Application Notes

AN11695
NXQ1TXA5 one-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter
Rev. 1 — 3 August 2015
Application note
Document information
Info
Content
Keywords
NXQ1TXA5, wireless charger, A11 Qi coils, low power
Abstract
This application note describes the NXQ1TXA5 wireless charger solution
designed for A11 Qi coils. It is based on the NXP Semiconductors
NXQ1TXA5 fully integrated wireless power transmitter product for Qi
compliant 5 volt low-power transmitters.
AN11695
NXP Semiconductors
NXQ1TXA5 one-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter
Revision history
Rev
Date
Description
v.1
20150803
first issue
Contact information
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected]
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1. Introduction
This application note describes the NXQ1TXA5 wireless charger solution designed for
A11 Qi coils. It is based on the NXP Semiconductors NXQ1TXA5 fully integrated wireless
power transmitter product for Qi compliant 5 V low-power transmitters.
The NXQ1TXA5 comes in a 5 mm  5 mm HVQFN32 package. It implements all the logic
and power electronics required to realize a compact ultra-low component count 5 W Qi
power transmitter application. To complete the whole application, only a handful of small
passive components and a charging coil are required. The application operates from a 5 V
power supply (e.g. a USB adapter).
In this application note guidelines are given for the implementation of a fully operating
wireless power transmitter. Electrical, thermal and compliance aspects are covered.
Recommendations for tuning and potential customizations are explained.
1.1 Features
• Single-chip WPC1.1.2 Qi-compliant device for A5/A11/A12/A16 5 V single-coil
low-power transmitters
• Operates from a 5 V supply
• Integrated high-efficiency full-bridge power stage with low EMI radiation, meeting
EN55022 radiated and conducted emission limits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very few external components required, minimizing cost, complexity, and board space
Extremely low-power receiver detection circuitry; standby power 10 mW (typical)
Power stage fully protected against overcurrent and overtemperature
Fully integrated accurate coil current measurement
Demodulates and decodes communication packages from Qi-compliant receivers
PID regulation for closed-loop power drive and control
Internal 1.8 V digital supply generation for the logic electronics
LED (2x) and buzzer outputs
NTC input for external temperature check and protection
On-chip thermal protection
Small HVQFN32 package (5 mm  5 mm) with 0.5 mm pitch
Foreign Object Detection (FOD) with automatic switching between V 1.1 and V 1.0 for
legacy receiver support
• FOD levels can be adjusted using external resistors to compensate for application
differences and meet Qi certification requirements
• Smart Power Limiting (SPL) function to adapt to power-limited 5 V supplies
• Static Power Reduction (SPR) function for multiple NXQ1TXA5 on a single USB
supply
• Supports Near Field Communication (NFC) TAG applications with delayed start-up
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2. Schematic, bill of materials, and layout
Figure 1 shows a full basic circuit diagram for a NXQ1TXA5 wireless power transmitter
application. The circuit diagram includes the status LED indicators and a connection for a
buzzer. They may be omitted if not required, but their connections are shown for the sake
of completeness. The same is true for the temperature sensors. One or more sensors can
be implemented in a specific application. However, it is also possible to omit the sensors
and in this way ignore specific temperature information. In this case, only the NXQ1TXA5
internal temperature protection remains intact.
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Fig 1.
NXQ1TXA5 wireless power transmitter circuit diagram
A USB powered wireless power transmitter is a standard application for the circuit shown
in Figure 1. Figure 2a and Figure 2b show two potential implementations of the power
interface circuit. Figure 2a is only a buffer. However, with a proper layout the result is an
already very good EMI performance.
The circuit of Figure 2b contains an additional common mode choke (L3). This interface
actively contributes to maximizing EMI reduction. An additional LED (H3) shows that the
application is powered.
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The power drawn by the H3 LED must be low because the current flowing in the LED has
a negative impact on the standby current of the application. So a relatively high-ohmic
current limiting resistor (R42) is chosen (3.9 k).
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a. 5 V USB power input circuit
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b. 5 V USB input power circuit with EMI filter
5 V USB input power interface options
2.1 Circuit description
2.1.1 Power transfer
The power transfer section is on the left-hand side in the circuit diagram. The NXQ1TXA5
IC contains a full (4-MOSFET) power bridge that drives the series-resonant network
consisting of capacitance Cp (realized by connecting capacitors C3, C4, C5, and C6 in
parallel) in series with the transmitter coil Lp (connected to terminals IND1 and IND2). The
NXQ1TXA5 regulates the amount of power that the coil transmits by varying the switching
frequency of the bridge. At high frequency (e.g. 205 kHz), power transfer is low and at low
frequency (e.g. 110 kHz), power transfer is high.
If at 205 kHz switching frequency the power transfer is still higher than required by the
load, the NXQ1TXA5 IC reduces the operation duty cycle to arrive at the required power
transfer level. During the on-period of the duty cycle, the switching frequency is 205 kHz.
To limit ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI), snubber networks are connected from the two
bridge-output nodes to ground (resistor R1/capacitor C1 and resistor R2/capacitor C2).
Supply decoupling of the power stage is implemented using capacitors C7, C8, C9, and
C10.
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2.1.1.1
Optimizing the LC resonant tank
According to Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) Qi specification (Ref. 1), values have
been specified for both the inductance (Lp) and the capacitance (Cp) in the resonant tank.
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Fig 3.
Qi power transmitter principle - inverter plus resonant tank
The assembly of the inductor coil and the shielding and accessories must have an
inductance (Lp) of 6.3 H (10 %). The capacitance (Cp) of the series capacitor must be
0.4 F (5 %). The input voltage to the full-bridge inverter must be 5 V (5 %). The
combination of Lp and Cp is intended to give the tank a target resonant frequency of:
1
f res = --------------------------------  100.26 kHz   8 % 
2  L p  C p
(1)
Under various conditions, tuning the resonant tank to perform optimally can be an option.
For example, when the inductance of a specific transmitter coil assembly is high, a lower
value for the capacitance can be chosen to shift the resonant frequency towards the target
resonant frequency. The result of failing to do so can be that the inverter/resonant tank
combination is not able to transfer the required amount of power at the lowest operating
frequency (110 kHz). Tune the Cp capacitance value through a small series of practical
experiments. When Cp consists of a number of capacitors in parallel, make sure that the
individual capacitances have approximately the same value (preferably not more than
20 % difference). This way of tuning leads to the best performance when a specific
transmitter coil is chosen.
Realizing maximum power transfer can be easier when the resonant frequency of the
resonant tank is shifted slightly upwards (e.g. 105 kHz). When transferring power to a
critical receiver, a slightly upward frequency shift is beneficial. However, the resonant
frequency must never be so close to 110 kHz that the spread in component values causes
it to be higher than 110 kHz.
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2.1.2 Crystal oscillator
The NXQ1TXA5 uses an external low-cost 32.768 kHz crystal with a 1 % accuracy. The
crystal must support a load capacitance of approximately 12 pF (the load capacitance is
embedded in the NXQ1TXA5). It is connected to the oscillator input pin (XTAL_IN) via a
2.2 pF series capacitor. To prevent oscillations or overtones, the length of the crystal
connections must be approximately 1 cm. Do not connect the crystal to the NXQ1TXA5
using vias. Connect it directly on the top layer of the PCB. If possible, shield the crystal by
connecting the casing to ground.
Fig 4.
Crystal to NXQ1TXA5 IC typical connection layout
2.1.3 NXQ1TXA5 configuration
The NXQ1TXA5 contains 4 configuration inputs: FOD1, FOD2, FOD3, and CONFIG. Each
time the NXQ1TXA5 enters the digital ping mode, the input levels are sampled. The
results are used to configure the NXQ1TXA5. The input voltage levels to the respective
pins are set with resistor combinations R5/R6, R7/R8, R9/R10, and R11/R12.
2.1.3.1
FOD1, FOD2, and FOD3
The NXQ1TXA5 features FOD functionality according to the Qi 1.1.2 standard. It switches
to FOD (Foreign Object Detection) mode if the received power level reported by the Qi
receiver (Preceived) is not in line with the transmitted power level provided by the
NXQ1TXA5 application (Ptransmitted). In this way, the heating up of a foreign object
(e.g. a coin) when it happens to be in the wireless power transfer path, is prevented.
Similarly, when misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver coils is too large
and losses in the wireless power transfer path are beyond a configurable threshold level,
wireless power transfer halts.
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Wireless power transmission chain
FOD1
In practical situations, there is always a mismatch between the power transmitted by the
NXQ1TXA5 application (Ptransmitted) and the power received by the Qi receiver (Preceived).
(2)
P diff = P transmitted – P received
The difference between the two values (Pdiff) can be used to trigger FOD mode in the
NXQ1TXA5 IC. The threshold level above which FOD mode must be entered can be set
with the voltage level on the FOD1 pin of the IC. On the low end, when 0.25 V is applied to
pin FOD1, a maximum Pdiff level of 0.167 W is tolerated. On the high end, when 1.29 V is
applied, a 0.86 W difference is tolerated. Any threshold level between 0.167 W and
0.86 W can be set, as well as a default level of 0.5 W and a mode where FOD is being
ignored altogether (see Table 1).
Table 1.
FOD threshold difference
Input voltage on pin FOD1
FOD threshold level
VFOD1 < 0.04 V
no FOD
0.25 V < VFOD1  1.29 V
VFOD1 (V) / 1.5 W[1]
1.335 V < VFOD1  VDDP
(VDDP is maximum input level)
0.5 W (default value)
[1]
This equation assumes VDDP = 5 V. To compensate for changes in the supply voltage level, the results are
automatically adjusted.
The NXQ1TXA5 FOD calculation tool (available from NXP, see FOD calibration section)
can be used to calculate the appropriate value for resistor R12. This resistor, in
combination with pull-up resistor R11, sets the voltage on pin FOD1.
FOD2 and FOD3
The transmitted power level (the power that the NXQ1TXA5 application delivers to the
magnetic field) can be calculated by subtracting the power loss in the application from the
input power supplied to the application:
P transmitted = P supply – P txloss
(3)
The NXQ1TXA5 IC calculates Psupply by multiplying the supply voltage (VDDP) with the
current flowing into the IC. However, the NXQ1TXA5 IC cannot measure Ptxloss because it
cannot 'see' losses that occur in peripheral components (e.g. transmitter coil, resonant
capacitors) and PCB tracks. So, the NXQ1TXA5 IC must estimate a value for Ptxloss. How
the NXQ1TXA5 estimates Ptxloss values is explained in the FOD calibration section.
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FOD calibration
In a calibration situation, we can acquire measured values for Ptxloss. If a calibrated Qi
receiver (with attached variable load resistor; Ref. 4) is optimally aligned with the
transmitter coil, it reports the amount of power that is available in the magnetic field
(Ptransmitted). In that specific situation Preceived equals Ptransmitted.
Using a Qi sniffer (Ref. 5), the Preceived values reported by the calibrated Qi receiver are
captured. So we know the Ptransmitted value in relation to the Psupply value. Hence, it is
possible to calculate Ptxloss by subtracting Ptransmitted from Psupply (see Equation 3).
Fig 6.
Calibrated Qi receiver simulator with attached variable load (resistor)
Fig 7.
Qi sniffer tool
By measuring a series of Psupply/Preceived pairs, it is possible to make a graph of the Psupply
versus Ptxloss relationship. The measurements must be executed with a calibrated Qi
receiver and the transmitter and the receiver are optimally aligned. Table 2 shows an
example of the results of a calibration session. Figure 8 shows the graph.
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Vsupply and Isupply are read from calibrated voltage and current meters. Preceived is read
from the Qi sniffer. Psupply and Ptxloss are calculated.
P supply = V supply  I supply
(4)
P txloss = P supply – P transmitted
(5)
Table 2.
Calibration session recording - example
Load point
#
[-]
V_supply
I_supply
P_supply
P_received
P_txloss
[V]
[A]
[W]
[W]
[W]
1
5.023
0.300
1.507
1.210
0.297
2
5.001
0.570
2.851
2.421
0.430
3
5.000
0.855
4.275
3.632
0.643
4
5.008
1.120
5.609
4.726
0.883
5
5.016
1.440
7.223
5.976
1.247
Fixed values
Input values
Calculated values
DDD
3W[ORVV
:
3VXSSO\:
(1) Ptxloss (measured)
Fig 8.
Graphical representation of measured Ptxloss versus Psupply
Based on the measured data in Table 2 (graphically represented in Figure 8), a
second-order polynomial that closely approximates the measured Psupply versus Ptxloss
curve can be constructed:
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P txloss  estimated  = A + BP supply + CP supply
2
(6)
Where:
• A = 0.2 W (fixed)
• B is the linear proportionality factor; the voltage level on the FOD2 pin determines the
value (see Table 4)
• C is the second-order proportionality factor; the value is configured via the voltage
level applied to pin FOD3 (see Table 5)
With A fixed to 0.2 W, the target is to select values for B and C in such a way that the
curve shown in Figure 8 is approximated with minimal (weighted) overall error. It can be
done in various ways, but the most convenient way is to use the NXQ1TXA5 FOD
calculation tool which is available from NXP (Ref. 6). In the tool, measurement values are
entered like in Table 2. As a result, the tool gives suggested values for B and C and how to
set these values using resistors R10 (FOD2) and R8 (FOD3). These resistor values also
depend on the pull-up resistor value (390 k default). Figure 9 shows the result of the
curve-fitting exercise.
DDD
3W[ORVV
:
3VXSSO\:
(1) Ptxloss (measured)
(2) Ptxloss (estimated)
Fig 9.
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Measured and estimated Ptxloss versus Psupply - fitted by the NXQ1TXA5 FOD
calculation tool
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Table 3.
NXQ1TXA5 FOD calculation tool
Fixed values
Input values
Calculated values
Load point #
[-]
V_supply
[V]
I_supply
[A]
P_supply
[W]
P_received
[W]
P_txloss
[W]
P_txloss(est)
[W]
error
[W]
1
5.023
0.300
1.507
1.210
0.297
0.318
0.021
2
5.001
0.570
2.851
2.421
0.430
0.469
0.039
3
5.000
0.885
4.275
3.632
0.643
0.676
0.033
4
5.008
1.120
5.609
4.726
0.883
0.914
0.031
5
5.016
1.440
7.223
5.976
1.247
1.259
0.012
FOD threshold level
A
[W]
B
[-]
C
[1/W]
0.2
0.11
0.012
0.5 [W]
Pull-up resistors
R11/R9/R7
FOD1 resistor
R12
FOD2 resistor
R10
FOD3 resistor
R8
390 [k]
68.1 [k]
12.1 [k]
OPEN [k]
Table 4.
Input voltage on pin FOD2
FOD parameter B
VFOD2 < 0.04 V
default value for parameters B and C:
B = 0.11 and C = 0.012
0.085 V < VFOD2  1.29 V
0.067  VFOD2 (V) + 0.05[1]
1.335 V < VFOD2  VDDP
(VDDP is maximum input level)
reserved
[1]
This equation assumes VDDP = 5 V. To compensate for changes in the supply voltage level, the results are
automatically adjusted.
Table 5.
Application note
C-coefficient value set via FOD3
Input voltage on pin FOD3
FOD parameter C
0.210 V < VFOD3 < 0.290 V[1]
0.006
0.585 V < VFOD3 < 0.665
V[1]
0.008
0.960 V < VFOD3 < 1.040
V[1]
0.010
VFOD3 > 1.335 V
(VDDP is maximum input level)[1]
0.012
other voltage levels
reserved
[1]
AN11695
B-coefficient value set via FOD2
This condition assumes VDDP = 5 V. To compensate for changes in the supply voltage level, the conditions
are automatically adjusted.
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The B and C coefficients are properly calculated when the above procedure is followed.
However, the values of the B and C coefficients may be set differently to allow more
freedom of placement of a Qi receiver and to correct for product and application spread.
By setting B and/or C to a higher value than calculated, more freedom of placement is
realized. The consequence is that the FOD mechanism only triggers when a higher
amount of power is dissipated in a foreign object.
An acceptable compromise must be found for most practical situations. For that reason,
examine a small series (e.g. 10) assembled NXQ1TXA5-based Qi wireless power
transmitter applications regarding the aspects mentioned above. Based on that
examination, proper B and C coefficient settings must be chosen.
2.1.3.2
CONFIG
The voltage level applied to the CONFIG pin determines the behavior of the LEDs and the
buzzer connected to the NXQ1TXA5 IC. Table 6 clarifies what mode is selected for a
certain voltage level (VCONFIG).
Table 6.
Mode selection
Input voltage on pin CONFIG
Mode name
VCONFIG < 40 mV
two LED 1
85 mV < VCONFIG < 165 mV
two LED 2
210 mV < VCONFIG < 290 mV
two LED 3
335 mV < VCONFIG < 415 mV
two LED 4
460 mV < VCONFIG < 540 mV
two LED 5
585 mV < VCONFIG < 665 mV
two LED 6
710 mV < VCONFIG < 790 mV
two LED 7
835 mV < VCONFIG < 915 mV
two LED 8
960 mV < VCONFIG < 1040 mV
one LED 1 & 2
1085 mV < VCONFIG < 1165 mV
one LED 3 & 4
1210 mV < VCONFIG < 1290 mV
one LED 5 & 6
VCONFIG > 1335 mV
debug LED
Table 7 describes the behavior of the LEDs for each of the modes. Table 8 describes the
behavior of the buzzer.
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Table 7.
LED modes
LED Mode Digital_Ping - LED_G
Charging - LED_G
(Power_Transfer mode)
Receiver
Fault detected[2]
[1]
charged
LED_R
LED_G
Two LED 1 blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when object detected
on: full power
blink at 0.5 Hz: limited power
(SPL, SPR or average current
exceeds 2 A)
off
Two LED 2 off
Two LED 3 blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when device detected
blink at 1 Hz
off
off
off
off
Two LED 5 blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when device detected
off
Two LED 6 off
off
Two LED 7 off
blink at 1 Hz
blink at 1 Hz
off
blink at 2 Hz
blink at 2 Hz
off
x
blink at 2 Hz for
TX/RX error; no
blink on FOD
off
off
x
LED_G: off
off
x
blink at 2 Hz for
TX/RX error; no
blink on FOD
LED_R
Two LED 8 reserved
One LED
1 & 2[3]
LED_G: blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
on: full power
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when device detected blink at 0.5 Hz: limited power
(SPL, SPR or average current
exceeds 2 A)
LED_R blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when device detected
One LED
3 & 4[3]
One LED
5 & 6[3]
off
off
x
LED_G: blink for 100 ms every 4 seconds
blink at 0.5 Hz
blink for 100 ms every 400 ms when device detected
off
on
x
blink at 2 Hz for
TX/RX error; no
blink on FOD
LED_R
on
off
x
off
Debug LED reserved
‘charge complete’ or ‘charge status 100 %’ message received via RX (NXQ1TXA5 remains in Power_Transfer mode while ‘charge status 100 %’ is reported; it switches to Charged
mode when a ‘charge complete’ message is received).
[2]
Receiver reports ‘internal fault’, ‘overtemperature’, ‘battery failure’, or ‘no response’. Transmitter reports OTP or FOD. If the receiver reports ‘overcurrent’, ‘overvoltage’, or
‘unknown’, the device restarts and goes back to ping state.
[3]
User can connect LED to either LED_R or LED_G; so the voltage on CONFIG could be used to enable two separate One LED modes.
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Two LED 4 off
blink at 0.5 Hz
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx x x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xx xxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx x x
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx
NXP Semiconductors
AN11695
Application note
Table 8.
Buzzer modes
LED mode
Buzzer mode
Receiver fully charged
Error (FOD, OTP, RX); ASK time-out
not an error
Two LED 1
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 2
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 3
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 4
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 5
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 6
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 7
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Two LED 8
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
One LED 1&2
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
One LED 3&4
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
One LED 5&6
two short beeps on entering state
off
one short beep every 4 S while in state
Debug LED
two short beeps on entering state
4 short beeps on entering state
one short beep every 4 S while in state
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Start charging
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2.1.4 Smart Power Limiting (SPL) and Static Power Reduction (SPR)
When the 5 V supply (VDDP) drops to below 4.2 V (the SPL threshold), SPL limits the
supply current. SPL continues to limit the output power until the supply voltage recovers
(even if the receiver requests more power). SPL can be disabled using the SPR1 and
SPR2 pins (see Table 6).
This way a proprietary application can be realized that e.g. operates from a 3.6 V battery
source (e.g. low-power application for wearables). However, to protect the power supply,
SPL is mandatory for a Qi certified application.
SPR limits the supply current independently of the supply voltage. This feature can be
used, for example, when the supply is taken from a limited USB source. The SPR level is
selected using the SPR1 and SPR2 pins (see Table 6). If the SPR function is not required,
the SPR1 and SPR2 pins must be connected to ground or to VDDP. The pins cannot be left
floating.
Table 9.
SPL status and SPR level
SPR1
SPR2
SPL status and SPR level
0 (ground)
0 (ground)
SPL on; no SPR limiting
0 (ground)
1 (VDDP)
SPL on; 500 mA
1 (VDDP)
0 (ground)
SPL on; 1000 mA
1 (VDDP)
1 (VDDP)
SPL off; no SPR limiting
2.1.5 LEDs and buzzer
The LEDs (H1 and H2) and the optional buzzer implement an elementary visual and
audial user interface. Implementing either the LEDs or the buzzer in the application is not
required. However, end users may appreciate some form of feedback regarding the
operation and status of the application. The user interface behavior is set using the
CONFIG pin (see Section 2.1.3) and the One-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter data sheet
(Ref. 2). LED and buzzer output pins are open-drain and may be connected to GND if
necessary.
2.1.6 Thermal protections
One or more thermal tripping points can be implemented in an NXQ1TXA5 application.
When the voltage supplied to the NXQ1TXA5 NTC pin (pin 13) drops to below 0.8 V, the
NXQ1TXA5 stops delivering power. When the voltage level exceeds 1.1 V, the power
transfer recommences.
Figure 1 shows the implementation of a single temperature measurement point. NTC
resistor R35 can be placed in the coil center, so the legacy devices with Qi 1.0 receivers
can be supported and protected. The combination of R35 and R36 determines at what
temperature the thermal protection trips and at what temperature normal operation
resumes.
For example, a 100 k resistor (R36) in series with a 100 k NTC (R35, 1 % thermistor
with nominal -parameter of 4500 K) causes the triggering of the thermal protection at
62 C. The application resumes operation when the temperature has dropped to 52 C.
This combination creates a hysteresis of 10 C.
Capacitor C27 is used to suppress noise. Basically, a low-pass filter is created.
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When an application requires monitoring the temperature of more than one location, an
option to combine the temperature 'data' from more than one NTC sensor is available. An
OR-ing circuit consisting of diodes connects the sensor circuits. In Figure 10, D4A and
D4B are the OR-ing diodes. D4C compensates for the voltage drop across D4A and D4B.
The signal on the left-hand side must be connected to the NXQ1TXA5 NTC pin.
9
9
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Fig 10. Multi-temperature protection using an OR-ing circuit
In a similar configuration, more than two temperatures can be monitored and used for
tripping/resuming.
The tripping temperature and the resume temperature of an NTC measuring branch can
easily be calculated. Input required:
• The value of the pull-up resistor (RPU)
• The nominal resistance value of the NTC thermistor RNTC (normally specified in a data
sheet at 25 C; 298.15 K)
• The NTC temperature dependency -parameter
The tripping temperature Ttrip (in K) can now be calculated with Equation 7. The resume
temperature Tres (in K) can be calculated with Equation 8.
1
T trip = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------R PU  
1
1
4
---------------- + ---   ln  ------ + ln  ----------- R NTC 
298.15    21
(7)
1
T res = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------R PU  
1
1
11
---------------- + ---   ln  ------ + ln  -----------



R NTC 
298.15 
39
(8)
The NXQ1TXA5 calculation tool contains a module that supports calculations.
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2.1.7 NFC (optional)
The NXQ1TXA5 can be used with an NFC enabled device. When the NFC_FD_N pin
(pin 6) is LOW, a start-up delay of about 2 seconds is added when an NFC enabled
receiver is placed on the charger. The 2 seconds delay allows the NFC device to finalize
communication with an NFC TAG before power transfer begins. The NXQ1TXA5 starts
after the delay. When it has detected a WPC-compliant Qi receiver, it starts to transfer
power to this device. The NXQ1TXA5 disables the NFC reader by pulling low the
NFC_DIS pin (pin 32).
If the NFC start-up delay function is not required, the NFC_FD_N pin must be connected
to VDDP (5 V).
When the NXQ1TXA5 is in power transfer mode, the NFC_DIS output is active-LOW
(open-drain). If NFC_DIS is not used, the pin can be connected to GND.
2.1.8 I2C interface (optional)
An I2C interface is provided with the SDA and SCL pins (pin 3 and pin 4). Communication
with the NXQ1TXA5 processor core can take place through these pins.
To use the SDA and SCL I2C lines, they must have a pull-up resistor to a 3.3 V (maximum
3.6 V) voltage level.
When I2C communication is not required, the pins can be left floating or they can be
grounded.
The detailed use of the I2C interface is outside the scope of this application note. Contact
NXP application support for assistance.
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2.2 Bill Of Materials (BOM)
Table 10 contains the component list for a basic stand-alone NXQ1TXA5 application. The
bill of materials more or less corresponds with the NXQ1TXA5 reference application as
described in the user manual NXQ1TXA5DB1340 one-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter
demo board user manual (Ref. 3).
Table 10.
NXQ1TXA5 bill of materials
Reference
Description and values
Part number
Manufacturer
C1; C2
capacitor; 6.8 nF; 50 V; 0603
-
-
capacitor; 100 nF; 50 V; NP0; 1206
-
-
C3; C4; C5; C6
(see Section 2.1.1.1)
C7; C8
capacitor; 10 nF; 50 V; NP0; 0603
-
-
C9; C10
capacitor; 22 F; 10 V; X7R; 1206
-
-
C11
capacitor; 100 nF; 50 V; X7R; 0603
-
-
C12
capacitor; 2.2 pF; 50 V; 0603
-
-
C13
capacitor; 100 F; 6.3 V; X5R; 1206
-
-
C26
capacitor; 10 nF; 50 V; X7R; 0805
-
-
C27
capacitor; 100 nF; 25 V; X7R; 0603
-
-
C28
capacitor; 1 F; 25 V; X7R; 0805
-
-
G1
XTAL; 32.768 kHz
-
-
H1
LED (green)
-
-
H2
LED (red)
-
-
H3
LED (blue)
-
-
L3
inductor; common-mode choke
(optional)
DLW5BTM251SQ2L
Murata
N1
IC
NXQ1TXA5
NXP Semiconductors
R1; R2
resistor; 1 ; 0603
-
-
R5; R7; R9; R11
resistor; 390 k; 1 %; 0603
-
-
R6; R15
resistor; 0 ; 0603
-
-
R8
resistor; 22 k; 1 %; 0603
-
-
R10
resistor; 36 k; 1 %; 0603
-
-
R12
resistor; 68 k; 1 %; 0603
-
-
R13
resistor; 820 ; 0603
-
-
R14
resistor; 1 k; 0603
-
-
R30; R32
resistor; not mounted; 0 
-
-
R31; R33
resistor; 0 ; solder closed
-
-
R34
resistor; not mounted; 1 k
-
-
R35
thermistor; 100 k NTC;
beta = 4500 K
-
-
R36
resistor; 100 k; 0603
-
-
R42
resistor; 3.9 k; 0603
-
-
X1
micro-USB PCB socket
-
FCI
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2.3 Layout
The layout of an NXQ1TXA5 wireless power transmitter application is critical from an
electrical and a thermal point of view. Both aspects are covered. A two-sided layout is
presented as an example. This layout is also used for the NXQ1TXA5DB1340 one-chip 5
V Qi wireless transmitter demo board user manual.
a. Top copper
b. Component silk screen
c. Bottom copper
Fig 11. NXQ1TXA5 layout
Fig 12. Top side with silk screen
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Fig 13. Top side with via pattern
2.3.1 Electrical layout aspects
From the electrical perspective, the following points require special attention:
• A shielding GND plane (in this case on the bottom layer) must be maximally
uninterrupted.
• To prevent power loss because of the high current (in the order of 2 A), VDD power
traces to pins 15 and 16 and pins 25 and 26 must be low-impedance/low-loss (wide
traces).
• Decoupling capacitors C10 and C8 must be mounted close to pins 15 and 16. They
must have a low-impedance connection to power GND. Capacitor C8 (10 nF) must be
closest to pins 15 and 16.
• Decoupling capacitors C9 and C7 must be mounted close to pins 25 and 26. They
must have a low-impedance connection to power GND. Capacitor C7 (10 nF) must be
closest to pins 25 and 26.
• Traces from the output pins 17 and 18 and pins 23 and 24 must be very
low-impedance/low-loss (wide traces).
• Decoupling capacitor C11 must be mounted close to pin 28. It must have a
low-impedance connection to GND.
• To prevent overtones, traces leading to the G1 crystal in series with the C12 capacitor
must be approximately 1 cm.
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• To prevent adverse effects in power transmission coil characteristics, solder the coil
terminals directly to the PCB. Do not use extension wires.
• A thick copper layer (70 m) conducts twice as good as a thin (35 m) copper layer.
Consider using a 70 m top copper layer.
• Snubber circuit capacitor C1 and resistor R1 and capacitor C2 and resistor R2 must
be mounted close to the output pins (pins 17 and 18; pins 23 and 24). The GND
connection of the snubber circuits must be close to pins 19, 20, 21, and 22.
• Shielding (non-current conducting) GND planes in the top copper layer must be
stitched to the non-current conducting GND areas of the bottom layer GND plane. The
stitching must be done with vias on the edges of the planes. The intended stitching
can easily be recognized on the right-hand side of the picture in Figure 13.
2.3.2 Thermal layout aspects
The NXQ1TXA5 IC is the main dissipating component on the NXQ1TXA5 PCB.
All thermal measures taken on an NXQ1TXA5 PCB must have one objective: Keep the
NXQ1TXA5 IC as cool as possible.
From the thermal perspective, the following points require special attention:
• Attach as much copper as possible to the grounded pins of the IC; good thermal
conduction from pins 33, 19, 20, 21, and 22 is especially important.
• Attach sufficient copper to the output pins 17, 18, 23, and 24. It is not only good for
electrical conduction, but also results in thermal conduction benefits.
• Attach sufficient copper to the supply pins 15,16, 25 and 26. The concept layout in
Figure 14 gives an idea of a power-wise optimal layout.
• Place the NXQ1TXA5 IC more or less in the center of the PCB. In that way, the IC
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9''
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Fig 14. Concept of a power-wise optimal layout for the NXQ1TXA5 IC
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• Underneath the NXQ1TXA5 IC, a pattern of 16 thermal vias must conduct heat from
the top side to the bottom side of the PCB. These vias are preferably copper filled
vias, but ceramic filled vias are a good second choice. A larger number of open vias is
fine as well. However, there is a risk that, during the assembly process, much solder
paste that must connect pin 33 (the exposed lead frame pad) to the PCB is sucked
into these vias. The sucking of solder paste in to the vias can have a negative
influence on the quality of the thermal connection from pin 33 to the PCB.
Figure 15 shows the recommended footprint (for reflow soldering) for the NXQ1TXA5
IC. The recommendation includes the 16 thermal vias.
This footprint info was taken from the One-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter data sheet
(Ref. 2).
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Fig 15. Application-specific reflow soldering footprint
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• More thermal vias that surround the IC from the top GND layer to the bottom GND
layer can improve the thermal connection from top to bottom.
• Thermal vias in remote areas (that is: relatively far from the dissipating element) do
not really contribute to thermal performance. The thermal gradient from top to bottom
layer is already minimal in remote areas. So, connecting them with a low thermal
impedance path does not bring much improvement. All remote vias shown in
Figure 13 have an electrical (non-thermal) purpose.
• The bottom layer (or other inner layer if there is a multi-layer PCB) must be a (nearly)
fully filled copper layer. This layer spreads the heat over the PCB and, if the layer is
the bottom layer, radiates the heat to the ambient.
• The outer layers (top and bottom layers) of the PCB must be covered with a
high-emissivity coating. In most circumstances, normal solder resist is good enough
because it has an emissivity of 0.9 to 0.95. Do not leave the copper blank or coat it
with a reflective (e.g. gold) finish.
• Making the PCB larger enhances thermal performance of the application significantly
and making the PCB too small brings the application into thermal trouble. Thermal
radiation is an important factor to move heat out of the NXQ1TXA5 component and
the PCB. Board surface area is more or less proportional to the capability of the board
capability to lose heat through radiation. Figure 16 shows a graph that gives an
impression of how Rth(j-a) (thermal resistance from the NXQ1TXA5 IC silicon to the
ambient) varies with PCB area. Trend lines for 2-layer/70 m copper, 4-layer/35 m
copper and 4-layer/70 m copper are given.
DDD
5WKMD
.:
3&%DUHDPP
(1) 4-layer; 70 m
(2) 4-layer; 35 m
(3) 2-layer; 70 m
Fig 16. Typical trend lines for the Rth(j-a) versus the PCB area
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The NXQ1TXA5 demo board that was used as illustration in this application note has a
PCB area of approximately 2000 mm2, giving the board an Rth value of approximately
30 K/W. Figure 16 shows that a smaller board can rapidly cause thermal issues for the
assembly. It also shows that increasing the PCB area beyond a certain point (for this
application say beyond 10000 mm2) only ensures minimal thermal improvement. In all
cases, the dissipating IC was right in the center of the PCB. The other recommendations
listed above were also implemented.
Figure 17 and Figure 18 show the preferred 2-layer and 4-layer PCB constructions.
Fig 17. Preferred 2-layer PCB construction
Fig 18. Preferred 4-layer PCB construction
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3. Abbreviations
Table 11.
Abbreviations
Acronym
Description
EMI
ElectroMagnetic Interference
FOD
Foreign Object Detection
LED
Light-Emitting Diode
NFC
Near Field Communication
NTC
Negative Temperature Coefficient
SPL
Smart Power Limiting
SPR
Static Power Reduction
WPC
Wireless Power Consortium
4. References
AN11695
Application note
[1]
Qi System Description Wireless Power Transfer — Volume I: Low Power,
Part 1: Interface Definition, Version 1.1.2, June 2013
[2]
One-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter — Data sheet, NXP Semiconductors, 2015
[3]
NXQ1TXA5DB1340 one-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter demo board — User
manual, UM10917, NXP Semiconductors, 2015
[4]
Qi Receiver Simulator Quick Start Guide — AVID Technologies Inc, Twinsburg,
Ohio USA (www.avid-tech.com)
[5]
AVID Qi Sniffer Quick Start v1.2 — AVID Technologies Inc, Twinsburg, Ohio USA
(www.avid-tech.com)
[6]
NXQ1TXA5 calculation tool — NXP Semiconductors, contact your sales
representative for a copy ([email protected])
All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers.
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5. Legal information
5.1
Definitions
Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under
internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in
modifications or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of
information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences of
use of such information.
5.2
Disclaimers
Limited warranty and liability — Information in this document is believed to
be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or
completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the
consequences of use of such information. NXP Semiconductors takes no
responsibility for the content in this document if provided by an information
source outside of NXP Semiconductors.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect, incidental,
punitive, special or consequential damages (including - without limitation - lost
profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or
replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such
damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of
contract or any other legal theory.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors’ aggregate and cumulative liability towards
customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance
with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP Semiconductors.
Right to make changes — NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make
changes to information published in this document, including without
limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without
notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior
to the publication hereof.
Suitability for use — NXP Semiconductors products are not designed,
authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or
safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or
malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected
to result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental
damage. NXP Semiconductors and its suppliers accept no liability for
inclusion and/or use of NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or
applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own
risk.
design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the NXP
Semiconductors product is suitable and fit for the customer’s applications and
products planned, as well as for the planned application and use of
customer’s third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate
design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their
applications and products.
NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default,
damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the
customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s
third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary
testing for the customer’s applications and products using NXP
Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and
the products or of the application or use by customer’s third party
customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect.
Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein
may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior
authorization from competent authorities.
Evaluation products — This product is provided on an “as is” and “with all
faults” basis for evaluation purposes only. NXP Semiconductors, its affiliates
and their suppliers expressly disclaim all warranties, whether express, implied
or statutory, including but not limited to the implied warranties of
non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The
entire risk as to the quality, or arising out of the use or performance, of this
product remains with customer.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors, its affiliates or their suppliers be liable
to customer for any special, indirect, consequential, punitive or incidental
damages (including without limitation damages for loss of business, business
interruption, loss of use, loss of data or information, and the like) arising out
the use of or inability to use the product, whether or not based on tort
(including negligence), strict liability, breach of contract, breach of warranty or
any other theory, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever (including without limitation, all damages referenced above and
all direct or general damages), the entire liability of NXP Semiconductors, its
affiliates and their suppliers and customer’s exclusive remedy for all of the
foregoing shall be limited to actual damages incurred by customer based on
reasonable reliance up to the greater of the amount actually paid by customer
for the product or five dollars (US$5.00). The foregoing limitations, exclusions
and disclaimers shall apply to the maximum extent permitted by applicable
law, even if any remedy fails of its essential purpose.
Translations — A non-English (translated) version of a document is for
reference only. The English version shall prevail in case of any discrepancy
between the translated and English versions.
Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these
products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no
representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the
specified use without further testing or modification.
5.3
Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications
and products using NXP Semiconductors products, and NXP Semiconductors
accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product
GreenChip — is a trademark of NXP Semiconductors N.V.
AN11695
Application note
Trademarks
Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks
are the property of their respective owners.
All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers.
Rev. 1 — 3 August 2015
© NXP Semiconductors N.V. 2015. All rights reserved.
28 of 29
AN11695
NXP Semiconductors
NXQ1TXA5 one-chip 5 V Qi wireless transmitter
6. Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2
Schematic, bill of materials, and layout. . . . . . 4
2.1
Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1
Power transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1.1
Optimizing the LC resonant tank . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2
Crystal oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3
NXQ1TXA5 configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3.1
FOD1, FOD2, and FOD3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3.2
CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.4
Smart Power Limiting (SPL) and Static Power
Reduction (SPR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5
LEDs and buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.6
Thermal protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.7
NFC (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.8
I2C interface (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2
Bill Of Materials (BOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.1
Electrical layout aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2
Thermal layout aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5
Legal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2
Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3
Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Please be aware that important notices concerning this document and the product(s)
described herein, have been included in section ‘Legal information’.
© NXP Semiconductors N.V. 2015.
All rights reserved.
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected]
Date of release: 3 August 2015
Document identifier: AN11695