2 A and IREF2 = 4 A according to Table 25, we get VSENSE1 = 1.647 V and
VSENSE2 = 3.283 V, then:
M = 1.222 [S]
b = -0.013 [A]
IOUT is then:
Equation 15
I OUT = 1.222 ⋅ V SENSE – 0.013
An easy algorithm can give the M and b values. During the EOL the pairs (VSENSE1, IREF1)
and (VSENSE2, IREF2) or alternatively only M and b can be stored in the microcontroller
relevant EEPROM. After the calibration the current sense variation is still influenced by the
device temperature. Equation 15 is still affected by an error proportional to the sense current
thermal drift.
This drift is reported in the datasheet as dK/K. The drift decreases when increasing the
output current, e.g. in the VND7020AJ datasheet the drift is +/-25 % at 0.1 A and it
decreases down to +/-5 % when the output current is 9 A.
7.2.11
Open load detection in off-state
•
Available if SEn pin is set high
•
Indicated by VSENSEH on MultiSense pin
•
External pull-up on the output needed
•
Possibility to distinguish between open load in off-state and short to VBAT using
switchable pull-up resistor.
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Maximum RPU calculation during open-load condition:
Switchable resistor RPU must be selected in order to ensure VOUT > VOL_MAX (value given
in the datasheet) considering maximum leakage current for VOL_MAX, as well as additional
leakage current flowing to GND (i.e. due to humidity),
Figure 103. RPU calculation with no load connected
VBAT
VCC
RPU
FaultRST
IN0
Multisense
GND
RLOAD
VOL_MAX
OUT0
IGND_LEAKAGE
SEn
VBAT
IL(off2)
Resistor RPU connected to VBAT supply results to:
V BAT – V OL_MAX
R PU < -------------------------------------------------------------------------I GND_LEAKAGE – I L(off2)_MIN
Where IL(off2) is a value present in the datasheet.
Considering VBAT = 7 V, ground leakage current IGND_LEAKAGE = 0 and IL(off2) = -100 µA
7V – 4V
R PU < --------------------- = 30kΩ
100μA
For VBAT = 7 V, RPU should be applied less than 30 kΩ to identify open load in off-state.
Minimum RPU calculation while load is connected
In order to ensure that no OL in off state failure flag set, if the load is connected, minimum
RPU must be evaluated.
Minimum RPU can be calculated as follows:
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Figure 104. RPU calculation with load connected
VBAT
RPU
FaultRST
IN0
IPU
VCC
Multisense
RLOAD
GND
VOUT < VOL_MIN
OUT0
ILOAD
SEn
VBAT
IL(off2)
Considering:
V OUT
I LOAD = ------------------ = I L(off2) + I PU
R LOAD
V BAT – V OUT
V BAT – V OUT
R PU = -----------------------------------  I PU = ----------------------------------I PU
R PU
then:
V OUT
V BAT – V OUT
------------------ = I L(off2) + ----------------------------------R LOAD
R PU
with VOUT < VOL_MIN
results to:
R LOAD ⋅ ( V BAT – V OL_MIN )
R PU > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------V OL_MIN – R LOAD ⋅ I L(off2)_MAX
( I L(off2)_MAX is negative )
Example 6
Let us consider a VND7020AJ driving a load with RLOAD = 4 Ω and following parameters:
VOL_min = 2 V and VBAT = 18 V (as worst case battery)
IL(off2)_MAX = -15 µA
Applying below formula the pull-up resistance in order not to generate a false OL diagnostic
is:
4Ω ⋅ ( 18V – 2V )
R PU > ------------------------------------------------- = 32Ω
2V – 4Ω ⋅ ( – 15μA )
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Figure 105. Analogue HSD – open load detection in off-state
+5V
Vbat
Vbat
100nF/50V
100nF
10k
GND
Microcontroller
GND
V DD
V CC
OUT
FR
15k
IN
External
Pull -Up
switch
OUT
Logic
15k
SEn
OUT
SEL
15k
OUT
OUTPUT
Multisense
OUT
Current mirror
15k
GND
ADC in
15k
R GND
4k7
Rsense 2
DGND
10nF /100V
OUT
10k
10nF
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
In the following plots delay times for the OL detection in off state vs settings of INx and SEn
are shown. The relevant delay times tDSTKON and tD_VOL are given in the datasheets.
Figure 106. Open load / short to VCC detection in OFF state - delay after IN is set from
low to high
VIN
VSENSE
OPEN LOAD
VSENSE
Pull up connected
VSENSEH
Pull up disconnected
VSENSE = 0
tDSTKON
VSENSEH
SHORT TO Vcc
GAPG1128130909MS
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Figure 107. Open load/short to VCC detection in OFF state - delay after SEn is set from
low to high
VSEn
Pull up connected
VSENSE
OPEN LOAD
VSENSEH
Pull up disconnected
VSENSE
tD
VSENSE = 0
OL V
SHORT TO Vcc
VSENSEH
GAPG1128131000MS
Table 26. MultiSense pin levels in off-state
Condition
Pull up
MultiSense
SEn
0
L
VSENSEH
H
0
L
0
H
0
L
VSENSEH
H
0
L
VSENSEH
H
0
L
0
H
0
L
0
H
Yes
Open load
No
Yes
Short to VCC
No
Yes
Nominal
No
Diagnostic summary
The table below summarizes all failure conditions, the VSENSE signal behavior and
recommendations for diagnostics sampling.
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Table 27. Diagnostics - overview
Fault
condition
Open load
(without pull-up)
Signal
VIN
L
H
VSENSE
0V
0V
L
H
VSENSE
VSENSEH
0V
Notes
Current sense delay response time from rising
edge of IN pin must be considered (tDSENSE2H).
See Figure 109
L
H
VSENSE
VSENSEH
< Nominal
Notes
Delay time from
falling edge of IN
pin must be
considered
(tDSTKON).
Current sense delay response time from rising
edge of IN pin must be considered (tDSENSE2H).
See Figure 110
VIN
L
H
FR
L
L
VSENSE
0V
VSENSEH
Current sense delay response time from rising
edge of IN pin must be considered (tDSENSE2H,
trip time to PowerLimitation/Overtemperature
shutdown whatever is longer).
Notes
Waveforms
sampling
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Delay time from
falling edge of IN
pin must be
considered
(tDSTKON).
VIN
Waveforms
sampling
Power limitation
or over
temperature
(Autorestart
mode)
See Figure 108
VIN
Waveforms
sampling
Short circuit to
VBAT
Current sense delay response time from rising
edge of IN pin must be considered (tDSENSE2H).
Notes
Waveforms
sampling
Open load
(with pull-up)
Value
See Figure 111
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
Table 27. Diagnostics - overview (continued)
Fault
condition
Power limitation
or over
temperature
(Latch mode)
Signal
Value
VIN
L
H
FR
H
H
VSENSE
0V
VSENSEH
Current sense delay response time from rising
edge of IN pin must be considered (tDSENSE2H,
trip time to PowerLimitation/Overtemperature
shutdown whatever is longer).
Output latched-off after the first intervention of
power limitation or thermal shutdown. Can be
unlatched by a low level pulse on the FR pin
(TPULSE > TLATCH_RST).
Notes
Waveforms
sampling
See Figure 112
Figure 108. Open-load without pull-up timings
9,1
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9
W'6(16(+
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Figure 109. Open-load with pull-up timings
9287!92/
9,1
96(16(+
96(16(
9
W'6(16(+
W'67.21
("1($'5
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
UM1922
Figure 110. Short circuit to VBATT timings
9287!92/
9,1
96(16(+
1RPLQDO
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Figure 111. Power limitation or overtemperature waveforms (in autorestart mode)
9,1
,/LP+
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96(16(+
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Figure 112. Power limitation or overtemperature waveforms (in lacth mode)
9,1
,/LP+
,287
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96(16(+
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7.2.12
MultiSense diagnostic evaluation with SPC560Bxx
Considering analogue monitoring for several outputs, appropriate microcontroller must be
used. Choosing SPC560Bxx, dedicated HW blocks can be used with advantage to monitor
multiple CSENSE signals (together with automated MultiSense channel switching).
SPC560Bxx is capable to generate independent PWM signals for multiple outputs by
dedicated hardware block called eMIOS. It includes capability to specify trigger position
within PWM period for signal A/D conversion without any SW intervention (0 % CPU load in
software task used for MUX switching and A/D conversion triggering).
Figure 113 shows specific eMIOS mode, applicable for PWM generation and A/D
conversion triggering (OPWMT mode)
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
Figure 113. eMIOS PWM generation mode principle
Falling edge
reconfigured
Rising
edge
Trigger
point
Falling
edge
Rising Trigger
edge
point
eMIOS
Selected
counter
bus
Falling
edge
On risingA2 Trigger
edge
point
new falling
edge applied
Falling
edge
uC output flip-flop
Corresponds to
device output signal
FLAG pin
(Trigger for ADC)
GAPG1128131001MS
eMIOS block is able to control many channels applying independent configuration of rising,
falling edge position (duty cycle), together with trigger, specifying sampling point for
MultiSense signal. For example SPC560B64 - up to 2x31channels are available for this
purpose (other models can contain different number of eMIOS channels). These channels
can be mapped directly to control INx signals of multiple HSDs.
Additional block aligned with M0-7 devices MultiSense control, is ADC external Multiplexer.
This peripheral use MA[2:0] control pins capable to control external analogue Multiplexer (in
this case M07 devices are in role of external multiplexer). SEL0...2, SEn pins are controlled
by MA[2...0] outputs.
Four analogue input channels ANX[3:0] linked with MA[2...0] selector outputs create
possibility to monitor 4(A/D inputs) x 8 (possible combination of MA[2...0]) = 32 analogue
signals, driven by MA[2...0] outputs.
Depending on the system complexity, multiple devices can be diagnosed using extended
ADC channels without need of SW control on the microcontroller side. eMIOS block create
trigger measurement points, pass them to the ADC external multiplexer. It drives MA[2...0]
outputs applied to M0-7 HSDs SELx pins (selecting relevant monitored channel). Selected
MultiSense feedback passed to one of the A/D inputs is automatically measured by
microcontroller A/D converter at preconfigured time. This operation applies to all channels
using MA[2...0] (external multiplexer).
For simple/medium complex systems (up to 32 analogue monitored channels), analogue
monitoring of all channels can be applied without impact on CPU load (using extended ADC
attached to eMIOS channels in OPWMT mode).
On more complex system (analogue monitoring more than 32 channels) additional logic
must be involved.
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Figure 114. SPC extended ADC channels block diagram
While ADC external MUX control is used on SPC, it is important to preconfigure maximum
delay (64 µs) between MUX switching and A/D conversion. This delay covers time
necessary to switch M0-7 internal Multiplexer to newly selected channel/signal together with
time needed for signal stabilization caused by low-pass filter used on A/D input. Additionally
must be ensured valid current sense signal during A/D conversion. It means there must be
delay between HSD channel switch ON and ADC sampling, at least tDSENSE2H time. After
ADC is sampled, MUX can be changed to following channel/signal. (Via MA [2...0])
Channel 0
HSD In
Channel 1
HSD In
Mux
A/ D conversion done,
eMI OS N+1_trigger
eMIO S N_t rigger
tdsense2H
Figure 115. CSENSE diagnostic approach principle
MUX switching time min 64us
ADC_N
Mux
ADC_N+1
MUX ch0 ch1
Example configuration applying 0 % CPU load (MUX switching done by microcontroller HW
peripherals)
In the following example two groups of drivers are given. Each group consists of two devices
(maximum can be 4 – given by microcontroller A/D peripheral - number of analogue input
channels linked to external multiplexer ANX0...3, see Figure 114), where SEL pins are
connected in parallel (selecting the same MUX channel on all devices). During diagnostic,
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
groups 1 and 2 are alternated by SEn signal (every time, only one group is active for
diagnostic, group 2 use inverter on SEn signal).
SPC560Bxx diagnostic Interface is using externally multiplexed A/D channels ANX0 and
ANX1 linked with control SEn and SEL0...1 pins automatically without any microcontroller
load.
Since quad channel device (U4) in Group 2 is used, SEL2 pin must be controlled by SW (no
additional MA pin is available). In this example, SW controls alternation between current
sense signals and VCC + TC signals on quad channel HSD (U4).
Figure 116. Example of connection of multiple HSDs to SPC using external ADC MUX
control
Group 1
Group 2
VBAT1
VDD
100nF/50V
uC
VDD
GPIO
MA0
MA1
MA2
GPIO
100nF/50V
U1
FaultRST
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
15k
VCC
15k
IN0
15k
IN1
OUT0
15k
SEL2
15k
INx control
eMIOS driven GPIO
IN0
OUT0
15k
SEn
15k
VCC
FaultRST
IN1
SEn
.. .. .
U3
15k
FaultRST
SEn
15k
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
15k
Multisense
SEL0
SEL1
Multisense
GND
GND
100..470pF
100..470pF
eMIOS driven GPIO
OUT1
15k
RPROT
4k7
ANX0
DGND
RSENSE 1
470pF
VBAT2
100nF/50V
100nF/50V
U2
15k
15k
VCC
U4
15k
FaultRST
15k
IN0
15k
IN0
15k
IN1
OUT0
15k
VCC
FaultRST
15k
15k
SEn
IN1
IN2
OUT0
IN3
15k
15k
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
OUT1
15k
ANX1
Multisense
GND
15k
SEn
RSENSE 2
100..470pF
470pF
15k
15k
15k
OUT2
SEL0
SEL1
SEL2
OUT3
Multisense
GND
GND
100..470pF
RPROT
4k7
DGND
In Table 28, the mapping between SEL0...2, SEn control signals and ANX0, ANX1 signals is
shown:
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ANX1
SEn
U3 + U4
(MultiSense)
(MultiSense)
X
L
L
H
L
CurrentSense Ch0
X
L
H
H
L
CurrentSense Ch1
X
H
L
H
L
TCHIP Sense
X
H
H
H
L
VCC Sense
L
L
L
L
H
CurrentSense Ch0
L
L
H
L
H
CurrentSense Ch1
L
H
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
L
H
H
L
H
VCC Sense
H
L
L
L
H
CurrentSense Ch0(1)
H
L
H
L
H
CurrentSense Ch1
H
H
L
L
H
TCHIP Sense
H
H
H
L
H
VCC Sense
CurrentSense Ch0
CurrentSense Ch1
TCHIP Sense
VCC Sense
CurrentSense Ch0
CurrentSense Ch1
CurrentSense Ch2
CurrentSense Ch3
TCHIP Sense
VCC Sense
TCHIP Sense
VCC Sense
1. SEL2 not applicable - output according SEL1, SEL0 and SEn.
Time diagram shows A/D trigger points of MultiSense diagnostic:
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Group1
ANX0
Group2
SEn
(SEL2) (SEL1) (SEL0)
U1 + U2
Negative
MA2
MultiSense
U1
VND7020AJ
MA2
MultiSense
U1
VND7020AJ
MA0
MultiSense
U3
VND7020AJ
MA1
MultiSense
U3
VND7020AJ
GPIO
MultiSense
U4
VNQ7140AJ
Table 28. SPC560Bxx example signals mapping
UM1922
MultiSense - analogue current sense
Figure 117. SPC560Bxx example MultiSense trigger points
300us
V CC
V CC
TCAS E
CS 1
TCAS E
CS 0
CS 1
MA0,1 select:
CS 0
Group 1 active (MA2 = H)
>64us
(Mux settling time)
U1
Ch.0
Ch.1
U2
Ch.0
Ch.1
>64us >64us
(Mux settling time)
VCC
CS 3
TCAS E
CS 2
CS 1
CS 0
CS 1
CS 0
Group 2 active (MA2 = L)
MA0,1 select:
>64us
(Mux settling time)
300us
U3
Ch.0
Ch.1
U4
Ch.1
>64us >64us
Ch.2
While GPIO SEL2 = L
(no Vcc, TCAS E diagnostic on U4)
Ch.0
Ch.3
1 PWM period
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
7.2.13
UM1922
MultiSense low pass filtering
Figure 118. Low pass filter connection
Vbat
VCC
FR
IN
Logic
SEn
SEL
OUT
RPROTECTION
uC - ADC
Multisense
Current mirror
IOUT
15k
ISENSE
CF
470pF
GND
Rsense
VSENSE
GND
GND
RGND
4k7
LOAD
DGND
GND
GND
The current sense voltage is usually connected through a 15 kΩ protection resistor to the
ADC input of the microcontroller. In case of VSENSEH level the voltage is limited by the
microcontroller internal ESD protection (~5.6 V) while the ADC shows maximum value
(0xFF in case of 8-bit resolution). The capacitor CF is used to improve the accuracy of the
VSENSE measurement (refer to Figure 118).
This capacitor acts as a low impedance voltage source for the ADC input during the
sampling phase. Together with 15 kΩ serial resistor, it creates a low pass filter (with cutoff
frequency of ~22 kHz) against potential HF noise on the MultiSense line (especially if a
long wire is routed to the microcontroller). This capacitor should be connected close to the
microcontroller.
Chosen value of filtering capacitor (470 pF) together with RPROTECTION = 15 kΩ results in a
time constant lower than settling times between multiplexer selection (control of SEL0...2
pins) so with a minimized delay between SEL0...2 settings and sampling at the ADC.
7.3
TCASE, VCC (device dependent)
Devices containing full logic implementation have the possibility to monitor device case
temperature and battery voltage (please for knowing the list of devices containing or not the
full logic, consult Table 14)
In this case, MultiSense output operates in voltage mode and output level is referred to
device GND. For monolithic devices, where reverse battery protection circuitry is used on
device GND pin, voltage offset is created relative to real GND potential. This offset must be
considered during measurement on microcontroller side.
Following picture shows the link between VMEASURED and real VSENSE signal.
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MultiSense - analogue current sense
Figure 119. GND voltage shift
V BAT
100 nF/50V
Multisense voltage mode
- VSENSEH
- VCC monitor
- TCASE monitor
FaultRST
VCC
IN0
OUT0
SEn
SEL0
SEL1
RPROT
Multisense
7.3.1
GND
VSENSE
RSENSE
VPROT
V MEASURED
To uC ADC
RPROT
1k
DGND
VCC monitor
Battery monitoring channel provides VSENSE = VCC / 4
Without calibration of voltage analogue feedback accuracy, limited precision of VCC
monitoring can be applied.
Considering limit values of VND7020AJ datasheet, and in case all channels are deactivated
(INx = 0)
13
V SENSE_VCC_MIN = 3.16 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT_MAX
13
TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT_MAX = ----------- = 4.114 ( +2.1% )
3.09
and similar
13
V SENSE_VCC_MIN = 3.30 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT_MIX
13
TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT_MIX = ----------- = 3.939 ( – 2.1% )
3.30
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Figure 120. VCC monitor transfer function
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Applying limit cases of transfer coefficients show possible inaccuracy of VCC monitoring.
The precision of MultiSense VCC monitor can be improved with a calibration, this means
measuring an operating point of one device VSENSE_VCC(for example calibration at 13 V and
25 °C) and by knowing the dependency of the VSENSE_VCC with the device temperature to
be able to read the VCC value with maximum precision.
Experimental results show an average dVSENSE_VCC / DTCHIP ~ -70 µV/K and an average
relative error (dVSENSE_VCC / VSENSE_VCC) / DTCHIP ~ 4.5 (µV/V)/K in the range -40 °C to
85 °C.
Moreover the MultiSense signal in VCC mode depends on the state of the channels;
experimental results show an increase for each channel turned on of about 8 mV.
7.3.2
Case temperature monitor
Case temperature monitor is capable of providing information about actual device
temperature. Since diodes are used for temperature sensing, the following equation
describes the link between temperature and output VSENSE level:
dV SENSE_TC
V SENSE_TC ( T ) = V SENSE_TC ( T 0 ) + ---------------------------------- ⋅ ( T – T 0 )
dT
where dVSENSE_TC / dT is the temperature coefficient. Typical VSENSE_TC at 25 °C and 13 V
and with all channels off with RSENSE = 1 kΩ is 2.06 V. The temperature coefficient is
dVSENSE_TC / dT ~ -5.5 mV/°C. The total spread of VSENSE_TC at a given temperature
(between -40 °C and 150 °C) is constant and equal to ±85 mV. This corresponds to a
precision in temperature reading of about +/- 16 °C without calibration.
The precision of MultiSense TCHIP monitor can be improved with a calibration, this means
measuring an operating point of one device VSENSE_TC (for example calibration at 1 V and
25 °C) and by knowing the dependency of the VSENSE_VCC with the battery voltage to read
the TCHIP value during the real operation.
Experimental results show an average dVSENSE_TC / dVCC ~ -0.4 mV/V, this means
dTC / dVCC ~ + 0.1 °C/V in the range from 7 V to 18 V.
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Moreover the MultiSense signal in VCC mode depends on the state of the channels;
experimental results show an increase for each channel turned on of ~ 10 mV, this means a
positive offset of about 1.8 °C.
Example on evaluation of VCC, TCASE and diagnostic with SPC560Bxx
Similar concept shown in the example for Current Sense monitoring can be applied. The
major difference is consideration of GND offset on monolithic devices. Since voltage drop on
GND protection depends on varying operating conditions, device ground voltage should be
monitored for accurate MultiSense result.
The measurement setup is similar to previous evaluation extended with 2 additional AD
channels for GND shift monitoring (two reverse battery protection groups). These AD
channels are HW triggered with dedicated eMIOS channels.
Analogue signals mapping is the same as shown in Table 28.
Figure 121. Example MultiSense reading on multiple HSDs with GND shift
compensation
Group 1
Group 2
VBAT1
VDD
100nF/50V
uC
VDD
GPIO
MA0
MA1
MA2
GPIO
100nF/50V
U1
FaultRST
15k
SEL0
15k
SEL1
15k
VCC
15k
IN0
15k
IN1
15k
eMIOS driven GPIO
IN0
OUT0
15k
SEn
15k
VCC
FaultRST
IN1
OUT0
15k
SEL2
.. .. .
U3
15k
FaultRST
SEn
INx control
7.3.3
SEn
15k
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
15k
Multisense
SEL0
SEL1
Multisense
GND
GND
100..470pF
100..470pF
eMIOS driven GPIO
OUT1
15k
RPROT
4k7
ANX0
DGND
RSENSE 1
470pF
VBAT2
100nF/50V
15k
100nF/50V
ANP0
U2
15k
470pF
15k
VCC
U4
15k
FaultRST
15k
IN0
15k
IN0
15k
IN1
OUT0
15k
VCC
FaultRST
15k
15k
SEn
IN1
IN2
OUT0
IN3
15k
15k
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
OUT1
15k
ANX1
Multisense
GND
15k
SEn
RSENSE 2
100..470pF
470pF
15k
15k
15k
OUT2
SEL0
SEL1
SEL2
OUT3
15k
ANP1
Multisense
GND
GND
100..470pF
470pF
RPROT
4k7
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DGND
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To eliminate the effect of the GND shift variation, it is important to measure the GND voltage
and VCC / Temp signal in the same time (ideally) or with a few µs delay. Possible solutions
are shown in the Figure 122.
Figure 122. GND shift measurement position example
V CC
GND U1
V CC
GND U2
CS 1
CS 0
TCAS E
GND U1
TCAS E
GND U2
CS 1
MA0,1 select:
CS 0
Group 1 active (MA2 = H)
300us
> 64us
> 64us
2us
2us
U1
Ch.0
Ch.1
2us
2us
Ch.0
2us
U2
2us
Ch.1
>64us >64us
(Mux settling time)
VCC
GND U3
CS 3
TCAS E
GND U3
CS 2
CS 1
CS 0
CS 1
MA0,1 select:
CS 0
Group 2 active (MA2 = L)
>64us
(Mux settling time)
300us
Ch.0
U3
> 64us
2us
Ch.1
> 64us
2us
U4
Ch.1
>64us >64us
Ch.2
While GPIO SEL2 = L
(no Vcc, TCAS E diagnostic on U4)
Ch.0
Ch.3
1 PWM period
The best trigger position for the VCC/Temp and the GND voltage measurement is usually
after the rising edge of channel with highest phase shift, when all PWM channels are
already activated. At that point the GND signal is stable (note that this statement is not valid
during power limitation or thermal shutdown).
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Paralleling of devices
8
Paralleling of devices
8.1
Paralleling of logic input pins
The following chapters describe the paralleling of Logic input pins (SEn, INx, SELx, LEDx
and FaultRST) of different HSDs, taking into account device technology (monolithic HSDs or
hybrid HSDs) and supply line configuration (either the same or separate supply lines for
each HSD).
Direct paralleling of logic pins is generally an allowed operation in case of devices designed
in the same technology (monolithic or hybrid) supplied from one supply line. In all other
cases (like combination of monolithic with hybrid technology, different supply lines) we
should use additional components to ensure a safe operation under conditions in
automotive environment (ISO pulses, reverse battery …).
The clamp structure of all logic input is similar (except for a slight difference on FaultRST
pin), therefore all the explanations related to the paralleling of SEn pins are applicable also
to paralleling of other logic input pins (including the FaultRST pin).
8.1.1
Monolithic HSDs supplied from different supply lines
Paralleling of SEn pins of monolithic HSDs is possible, however some precautions in
schematic should be applied if the HSDs are supplied from different supply lines. In this
case the direct connection of SEn pins (as shown in Figure 123) is not safe.
Figure 123. Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended)
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195
Paralleling of devices
UM1922
Direct connection of SEn pins is not safe in following cases:
•
Negative voltage surge either on VBAT1 or VBAT2
•
Positive voltage surge either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 while:
–
Device GND pin disconnected;
–
DGND not used (resistor protection only);
–
Positive pulse energy higher than HSD (or DGND) capability all paralleled devices could be damaged
A negative voltage surge (ISO7637-2 pulse 1, 3a) either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 could cause
unlimited current flow between both supply lines via the SEn pins of connected devices. This
current could lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs. The mechanism
(current path) is shown graphically on example on Figure 123. The negative transient (i.e.
-100 V) on VBAT1 (device U1) is transferred to the GND pin via the VCC - GND clamp (~0.7 V
voltage drop → -99.3 V) and consequently to the SEn pin via the SEn - GND clamp (~6.3 V
voltage drop → -93 V). Since the SEn pin of second device U2 is pulled negative, a parasitic
NPN bipolar structure on SEn pin is activated (emitter pulled negative versus base) and
pulls the SEn pin high towards the VCC pin (VBAT2). Since this parasitic NPN structure
doesn’t allow the SEn pin to be pulled negative to -93 V, an unlimited current can flow
between the devices.
A positive voltage surge (ISO7637-2 pulse 2a, 3b) either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 could lead to the
increase of the GND pin voltage (in case of missing DGND, DGND failure or GND pin
disconnected). As soon as this occurs, the voltage on SEn pin is rising also since a parasitic
NPN bipolar structure is activated (base positive versus emitter). Since the second device
(with properly connected GND pin) doesn’t allow the voltage on SEn pin to rise above the
clamp voltage (~6.3 V) an unlimited current can flow between the devices. This could lead to
malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
In order to avoid such failures it is recommended to add a 15 K resistor in series to each
SEn pin (see Figure 124).
In principle the same applies to all other logic input pins as well (since the clamp structure is
similar).
Figure 124. Proper connection of SEn pins
VBAT 1
V BAT 2
100 nF/50V
-100V
100nF/50V
U1
VCC
U2
FR
FR
IN
IN
VCC
Logic
14V
Logic
-93.3V
SEn
SEn
15k
15k
SEL
SEL
OUT
OUT
Multisense
Multisense
Current mirror
C urrent mirror
15k
GND
RGN D
4k7
-99.3V
15k
470pF
R SENSE
R SENSE
RGN D
4k7
D GN D
uC I/O
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GND
470pF
DocID028098 Rev 1
DGND
UM1922
Paralleling of devices
8.1.2
Hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines
Paralleling of SEn pins of hybrid HSDs is possible; however some precautions in schematic
should be applied if the HSDs are supplied from different supply lines. Direct connection of
SEn pins (as shown in Figure 125) is not safe.
Figure 125. Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended)
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Direct connection of SEn pins is not safe in the following cases:
•
Loss of GND connection
If the GND connection of one device is lost, positive as well as negative ISO pulses on the
associated supply line are not clamped anymore (considering no other devices connected to
this supply line). If the transient voltage is big enough to activate a parasitic NPN bipolar
structure of one SEn pin and the clamp structure of second SEn pin, there could be unlimited
current flow between both supply lines through SEn pins (same mechanism as already
described in case of monolithic devices). This current could lead to malfunction or even
failure of one or both of the HSDs. The parasitic current path is shown graphically on
Figure 125.
In order to avoid such failures it is recommended to add a 15 KΩ resistor in series to each
SEn pin (in the same way as already described in case of monolithic devices – see previous
chapter).
In principle the same applies to all other logic input pins as well (since the clamp structure is
similar).
8.1.3
Mix of monolithic and hybrid HSDs
Paralleling of SEn pins of monolithic and hybrid HSD is possible, however some precautions
in schematic must be applied. The direct connection of SEn Pins (as shown in Figure 126) is
not safe (even if we consider the same power supply for both devices).
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UM1922
Figure 126. Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended)
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Direct connection of SEn pins is not safe in the following cases:
•
Reverse battery (single supply line considered)
•
Negative ISO pulse (single supply line considered)
•
Loss of GND connection (separate supply lines considered) + ISO pulse
Due to the different concepts of reverse battery protection of hybrid and monolithic devices,
there is a way for unlimited current flow between both devices in case of reverse battery
condition. The hybrid device has an integrated reverse battery protection in VCC line, while
the monolithic device needs an external diode/resistor in series with GND pin (refer to
Chapter 2: Reverse battery protection of this document). The different potential on each
GND pin (hybrid: ~ 0 V, monolithic: -VBAT - 0.7 V) is leading to the activation of both SEn
clamp structures when VBAT is below ~ -7.5 V (VSEnCLAMP + two diode voltage drop). The
resulting current can lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
156/196
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Paralleling of devices
Figure 127. Direct connection of SEn pins (not recommended) during loss of GND
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In configuration of separate supply lines where the GND connection of one device is lost,
positive as well as negative ISO pulses on the associated supply line are not clamped
anymore (considering no other devices connected to this supply line). If the transient
voltage is big enough to activate involved structures, there could be unlimited current flow
between both supply lines through SEn pins. This current could lead to malfunction or even
failure of one or both of the HSDs.
In order to avoid such failure it is recommended to add a 15 KΩ resistor in series to each
SEn pin (in the same way as already described in case of paralleling of monolithic devices –
see previous chapter).
In principle the same applies to all other logic input pins as well (since the clamp structure is
similar).
The following table is summarizing possible combinations of HSDs with paralleled inputs
relative to the used power supply networks.
Figure 128. Paralleling of inputs summary
Texchnology
The same power supply network
(VBAT + GND network)
Different supply networks
(different VBAT
or different GND protection network )
Single resistor on uC side, HSD inputs in parallel
Monolithic + Monolithic
HSD
INx
uC I/O
15k
Multisense
Each HSD use separate protection resistor
15k
HSD
HSD
INx
INx
Hybrid + Hybrid
Multisense
uC I/O
Multisense
15k
HSD
INx
Multisense
Monolithic + Hybrid
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8.2
UM1922
Paralleling of MultiSense
The following chapters describe the paralleling of MultiSense pins of HSDs, taking into
account device technology (monolithic HSDs or hybrid HSDs) and supply line configuration
(either the same or separate supply line for each HSD).
Direct connection of MultiSense pins is an allowed operation without any restriction when
the devices are supplied from one supply line, sharing the same GND network. In case of
separated supply lines or separated GND protection networks, we should use additional
components to ensure a safe operation under conditions in automotive environment (ISO
pulses, reverse battery …).
8.2.1
Monolithic HSDs supplied from different supply lines
Paralleling of MultiSense pins of monolithic HSDs is possible; however some precautions in
schematic should be applied if the HSDs are supplied from different supply lines. Direct
connection of MultiSense pins (as shown in the next picture) is not safe.
Figure 129. Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended)
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Direct connection of MultiSense pins is not safe in the following cases:
•
Negative voltage surge on either on VBAT1 or VBAT2
•
Positive voltage surge either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 while:
•
–
Device GND pin disconnected
–
DGND not used (resistor protection only)
–
Positive pulse energy higher than the HSD (or DGND) capability all paralleled devices could be damaged
Loss of VBAT1 or VBAT2
A negative voltage surge (ISO 7637-2 pulse 1, 3a) either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 is directly
coupled to the MultiSense pin through the internal VCC - MultiSense clamp structure. If the
negative voltage on MultiSense line is big enough to activate the VCC - MultiSense clamp
158/196
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Paralleling of devices
structure, there could be an unlimited current flow through both MultiSense pins. This
current could lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
A positive voltage surge (ISO7637-2 pulse 2a, 3b) either on VBAT1 or VBAT2 together with
missing DGND (DGND not used, DGND failure or GND pin disconnected) can activate the
VCC - MultiSense clamp structure (clamp voltage similar to VCC - GND clamp). As soon as
this occurs there could be an unlimited current flow through both MultiSense pins. This
current could lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
Loss of either VBAT1 or VBAT2 is leading to a wrong current sense signal. If VBAT2 is lost, U2
(and other components connected to VBAT2) is supplied by U1 current sense signal through
the internal VCC - MultiSense clamp structure. Therefore the voltage on MultiSense bus will
drop to almost 0V and we’ll have no valid VSENSE reading anymore.
In order to protect the devices during ISO pulses and to ensure valid current sense signal as
well, we can add a diode in series to each MultiSense pin (as shown in the following
schematics). In order to suppress the rectification of noise injected to the sense line, it is
recommended to add a ceramic filter capacitor between each CS pin and ground.
However, the voltage drop on diodes in series with MultiSense pin can have an influence on
the dynamic range of current sense, temperature and current sense accuracy. There must
be also taken in account voltage drop over protection diode while MultiSense output is
switched in voltage mode (VBAT/Temperature signal output or VSENSEH fault flag).
Figure 130. Safe solution for paralleling MultiSense pins
VBAT 1
VBAT 2
100nF /50V
100 nF/50V
U1
VC C
U2
FR
FR
IN
IN
SEn
SEn
SEL
SEL
VCC
Logic
Logic
OUT
OUT
Multisense
Multisense
C urrent mirror
GND
R GN D
4k7
Current mirror
100..470pF
GND
100 ..470pF
RGND
4k7
D GN D
D GN D
ADC in
15k
470pF
RSENSE
8.2.2
Hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines
Paralleling of MultiSense pins of hybrid HSDs is possible; however some precautions in
schematic should be applied if the HSDs are supplied from different supply lines. Direct
connection of MultiSense pins (as shown in the next picture) is not safe.
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Paralleling of devices
UM1922
Figure 131. Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended)
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Direct connection of MultiSense pins is not safe in the following case:
–
Loss of GND connection
If the GND connection of one device is lost, positive as well as negative ISO pulses on the
associated supply line are not clamped anymore (considering no other devices connected
on this supply line). If the transient voltage is big enough to activate involved clamp
structures, there could be an unlimited current flow between both supply lines through the
MultiSense pins. This current could lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the
HSDs. The mechanism (current path) is graphically explained on Figure 131. The ISO
transient is applied on supply line of device U2. In case of negative ISO pulse, the current
flows via negative clamp of internal reverse battery protection and MultiSense structure of
device U2 (~17 V drop) and MultiSense-GND clamp of device U1 (-15 V clamp). In case of
positive ISO pulse, the current flows via VCC - MultiSense clamp of device U2 (50 V clamp)
and MultiSense-GND clamp of device U1 (7 V clamp).
In order to ensure a valid current sense signal and to protect devices in all previously
described cases, we can add a diode in series to each MultiSense pin (in the same way as
already described in case of monolithic devices–see previous chapter).
8.2.3
Mix of monolithic and hybrid HSDs supplied from different supply lines
Paralleling of MultiSense pins of monolithic and hybrid HSDs is possible, however some
precautions in schematic should be applied if the HSDs are supplied from different supply
lines. Direct connection of MultiSense pins (as shown in the next picture) is not safe.
160/196
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Paralleling of devices
Figure 132. Direct connection of MultiSense pins (not recommended)
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Direct connection of MultiSense pins is not safe in the following cases:
•
Negative ISO pulse on VBAT2
•
Loss of VBAT1 or VBAT2
•
Loss of GND connection
A negative voltage surge (ISO7637-2 pulse 1, 3a) on VBAT2 is directly coupled to the
MultiSense pin through the internal VCC - MultiSense clamp structure. If the negative
voltage on MultiSense line is big enough to activate the MultiSense - GND clamp structure,
there could be an unlimited current flow through both MultiSense pins. This current could
lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
Loss of either VBAT1 or VBAT2 is leading to wrong current sense signal. If VBAT2 is lost, U2
logic part is supplied by U1 current sense signal through the internal VCC - MultiSense
clamp structure. Therefore the voltage on MultiSense bus will drop and we’ll have no
accurate VSENSE reading anymore.
If the GND connection of one device is lost (DGND not used, DGND failure or GND pin
disconnected), positive as well as negative ISO pulses on the associated supply line are not
clamped anymore (considering no other devices connected to this supply line). If the
transient voltage is big enough to activate the involved clamp structures, there could be an
unlimited current flow between both supply lines through the MultiSense pins. This current
could lead to malfunction or even failure of one or both of the HSDs.
In order to ensure a valid current sense signal and to protect devices in all previously
described cases, we can add a diode in series to each MultiSense pin (in the same way as
already described in case of monolithic devices–see previous chapter).
The following table is summarizing possible combinations of HSDs with paralleled
MultiSense outputs relative to the used power supply networks.
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UM1922
Figure 133. Paralleling of MultiSense summary
Different supply networks
(different VBAT
or different GND protection network )
The same power supply network
(VBAT + GND network)
Texchnology
Multisense in parallel
Monolithic + Monolithic
HSD
INx
Multisense
Each HSD use diode in series
15k
HSD
HSD
INx
INx
Hybrid + Hybrid
470pF
Multisense
Multisense
RSEN SE
15k
100 ..470 pF
HSD
INx
470pF
Multisense
Monolithic + Hybrid
RSENSE
100 ..470 pF
8.3
Paralleling of GND protection network
Sharing common ground protection network of monolithic HSDs is safe in case of using the
same power supply line. If different supply lines are required, an external clamp must be
present on both supply lines to clamp the negative transients to a voltage lower than the
minimum VCLAMP, so that VBAT + |VNEG_PEAK| < 40 V. During the negative voltage exposure,
the outputs of all paralleled devices linked to stable battery line turns-on (since the logic
input thresholds are exceeded by pulling the GND pins negative).
Applying different supply lines (without an external clamp protection) is not safe in case of:
•
Negative ISO pulse on VBAT1 or VBAT2
Figure 134. Common GND network with different supply lines (not recommended)
VBAT 1
VBAT 2
100nF /50V
100 nF/50V
VC C
U1
VCC
U2
FR
FR
IN
IN
SEn
SEn
SEL
SEL
Logic
Logic
OUT
OUT
Multisense
Multisense
C urrent mirror
C urrent mirror
GND
GND
RGND
4k7
162/196
DGND
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8.4
Paralleling of devices
Paralleling of outputs
Paralleling of outputs (within one device) is usually considered when higher current
capability is needed. In this section is showed the device behavior with paralleled outputs
and highlight potential issues (especially in combination with inductive loads).
Considerations and conclusions concerning this chapter are based on experimental
measurements on a limited sample size for each indicated part number.
Current balancing with resistive load
Following experimental measurements show the current sharing between the channel and
behavior of current sense with different load current. Two M0-7 devices (one high and one
low ohmic) are considered.
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Device
•
–
VND7020AJ (OUT0 + OUT1 paralleled)
–
VND7140AJ (OUT0 + OUT1 paralleled)
To be checked:
–
Sharing of load current & current sense
–
Behavior at low current (VON regulation)
Figure 135. Test setup – paralleling of outputs (load current sharing)
+
Oscilloscope
14V
1.2m, 4mm2
Power
Supply
1.2m, 4mm2
8.4.1
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
1m, 1.5mm2
ST7 Motherboard
M0-7 Daughterboard
GND
Vreg
V
meter
VCC
ST7
100nF
VDD
GND
VNx7xxx
FaultRST
15k
GPIO
IN0
15k
GPIO
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
VSENSE
15k
470pF
GND
15k
10cm, 1.5mm2
VOUT1
10cm, 1.5mm2
22nF
Multisense
Rsense
2.2k
GND
ADC
22nF
GND
15k
GPIO
ADC
IOUT0
SEn
15k
GPIO
VOUT0
OUT0
IN1
15k
GPIO
GND
VCC
15k
GPIO
GND
1m, 1.5mm2 Electronic
Load
IOUT1
GND
Rgnd
4.7k
Dgnd
STPS2H100
GND
470pF
GND
GND
GND
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UM1922
Figure 136. Sharing of load current, VON regulation (VND7020AJ)
GAPG1128131022MS
Figure 137. Current sense behavior at low current (VND7020AJ)
Figure 138. Sharing of load current, VON regulation (VND7140AJ)
GAPG1128131024MS
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Paralleling of devices
Figure 139. Current sense behavior at low current (VND7140AJ)
Conclusion:
The current balancing is very good at high current levels, when the Drain Source voltage is
above 30 mV (approximately half of the nominal output current). Reducing the load current
increases the current unbalance (up to 100 % at very low current levels) since the outputs
operates in voltage regulation mode (20 mV typically). The current sense values well
correspond to actual output currents. This leads to the requirement for reading of both
current sense values at low current levels (only the sum of these values will ensure correct
diagnostic).
8.4.2
Overload behavior with resistive loads
This experiment shows the behavior during the overload conditions on a VND7040AJ
sample with paralleled outputs (same test setup as for the load current sharing test).
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Device
–
•
VND7040AJ (OUT0 + OUT1 paralleled)
To be checked:
–
Behavior during overload condition (cold bulb startup)
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UM1922
Figure 140. Behavior during overload condition (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1)
Conclusion:
After turn-on of both channels in overload condition, both channels are in current limitation
and contribute equally to the total load current. The current regulation is stable on both
channels. The first intervention of power limitation (turn-off) comes almost synchronously on
both channels. However, the next power limitation or thermal shutdown cycling is
asynchronous. The cycling frequency is the same but the phase shift is varying.
8.4.3
Driving inductive loads
The following part checks the load current sharing during the demagnetization phase at
various load conditions (standard load with long wire harness, high inductance load with or
without external freewheeling on VND7040AJ device with paralleled outputs).
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Device & Load
–
VND7040AJ (OUT0 + OUT1 paralleled)
Bulb + 10 µH wire harness
2 mH / 2.8 Ω (with or without external freewheeling)
•
166/196
To be checked:
–
Demagnetization phase-sharing of load current & current sense
–
With or without external freewheeling
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Paralleling of devices
Figure 141. Test setup–paralleling of outputs (inductive loads)
+
Oscilloscope
14V
1.2m, 4mm2
1.2m, 4mm2
Power
Supply
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
1m, 1.5mm2
ST7 Motherboard
M0-7 Daughterboard
GND
Vreg
VCC
ST7
100nF
VDD
GND
VNx7xxx
FaultRST
15k
GPIO
IN0
15k
GPIO
SEL0
SEL1
OUT1
VSENSE
15k
470pF
GND
ADC
GND
22nF
10cm, 1.5mm2
VOUT1
10cm, 1.5mm2
GND
15k
GPIO
ADC
IOUT0
SEn
15k
GPIO
VOUT0
OUT0
IN1
15k
GPIO
GND
VCC
15k
GPIO
22nF
Multisense
Rsense
2.2k
GND
1m, 1.5mm2 Inductive
load
IOUT1
GND
Ext. freewheeling
1N4007
(Optional )
ZD1
15V
GND
Vcc
R2
15k
Q1
FDT86113LZ
GND
GND
Figure 142. Bulb with 10 µH (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1)
PWM: 50% @ 100Hz
GAPG1128131028MS
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UM1922
Figure 143. 2 mH / 2.8 Ω (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1)
Figure 144. 2mH / 2.8Ω with external freewheeling (VND7040AJ, Ch.0 + Ch.1)
GAPG1128131030MS
Significant current imbalance is observed during the turn-off phase, even at relatively low
inductance values (10 µH) or with external freewheeling. Nevertheless this behavior does
not impact the total power dissipation in the device or functionality in steady state conditions.
The load current sharing during the demagnetization phase is unstable (see measurement
with 2 mH/2.8 Ω). This leads to the conclusion that, in the worst case, total demagnetization
energy could be dissipated in one channel only. Therefore the energy capability of a single
channel must be sufficient to sustain the whole demagnetization energy. If this is not the
case, an external protection must be added (refer to Section 6.3: Inductive loads).
The following measurement demonstrates the overload condition (turn-on into the short
circuit) on VND7020AJ device with paralleled outputs, configured in latch mode:
•
VBAT:
14 V
•
Temperature:
25 °C
•
Device
–
•
–
168/196
VND7020AJ (OUT0 + OUT1 paralleled)
Short circuit parameters
5 µH / 50 mΩ (coil from 1.5 mm2 cable)
DocID028098 Rev 1
UM1922
Paralleling of devices
Figure 145. Test setup – inductive short circuit test with paralleled outputs
+
Oscilloscope
14V
1.2m, 4mm2
1.2m, 4mm2
Power
Supply
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
ST7 Motherboard
M0-7 Daughterboard
GND
Vreg
VCC
ST7
100nF
VDD
GND
VNx7xxx
FaultRST
15k
GPIO
IN0
15k
GPIO
SEL1
Multisense
Rsense
2.2k
GND
GND
15k
ADC
10cm, 1.5mm2
OUT1
VOUT1
10cm, 1.5mm2
22nF
15k
470pF
22nF
GND
SEL0
15k
GPIO
ADC
IOUT0
L
SEn
15k
GPIO
VOUT0
OUT0
IN1
15k
GPIO
GND
VCC
15k
GPIO
GND
IOUT1
GND
Rgnd
4.7k
Dgnd
STPS2H100
GND
470pF
GND
GND
GND
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Paralleling of devices
UM1922
Figure 146. Inductive short – 5 µH/50 mΩ (VND7020AJ, Ch0 and Ch1 in parallel, Latch mode)
As seen from the measurement the device latches-off after the first power limitation pulse
while the current among the channels is distributed almost equally.
Conclusion:
Paralleling of output channels should be restricted to exceptional cases. Due to the
significant stray inductance of the wire harness, a paralleling of output channels implies the
exposure to a critical high demagnetization energy in case of short circuit conditions
impacting the component lifetime. Even a small difference between the channels (turn-off
shapes, actual clamping voltage) could lead to almost 100 % current imbalance during the
demagnetization phase. In worst case, all inductive energy is dissipated by only one
channel. Since the inductive energy is proportional to the square of the load current, the
stress in the channel could be four times higher in comparison with non-parallel operation at
half of the current with same inductance. Therefore, there is a potential risk of damage even
at relatively low inductance values in range of standard wire harness.
In case the paralleling of outputs is required, the devices must be configured in latch mode,
to avoid the repetitive demagnetization stress during the power limitation or thermal
shutdown cycling.
A special care must be taken in case of inductive VBAT connection (long wire harness). Even
a few µH of inductance of the supply line can generate a positive over-voltage pulse on VCC
pin at turn-off (latch-off) of the outputs in case of short circuit conditions. This positive pulse
could activate the VCC - GND signal clamp and cause damage of the device. Therefore it is
recommended, in case of long battery cables, to add >100 µF low ESR electrolytic capacitor
between the VCC pin and GND in order to keep the VCC peak voltage safely below the
minimum clamping voltage VCLAMP. It is always recommended to run an experimental
verification on module level to confirm the correct dimensioning and placement of the
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Paralleling of devices
capacitor. Practical experiments on M0-7 HSDs show that this capacitor is not needed in
case of paralleling of two channels of high ohmic devices (VND7140AJ).
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Inverse output current behavior
UM1922
9
Inverse output current behavior
9.1
Introduction
The objective of this chapter is to describe the robustness of M0-7 monolithic devices
submitted to disturbances injected on output in a typical application scheme.
Sometimes, devices operate in condition where the Output voltage can be higher than the
supply voltage VS, for instance because the device is driving a Capacitive (see Figure 148)
or Inductive Load (for example in case of a DC motor driven in H-Bridge configuration (see
Figure 149), or because accidentally the Outputs are wired to the battery (see Figure 149)
or moreover in case of ripples induced by a disturbance sources (for instance ISO pulses on
battery which could create transient voltages on Output Power Stage).
Figure 147. Inverse current injected by a capacitive load
VCC
IN
Logic
IINVERSE
OUT
Multisense
Current mirror
GND
Rsense
Dgnd
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Inverse output current behavior
Figure 148. Inverse Current injected by an inductive load in the high-side driver of an
H-Bridge
HSB / OFF
HSA / ON
IINVERSE
Iforward
Vbatt
M
LSB / ON -> OFF
LSA / OFF
Figure 149. Inverse current Injected by a short circuit to battery
VCC
IN
Vbatt
Logic
Vbatt
IINVERSE
OUT
Multisense
Current mirror
GND
Rsense
Load
Dgnd
Rgnd
We define IINVERSE the current that flows into the device from the output.
Generally, the conditions above described could become permanent, in case of output short
circuit to battery, creating an extra stress on the solid switch.
9.2
Device capability versus inverse current
Considering a generic multichannel high-side driver, in case of inverse current disturbance
injected into output, several cases can occur depending on the combination of channels
operating conditions (ON or OFF state). A single channel HSD can be intended as a subset
of a generic multichannel high-side driver.
The inverse current (IINVERSE) could modify the behavior of the channel under test (ChUT)
and of the others close by. The analysis is performed both while the channels operate in
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static way (permanent operation) and while they are dynamically controlled (PWM
operation). The first IINVERSE value that modifies the expected channels behavior is called
IINVERSE(th) (Inverse current threshold).
In case of static operation (channel permanently ON or OFF) the IINVERSE(th) changes either
the ChUT and the others previous state.
In case of dynamic operation, the IINVERSE(th) inhibits the effect of the input command used
to change the channel state (for instance the IINVERSE(th) inhibits the turn ON of the ChUT
and the others while are in OFF state at the time the inverse current is applied).
Moreover the effects of the IINVERSE are reported looking at the behavior of the diagnostic
that could be modified by this current injection.
Effects of IINVERSE are reported in the two following operating conditions:
9.2.1
1.
Device in steady operation (DC operation)
2.
Device in PWM operation
Device in steady state
Based on channels permanent status, three major cases can be identified as reported
below:
1.
Device sensitivity of channels permanently ON for dynamic inverse output current:
Device state: all channels in ON state (Inputs high) and loaded
Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a channel (the ChUT), up to
the IINVERSE(th)
2.
Device sensitivity of channels permanently OFF for dynamic inverse output current:
Device state: all channels in OFF state, with all channels loaded (inputs low)
Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a channel up to the IINVERSE(th)
3.
Device sensitivity of channels either permanently ON or OFF for dynamic inverse
output current while ChUT state is opposite to the one of the adjacent channel
i) Channel “ch_i” set in OFF state while other Channel “ch_j” is in ON state, and loaded
ii) Channel “ch_i” set in ON state while other Channel “ch_j” is in OFF state, and loaded
Table 29. Example of channels configuration on a dual channels HSD
Test ID
Channels
configuration
ChUT
Chi/Chj
1.
ON / ON
3.-i
OFF / ON
3.-ii
ON / OFF
2.
OFF / OFF
mcs
status
Signals monitored
Enable
Chi
1.
ON / ON
3.-i
OFF / ON
3.-ii
ON / OFF
2.
OFF / OFF
VOUT
Disable
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Inverse output current behavior
This analysis results are reported in Table 33. Test conditions: VBAT = 12 V, and room
temperature (values in the table are representative of experimental results on a limited
sample base.
In the Table 33 following symbols are given:
•
[VF] is the body-diode forward voltage at room temperature
•
[d] is a delta voltage between VCC and VOUT, with a value lower than VF.
•
[VSENSEH] is the fault MultiSense voltage.
•
[VOL] is the OFF state open-load detection threshold
I.
Table 30. Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = ON)
Ch0 = ON; Ch1 = ON
Ch0 = ON; Ch1 = OFF
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
lINVERSE(th)
lINVERSE(th)
lINVERSE(th)
lINVERSE(th)
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
lINVERSE(th)
VND7012AJ
VND7040AJ
VN7010AJ
VND7140AJ
VND7020AJ
Part number
Channel configuration (MultiSense enabled in current monitor mode)
VOUT [V]
VSENSE
configuration
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
26800
VCC+d
VCC
0
0
29200
VCC+VF
VCC
VSENSEH
3500
VCC+d
VCC
3700
VCC+VF
45000
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
VSENSE
configuration
VOUT [V]
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
27600
VCC+d
0
0
0
0
28400
VCC+VF
>VOL
0
0
3500
VCC+d
0
VCC
VSENSEH
0
3700
VCC+VF
>VOL
VCC+d
—
0
—
—
—
—
—
—
50000
VCC+VF
—
VSENSEH
—
—
—
—
—
—
13700
VCC+d
VCC
0
0
13000
VCC+d
0
0
0
14500
VCC+VF
VCC
VSENSEH
0
14100
VCC+VF
>VOL
41000
VCC+d
VCC
0
0
42900
VCC+d
0
0
0
41400
VCC+VF
VCC
VSENSEH
0
44300
VCC+VF
<VOL
VSENSEH
0
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VSENSEH VSENSEH
0
0
VSENSEH VSENSEH
VSENSEH VSENSEH
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Table 30. Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = ON) (continued)
Ch0 = ON; Ch1 = ON
Ch0 = ON; Ch1 = OFF
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
lINVERSE(th)
VN7004AH-E
Part number
Channel configuration (MultiSense enabled in current monitor mode)
VOUT [V]
VSENSE
configuration
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
201800
VCC+d
—
0
—
212800
VCC+VF
—
VSENSEH
—
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
VOUT [V]
VSENSE
configuration
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 31. Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = OFF)
Ch0 = OFF; Ch1 = ON
Ch0 = OFF; Ch1 = OFF
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
Ch0 = floating / RL_ch1 = 10 k
lINVERSE(th)
lINVERSE(th)
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
lINVERSE(th)
VN7010AJ
VND7140AJ
VND7020AJ
Part number
Channel configuration (MultiSense enabled in current monitor mode)
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VOUT [V]
VSENSE
configuration
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
0.7
VCC+d
VCC
VSENSEH
0
30
VCC+VF
VCC
VSENSEH
0.7
VCC+d
VCC
30
VCC+VF
0.7
30
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
VSENSE
configuration
VOUT [V]
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
0.7
VCC+d
0
VSENSEH
0
0
30
VCC+VF
>0,
<VOL
VSENSEH
0
VSENSEH
0
0.7
VCC+d
0
VSENSEH
0
VCC
VSENSEH
0
30
VCC+VF
>0,
<VOL
VSENSEH
0
VCC+d
—
VSENSEH
—
—
—
—
—
—
VCC+VF
—
VSENSEH
—
—
—
—
—
—
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Inverse output current behavior
Table 31. Inverse current threshold experimental values according to channels status (Ch0 is the
channel under test, Ch0 = OFF) (continued)
Ch0 = OFF; Ch1 = ON
Ch0 = OFF; Ch1 = OFF
RL_ch0 = 10 k / RL_ch1 = 10 k
Ch0 = floating / RL_ch1 = 10 k
lINVERSE(th)
lINVERSE(th)
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
lINVERSE(th)
VN7004AH-E
VND7012AJ
VND7040AJ
Part number
Channel configuration (MultiSense enabled in current monitor mode)
VOUT [V]
VSENSE
configuration
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
0.7
VCC+d
VCC
VSENSEH
0
30
VCC+VF
VCC
VSENSEH
0.4
VCC+d
VCC
10
VCC+VF
0.4
10
l_injected
on
Ch0[mA]
VSENSE
configuration
VOUT [V]
Ch0
Ch1
Cs0
Cs1
0.7
VCC+d
0
VSENSEH
0
0
30
VCC+VF
>0,
<VOL
VSENSEH
0
VSENSEH
0
0.4
VCC+d
0
VSENSEH
0
VCC
VSENSEH
0
10
VCC+VF
>0,
<VOL
VSENSEH
0
VCC+d
—
VSENSEH
—
—
—
—
—
—
VCC+VF
—
VSENSEH
—
—
—
—
—
—
Figure 150. Current Injection test set-up and concerning a double channel HSD
12V
+ 5V
I INVERSE
VSENSE
IOUT
+
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Device driven in PWM
Effects of IINVERSE are evaluated for devices driven in PWM as well. Based on channels
dynamic status, four major cases can be identified as below reported:
1.
Device state: ChUT in PWM.
Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a channel (the ChUT) up to the
IINVERSE(th) while the ChUT is driven OFF
In that case if the INPUT goes from low to high, during inverse current injection, the output
stage is kept OFF and cannot be switched back ON until IINVERSE disappears.
As soon as IINVERSE(th) is reached, the ChUT sense signal is set to high impedance or
VSENSEH, depending if it is in ON or OFF state respectively. The MultiSense current monitor
behavior can be identified as an open load indication (see Figure 151).
Figure 151. Waveforms related to the inverse injection on a channel driven in PMW
Vf_b_diode
GAPG1129131037MS
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Inverse output current behavior
2.
Device state: ChUT in PWM. Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a
channel (the ChUT) up to the IINVERSE while the ChUT is driven ON
The IINVERSE(th), in this case is much higher than case a). The ChUT is turned OFF and
there is no possibility to switch it back ON.
3.
Device state: ChUT in PWM.
Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a channel (the ChUT) up to the
IINVERSE(th) while all others are permanently ON.
Regardless of the ChUT dynamic state (either ON or OFF), no influence on the other
channels behavior is reported.
In such condition the diagnosis of channels not under test is correct and reflects real output
current.
4.
Device state: ChUT in PWM. Test execution: Increasing Inverse Current is injected in a
channel (the ChUT) up to the IINVERSE(th) while all others are permanently OFF.
As soon as the IINVERSE is applied all other channels show increased IL(Off) position
dependent. The closer is the channel to the ChUT, the higher is the IL(Off).
During injection, any variation of VCC signal due to the influence of current injected into the
output can be well monitored by the multi-sense functionality set in VCC mode.
9.3
Conclusions
In case of inverse current disturbance injected into output, device works properly and the
output stage follows the state of the IN pin, as long as the injected current does not exceed
a certain threshold.
The inverse current threshold value, which modifies the device functionality depends on
channels Status (ON or OFF state).
In particular, the inverse current which inhibits device operation, with channels in ON state,
is proportional to the ratio between VF and RON:
VF
I INVERSE(th) ∝ -----------R ON
where:
•
VF is the body-diode forward voltage at room temperature: typical value is 0.7 V
•
RON is the value of ON state resistance of PowerMOS at room temperature
Instead, in case of channels OFF, the threshold current is almost constant and does not
depend on RON value. Its value is about 0.6 mA for monolithic devices and 0.4 mA for hybrid
devices.
The reason behind this different behavior between the ON and OFF channel state can be
explained by the device structure itself.
The triggering event that modifies the channel under test behavior when in OFF state and
during inverse current injection is the (VOUT-VCC) value. As soon as this value approaches
the threshold of the intrinsic anti-parallel diode or, in other words, as soon as some current
flows through this diode, NPN bipolar parasitic components between PowerMOS gate and
battery pin (VCC) are triggered. This does not allow to switch the channel under test back
on.
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10
ESD protection
10.1
EMC requirements for ESD at module level
An Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) pulse on any ECU connector pin is an expected event
during the life of a car. A transfer of discharge when a person approaches the ECU (for
example during maintenance, reparation or installation) is a typical event that could damage
the ECU and in particular an IC whose pins are connected to the outside environment.
Standards and limits are applied in order to simulate those events but they strongly depend
on the car maker specification and on the application. Some international standards for
testing schemes and requirements have been introduced for the electrical systems such as
car modules. They include IEC 61000-4-2 and the automotive standard ISO 10605.
The two standards use different values for the C/R components. IEC 61000-4-2 uses a
330 Ω resistor and a 150 pF capacitor. ISO 10605 uses a 2000 Ω resistor but different
capacitances depending on condition. A 150 pF capacitor is used to simulate a person
reaching into an automobile (for example a module loads repair or change can be
reproduced by this standard). A 330 pF capacitor is used to simulate ESD events for a
person sitting in the passenger compartment in a vehicle.
Such ESD pulses are made by two components: a capacitive and a resistive one; the first
one, made by a pure peak current in the first nanoseconds of the pulse, strongly depends on
the distributed capacitance of the ESD simulator body. The resistive one is made by the RC
content of the standard used (see Figure 152).
Figure 152. ESD current pulses according to different standards
,(&
,62S )
,62S )
&XUUHQW $
7LPHQV
Typical car makers ESD requirements at module level are the following:
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ESD protection
1.
Module not powered during the test.
This test simulates any possible handling of the module before being assembled in the
car.
Connector pins to test are normally the ones that go out of the module:
–
Supply pins protected and/or filtered as per datasheet;
–
Output pins protected and/or filtered as per typical design practice (e.g. ceramic
capacitor).
Standard applied is the ESD HBM Automotive acc. IEC61000-4-2 (150 pF/330 Ω).
Required acceptance limits are in ± 4 KV - ± 8 KV range (contact discharge).
Test execution requires a sequence of 3 to 5 ESD pulses applied with fixed delay time
(1s typically). Pulses are applied either by touching the pin under test with the ESD gun
(contact discharge) or without touching it (air discharge).Test is passed if no pin to pin
I/V characteristic degradation is reported after pulses exposure. This test simulates any
possible handling of the module before being assembled in the car. In some cases
extra test with a modified HBM network (for example 150 pF/2 KΩ) contact discharge
are required.
2.
Module powered during the test
This test normally simulates any possible stress that could be applied to the connector
pins with module already assembled in car.
The standard typically applied is the ISO10605 (330 pF/2 KΩ).
Acceptance limits are in the ± 8 KV range (contact discharge) and ± 15 KV (air
discharge).
In some cases, if higher pulse level is required, the applied network changes in
(150 pF/2 KΩ).
Test execution requires a sequence of 3-5 ESD pulses applied with fixed delay time.
Real car battery must be used.
Module must be inserted in a test environment that simulates a car. It is normally ESD
tested in real configuration (loads on, load off, driver in PWM…).
Pulses are applied to the pins that go out of the module such as outputs, transceivers
pins.
Test is passed if no pin to pin I/V characteristic degradation is reported after pulses
exposure.
ESD pulses are applied between the pin under test and module ground connected to
the ESD GND plane by a minimum wire.
It has been demonstrated some variability of the ESD. Main causes of such variability
are in general the environmental conditions (humidity mainly), the ESD simulator pulse
spread (specifically of the initial current pulse) and the test execution as well.
The M07 HSDs are characterized with powered and unpowered module ESD tests.
In Figure 153 the application schematic for a powered test performed on a dual
channel device which is the Device Under Test (DUT) is shown:
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Figure 153. ESD test application scheme for HSD placed on a powered module
Test set-up:
•
The wire length between VBAT and DUT VCC and between board GND and ESD
ground plane is minimized. ESD Simulator ground is identical to battery ground. Both
are connected on GND plane;
•
DUT Board is placed above GND plane by means 50 mm thick insulating support;
•
Filtering ceramic (X7R series) capacitors are placed on VCC and on outputs.
•
DUT outputs not loaded;
•
In case of unpowered module test, the supply voltage is not present and the device
signal pins are connected to GND via the commonly used protection resistances.
Test conditions:
•
VBAT from real car battery = 12.6 V (in case of powered module test only);
•
Room temperature;
Test execution:
•
Tests are performed on two typical device configurations, in case of powered module
test;
•
ESD discharges are applied on output board trace.
Test procedure:
•
Incremental discharge voltage levels from 1 KV up to 30 KV are applied with 1 KV
voltage step
•
5 discharges on discharge pad OUTx with delay time of 1sec are applied
•
failure test by I/V curve check
•
previous points are repeated till failure (if any)
Devices performances are guaranteed by margin to failure reported during characterization.
The test is performed on specific ESD test boards where general ESD layout rules are
applied.
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ESD protection
The ESD characterization has demonstrated the capability of M0-7 HSDs to pass the ESD
levels normally required. Following results are reported:
Table 32. M0-7 HSDs ESD results
ESD at module level (powered)
Sustained ESD pulse level > |+/-8 KV|
10.2
ESD at module level (unpowered)
> |+/-8 KV|
EMC Requirements for ESD at device level
ESD tests for electrical components such as integrated circuits include:
•
Human Body Model (HBM),
•
Charged Device Model (CDM).
Those ESD test methods for integrated circuits are intended to insure that the circuits can
be safely handled in an ESD controlled environment during manufacture.
HBM:
It is intended to simulate a charged person touching an integrated circuit. A person has
approximately 100 pF of capacitance and skin and body resistance limit the current during a
discharge. HBM tests results, according to JEDEC 22A-114F and CDM-AEC-Q100-011, are
reported in M0-7 datasheets’ Absolute Maximum Ratings.
CDM:
This test (CDM-AEC-Q100-011) emulates an integrated circuit which becomes charged and
discharges when it touches a grounded metal surface. There is no fixed value of a capacitor
to discharge; the capacitance to be charged is the capacitance of the integrated circuit to its
surroundings. The discharge path, consisting only of the circuit’s pin and the arc formed
between pin and the metal surface, has very little impedance to limit current.
In the Field Induced CDM, the most popular implementation, the integrated circuit is placed
pins up, on top of a field plate, with only a thin insulator between the circuit and the field
plate. The thin space between the circuit and the field plate creates a capacitance whose
value depends on the size of the integrated circuit and the package geometry. A ground
plane is positioned by a pogo pin over the field plate as shown in Figure 154.
Figure 154. ESD charge device model test scheme
50Ω
Coax
Ground
Plate
1Ω
Circular
Resistor
Pogo Pin
Insulator
HV
Supply
>100MΩ
Field Plate
To perform the CDM test an uncharged circuit is placed on the field plate. The field plate is
charged to a high voltage and the circuit’s potential tracks the field plate. The ground plane
is then moved so that the pogo pin touches the integrated circuit, grounding it. The result is
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a very fast redistribution of charge between the field plate to ground plate capacitance and
the integrated circuit to field plate capacitances. 500V is the commonly used value.
Results relevant to CDM-AEC-Q100-011 are reported in M0-7 datasheet’s Absolute
maximum Values. Devices performances are guaranteed by margin to failure reported
during characterization.
10.3
Design and layout basic suggestions to increase ESD failure
point level
When the ESD pulse level required to be passed exceeds the standalone device capability,
the HSD needs an external protection. The easiest and less expensive design practice is
the use of a ceramic capacitor on the output. The capacitor goal is to limit the voltage and
then the energy discharged into the device. This external capacitor builds a capacitive
divider with the internal ESD pulse one (see Figure 155).
Figure 155. Equivalent circuit for ESD protection dimensioning
ESD discharge resistance
ESD discharge cap
ESD capacitor on HSD
output
A preliminary estimation of the capacitor value can be obtained applying the following
formula:
C ESD


V Final = V ESD ⋅  -----------------------------------
C
+
C
 ESD
EXT
Where VESD is the ESD pulse level required, CESD is the ESD simulator capacitor value and
Vfinal is the maximum allowed voltage across the HSD (typically around 45 V).
It is in any case necessary to verify the choice of the external capacitor, given by the above
formula, with the real test. The main reason of that is the behaviour of the capacitor
impedance over the frequency. More specifically, since an ESD pulse has frequency content
in the range of hundreds of MHz the capacitive value of a real capacitor is lower than the
theoretical one.
The ESD pulse destruction value strongly depends on the module layout. In order to make
the module pass the required stress level, it is recommended to add a ceramic capacitor to
the output close to the connector whose value could be in the range of tens of nF. This
capacitor decreases both the applied voltage gradient and the maximum output voltage
seen by the HSD.
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Usage in “H-Bridge” configurations
11
Usage in “H-Bridge” configurations
11.1
Introduction
The term H-Bridge refers to the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H
bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). Two of them are connected
between the battery and the load (high-side switches), the other two between the load and
the ground (low-side switches). When the switches HSA and LSB (according to the
Figure 156, where a basic circuit with four MOSFETs driving a bidirectional DC motor is
shown) are closed (and HSB and LSA are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the
motor. By opening HSA and LSB switches and closing HSB and LSA switches, this voltage
is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the load (in most cases a DC Motor).
Figure 156. H-Bridge scheme
HSB
HSA
Vload
Vdc
R
M
L
Iload
LSA
LSB
Using the nomenclature above, the switches HSA and LSA (or HSB and LSB) should never
be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source.
This condition creates the so called cross current. A simpler configuration called Half
Bridge, consists of a single high-side driver which opens or closes the load towards the
battery, the loads itself which is directly grounded and a low-side driver in parallel to the load
(normally inductive), which is activated only to connect the load to ground. The low-side
driver in this way absorbs the inductive energy which otherwise would be completely
discharged through the high-side driver with a consequent possible damage in case the
energy exceeds its capability. In case of a DC motor, the low-side driver, when turned on
after having turned the high-side driver off, brakes the motor safely to ground and stops it.
Finally more than two Half Bridges can be connected together in order to drive at least two
different loads in cascaded configurations (see in Figure 157 an example of an automobile
front door system with a total of five motors). The independent activation and diagnostic
reading of each switch gives large flexibility in those configurations.
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Figure 157. Example of automobile multi-motor driving connection
VDC
Mirror Vertical
M
11.2
Mirror Horizontal
M
Mirror Folder
Safe Lock
Lock
M
M
M
M0-7 high-side drivers in “H-Bridges”: specific
considerations
The M0-7 high-side drivers, single and multichannel, can be used to drive various
bidirectional loads in H Bridges configurations. Some general guidelines, should by the way,
be applied in order to avoid issues. An overview of some potential issues is given in the
following paragraphs.
11.2.1
Short circuit event to ground and to battery
In case of short of one output of the H-Bridge to GND the M0-7 high-side driver protects the
H Bridge with its well know protections circuitry (Current Limitation, Power Limitation,
Thermal Shutdown with autorestart or latch off). MultiSense pin will signalize VSENSEH like
already explained in Section 7.2.4: Impact of the output voltage to the MultiSense output.
In case of short circuit of one output of the H Bridge to VCC, the H-Bridge needs an external
protection during ON-state because in this case the low-side of the faulty leg will be
submitted to the total battery voltage (in case of hard short circuit) or to a part of it (in case of
a weak short circuit) with its possible damage. A possibility to guarantee the protection in
this conditions would be to implement a drain-source monitoring of the low-side drivers
directly via the microcontroller I/Os or to use fully protected low-side drivers (for example
LSD belonging to ST’s OMNIFET families).
11.2.2
Cross current events
Cross conduction due to MOSFETs delay times
A common issue which can affect one leg of a H-Bridge occurs when both HSD and LSD
are on at the same time. This condition, called cross current, can happen even if it is not
intended to drive the HSD and LSD simultaneously and can cause significant extra power
dissipation which can become critical especially during PWM driving. For instance, when the
HSD is turned off and the LSD is turned on (in order for example to change a motor
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direction), logic propagation delay and the time required to discharge and charge
respectively the HSD and LSD gate capacitances can cause the HSD still to be half on
when the LSD is turned on.
Let us consider a practical example where a VND7040AJ is used in combination with two
VND14NV04 (belonging to the OMNIFET II family) to build an H-Bridge. For the sake of
simplicity, a resistive load of 4.5 Ω is driven. The HSD_0 and LSD_0 on the left leg are
driven complementary with a PWM signal and with different delay times between switching
off of the HSD_0 and switching on of the LSD_0; in order to see the effect of the cross
conduction and how it can be attenuated or eliminated, a delay has to be introduced. Let us
quantify in this example the delay. Current in HSD_0 is plotted.
Figure 158. VND7040AJ cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times
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In the left side plot of Figure 159 a delay of 20 µs only is given, on the right side a delay of
100 µs is given and still it is possible to see a residual cross current.
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Figure 159. VND7140AJ cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times
VND7140AJ
VBAT
HS_0
PWM
HS_1
ON
IOUT0_H
ILOAD
13 ohm
VOUT0
VOUT1
LS_0
PWM
LS_1
OFF
VNS3NV04
VNS3NV04
GND
20μs
10μs
GAPG1129131045MS
In Figure 159 same conditions are applied to one VND7140AJ in combination with two
VNS3NV04P-E and driving a 13 Ω resistance. At 20 µs in this case, the cross current spike
is eliminated. Similar considerations can be applied when the HSD must be switched on
after the LSD is switched off, but in this case the switching off times of the OMNIFET II are
much shorter than the switching times of the HSD, so in this case the cross conduction shall
not take place. In order to avoid the cross conduction due to the mechanism explained
before, the low-side drivers have to be driven with delay times, named also “dead times”
when for example, in case of a DC motor, it is requested to change direction in the rotation.
As general rule for Monolithic M0-7 HSD, minimum dead time to be introduced in the lowside driver is about 250 µs.
In Figure 160, the same measurement is shown for one dual channel HSD VND7012AY and
two LSD VNB35NV04-E driving a 1.84 Ω resistance. In this case, a significant cross current
spike is visible when the delay time between HSD deactivation and LSD activation is below
2 ms. However, the minimum required delay time to avoid any cross condition may be much
longer, depending on slew rate of the LSD (can be adjusted by the input pin serial resistor
value). Experimental verification shows that with increased slew rate of LSD (from 0.6 V/µs
to 1.2 V/µs), the cross conduction spike is visible up to the 5 ms delay time. Therefore, the
minimum dead time must be determined case by case. As general rule for hybrid M0-7
HSD, minimum dead time to be introduced in the Low Side Driver is typically 2 ms.
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Figure 160. VND7012AY cross conduction with different OMNIFET delay times
Cross conduction due to MOSFETs capacitances
Another event causing cross conduction is related to dynamical effects inside HSD and LSD
and precisely to high voltage gradient which can occur across them. Let us consider an
H-Bridge in which one of the two MOSFETs of one leg (e.g. HS_1) is completely off and the
LSD_1 is switched on. Due to this, the drain-source voltage of HS_1 is submitted to a fast
increase (high dVds/dt) and considering the simplified equivalent model of the MOSFET of
the HS_1 (represented in Figure 162) this gradient injects a current in the gate-drain
capacitance and the gate-source capacitance. The current component flowing on the Cgs
causes the gate voltage to increase, and if the gate voltage reaches the PowerMOS
threshold a consequent turn on of the HS_1 takes place. As this event occurs, the HS_1 and
LS_1 conduct for a limited time simultaneously creating a cross conduction event, in this
case called also “shoot-through”.
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Figure 161. PowerMOS capacitance effect during high dVDS/dt
Cgd
Cds
Vds
Cgs
Rg
A practical example follows in which (see Figure 162) a test set up with two VND14NV04
(OMNIFET II family) and one VND7020AJ connected in H-Bridge configuration is aimed to
reproduce the shoot-through.
Figure 162. Test set up for H-Bridge cross current
+
Oscilloscope
-
0.5m, 1.5mm2
14V
0.5m, 1.5mm2
Power
Supply
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
4700uF
ST7 Motherboard
M0-7 Daughterboard
GND
Vreg
VCC
ST7
100nF
VDD
GND
VND7xxx
VCC
15k
GPIO
FaultRST
15k
GPIO
Low Side board
IN0
15k
GPIO
GND
VOUT0
OUT0
IN1
SEn
15k
GPIO
IOUT1_H
SEL0
15k
GPIO
IOUT0_L
Load
IOUT0_H
15k
GPIO
SEL1
ILOAD
IOUT1_L
OUT1
VOUT1
15k
ADC
470pF
GND
GPIO
GND
Multisense
Rsense
2.2k
GND
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
GND
GND
GPIO
0.1k – 10k (according to required slew rate )
GND
Test set up contemplates driving through a microcontroller of HSDs and LSDs. The latter
can be set with adjustable switching times via different input series resistors (OMNIFET II).
In this way it is possible to measure the sensitivity to shoot-through of the HSD according to
decreasing LSD input resistances (this means increasing switching slopes). A 4.5 Ω
resistance is supplied by turning HS_0 and LS_1 on and LS_1 is submitted to a 100Hz
PWM. So the shoot-through relevant critical element is HS_1 (driven OFF). Result is that in
this case the shoot-through is eliminated with slopes below 5 V/µs.
The shoot through mechanism is a limitation factor of PWM frequency of H-Bridge with
Standard M0-7 HSDs (frequently used in case of speed control of DC Motors can be up to
30 kHz) because at each period an extra power dissipation, due to the cross current, is
summed up to the existing continuous and switching losses of each element. Therefore the
frequency of M0-7 HSD should be carefully evaluated. In Table 33 a summary of the
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maximum switching slopes measured on a typical sample which cause no shoot-through in
the given test set up for VND7020AJ, VND7040AJ, VND7140AJ and VND7012AY is shown.
Table 33. Maximum switching slopes which do not cause cross current due to
MOSFETs capacitances (measurements on a sample on each component)
11.2.3
Device
Max. slew rate of the low-side switch (no parasitic
activation of the HSD)
VND7020AJ
5 V/µs (4.5 Ω load resistance)
VND7040AJ
8 V/µs (4.5 Ω load resistance)
VND7140AJ
14 V/µs (13 Ω load resistance)
VND7012AY
13 V/µs (1.84 Ω load resistance)
Usage of MultiSense TCHIP in H-Bridges
The MultiSense chip temperature monitor can be used to aid the thermal management in
case critical conditions are forecasted in the application. This features of M0-7 HSDs can be
applied to cyclic loads (loads which are statically activated for a certain time and then
switched off again for a certain number of times). During prototyping of the application board
in order to monitor the temperature of the package for a certain operating cycling profile (for
example 20 consecutive activations of a DC motor driving the opening/closure of the car
trunk) the application engineer can evaluate if, with given activation cycles, the HSD does
not reach a too high temperature.
11.2.4
Freewheeling current of inductive loads
The driving in PWM of inductive loads is a common technique to control the average load
power according to application requirement (acting as speed control for example in case of
DC motors).
If the PWM signal is applied to the LSD, during its off state the inductive load current recirculates in the body diode of theM0-7 HSD. If during this phase, the HSD input is driven
ON, the current will keep on flowing through the body diode whilst the HSD remains turned
off (therefore no active freewheeling is possible). In Figure 163 an example with
VND7140AJ combined with two OMNIFET II LSDs, driving an inductance explains this
behavior (the current in HS_0 output is plotted as well).
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Figure 163. H-Bridge formed by one VND7140AJ and two OMNIFETs II showing the
high-side freewheeling phase.
VND7xxxAJ
VND7xxxAJ
VBAT
VBAT
HS_0
OFF
HS_1
ON
IOUT0_H
HS_0
PWM
HS_1
ON
IOUT0_H
L
L
ILOAD
VOUT0
ILOAD
VOUT1
VOUT0
LS_0
PWM
LS_1
OFF
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
GND
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
VOUT1
LS_0
PWM
LS_1
OFF
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
GND
VND14NV04
(VNS3NV04)
Figure 164. H-Bridge formed by one VND7140AJ and two OMNIFETs II showing the high-side
freewheeling phase
100mV/A
The HSD is not able
to turn-on during
inverse current
exposure
Active freewheeling - turn-on the HS
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Another example with one VND7012AY and two VNB35NV04-E is shown in Figure 165. As
seen from the measurement, the HSD is not able to turn-on during the freewheeling phase
when the demagnetization current flows to the battery line via the body diode (same
behavior as in case on monolithic device in previous example). Therefore, no active
freewheeling is possible.
Figure 165. H-Bridge formed by one VND7012AY and two OMNIFETs II showing the freewheeling
via HSD body diode
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Appendix A
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References
1.
CISPR 25 – Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines – radio disturbance
characteristics – limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board
receivers
2.
ISO 7637-2:2004(E) – Road Vehicles – Electrical disturbances from conduction and
coupling (second edition)
3.
ISO 7637-2:2011(E)– Road Vehicles – Electrical disturbances from conduction and
coupling (third edition)
4.
LV 124: 2009-10 - Electrical and Electronic components in motor vehicles up to 3.5t;
General requirements, test conditions and tests
5.
ISO 16750-2:2010(E) – Road Vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for
electrical and electronic equipment
6.
ISO 10605 – Road Vehicles – Test methods for electrical disturbances from
electrostatic discharge
7.
IEC 61000-4-2 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
8.
Double channel high-side driver with MultiSense analog feedback for automotive
applications (VND7020AJ, DocID027393)
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Revision history
Revision history
Table 34. Document revision history
Date
Revision
29-Jul-2015
1
Changes
Initial release.
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