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AN2857
Application note
STM8S and STM8A family power management
Introduction
This application note is intended for system designers who require a hardware
implementation overview of the low-power modes of the STM8S and STM8A product
families. It shows how to use the STM8S and STM8A devices in these modes, describes
how to take power consumption and wakeup time measurements, and gives results for such
measurements.
Example firmware is provided with this application note for implementing and measuring the
consumption and wakeup time of the different STM8S and STM8A functioning modes.
August 2011
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www.st.com
Contents
AN2857
Contents
1
Power consumption factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2
Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3
4
2.1
Internal supply structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2
Analog supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3
IO supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4
Voltage regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Clock management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1
Clock system overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2
Clock configuration and power management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Run and low-power modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1
Run mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2
Wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3
4.4
5
Entering wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.2
Exiting wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.3
Activation level/low-power mode control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Active halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3.1
Entering active halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.2
Exiting active halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.3
Voltage regulator and Flash configuration during halt phase . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.4
AWU unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.1
Entering halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.2
Exiting halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.3
Flash configuration during halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results . . 18
5.1
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4.2.1
Power consumption measurements and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1.1
Measurement configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1.2
Power consumption results in run mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1.3
Power consumption results in wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Contents
5.2
6
7
5.1.4
Power consumption results in active halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1.5
Power consumption results in halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1.6
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Wakeup time measurements and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.1
Measurement configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.2
Wakeup time results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2.3
Wakeup time results in wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2.4
Wakeup time results in active halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2.5
Wakeup time results in halt mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.6
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Power management tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1
Rules to help minimize power consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2
Choosing the optimal low-power mode for an application . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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List of tables
AN2857
List of tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
4/31
Clock source comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Clock selection table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Functioning modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Active halt mode configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Power consumption results in run mode, code executed from Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Power consumption results in run mode, code executed from RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Power consumption results in wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Power consumption results in active halt mode (MVR on LPVR off) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Power consumption results in active halt mode (MVR off LPVR on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Power consumption results in halt mode (MVR off LPVR on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wakeup time results in wait mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Wakeup time results in active halt mode (MVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Wakeup time results in active halt mode (LPVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Wakeup time results in halt mode (LPVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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AN2857
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Power supply overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Clock tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Active halt diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Power supply setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Crystal oscillator setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
External clock setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Wakeup time measurement diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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Power consumption factors
1
AN2857
Power consumption factors
In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) digital logic devices, power
consumption is a sum of:
●
Static power (caused mainly by transistor polarization and leakage)
●
Dynamic power which depends on the supply voltage and the clock frequency through
the formula: Dynamic power = C V2 f, where:
–
C is the CMOS load capacitance
–
V is the supply voltage
–
f is the clock frequency.
Static consumption is negligible compared to dynamic consumption when the clock is
running. In some low-power modes, when no clock is running, static consumption is the
main consumption source.
Power consumption thus depends on:
●
Microcontroller unit (MCU) chip size: Technology used, number of transistors,
analog features/peripherals embedded and used.
●
MCU supply voltage: The amount of current used in CMOS logic is directly
proportional to the voltage of the power supply squared . Thus, power consumption
may be reduced by lowering the MCU supply voltage.
●
Clock frequency: Power consumption may be reduced by decreasing the clock
frequency when fast processing is not required by the application.
●
Number of active peripherals or MCU features used (CSS, BOR, PVD,...): The
greater the number of active peripherals or features, the greater the power consumed.
●
Operating mode: Power consumption varies depending on the mode a particular
application is running in (CPU on/off, oscillator on/off,...).
For an application powered by a battery, consumption is very important. Usually, average
consumption should be below a certain target to ensure an optimum battery lifetime. This
means that an application can consume more for short periods of time and keep its average
current consumption below the target.
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Power supply
2
Power supply
2.1
Internal supply structure
STM8S and STM8A devices require a 3 V to 5.5 V operating voltage supply (VDD). Two
embedded regulators, the main voltage regulator (MVR) and the low-power voltage
regulator (LPVR), are used to provide 1.8 V supply to the internal digital parts, depending on
the functioning mode (see Figure 1).
The VCAP pin is used to decouple the internal 1.8 V supply. A capacitor of minimum 470 nF
has to be connected between this pin and the ground. The 1.8 V should never be provided
by an external voltage regulator through this pin. Refer to the STM8S and STM8A reference
manual (RM0016) which is available on st.com for more details.
Figure 1.
Power supply overview
VDDA
ADC
VSSA
VCAP
VDD
Main voltage regulator (MVR)
3V 5V
Low-power voltage regulator (LPVR)
VDDIO
1.8 V
MCU core
CPU
RAM
Flash
I/O buffers
3V 5V
ai15044
2.2
Analog supply
The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of STM8S and STM8A devices is powered by an
independent power supply. The digital and analog power supply have to be properly
decoupled. Refer to the STM8S and STM8A reference manual for more details about
decoupling capacitors.
2.3
IO supply
The IOs have dedicated pins for power supply which have to be properly decoupled with
recommended capacitors. Refer to the STM8S and STM8A reference manual for more
details about decoupling capacitors.
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Power supply
2.4
AN2857
Voltage regulator
After reset, the MVR provides the 1.8 V to the internal digital parts of the microcontroller.
Depending on the functioning mode, the MVR can be switched off at which time the LPVR
provides the 1.8 V. For example:
8/31
●
In run and wait mode, only the MVR provides the 1.8 V. The LPVR cannot be used in
run mode.
●
In active halt mode, during the halt phase, either the MVR or the LPVR can provide the
1.8 V. The user can select which regulator to be used.
●
In halt mode, the LPVR is automatically used. The MVR cannot be used in halt mode.
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Clock management
3
Clock management
3.1
Clock system overview
Four different clock sources can be used to drive the master clock:
●
1-24 MHz high speed external clock from the crystal oscillator (HSE crystal)
●
Up to 24 MHz high speed external clock provided by the user (HSE user-external)
●
16 MHz high speed internal RC oscillator (HSI)
●
128 kHz low speed internal RC oscillator (LSI)
Each peripheral clock source can be switched on or off independently when it is not used, to
optimize power consumption. This is done by using the peripheral clock gating (PCG)
feature. See the ‘clock control’ sections of the STM8S and STM8A reference manual for
more details.
Table 1 summarizes the main features of each clock source. STM8S and STM8A devices
offer a complete range of clock sources to fit customer application requirements in terms of
cost, accuracy and consumption.
Table 1.
Clock source comparison
Cost
Accuracy
Consumption(1)
Other information
HSE crystal
HSE external
HSI
LSI
Low to medium
Free to high
Free
Free
±1
%(1)
±2.5 %(1)
Crystal
External source
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Resonator or
crystal
Existing clock to
very complex
clock systems
-
-
1. Factory calibrated by STMicroelectronics at TA = 25 °C.
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Clock management
Figure 2.
AN2857
Clock tree
EXTCLK
OPTION bit
CKM[7:0]
HSE ext
fHSE
OSCOUT
CPUDIV[2:0]
HSE OSC
1 - 24 MHz
HSIDIV[1:0]
CSS
/8
fHSI
HIS RC
16 MHz
/4
fHSIDIV
/2
Master
clock
switch
fMASTER
OSCIN
/1
/2
/4
/8
/16
/32
/64
/128
fCPU
/1
fLSI
LSI RC
128 kHz
To CPU and
window watchdog
CKAWUSEL
OPTION bit
PRSC[1:0]
OPTION bits
To auto wakeup
and independent
watchdog
Prescaler
To peripherals
Peripheral clock
enable (11 bits)
CANDIV[2:0]
CCOSEL[3:0]
To beCAN
/1, /2, ../8
CCO
Configurable clock output
fHSI
fHSIDIV
fHSE
fLSI
fMASTER
fCPU
fCPU/2
fCPU/4
fCPU/8
fCPU/16
fCPU/32
fCPU/64
ai15045
The read-only CLK_CMSR register contains the current selection of master clock sources
(for core and peripherals). Selection of the ‘next’ master clock is made through the writable
CLK_SWR register, the content of which is copied into the CLK_CMSR register once the
change is effective (see details below). Refer to Table 2 for clock selection values.
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Clock management
The default clock after reset is HSI/8. The user can then switch the clock to different
frequencies and sources by:
●
Choosing another prescaler (/1, /2, /4 or /8) for an internal RC 16 MHz (HSI) clock
through the HSIDIV[1:0] bits in the CLK_CKDIVR register.
●
Changing the clock master (to HSE or LSI ). Refer to the STM8S and STM8A reference
manual for more details about the clock switching mechanism.
Before switching off a previous clock source when using automatic switching mode, the user
must ensure that the core is no longer running on the current clock. This means that the
previous clock must be turned off after the SWIF flag has been set. If the user tries to switch
off the clock and the SWIF flag has not been set by hardware, the current clock is not
switched off as the microcontroller is still running on it.
Such clock switching can be combined with wait mode (for example, if the HSE crystal is the
new clock) as clock switch execution interrupt can wake up the MCU from wait mode. This
allows the MCU wakeup to be synchronized with the new clock availability.
The clock switching feature can also be used at the beginning and end of a regular or
interrupt routine to speed it up (for instance, if the clock master is LSI RC, but, some parts of
the code have to be executed quickly with HSI RC).
Note:
When the device is running on an external clock with a frequency above 16 MHz, the wait
state bit in the option bytes has to be set. This adds a wait state to the Flash memory
access.
Table 2.
Clock selection table
Clock master source
(CLK_CMSR)
Register value
3.2
Next clock master
(CLK_SWR)
E1h
HSI
HSI
D2h
LSI
LSI
B4h
HSE
HSE
Other
Reset
Current clock master kept
Clock configuration and power management
In addition to the flexibility of the clock sources, different complementary clock
configurations and features are available to optimize power consumption of the device:
●
PCG: Each peripheral clock can be switched off through the CLK_PCKENRx registers.
●
CPU clock divider from 1 to 128 (CPUDIV[0:2] bits from the CLK_CKDIVR register):
The CPU frequency can be decreased and not the frequency of the peripherals.
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Run and low-power modes
4
AN2857
Run and low-power modes
By default, after a reset, the microcontroller is in run mode. The default CPU clock is a 16
MHz HSI divided by eight due to the HSIDIV register reset value.
Several low-power modes are available to save power when it is not needed to keep the
CPU running, for example, when waiting for an external event. It is up to the user to select
the mode that gives the best compromise between low power consumption, short startup
time, good peripheral functionality, and availability of wakeup sources.
STM8S and STM8A devices feature three main low-power modes:
●
Wait mode (CPU stopped, peripherals kept running)
●
Active halt mode (CPU stopped, AWU (auto wakeup) and IWDG (independent
watchdog) kept running if activated).
●
Halt mode (everything is stopped)
Power consumption in run and wait mode can also be reduced by one of the following
means:
●
Slowing down the system clocks
●
Gating the clocks to the peripherals when they are not used
Table 3 summarizes the functioning modes of STM8S and STM8A devices. It gives an
overview of the mode combinations which can be used to fit an application’s requirements in
terms of consumption and wakeup time.
Table 3.
Mode
Functioning modes
Voltage
Flash Oscillators CPU Peripherals
regulator
Entry
Wake up
trigger event
Run
MVR
On
On
On
On
-
-
Wait
MVR
On
On
Off
On
Execute
WFI(1)
instruction
All internal or
external interrupts
and reset
On
Off except
LSI or HSE
MVR
Off
Active halt
Off
On
Off except
LSI or HSE
LPVR
Enable the
AWU and
AWU then
IWDG on
execute HALT
(if activated)
instruction
AWU or external
interrupts and
reset
Off
On
Halt
LPVR
Off
Off
Off
Execute HALT External interrupts
instruction
and reset
Off
1. WFI = Wait for interrupt
Note:
12/31
When the LPVR is used, the MVR is automatically switched off.
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4.1
Run and low-power modes
Run mode
Run mode is the default functioning mode of STM8S and STM8A devices. This mode is
used for normal operations and consumes the most power. Use of PCG and low speed
clock sources reduce power consumption of the device in run mode.
Clock frequency can be slowed down in several ways. For example, the LSI clock can be
used as the fMASTER clock. To enable the MCU to run on the LSI clock, the LSI_EN option bit
must be set. Refer to the STM8S and STM8A datasheets (which are available on st.com) for
more details about the option byte configurations.
4.2
Wait mode
Wait mode, or more exactly wait for interrupt mode, is designed to reduce STM8S and
STM8A device power consumption by switching off the core when it is not used. Wait mode
is mainly used when the STM8S or STM8A device is waiting for an external or internal event
which allows the program to continue its execution. Instead of waiting for the event in run
mode, the device can be switched to wait mode. This mode can be used with PCG and with
a low speed clock source to further reduce power consumption of the device.
4.2.1
Entering wait mode
Wait mode is entered by executing the WFI assembly instruction. This stops the CPU, but,
allows other peripherals and the interrupt controller to continue to run.
When entering wait mode, the interrupts are automatically enabled.
4.2.2
Exiting wait mode
When an internal or external interrupt request occurs, the CPU wakes up from wait mode
and resumes processing. This mode offers the lowest wakeup time.
Examples of peripherals or features with interrupts having exit-from-wait capability include:
●
I2C
●
USART
●
SPI
●
CAN
●
ADC
●
AWU
●
External interrupt
●
Timers
●
Clock controller (clock switch execution)
Refer to the STM8S and STM8A reference manual for more details on the functioning of the
above peripherals and features. Refer to the STM8S and STM8A datasheets for availability
of above peripherals and features on particular devices.
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Run and low-power modes
4.2.3
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Activation level/low-power mode control
In a very low-power application, the MCU spends most of the time in WFI/halt mode and is
woken up (through interrupts) at specific moments to execute particular tasks. Some of
these tasks are recurring and short enough to be treated directly in an interrupt service
routine (ISR), rather than returning to the main program. In this case, setting the AL bit
before going to wait mode, ensures the run time/ISR execution is reduced because the
‘context’ (core register content) is not saved/restored each time.
In very simple applications, all operations can be executed in ISR only. In more complex
applications, an interrupt routine may relaunch the main program by resetting the AL bit.
The activation level/low-power mode control feature works only with wait mode. It is not
available for active halt or halt mode.
4.3
Active halt mode
Active halt mode can be defined as a ‘hybrid’ mode between run and halt mode. It is
composed of two phases:
●
Halt phase: In this phase, the MCU is in halt mode except that the AWU unit and the
LSI clock are kept running if they are used as the AWU clock source.
●
Active phase: In this phase, the MCU is in run mode.
When entering active halt mode, the AWU counters start to run. The AWU interrupt wakes
up the CPU at regular programmed intervals. Once the device is in run mode the AWU
counters are stopped.
Figure 3.
Active halt diagram
AWU time interval
AWU interrupt
MCU state
Run
Halt phase
Run
Go to halt mode
ai15046
In active halt mode during halt phase, the user can choose the regulator (either MVR or
LPVR) and the Flash state (either operating or power-down mode). Using the LPVR and
putting the Flash in power-down mode reduces power consumption, but, increases wakeup
time.
Active halt mode is very useful for reducing average consumption of a battery based
application.
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Run and low-power modes
Table 4.
Active halt mode configuration
Voltage regulator
Flash state
Power consumption(1)
Wakeup time(1)
On
****
*
Off
***
**
On
**
***
Off
*
****
MVR
LPVR
1. The greater the number of stars, the greater the power consumption or the wakeup time.
4.3.1
Entering active halt mode
To enter active halt mode, configure and enable the AWU. Then execute the HALT
instruction.
Note:
If the IWDG is enabled before the HALT instruction is executed, the device does not switch
to halt mode, but, switches to the halt phase of active halt mode. In this case, if the AWU is
not enabled, the MCU does not wake up automatically. The MCU wakes up by an IWDG
reset or external reset.
4.3.2
Exiting active halt mode
Each time an AWU event occurs, the MCU goes into run mode. So, the AWU is used as a
wakeup source. However, during active halt mode, the MCU can be woken up by any halt
mode wakeup source (see Section 4.4: Halt mode for more details about wake-up sources).
Fast clock wakeup
A fast wakeup time is very important in active halt mode. It supplements the effect of the
CPU processing performance by helping to minimize the time the MCU stays in run mode
between two periods in low-power mode. Fast wakeup time thus reduces overall average
power consumption.
After a wakeup event, device startup is on the clock selected before entering active halt
mode. The longest wakeup time is obtained when the clock is an HSE crystal. This is mainly
due to the oscillator stabilization time. To reduce this wakeup time, STM8S and STM8A
devices offer a feature called ‘fast clock wakeup’ which allows the device to start
automatically on an HSI clock after a wakeup event. The user can decide to switch back to
the former clock or stay on the HSI clock.
By default, the fast clock wakeup feature is disabled. To enable it, the FHWU bit of the
internal clock register (CLK_ICKR) must be set before entering low-power mode.
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Run and low-power modes
4.3.3
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Voltage regulator and Flash configuration during halt phase
When entering active halt mode, the MVR is the default voltage regulator and the Flash is in
operating mode.
To use the LPVR, the SWUAH bit of the internal clock register (CLK_ICKR) has to be set. To
put the Flash in power-down mode, the AHALT bit of Flash control register 1 (FLASH_CR1)
must be set.
4.3.4
AWU unit
The AWU unit is the heart of active halt mode. It generates regular time-spaced interrupts
used for waking up the MCU from halt mode. Two clock sources can feed the AWU:
●
LSI clock
●
HSE crystal divided by a prescaler (PRESC) and selected by the option bytes to give
an input clock of about 128 kHz.
The AWU counters only run in halt phase of active halt mode. Once a wakeup event occurs,
the device wakes up and the counters are stopped. It is impossible to keep the AWU
counters running in run mode. When the device enters halt phase again, the counters
restart from zero.
The AWU delivers regular time-spaced interrupts in the range 15.625 µs to 30.720 s (for an
AWU input clock of about 128 kHz).
The average power consumption of the device (ITOT) in active halt mode can be estimated
using Equation 1.
Equation 1
I TOT = [ ( t RUN ⁄ t RUN + t AWU ) × I RUN ] + [ ( t AWU ⁄ t RUN + t AWU ) × I AHALT ]
tAWU is the duration of halt phase of active halt mode. It is the time base of the AWU.
IRUN is the consumption in run mode which depends on many factors. Good approximations
of this parameter are given in Table 5 and Table 6.
IAHALT is the consumption of halt phase of active halt mode. Values given in Table 8, Table 9,
and Table 10 can be used.
tRUN is the time the MCU spends in run phase between two halt phases. This time can be
calculated using Equation 2.
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Run and low-power modes
Equation 2
t RUN = t WKUP + t CODE + t SHDW
tWKUP is the time spent waking up the microcontroller and executing the first instruction of
the interrupt routine. It depends on the halt phase configuration (regulator used and Flash
state). Some typical values for this parameter are given in Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, and
Table 14.
tCODE is the execution time of the user routine. This time depends on the user code
implementation.
tSHDW is the time taken for entering low-power mode. It depends on the halt phase
configuration (regulator used and Flash state). This time includes the context saving.
4.4
Halt mode
In halt mode, all clocks are stopped while the RAM content and all registers are preserved.
In this mode, the MVR regulator is switched off to limit power consumption. Only the LPVR
regulator is active.
4.4.1
Entering halt mode
The MCU enters halt mode when the HALT instruction is executed.
4.4.2
Exiting halt mode
Wakeup from halt mode is triggered by an external interrupt, sourced by a GPIO pin
configured as an interrupt input or a peripheral interrupt. Interrupts which can wake up the
device from halt mode include:
4.4.3
●
External interrupt (GPIO)
●
CAN receive interrupt
●
SPI end of transfer
●
I2C interrupt (slave address match)
●
Reset
Flash configuration during halt mode
By default, when entering halt mode, the Flash is in power-down mode. To maintain the
Flash in operating mode during halt mode the HALT bit of Flash control register 1
(FLASH_CR1) must be set.
When the Flash is in power-down mode, the power consumption of the device is reduced
but the wakeup time increases.
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
5
AN2857
Power consumption and wakeup time measurements
and results
The following measurements and results aim to highlight the impact of different low-power
modes on MCU consumption and wakeup time.
Power consumptions given are typical values measured at 25 °C. They are for guidance
only. A zip file containing the software used to take these measurements is attached to this
application note. Refer to the electrical characteristics sections of the STM8S and STM8A
datasheets for real specifications.
5.1
Power consumption measurements and results
Power consumption measurements are taken in run mode and low power modes. Results
are given in Table 5 to Table 10.
5.1.1
Measurement configuration
●
VDDA, VDDIO1, VDDIO2, and VDD are connected together to VDD
●
VSSA, VSSIO1, VSSIO2, and VSS are connected together to VSS
●
All ports are set as output low level (single wire interface module, SWIM, is disabled).
●
All peripherals are disabled (even if enabled by default)
●
If possible, all peripheral clocks are stopped (see the CLK_PCKENRx definition in the
STM8S and STM8A reference manual).
Once the device is configured, the MCU is then put into the different functioning modes
described in Section 4: Run and low-power modes. Measurements are performed on an
STM8S208MBT6 in an LQFP80 package. This is the ‘super set’ of the family which has the
highest consumption rates.
Hardware environment
Run and low-power modes power consumption are measured simultaneously on VDD,
VDDIO and VDDA. The hardware configuration is given in Figure 4: ITOT = IVDDIO + IVDD +
IVDDA.
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Figure 4.
Power supply setup
3.3 V or 5 V
A
VDD
VSS
VDDA
VDDIO
VSSA
STM8
VSSIO
ai15047
Figure 4 does not show the decoupling capacitors for all power supplies. Ceramic
decoupling capacitors, with very low parasitc serial resistance, are used for the power
measurements. Current leakage through such decoupling capacitors is not visible.
When the power measurements are performed with an external crystal, there is no internal
clock division. The crystal is physically changed for each frequency. Figure 5 shows the
crystal oscillator setup.
Figure 5.
Crystal oscillator setup
CL1 = 22 pF
OSCIN
STM8
OSCOUT
CL2 = 22 pF
ai15048
When the power measurements are taken with an external clock, the following configuration
is used: The function generator provides a ‘SIN’ waveform at a given frequency. The wave
oscillates from 0 V to 5 V or 3.3 V depending on the supply voltage. As the OSCOUT pin is
not used, it is configured like other GPIOs (output push-pull outputting low level).
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Figure 6.
AN2857
External clock setup
OSCIN
OSCIN
STM8
5 V or 3.3 V
0V
t
ai15049
Selection between the external clock and the crystal oscillator is made by the external clock
selection (EXTCLK) option bit. Refer to the option byte sections of the STM8S and STM8A
datasheets for more details.
Firmware description for run mode measurements
Power consumption in run mode depends on several factors which are linked more to the
application than to the mode itself. Therefore, it is difficult to give some typical values. For
example, consumption in run mode depends on the code executed and the code placement
in the memory (the latter because of the pipeline and prefetch buffer).
Section 5.1.2: Power consumption results in run mode gives an overview of consumption in
run mode with the code executed from Flash and RAM memory. The code starts with the
MCU configuration (GPIO, PCG, ...). The MCU then enters an endless loop, executing a
sequence of various instructions one hundred times. This is to benefit from the prefetch
buffer.
Note:
The same code is executed from Flash and from RAM memory.
Firmware description for low-power modes measurements
The code starts with the MCU configuration (GPIO, PCG, Flash mode, and regulator used
during the low-power mode). The low-power mode entering instruction is then executed and
the microcontroller switches to the corresponding low-power mode. The measurement is
taken when the MCU is actually in low-power mode.
For more details about firmware configurations please refer to the zip file which contains the
source codes related to this application note.
20/31
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5.1.2
Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Power consumption results in run mode
Table 5.
Symbol
ITOT
Table 6.
Symbol
ITOT
Note:
Power consumption results in run mode, code executed from Flash
Parameter
Supply current in
run mode
Condition
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5 V
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
11.0
11.4
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
10.8
10.8
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
8.4
9.0
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
8.2
8.2
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
8.1
8.1
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER/128 = 125 kHz
1.1
1.1
LSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 128 kHz
0.55
0.55
Unit
mA
Power consumption results in run mode, code executed from RAM
Parameter
Supply current in
run mode
Condition
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5 V
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
5.2
5.6
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
5.0
5.0
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
3.7
4.1
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
3.5
3.5
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
3.4
3.4
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER/128 = 125 kHz
1.0
1.0
LSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 128 kHz
0.47
0.47
Unit
mA
The results given above are different from those in the datasheets because a different
reference code is used. The reference code used for Flash and RAM execution is the same.
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
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Observations
5.1.3
●
Power consumption increases with clock frequency (fMASTER).
●
When the code is executed from RAM, the code execution time is longer than when the
code is executed from Flash.
●
Consumption does not depend on the supply voltage when an internal clock is used
(HSI or LSI). This is because the internal oscillators are supplied by the internal 1.8 V.
●
The effect of memory placement is not shown in Table 5 and Table 6. However, if the
size of a loop is smaller than the size of a memory block, placing the loop in the same
memory block can reduce power consumption. In this case, only one block of memory
is active.
●
The effect of the instruction executed is not shown in Table 5 and Table 6. However,
consumption in run mode depends on the executed instruction and the operands of this
instruction. Examples of instructions which do not consume at a high rate include:
INC A and NOP. Examples of instructions which consume at a high rate include LD
(from Flash) and ADD A, #$01.
●
Consumption of the crystal oscillator is about:
–
5 V: 0.6 mA
–
3.3 V: 0.3 mA
Power consumption results in wait mode
Table 7.
Symbol
Power consumption results in wait mode
Parameter
Supply current in
wait mode
ITOT
Condition
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5 V
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
2.0
2.4
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 24 MHz
1.8
1.8
HSE crystal
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
1.6
2.0
HSE external clock
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
1.4
1.4
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 16 MHz
1.2
1.2
HSI
fCPU = fMASTER/128 = 125 kHz
1.0
1.0
LSI
fCPU = fMASTER = 128 kHz
0.50
0.50
Unit
mA
Observations:
22/31
●
Power consumption increases with clock frequency (fFMASTER).
●
Consumption does not depend on the supply voltage when an internal clock is used
(HSI or LSI). This is because the internal oscillators are supplied by the internal 1.8 V.
●
Consumption of the crystal oscillator is about:
–
5 V: 0.6 mA
–
3.3 V: 0.3 mA
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5.1.4
Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Power consumption results in active halt mode
These measurements are taken when the device is in halt phase of active halt mode.
Table 8.
Power consumption results in active halt mode (MVR on LPVR off)
Condition
Symbol
ITOT
Parameter
VDD = 3.3 V VDD = 5 V Unit
Clock
Flash
HSE crystal 24 MHz
fAWU = 24 MHz/PRSC = 128 kHz
On
700
1260
Off
640
1200
HSE crystal 16MHz
fAWU = 16 MHz/PRSC = 128 kHz
On
600
1000
Off
540
940
On
500
1040
Off
440
980
On
460
970
Off
400
910
On
200
200
Off
140
140
Supply current
in active halt
HSE crystal 8 MHz
mode (halt
fAWU = 8 MHz/PRSC = 128 kHz
phase)
HSE crystal 4 MHz
fAWU = 4 MHz/PRSC = 128 kHz
LSI 128 kHz
fAWU = 128 kHz
Table 9.
µA
Power consumption results in active halt mode (MVR off LPVR on)
Condition
Symbol
Parameter
Clock
ITOT
5.1.5
Supply current
in active halt
LSI 128 kHz
mode (halt
fAWU = 128 kHz
phase)
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5
V
66
68
Flash
On
Unit
µA
Off
9
11
Power consumption results in halt mode
Table 10.
Symbol
ITOT
Power consumption results in halt mode (MVR off LPVR on)
Parameter
Supply
current in
halt mode
Condition
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5 V Unit
Flash in operating mode
61.5
63.5
Flash in power-down mode
4.5
6.5
µA
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
5.1.6
AN2857
Conclusions
Power consumption depends on:
●
Supply voltage
●
Clock frequency
The results presented in this section, show that the functioning mode (run, wait, active halt
and halt) of the MCU impacts consumption and can greatly reduce it.
For active halt and halt mode, the user can choose which regulator to be used (MVR or
LPVR) and the Flash state (operating mode or power-down mode). Using the results
presented in Section 5.1: Power consumption measurements and results, consumption is
estimated as follows:
5.2
●
MVR: About 135 µA
●
Flash: About 60 µA
●
AWU + LSI: About 4 µA
Wakeup time measurements and results
Wakeup time measurements are taken in low-power modes. Results are given in Table 11 to
Table 14.
The wake-up time is measured from the interrupt event to the first instruction execution in
the interrupt routine. Figure 7 explains the wakeup time measurement.
Note:
In the STM8S and STM8A datasheets the wake-up time is not defined in the same way. it
does not include the fetch of the interrupt vector.
5.2.1
Measurement configuration
Hardware environment
The following hardware configuration is used to measure the MCU wakeup time: one pin of
the microcontroller is used as an interrupt input pin. Another pin is used as an output pin.
The CPU clock is outputted on the CLK_CCO pin. These three pins are monitored on an
oscilloscope.
Firmware description
The code starts with the MCU configuration. One pin (PB5) is configured as an input
interrupt. After configuration, the MCU switches into low-power mode. When an external
interrupt is triggered, the MCU wakes up, and executes the interrupt routine. The interrupt
routine causes a pin (PB1) to toggle.
Note:
The results given in this section take into account the interrupt latency times because they
include the time between the external event occurring and the first instruction of the interrupt
routine being executed.
The code executed in the interrupt routine is described below:
ld A,#$02
ld $5005,A
ld A,#$00
ld $5005,A
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Figure 7.
Wakeup time measurement diagram
Execution of
ld A, #$02
External event
Output pin
fCPU
tWKU
ai15050
5.2.2
Wakeup time results
In most of cases, power supply voltage has no effect on wakeup time. The minus sign (-) in
Table 11 to Table 14 below indicates that the wakeup time is the same for both power supply
voltages.
5.2.3
Wakeup time results in wait mode
The wakeup time from wait mode is not always the same because the wakeup event is
synchronized with the CPU clock. The variation range is about one period of the CPU clock.
Data given in Table 11 are maximum values.
Table 11.
Symbol
tWU(WFI)
Wakeup time results in wait mode
Parameter
VDD = 3.3 V(1)
VDD = 5 V
HSE crystal
fCPU = FMASTER = 24 MHz
-
1.0
HSE crystal
fCPU = FMASTER = 16 MHz
-
0.75
HSE crystal
fCPU = FMASTER = 8 MHz
-
1.4
-
2.7
-
0.75
HSI
fCPU = FMASTER/128 = 125 kHz
-
80
LSI
fCPU = FMASTER = 128 kHz
-
94
Condition
Wakeup time
HSE crystal
from wait
fCPU = FMASTER = 4 MHz
mode
HSI
fCPU = FMASTER = 16 MHz
Unit
µs
1. The minus sign (-) indicates that the wakeup time is the same as for VDD = 5 V.
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
AN2857
Observations
●
When no wait state is added, wakeup time from wait mode is linked only to the fMASTER
and to the fCPU clock frequencies. Wakeup time from wait mode can be calculated
using Equation 3 and Equation 4.
Equation 3
t WU ( WFI )min = ( 2 × 1 ⁄ f MASTER ) + ( 9 × 1 ⁄ f CPU )
Equation 4
t WU ( WFI )max = ( 2 × 1 ⁄ f MASTER ) + ( 10 × 1 ⁄ f CPU )
●
5.2.4
The wakeup time at 24 MHz is longer than at 16 MHz. This is because the wait state
has to be introduced for accessing the Flash memory.
Wakeup time results in active halt mode
For active halt mode measurements, the AWU clock is always LSI. In Table 12 and Table 13
below, the clock in the ‘Condition/Clock’ column is the clock used before entering active halt
mode.
The wakeup time from active halt mode is not always the same due to a sampling effect,
similar to that for wait mode. The variation range is about one period of the AWU clock
(7.8125 µs). Data given in Table 12 and Table 13 are maximum values which include
sampling of the AWU clock cycle.
Table 12.
Wakeup time results in active halt mode (MVR)
Condition
Symbol
Clock
HSI
(16 MHz)
tWU(AH)
VDD = 3.3 V(1) VDD = 5 V
Parameter
Wakeup
time from
active halt
mode
Flash on
-
9
Flash off
-
11
Fast CLK wakeup on
Flash off
-
11
394
543
Fast CLK wakeup on
Flash off
-
11
Fast CLK wakeup off
Flash off
1627
1274
HSE
(16 MHz crystal) Fast CLK wakeup off
Flash off
HSE
(4 MHz crystal)
1. The minus sign (-) indicates that the wakeup time is the same for VDD = 5 V.
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Unit
Others
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
Table 13.
Wakeup time results in active halt mode (LPVR)
Condition
Symbol
Clock
tWU(AH)
VDD = 3.3 V(1)
Parameter
Wakeup
time from
active halt
mode
VDD = 5 V Unit
Others
Flash on
-
56
HSI
(16 MHz)
µs
Flash off
-
58
1. The minus sign (-) indicates that the wakeup time is the same for VDD = 5 V.
Observations
5.2.5
●
When fast clock wakeup is enabled, wakeup time always equals HSI wakeup time
because the MCU automatically wakes up on HSI.
●
When the wakeup clock is the HSE crystal, wakeup time is very long and depends on
the supply voltage and the crystal used. This is due to the stabilization time of the
oscillator. This long wakeup time can be avoided by:
–
Using the fast clock wakeup feature.
–
Programing a shorter stabilization time in the HSECNT option byte (refer to the
option bytes section of the STM8S and STM8A datasheets). By default, a delay of
2048 oscillator cycles is inserted before the clock signal is released (the default
value of 2048 oscillator cycles is used in the above measurements).
●
Data for ‘HSE crystal/Flash on’ are not given in Table 12 because the wakeup time of
the Flash is always the same. The wakeup time of the Flash is about 2 µs.
●
The wakeup time of the MVR is about 50 µs.
Wakeup time results in halt mode
Table 14.
Wakeup time results in halt mode (LPVR)
Condition
Symbol
Parameter
Clock
tWU(H)
Wakeup
time from
halt mode
VDD = 3.3 V
VDD = 5 V
Flash on
-
52
Flash off
-
54
Unit
Others
HSI
(16 MHz)
µs
Observations
●
The wakeup time of the Flash is about 2 µs (the same as for active halt mode).
●
The wakeup time in halt mode (LPVR) is shorter than in active halt mode (see
Table 12). Note that the data in Table 12 include one AWU clock cycle sampling delay.
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Power consumption and wakeup time measurements and results
5.2.6
AN2857
Conclusions
The global wakeup time of the device can be viewed as the sum of the following:
28/31
●
Wakeup time of the main voltage regulator (if it is switched off during the low-power
mode).
●
Stabilization time of the oscillator (if it is switched off during the low-power mode).
●
Wakeup time of the Flash memory (if it is switched off during the low-power mode).
●
Interrupt latency for the wake up event trigger.
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Power management tips
6
Power management tips
6.1
Rules to help minimize power consumption
6.2
●
Switch off all unused peripherals (peripherals are switched off by default except the
USART, LINUART and SWIM) and use the PCG feature (through the CLK_PCKENRx
registers) to disable the clock provided to the unused peripherals (the clock is provided
by default). Refer to Section 3.2: Clock configuration and power management for more
details.
●
In run mode, if the size of a loop is smaller than the size of a block, the loop code must
be located in one block.
●
All unused port pins should be configured as output low level. Do not leave any unused
I/O pin configured as a floating input which could lead to useless high consumption.
●
Use wait mode if you need external interrupt capability in low-power mode and if some
peripherals have to remain active.
●
Use the appropriate VDD value because the higher the VDD value, the more power is
consumed.
●
Use the minimum possible frequency for your application. The eight CPU prescalers
and four HSI prescalers allow the required frequency value to be fitted to the
application.
Choosing the optimal low-power mode for an application
●
●
●
Application powered by a battery where the MCU is in sleep mode most of the time:
–
If the MCU is woken up due to external events, no time tracking is necessary and
power consumption has to be as low as possible. In this case, halt mode is
advised to extend battery life as much as possible.
–
Active halt mode with AWU is advised if the application does not depend on
external events but needs a non accurate periodic wakeup.
Application powered by a battery where the MCU is awake most of the time:
–
Active halt mode is advised if the MCU has to perform a few periodic actions
during which no peripheral has to stay on.
–
Wait mode is advised if at least one peripheral has to stay on all the time and an
interrupt can wake up the MCU.
Application supplied by mains but where consumption is critical:
–
Run mode, with a clock prescaler adapted to the application requirement, is
advised if the MCU has to run all the time.
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Revision history
7
AN2857
Revision history
Table 15.
30/31
Revision history
Date
Revision
Description of changes
09-Jan-2009
1
Initial release
08-Jul-2009
2
Updated Table 3 on page 12
Updated Figure 7 on page 25
25-Aug-2011
3
Updated to refer to both STM8S and STM8A products
Doc ID 15241 Rev 3
AN2857
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