LTC3350 High Current Supercapacitor Backup Controller and System Monitor Description Features High Efficiency Synchronous Step-Down CC/CV Charging of One to Four Series Supercapacitors n Step-Up Mode in Backup Provides Greater Utilization of Stored Energy in Supercapacitors n14-Bit ADC for Monitoring System Voltages/Currents, Capacitance and ESR n Active Overvoltage Protection Shunts n Internal Active Balancers—No Balance Resistors n V : 4.5V to 35V, V IN CAP(n): Up to 5V per Capacitor, Charge/Backup Current: 10+A n Programmable Input Current Limit Prioritizes System Load Over Capacitor Charge Current n Dual Ideal Diode PowerPath™ Controller n All N-FET Charger Controller and PowerPath Controller n Compact 38-Lead 5mm × 7mm QFN Package n Applications High Current 12V Ride-Through UPS Servers/Mass Storage/High Availability Systems The LTC®3350 is a backup power controller that can charge and monitor a series stack of one to four supercapacitors. The LTC3350’s synchronous step-down controller drives N‑channel MOSFETs for constant current/constant voltage charging with programmable input current limit. In addition, the step-down converter can run in reverse as a step-up converter to deliver power from the supercapacitor stack to the backup supply rail. Internal balancers eliminate the need for external balance resistors and each capacitor has a shunt regulator for overvoltage protection. The LTC3350 monitors system voltages, currents, stack capacitance and stack ESR which can all be read over the I2C/SMBus. The dual ideal diode controller uses N-channel MOSFETs for low loss power paths from the input and supercapacitors to the backup system supply. The LTC3350 is available in a low profile 38-lead 5mm × 7mm × 0.75mm QFN surface mount package. n L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and PowerPath are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Patents pending. n Typical Application High Current Supercapacitor Charger and Backup Supply ICHG (STEP-DOWN) IBACKUP VOUT VIN Backup Operation INFET VOUTSP VOUTSN PFI OUTFB OUTFET TGATE PBACKUP = 25W VCAP < VOUT (STEP-UP) VCAP > VOUT (DIRECT CONNECT) SW BGATE VOUT 2V/DIV VCAP 2V/DIV VOUT VIN 2V/DIV VCAP LTC3350 I2C ICAP VCAP CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB 0V 10F VCAP 10F VIN 400ms/DIV BACK PAGE APPLICATION CIRCUIT 3350 TA01a 10F 10F 3350 TA01a 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 1 LTC3350 Table of Contents Features...................................................... 1 Applications................................................. 1 Typical Application ......................................... 1 Description.................................................. 1 Absolute Maximum Ratings............................... 3 Order Information........................................... 3 Pin Configuration........................................... 3 Electrical Characteristics.................................. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics.................... 7 Pin Functions............................................... 10 Block Diagram.............................................. 13 Timing Diagram............................................ 14 Operation................................................... 14 Introduction............................................................. 14 Bidirectional Switching Controller—Step-Down Mode....................................................................... 14 Bidirectional Switching Controller—Step-Up Mode.15 Ideal Diodes............................................................. 16 Gate Drive Supply (DRVCC) ..................................... 17 Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) ................................ 17 RT Oscillator and Switching Frequency................... 17 Input Overvoltage Protection .................................. 17 VCAP DAC ................................................................ 17 Power-Fail (PF) Comparator.................................... 17 Charge Status Indication......................................... 17 Capacitor Voltage Balancer ..................................... 17 Capacitor Shunt Regulators..................................... 18 I2C/SMBus and SMBALERT..................................... 18 Analog-to-Digital Converter..................................... 18 Capacitance and ESR Measurement ....................... 18 Monitor Status Register........................................... 19 Charge Status Register............................................20 Limit Checking and Alarms......................................20 Die Temperature Sensor..........................................20 General Purpose Input.............................................20 2 Applications Information................................. 21 Digital Configuration................................................ 21 Capacitor Configuration........................................... 21 Capacitor Shunt Regulator Programming................ 21 Setting Input and Charge Currents.......................... 21 Low Current Charging and High Current Backup.....22 Setting VCAP Voltage................................................22 Power-Fail Comparator Input Voltage Threshold ....22 Setting VOUT Voltage in Backup Mode.....................23 Compensation.......................................................... 24 Minimum VCAP Voltage in Backup Mode.................. 24 Optimizing Supercapacitor Energy Storage Capacity... 25 Capacitor Selection Procedure ................................26 Inductor Selection...................................................26 COUT and CCAP Capacitance..................................... 27 Power MOSFET Selection........................................ 28 Schottky Diode Selection......................................... 28 Top MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB)........................29 INTVCC/DRVCC and IC Power Dissipation................29 Minimum On-Time Considerations..........................30 Ideal Diode MOSFET Selection................................30 PCB Layout Considerations.....................................30 Register Map............................................... 32 Register Descriptions..................................... 33 Typical Applications....................................... 39 Package Description...................................... 44 Revision History........................................... 45 Typical Application........................................ 46 Related Parts............................................... 46 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Absolute Maximum Ratings Pin Configuration VOUTM5 INFET VIN CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 PFI PFO TOP VIEW 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 SCL 1 31 VOUTSP SDA 2 30 VOUTSN SMBALERT 3 29 INTVCC CAPGD 4 28 DRVCC 27 BGATE VC 5 CAPFB 6 26 BST 39 PGND OUTFB 7 25 TGATE 24 SW SGND 8 23 VCC2P5 RT 9 GPI 10 22 ICAP ITST 11 21 VCAP 20 OUTFET CAPRTN 12 CFN VCAPP5 CFP CAP4 CAP3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 CAP1 VIN, VOUTSP, VOUTSN................................ –0.3V to 40V VCAP........................................................... –0.3V to 22V CAP4-CAP3, CAP3-CAP2, CAP2-CAP1, CAP1-CAPRTN........................................... –0.3V to 5.5V DRVCC, OUTFB, CAPFB, SMBALERT, CAPGD, PFO, GPI, SDA, SCL................................... –0.3V to 5.5V BST.......................................................... –0.3V to 45.5V PFI.............................................................. –0.3V to 20V CAP_SLCT0, CAP_SLCT1.................................–0.3 to 3V BST to SW................................................. –0.3V to 5.5V VOUTSP to VOUTSN, ICAP to VCAP.......... –0.3V to 0.3V IINTVCC..................................................................100mA ICAP(1,2,3,4), ICAPRTN............................................. 600mA ICAPGD, IPFO , ISMBALERT..........................................10mA Operating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 3)............................................... –40°C to 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C CAP2 (Note 1) UHF PACKAGE 38-LEAD (5mm × 7mm) PLASTIC QFN TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 34°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 39) IS PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC3350EUHF#PBF LTC3350EUHF#TRPBF 3350 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C LTC3350IUHF#PBF LTC3350IUHF#TRPBF 3350 38-Lead (5mm × 7mm) Plastic QFN –40°C to 125°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for information on nonstandard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3 LTC3350 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = VOUT = 12V, VDRVCC = VINTVCC unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Switching Regulator VIN Input Supply Voltage IQ Input Quiescent Current (Note 4) VCAPFBHI Maximum Regulated VCAP Feedback Voltage l 4.5 35 l 1.188 1.176 1.200 1.200 1.212 1.224 V V 0.628 0.638 0.647 V 4 VCAPDAC Full Scale (1111b) VCAPFBLO Minimum Regulated VCAP Feedback Voltage VCAPDAC Zero Scale (0000b) ICAPFB CAPFB Input Leakage Current VCAPFB = 1.2V VOUTFB Regulated VOUT Feedback Voltage V mA l –50 50 nA l 1.188 1.176 1.200 1.200 1.212 1.224 V V 1.27 1.3 1.33 V 50 nA VOUTFB(TH) OUTFET Turn-Off Threshold Falling Threshold IOUTFB OUTFB Input Leakage Current VOUTFB = 1.2V l –50 4.5 VOUTBST VOUT Voltage in Step-Up Mode VIN = 0V l VUVLO INTVCC Undervoltage Lockout Rising Threshold Falling Threshold l l 35 V 3.85 4.3 4 4.45 V V VDRVUVLO DRVCC Undervoltage Lockout Rising Threshold Falling Threshold l l 3.75 4.2 3.9 4.35 V V VDUVLO VIN – VCAP Differential Undervoltage Lockout Rising Threshold Falling Threshold l l 145 55 185 90 225 125 mV mV VOVLO VIN Overvoltage Lockout Rising Threshold Falling Threshold l l 37.7 36.3 38.6 37.2 39.5 38.1 V V VVCAPP5 Charge Pump Output Voltage Relative to VCAP, 0V ≤ VCAP ≤ 20V 5 V Input Current Sense Amplifier VSNSI Regulated Input Current Sense Voltage (VOUTSP – VOUTSN) l 31.36 31.04 32.00 32.00 32.64 32.96 mV mV l 31.36 31.04 32.00 32.00 32.64 32.96 mV mV Charge Current Sense Amplifier VSNSC Regulated Charge Current Sense Voltage (ICAP – VCAP) VCMC Common Mode Range (ICAP, VCAP) VCAP = 10V 0 VPEAK Peak Inductor Current Sense Voltage VREV Reverse Inductor Current Sense Voltage Step-Down Mode IICAP ICAP Pin Current Step-Down Mode, VSNSC = 32mV Step-Up Mode, VSNSC = 32mV l 51 l 3.867 20 V 58 65 mV 7 10 mV 30 135 µA µA Error Amplifier gMV VCAP Voltage Loop Transconductance 1 mmho gMC Charge Current Loop Transconductance 64 μmho gMI Input Current Loop Transconductance 64 μmho gMO VOUT Voltage Loop Transconductance 400 μmho Oscillator fSW Switching Frequency RT = 107k l 4 495 490 500 500 505 510 kHz kHz Maximum Programmable Frequency RT = 53.6k 1 MHz Minimum Programmable Frequency RT = 267k 200 kHz 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = VOUT = 12V, VDRVCC = VINTVCC unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS DCMAX Maximum Duty Cycle Step-Down Mode Step-Up Mode MIN TYP MAX UNITS 97 87 98 93 99.5 % % Gate Drivers RUP-TG TGATE Pull-Up On-Resistance RDOWN-TG TGATE Pull-Down On-Resistance RUP-BG BGATE Pull-Up On-Resistance RDOWN-BG BGATE Pull-Down On-Resistance 2 Ω 0.6 Ω 2 Ω 0.6 Ω tr-TG TGATE 10% to 90% Rise Time CLOAD = 3.3nF 18 25 ns tf-TG TGATE 10% to 90% Fall Time CLOAD = 3.3nF 8 15 ns tr-BG BGATE 10% to 90% Rise Time CLOAD = 3.3nF 18 25 ns tf-BG BGATE 10% to 90% Fall Time CLOAD = 3.3nF 8 15 ns tNO Non-Overlap Time tON(MIN) 50 ns 85 ns 5 V INTVCC Linear Regulator VINTVCC Internal VCC Voltage 5.2V ≤ VIN ≤ 35V ∆VINTVCC Load Regulation IINTVCC = 50mA –1.5 –2.5 % PowerPath/Ideal Diodes VFTO Forward Turn-On Voltage 65 mV VFR Forward Regulation 30 mV VRTO Reverse Turn Off –30 mV tIF(ON) INFET Rise Time INFET – VIN > 3V, CINFET = 3.3nF 560 µs tIF(OFF) INFET Fall Time INFET – VIN < 1V, CINFET = 3.3nF 1.5 µs tOF(ON) OUTFET Rise Time OUTFET – VCAP > 3V, COUTFET = 3.3nF 0.13 µs tOF(OFF) OUTFET Fall Time OUTFET – VCAP < 1V, COUTFET = 3.3nF 0.26 µs Power-Fail Comparator VPFI(TH) PFI Input Threshold (Falling Edge) VPFI(HYS) PFI Hysteresis IPFI PFI Input Leakage Current VPFI = 0.5V VPFO PFO Output Low Voltage ISINK = 5mA IPFO PFO High-Z Leakage Current VPFO = 5V l 1.147 1.17 1.193 30 l –50 50 200 nA mV 1 l V mV μA PFI Falling to PFO Low Delay 85 ns PFI Rising to PFO High Delay 0.4 μs CAPGD VCAPFB(TH) CAPGD Rising Threshold as % of Regulated VCAP Feedback Voltage Vcapfb_dac = Full Scale (1111b) VCAPFB(HYS) CAPGD Hysteresis at CAPFB as a % of Regulated VCAP Feedback Voltage Vcapfb_dac = Full Scale (1111b) VCAPGD CAPGD Output Low Voltage ISINK = 5mA ICAPGD CAPGD High-Z Leakage Current VCAPGD = 5V l l 90 92 94 % 1.25 % 200 mV 1 μA 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 5 LTC3350 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = VOUT = 12V, VDRVCC = VINTVCC unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Analog-to-Digital Converter VRES Measurement Resolution VGPI General Purpose Input Voltage Range Unbuffered Buffered 16 IGPI General Purpose Input Pin Leakage Current Buffered Input RGPI GPI Pin Resistance Buffer Disabled 0 0 Bits 5 3.5 V V 1 μA 2.5 MΩ Measurement System Error VERR Measurement Error (Note 5) VIN = 0V VIN = 30V 100 1.5 mV % VOUTSP = 5V VOUTSP = 30V 100 1.5 mV % VCAP = 0V VCAP = 10V 100 1.5 mV % VGPI = 0V, Unbuffered VGPI = 3.5V, Unbuffered 2 1 mV % VCAP1 = 0V VCAP1 = 2V 2 1 mV % VCAP2 = 0V VCAP2 = 2V 2 1 mV % VCAP3 = 0V VCAP3 = 2V 2 1 mV % VCAP4 = 0V VCAP4 = 2V 2 1 mV % VSNSI = 0mV VSNSI = 32mV 200 2 µV % VSNSC = 0mV VSNSC = 32mV 200 2 µV % CAP1 to CAP4 RSHNT Shunt Resistance 0.5 DVCAPMAX Maximum Capacitor Voltage with Shunts Enabled 2 or More Capacitors in Stack Ω 3.6 V 1.209 V –1 1 µA 1 µA Programming Pins VITST ITST Voltage RTST = 121Ω 1.185 1.197 I2C/SMBus – SDA, SCL, SMBALERT IIL,SDA,SCL Input Leakage Low IIH,SDA,SCL Input Leakage High –1 VIH Input High Threshold 1.5 VIL Input Low Threshold fSCL SCL Clock Frequency tLOW Low Period of SCL Clock 1.3 µs tHIGH High Period of SCL Clock 0.6 µs tBUF Bus Free Time Between Start and Stop Conditions 1.3 µs tHD,STA Hold Time, After (Repeated) Start Condition 0.6 µs tSU,STA Setup Time After a Repeated Start Condition 0.6 µs 6 V 0.8 V 400 kHz 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C (Note 2). VIN = VOUT = 12V, VDRVCC = VINTVCC unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS tSU,STO Stop Condition Set-Up Time tHD,DATO Output Data Hold Time 0 tHD,DATI Input Data Hold Time 0 ns tSU,DAT Data Set-Up Time 100 ns tSP Input Spike Suppression Pulse Width VSMBALERT SMBALERT Output Low Voltage ISINK = 1mA ISMBALERT SMBALERT High-Z Leakage Current VSMBALERT = 5V 0.6 µs 900 ns 50 Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC3350 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3350E is guaranteed to meet specifications from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3350I is guaranteed over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. The junction temperature (TJ, in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA, in °C) and power dissipation (PD, in Watts) according to the formula: TJ = TA + (PD • θJA) where θJA = 34°C/W for the UHF package. ns 200 mV 1 l μA Note 3: The LTC3350 includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 125˚C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 4: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See the Applications Information section. Note 5: Measurement error is the magnitude of the difference between the actual measured value and the ideal value. VSNSI is the voltage between VOUTSP and VOUTSN, representing input current. VSNSC is the voltage between ICAP and VCAP, representing charge current. Error for VSNSI and VSNSC is expressed in μV, a conversion to an equivalent current may be made by dividing by the sense resistors, RSNSI and RSNSC, respectively. Typical Performance Characteristics TA = 25°C, Application Circuit 4 unless otherwise noted. Supercapacitor Backup Operation HV Electrolytic Backup Operation PBACKUP = 25W VOUT 2V/DIV Shunt Operation Using VCAP2 5 PBACKUP = 25W 4 CURRENT (A) VCAP 5V/DIV VCAP 2V/DIV VOUT 5V/DIV VIN 5V/DIV 0V VIN 2V/DIV 0V 400ms/DIV BACK PAGE APPLICATION CIRCUIT 3350 G01 VSHUNT = 2.7V 20ms/DIV APPLICATION CIRCUIT 6 3350 G02 3 ICHARGE 2 1 ICAP2 0 –1 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 VCAP2 (V) 2.69 2.70 2.71 3350 G03 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 7 LTC3350 Typical Performance Characteristics TA = 25°C, Application Circuit 4 unless otherwise noted. IIN and ICHARGE vs VIN CURRENT (A) 3.5 ICHARGE vs VCAP ICHARGE 2.3 2.50 IIN(MAX) = 2A IOUT = 0A VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 35V 1.25 IIN 11 21 16 26 VIN (V) 31 0 36 0 2 4 6 IIN 1.25 2.25 8.00 75 6.75 50 0 3.00 IIN(MAX) = 2A IOUT = 0A VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 35V 0 1.8 IOUT (A) 3.6 5.4 3350 G07 VCAP vs Temperature –6 28 62 TEMPERATURE (°C) 96 130 3350 G10 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 vcapfb_dac (CODE) 3350 G09 Load Regulation in Boost Mode 5.000 75 4.994 VOUT (BOOST) (V) EFFICIENCY (%) VCAP (V) capfb_dac = 15 ICHARGE = 2A 7.185 –40 3.00 7.2 100 50 VCAP = 2V VCAP = 3V VCAP = 4V 25 7.190 ICHARGE = 2A 4.25 Efficiency in Boost Mode 7.205 0 10–3 10–1 IOUT (A) 100 4.988 VCAP = 2V VCAP = 3V VCAP = 4V 4.981 APPLICATION CIRCUIT 5 10–2 8 VCAP vs vcapfb_dac 3350 G08 7.210 7.195 6 5.50 VCAP (V) 7.200 4 3350 G06 100 25 1.50 2 VCAP (V) VCAP (V) EFFICIENCY (%) CURRENT (A) 2.50 0.75 0 3350 G05 IIN(MAX) = 2A VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 35V 0 0 8 Charger Efficiency vs VCAP ICHARGE 0 IIN(MAX) = 2A IOUT = 1A VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 35V VCAP (V) IIN and ICHARGE vs IOUT 3.75 2.50 1.25 3350 G04 5.00 ICHARGE vs VCAP 3.75 3.75 2.9 1.7 5.00 ICHARGE (A) IOUT = 1A VCAP = 6V 125°C 25°C –40°C 5.00 ICHARGE (A) 4.1 101 3350 G11 4.975 10–3 APPLICATION CIRCUIT 5 10–2 10–1 IOUT (A) 100 101 3350 G12 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Typical Performance Characteristics TA = 25°C, Application Circuit 4 unless otherwise noted. 4.90 IQ vs VIN, Pulse Skipping 5480 10.0 VGPI = 1V 5475 7.5 IDRVCC (mA) 4.75 CODE 5470 4.60 5465 4.45 10 15 25 20 VIN (V) 30 35 5455 –40 –6 28 62 96 0 3 1.5 4.5 3350 G14 INTVCC vs Charge Current 6 3350 G15 INTVCC vs Temperature 5.000 VIN = 12V 4.938 4.938 4.875 4.813 4.750 0 130 IL (A) 3350 G13 5.000 VCAP = 4V 125°C 25°C –40°C APPLICATION CIRCUIT 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) INTVCC (V) 4.30 5.0 2.5 5460 125°C 25°C –40°C INTVCC (V) IQ (mA) DRVCC Current vs Boost Inductor Current GPI Code vs Temperature 4.813 125°C 25°C –40°C 0 1 2 3 4.875 4 4.750 –40 ICHARGE (A) –6 28 62 96 130 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3350 G16 3350 G17 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 9 LTC3350 Pin Functions SCL (Pin 1): Clock Pin for the I2C/SMBus Serial Port. SDA (Pin 2): Bidirectional Data Pin for the I2C/SMBus Serial Port. SMBALERT (Pin 3): Interrupt Output. This open-drain output is pulled low when an alarm threshold is exceeded, and will remain low until the acknowledgement of the part’s response to an SMBus ARA. CAPGD (Pin 4): Capacitor Power Good. This open-drain output is pulled low when CAPFB is below 92% of its regulation point. VC (PIN 5): Control Voltage Pin. This is the compensation node for the charge current, input current, supercapacitor stack voltage and output voltage control loops. An RC network is connected between VC and SGND. Nominal voltage range for this pin is 1V to 3V. CAPFB (Pin 6): Capacitor Stack Feedback Pin. This pin closes the feedback loop for constant voltage regulation. An external resistor divider between VCAP and SGND with the center tap connected to CAPFB programs the final supercapacitor stack voltage. This pin is nominally equal to the output of the VCAP DAC when the synchronous controller is in constant voltage mode while charging. OUTFB (Pin 7): Step-Up Mode Feedback Pin. This pin closes the feedback loop for voltage regulation of VOUT during input power failure using the synchronous controller in step-up mode. An external resistor divider between VOUT and SGND with the center tap connected to OUTFB programs the minimum backup supply rail voltage when input power is unavailable. This pin is nominally 1.2V when in backup and the synchronous controller is not in current limit. To disable step-up mode tie OUTFB to INTVCC. SGND (Pin 8): Signal Ground. All small-signal and compensation components should be connected to this pin, which in turn connects to PGND at one point. This pin should also Kelvin to the bottom plate of the capacitor stack. 10 RT (Pin 9): Timing Resistor. The switching frequency of the synchronous controller is set by placing a resistor, RT, from this pin to SGND. This resistor is always required. If not present the synchronous controller will not start. GPI (Pin 10): General Purpose Input. The voltage on this pin is digitized directly by the ADC. For high impedance inputs an internal buffer can be selected and used to drive the ADC. The GPI pin can be connected to a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor to monitor the temperature of the supercapacitor stack. A low drift bias resistor is required from INTVCC to GPI and a thermistor is required from GPI to ground. Connect GPI to SGND if not used. The digitized voltage on this pin can be read in the meas_gpi register. ITST (Pin 11): Programming Pin for Capacitance Test Current. This current is used to partially discharge the capacitor stack at a precise rate for capacitance measurement. This pin servos to 1.2V during a capacitor measurement. A resistor, RTST, from this pin to SGND programs the test current. RTST must be at least 121Ω. CAPRTN (Pin 12): Capacitor Stack Shunt Return Pin. This pin is connected to the grounded bottom plate of the first super capacitor in the stack through a shunt resistor. CAP1 (Pin 13): First Supercapacitor Pin. The top plate of the first supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the second supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. CAP1 and CAPRTN are used to measure the voltage across the first super capacitor and to shunt current around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvoltage. The voltage between this pin and CAPRTN is digitized and can be read in the meas_vcap1 register. CAP2 (Pin 14): Second Supercapacitor Pin. The top plate of the second supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the third supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. CAP2 and CAP1 are used to measure the voltage across the second supercapacitor and to shunt 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Pin Functions current around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvoltage. If not used this pin should be shorted to CAP1. The voltage between this pin and CAP1 is digitized and can be read in the meas_vcap2 register. VCAP (Pin 21): Supercapacitor Stack Voltage and Charge Current Sense Amplifier Negative Input. Connect this pin to the top of the supercapacitor stack. The voltage at this pin is digitized and can be read in the meas_vcap register. CAP3 (Pin 15): Third Supercapacitor Pin. The top plate of the third supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the fourth supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. CAP3 and CAP2 are used to measure the voltage across the third supercapacitor and to shunt current around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvoltage. If not used this pin should be shorted to CAP2. The voltage between this pin and CAP2 is digitized and can be read in the meas_vcap3 register. ICAP (Pin 22): Charge Current Sense Amplifier Positive Input. The ICAP and VCAP pins measure the voltage across the sense resistor, RSNSC, to provide instantaneous current signals for the control loops and ESR measurement system. The maximum charge current is 32mV/RSNSC. CAP4 (Pin 16): Fourth Supercapacitor Pin. The top plate of the fourth supercapacitor is connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. CAP4 and CAP3 are used to measure the voltage on the capacitor and to shunt current around the supercapacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvoltage. If not used this pin should be shorted to CAP3. The voltage between this pin and CAP3 is digitized and can be read in the meas_vcap4 register. The capacitance test current set by the ITST pin is pulled from this pin. CFP (Pin 17): VCAPP5 Charge Pump Flying Capacitor Positive Terminal. Place a 0.1μF between CFP and CFN. CFN (Pin 18): VCAPP5 Charge Pump Flying Capacitor Negative Terminal. Place a 0.1μF between CFP and CFN. VCAPP5 (Pin 19): Charge Pump Output. The internal charge pump drives this pin to VCAP + INTVCC which is used as the high side rail for the OUTFET gate drive and charge current sense amplifier. Connect a 0.1μF capacitor from VCAPP5 to VCAP. OUTFET (Pin 20): Output Ideal Diode Gate Drive Output. This pin controls the gate of an external N-channel MOSFET used as an ideal diode between VOUT and VCAP. The gate drive receives power from the internal charge pump output VCAPP5. The source of the N-channel MOSFET should be connected to VCAP and the drain should be connected to VOUTSN. If the output ideal diode MOSFET is not used, OUTFET should be left floating. VCC2P5 (Pin 23): Internal 2.5V Regulator Output. This regulator provides power to the internal logic circuitry. Decouple this pin to ground with a minimum 1μF low ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitor. SW (Pin 24): Switch Node Connection to the Inductor. The negative terminal of the boot-strap capacitor, CB, is connected to this pin. The voltage on this pin is also used as the source reference for the top side N-channel MOSFET gate drive. In step-down mode, the voltage swing on this pin is from a diode (external) forward voltage below ground to VOUT. In step-up mode the voltage swing is from ground to a diode forward voltage above VOUT. TGATE (Pin 25): Top Gate Driver Output. This pin is the output of a floating gate driver for the top external N‑channel MOSFET. The voltage swing at this pin is ground to VOUT + DRVCC. BST (Pin 26): TGATE Driver Supply Input. The positive terminal of the boot-strap capacitor, CB, is connected to this pin. This pin swings from a diode voltage drop below DRVCC up to VOUT + DRVCC. BGATE (Pin 27): Bottom Gate Driver Output. This pin drives the bottom external N-channel MOSFET between PGND and DRVCC. DRVCC (Pin 28): Power Rail for Bottom Gate Driver. Connect to INTVCC or to an external supply. Decouple this pin to ground with a minimum 2.2μF low ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitor. Do not exceed 5.5V on this pin. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 11 LTC3350 Pin Functions INTVCC (Pin 29): Internal 5V Regulator Output. The control circuits and gate drivers (when connected to DRVCC) are powered from this supply. If not connected to DRVCC, decouple this pin to ground with a minimum 1μF low ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitor. VOUTSN (Pin 30): Input Current Limiting Amplifier Negative Input. A sense resistor, RSNSI, between VOUTSP and VOUTSN sets the input current limit. The maximum input current is 32mV/RSNSI. An RC network across the sense resistor can be used to modify loop compensation. To disable input current limit, connect this pin to VOUTSP. VOUTSP (Pin 31): Backup System Supply Voltage and Input Current Limiting Amplifier Positive Input. The voltage across the VOUTSP and VOUTSN pins are used to regulate input current. This pin also serves as the power supply for the IC. The voltage at this pin is digitized and can be read in the meas_vout register. VOUTM5 (Pin 32): VOUT – 5V Regulator. This pin is regulated to 5V below VOUT or to ground if VOUT < 5V. This rail provides power to the input current sense amplifier. Decouple this pin with at least 1μF to VOUT. 12 INFET (Pin 33): Input Ideal Diode Gate Drive Output. This pin controls the gate of an external N-channel MOSFET used as an ideal diode between VIN and VOUT. The gate drive receives power from an internal charge pump. The source of the N-channel MOSFET should be connected to VIN and the drain should be connected to VOUTSP. If the input ideal diode MOSFET is not used, INFET should be left floating. VIN (Pin 34): External DC Power Source Input. Decouple this pin with at least 0.1μF to ground. The voltage at this pin is digitized and can be read in the meas_vin register. CAP_SLCT0, CAP_SLCT1 (Pins 35, 36): CAP_SLCT0 and CAP_SLCT1 set the number of super-capacitors used. Refer to Table 1 in the Applications Information section. PFI (Pin 37): Power-Fail Comparator Input. When the voltage at this pin drops below 1.17V, PFO is pulled low and step-up mode is enabled. PFO (Pin 38): Power-Fail Status Output. This open-drain output is pulled low when a power fault has occurred. PGND (Exposed Pad Pin 39): Power Ground. The exposed pad must be connected to a continuous ground plane on the second layer of the printed circuit board by several vias directly under the LTC3350 for rated thermal performance. It must be tied to the SGND pin. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Block Diagram 34 33 31 INFET VIN 32 VOUTSP 30 VOUTM5 20 VOUTSN + – +– D/A vcapfb_dac[3:0] 5 9 29 23 Vcapfb_dac CAPFB VREF OUTFB VCAPP5 CHARGE PUMP VCAP x37.5 + – + – + – ICAP IREF BST ICHG TGATE VC SW RT BIDIRECTIONAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER OSC INTVCC BGATE VREF BANDGAP 22 26 25 24 28 CAP4 2.5V LDO 21 DRVCC VOUTSP 5V LDO VCC2P5 19 30mV + – VREF CFM –+ + – IIN 7 INTVCC –5V LDO – VREF +x37.5 18 CFP – + 30mV 6 17 OUTFET 27 16 INTVCC 4 + – CAPGD BALANCER Vcapfb_dac 38 PFI + – VREF PFO A/D MULTIPLEXER 37 LOGIC 35 36 3 2 1 10 8 CAP3 CAPFB INTVCC VREF SHUNT CONTROLLER IIN ICHG VCAP VOUT VIN CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN DTEMP BALANCER BALANCER SHUNT CONTROLLER CAP2 SHUNT CONTROLLER CAP1 15 14 13 CAP_SLCT0 BALANCER CAP_SLCT1 SMBALERT + – SDA SCL GPI SHUNT CONTROLLER – + CAPRTN 12 VREF ITST 11 GPIBUF SGND PGND 39 3350 BD 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 13 LTC3350 Timing Diagram Definition of Timing for F/S Mode Devices on the I2C Bus SDA tLOW tf tSU(DAT) tr tHD(SDA) tf tBUF tr tSP SCL S tHD(SDA) tHD(DAT) tHIGH tSU(STA) Sr tSU(STO) P S 3350 TD S = START, Sr = REPEATED START, P = STOP Operation Introduction The LTC3350 is a highly integrated backup power controller and system monitor. It features a bidirectional switching controller, input and output ideal diodes, supercapacitor shunts/balancers, a power-fail comparator, a 14-bit ADC and I2C/SMBus programmability with status reporting. If VIN is above an externally programmable PFI threshold voltage, the synchronous controller operates in step-down mode and charges a stack of supercapacitors. A programmable input current limit ensures that the supercapacitors will automatically be charged at the highest possible charge current that the input can support. If VIN is below the PFI threshold, then the synchronous controller will run in reverse as a step-up converter to deliver power from the supercapacitor stack to VOUT. The two ideal diode controllers drive external MOSFETs to provide low loss power paths from VIN and VCAP to VOUT. The ideal diodes work seamlessly with the bidirectional controller to provide power from the supercapacitors to VOUT without backdriving VIN. The LTC3350 provides balancing and overvoltage protection to a series stack of one to four supercapacitors. The internal capacitor voltage balancers eliminate the need for external balance resistors. Overvoltage protection is provided by shunt regulators that use an internal switch and an external resistor across each supercapacitor. 14 The LTC3350 monitors system voltages, currents, and die temperature. A general purpose input (GPI) pin is provided to measure an additional system parameter or implement a thermistor measurement. In addition, the LTC3350 can measure the capacitance and resistance of the supercapacitor stack. This provides indication of the health of the supercapacitors and, along with the VCAP voltage measurement, provides information on the total energy stored and the maximum power that can be delivered. Bidirectional Switching Controller—Step-Down Mode The bidirectional switching controller is designed to charge a series stack of supercapacitors (Figure 1). Charging proceeds at a constant current until the supercapacitors reach their maximum charge voltage determined by the CAPFB servo voltage and the resistor divider between VCAP and CAPFB. The maximum charge current is determined by the value of the sense resistor, RSNSC, used in series with the inductor. The charge current loop servos the voltage across the sense resistor to 32mV. When charging begins, an internal soft-start ramp will increase the charge current from zero to full current in 2ms. The VCAP voltage and charge current can be read from the meas_vcap and meas_ichrg registers, respectively. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Operation VIN VOUT (TO SYSTEM) RSNSI INFET VIN INPUT CURRENT CONTROLLER VOUTSP VOUTSN – + LTC3350 +– 30mV + – VREF + – IIN TGATE BIDIRECTIONAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER CHARGE CURRENT CONTROLLER CAPACITOR VOLTAGE CONTROLLER BGATE STEP-DOWN MODE + – IREF + – ICHG + – ICAP 37.5 VCAP D/A RSNSC + VREF vcapfb_dac[3:0] CAPFB VC + + + 3350 F01 Figure 1. Power Path Block Diagram—Power Available from VIN The LTC3350 provides constant power charging (for a fixed VIN) by limiting the input current drawn by the switching controller in step-down mode. The input current limit will reduce charge current to limit the voltage across the input sense resistor, RSNSI, to 32mV. If the combined system load plus supercapacitor charge current is large enough to cause the switching controller to reach the programmed input current limit, the input current limit loop will reduce the charge current by precisely the amount necessary to enable the external load to be satisfied. Even if the charge current is programmed to exceed the allowable input current, the input current will not be violated; the supercapacitor charger will reduce its current as needed. Note that the part’s quiescent and gate drive currents are not included in the input current measurement.The input current can be read from the meas_iin register. Bidirectional Switching Controller—Step-Up Mode The bidirectional switching controller acts as a step-up converter to provide power from the supercapacitors to VOUT when input power is unavailable (Figure 2). The PFI comparator enables step-up mode. VOUT regulation is set by a resistor divider between VOUT and OUTFB. To disable step-up mode tie OUTFB to INTVCC. Step-up mode can be used in conjunction with the output ideal diode. The VOUT regulation voltage can be set below the capacitor stack voltage. Upon removal of input power, power to VOUT will be provided from the supercapacitor stack via the output ideal diode. VCAP and VOUT will fall as the load current discharges the supercapacitor stack. The output ideal diode will shut off when the voltage on OUTFB falls below 1.3V and VOUT will fall a PN diode (~700mV) below VCAP. If OUTFB falls below 1.2V when the output 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 15 LTC3350 Operation VCAP < VOUT VOUT (TO SYSTEM) OUTPUT VOLTAGE CONTROLLER VOUTSN LTC3350 – + VCAP > VOUT OUTFB VREF +– – + OUTFET 30mV BIDIRECTIONAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER STEP-UP MODE TGATE RSNSC + BGATE + ICAP + VCAP + 3350 F02 VC Figure 2. Power Path Block Diagram—Power Backup ideal diode shuts off, the synchronous controller will turn on immediately. If OUTFB is above 1.2V when the output ideal diode shuts off, the load current will flow through the body diode of the output ideal diode N-channel MOSFET for a period of time until OUTFB falls to 1.2V. The synchronous controller will regulate OUTFB to 1.2V when it turns on, holding up VOUT while the supercapacitors discharge to ground. The synchronous controller in step-up mode will run nonsynchronously when VCAP is less than 100mV below VOUT. It will run synchronously when VCAP falls 200mV below VOUT. Ideal Diodes The LTC3350 has two ideal diode controllers that drive external N-channel MOSFETs. The ideal diodes consist of a precision amplifier that drives the gates of N-channel MOSFETs whenever the voltage at VOUT is approximately 16 30mV (VFWD) below the voltage at VIN or VCAP. Within the amplifier’s linear range, the small-signal resistance of the ideal diode will be quite low, keeping the forward drop near 30mV. At higher current levels, the MOSFETs will be in full conduction. The input ideal diode prevents the supercapacitors from back driving VIN during backup mode. A Fast-Off comparator shuts off the N-channel MOSFET if VIN falls 30mV below VOUT. The PFI comparator also shuts off the MOSFET during power failure. The output ideal diode provides a path for the supercapacitors to power VOUT when VIN is unavailable. In addition to a Fast-Off comparator, the output ideal diode also has a FastOn comparator that turns on the external MOSFET when VOUT drops 65mV below VCAP. The output ideal diode will shut off when OUTFB is just above regulation allowing the synchronous controller to power VOUT in step-up mode. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc LTC3350 Operation Gate Drive Supply (DRVCC) The bottom gate driver is powered from the DRVCC pin. It is normally connected to the INTVCC pin. An external LDO can also be used to power the gate drivers to minimize power dissipation inside the IC. See the Applications Information section for details. Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) Internal undervoltage lockout circuits monitor both the INTVCC and DRVCC pins. The switching controller is kept off until INTVCC rises above 4.3V and DRVCC rises above 4.2V. Hysteresis on the UVLOs turn off the controller if either INTVCC falls below 4V or DRVCC falls below 3.9V. Charging is not enabled until VOUTSN is 185mV above the supercapacitor voltage and VIN is above the PFI threshold. Charging is disabled when VOUTSN falls to within 90mV of the supercapacitor voltage or VIN is below the PFI threshold. RT Oscillator and Switching Frequency The RT pin is used to program the switching frequency. A resistor, RT, from this pin to ground sets the switching frequency according to: fSW (MHz ) = 53.5 R T (kΩ ) defaults to full scale (1.2V) and is programmed via the vcapfb_dac register. Supercapacitors lose capacitance as they age. By initially setting the VCAP DAC to a low setting, the final charge voltage on the supercapacitors can be increased as they age to maintain a constant level of stored backup energy throughout the lifetime of the supercapacitors. Power-Fail (PF) Comparator The LTC3350 contains a fast power-fail (PF) comparator which switches the part from charging to backup mode in the event the input voltage, VIN, falls below an externally programmed threshold voltage. In backup mode, the input ideal diode shuts off and the supercapacitors power the load either directly through the output ideal diode or through the synchronous controller in step-up mode. The PF comparator threshold voltage is programmed by an external resistor divider via the PFI pin. The output of the PF comparator also drives the gate of an open-drain NMOS transistor to report the status via the PFO pin. When input power is available the PFO pin is high impedance. When VIN falls below the PF comparator threshold, PFO is pulled down to ground. The output of the PF comparator may also be read from the chrg_pfo bit in the chrg_status register. RT also sets the scale factor for the capacitor measurement value reported in the meas_cap register, described in the Capacitance and ESR Measurement section of this data sheet. Input Overvoltage Protection The LTC3350 has overvoltage protection on its input. If VIN exceeds 38.6V, the switching controller will hold the switching MOSFETs off. The controller will resume switching if VIN falls below 37.2V. The input ideal diode MOSFET remains on during input overvoltage. Charge Status Indication The LTC3350 includes a comparator to report the status of the supercapacitors via an open-drain NMOS transistor on the CAPGD pin. This pin is pulled to ground until the CAPFB pin voltage rises to within 8% of the VCAP DAC setting. Once the CAPFB pin is above this threshold, the CAPGD pin goes high impedance. The output of this comparator may also be read from the chrg_cappg bit in the chrg_status register. Capacitor Voltage Balancer VCAP DAC The feedback reference for the CAPFB servo point can be programmed using an internal 4-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The reference voltage can be programmed from 0.6375V to 1.2V in 37.5mV increments. The DAC The LTC3350 has an integrated active stack balancer. This balancer slowly balances all of the capacitor voltages to within about 10mV of each other. This maximizes the life of the supercapacitors by keeping the voltage on each as low as possible to achieve the needed total stack voltage. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 17 LTC3350 Operation When the difference between any two capacitor voltages exceeds about 10mV, the capacitor with the largest voltage is discharged with a resistive balancer at about 10mA until all capacitor voltages are within 10mV. The balancers are disabled in backup mode. Capacitor Shunt Regulators In addition to balancing, there is a need to protect each capacitor from overvoltage during charging. The capacitors in the stack will not have exactly the same capacitance due to manufacturing tolerances or uneven aging. This will cause the capacitor voltages to increase at different rates with the same charge current. If this mismatch is severe enough or if the capacitors are being charged to near their maximum voltage, it becomes necessary to limit the voltage increase on some capacitors while still charging the other capacitors. Up to 500mA of current may be shunted around a capacitor whose voltage is approaching the programmable shunt voltage. This shunt current reduces the charge rate of that capacitor relative to the other capacitors. If a capacitor continues to approach its shunt voltage, the charge current is reduced. This protects the capacitor from overvoltage while still charging the other capacitors, although at a reduced rate of charge. The shunt voltage is programmable in the vshunt register. Shunt voltages up to 3.6V may be programmed in 183.5µV increments. The shunt regulators can be disabled by programming vshunt to zero (0x0000). The default value is 0x3999, resulting in a shunt voltage of 2.7V. I2C/SMBus and SMBALERT The LTC3350 contains an I2C/SMBus port. This port allows communication with the LTC3350 for configuration and reading back telemetry data. The port supports two SMBus formats, read word and write word. Refer to the SMBus specification for details of these formats. The registers accessible via this port are organized on an 8-bit address bus and each register is 16 bits wide. The “command code” (or sub-address) of the SMBus read/write word formats is the 8-bit address of each of these registers. The address of the LTC3350 is 0b0001001. The SMBALERT pin is asserted (pulled low) whenever an enabled limit is exceeded or when an enabled status event 18 happens (see Limit Check and Alarms and Monitor Status Register). The LTC3350 will deassert the SMBALERT pin only after responding to an SMBus alert response address (ARA), an SMBus protocol used to respond to a SMBALERT. The host will read from the ARA (0b0001100) and each part asserting SMBALERT will begin to respond with its address. The responding parts arbitrate in such a way that only the part with the lowest address responds. Only when a part has responded with its address does it release the SMBALERT signal. If multiple parts are asserting the SMBALERT signal then multiple reads from the ARA are needed. For more information refer to the SMBus specification. Details on the registers accessible through this interface are available in the Register Map and Register Descriptions sections of this data sheet. Analog-to-Digital Converter The LTC3350 has an integrated 14-bit sigma-delta analogto-digital converter (ADC). This converter is automatically multiplexed between all of the measured channels and its results are stored in registers accessible via the I2C/ SMBus port. There are 11 channels measured by the ADC, each of which takes approximately 1.6ms to measure. In addition to providing status information about the system voltages and currents, some of these measurements are used by the LTC3350 to balance, protect, and measure the capacitors in the stack. The result of the analog-to-digital conversion is stored in a 16-bit register as a signed, two’s complement number. The lower two bits of this number are sub-bits. These bits are ADC outputs which are too noisy to be reliably used on any single conversion, however, they may be included if multiple samples are averaged. The measurements from the ADC are directly stored in the meas_vcap1, meas_vcap2, meas_vcap3, meas_vcap4, meas_gpi, meas_vin, meas_vcap, meas_vout, meas_iin, meas_ichg and meas_dtemp registers. Capacitance and ESR Measurement The LTC3350 has the ability to measure the capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) of its supercapacitor 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Operation stack. This measurement is performed with minimal impact to the system, and can be done while the supercapacitor backup system is online. This measurement discharges the capacitor stack by a small amount (200mV). If input power fails during this test, the part will go into backup mode and the test will terminate. The capacitance test is performed only once the supercapacitors have finished charging. The test temporarily disables the charger, then discharges the supercapacitors by 200mV with a precision current. The discharge time is measured and used to calculate the capacitance with the result of this measurement stored in the meas_cap register. The number reported is proportional to the capacitance of the entire stack. Two different scales can be set using the ctl_cap_scale bit in the ctl_reg register. If ctl_cap_scale is set to 0 (for large value capacitor stacks), use the following equation to convert the meas_cap value to Farads: CSTACK = RT • 336µF •meas _ cap R TST If ctl_cap_scale is set to 1 (for small value capactor stacks), use the following equation to convert the meas_cap value to Farads: CSTACK = RT • 3.36µF •meas _ cap R TST In the two previous equations RT is the resistor on the RT pin and RTST is the resistor on the ITST pin. The ESR test is performed immediately following the capacitance test. The switching controller is switched on and off several times. The changes in charge current and stack voltage are measured. These measurements are used to calculate the ESR relative to the charge current sense resistor. The result of this measurement is stored in the meas_esr register. The value reported in meas_esr can be converted to ohms using the following equation: RESR = RSNSC •meas _ esr 64 where RSNSC is the charge current sense resistor in series with the inductor. The capacitance and capacitor ESR measurements do not automatically run as the other measurements do. They must be initiated by setting the ctl_strt_capesr bit in the ctl_reg register. This bit will automatically clear once the measurement begins. If the cap_esr_per register is set to a non-zero value, the measurement will be repeated after the time programmed in the cap_esr_per register. Each LSB in the cap_esr_per register represents 10 seconds. The capacitance and ESR measurements may fail to complete for several reasons, in which case the respective mon_cap_failed or mon_esr_failed bit will be set. The capacitance test may fail due to a power failure or if the 200mV discharge trips the CAPGD comparator. The ESR test will also fail if the capacitance test fails. The ESR test uses the charger to supply a current and then measures the supercapacitor stack voltage with and without that current. If the ESR is greater than 1024 times RSNSC, the ESR measurement will fail. The ESR measurement is adaptive; it uses knowledge of the ESR from previous measurements to program the test current. The capacitance and ESR tests should initially be run several times when first powering up to get the most accuracy out of the system. It is possible for the first few measurements to give low quality results or fail to complete and after running several times will complete with a quality result. The leakage on supercapacitors is initially very high after being charged. Many supercapacitor manufacturers specify the leakage current after being charged for 72 hours. It is expected that capacitor measurements conducted prior to this time will read low. Monitor Status Register The LTC3350 has a monitor status register (mon_status) which contains status bits indicating the state of the capacitance and ESR monitoring system. These bits are set and cleared by the capacitor monitor upon certain events during a capacitor and ESR measurement, as described in the Capacitance and ESR Measurement section. There is a corresponding msk_mon_status register. Writing a one to any of these bits will cause the SMBALERT pin to pull low when the corresponding bit in the msk_mon_status register has a rising edge. This allows reduced polling of the LTC3350 when waiting for a capacitance or ESR measurement to complete. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 19 LTC3350 Operation Details of the mon_status and msk_mon_status registers can be found in the Register Descriptions section of this data sheet. Charge Status Register The LTC3350 charger status register (chrg_status) contains data about the state of the charger, switcher, shunts, and balancers. Details of this register may be found in the Register Description sections of this data sheet. Limit Checking and Alarms The LTC3350 has a limit checking function that will check each measured value against I2C/SMBus programmable limits. This feature is optional, and all the limits are disabled by default. The limit checking is designed to simplify system monitoring, eliminating the need to continuously poll the LTC3350 for measurement data. If a measured parameter goes outside of the programmed level of an enabled limit, the associated bit in the alarm_reg register is set high and the SMBALERT pin is pulled low. This informs the I2C/SMBus host a limit has been exceeded. The alarms register may then be read to determine exactly which programmed limits have been exceeded. A single ADC is shared between the 11 channels with about 18ms between consecutive measurements of the same channel. In a transient condition, it is possible for these parameters to exceed their programmed levels in between consecutive ADC measurements without setting the alarm. Once the LTC3350 has responded to an SMBus ARA the SMBALERT pin is released. The part will not pull the pin low again until another limit is exceeded. To reset a limit that has been exceeded, it must be cleared by writing a one to the respective bit in the clr_alarms register. A number of the LTC3350’s registers are used for limit checking. Individual limits are enabled or disabled in the msk_alarms registers. Once an enabled alarm’s measured value exceeds the programmed level for that alarm the alarm is set. That alarm may be cleared by writing a one to the appropriate bit of the clr_alarms register or by writing a zero to the appropriate bit to the msk_alarms register. All alarms that have been set and have not yet been cleared may be read in the alarm_reg register. 20 All of the individual measured voltages have a corresponding undervoltage (uv) and overvoltage (ov) alarm level. All of the individual capacitor voltages are compared to the same alarm levels, set in the cap_ov_lvl and cap_uv_lvl registers. The input current measurement has an overcurrent (oc) alarm programmed in the iin_oc_lvl register. The charge current has an undercurrent alarm programmed in the ichg_uc_lvl register. Die Temperature Sensor The LTC3350 has an integrated die temperature sensor monitored by the ADC and digitized to the meas_dtemp register. An alarm may be set on die temperature by setting the dtemp_cold_lvl and/or dtemp_hot_lvl registers and enabling their respective alarms in the msk_alarms register. To convert the code in the meas_dtemp register to degrees Celsius use the following: TDIE (°C) = 0.028 • meas_dtemp – 251.4 General Purpose Input The general purpose input (GPI) pin can be used to measure an additional system parameter. The voltage on this pin is directly digitized by the ADC. For high impedance inputs, an internal buffer may be selected and used to drive the ADC. This buffer is enabled by setting the ctl_gpi_buffer_en bit in the ctl_reg register. With this buffer, the input range is limited from 0V to 3.5V. If this buffer is not used, the range is from 0V to 5V, however, the input stage of the ADC will draw about 0.4µA per volt from this pin. The ADC input is a switched capacitor amplifier running at about 1MHz, so this current draw will be at that frequency. The pin current can be eliminated at the cost of reduced range and increased offset by enabling the buffer. Alarms are available for this pin voltage with levels programmed using the gpi_uv_lvl and gpi_ov_lvl registers. These alarms are enabled using the msk_gpi_uv and msk_gpi_ov bits in the msk_alarms register. To monitor the temperature of the supercapacitor stack, the GPI pin can be connected to a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. A low drift bias resistor is required from INTVCC to GPI and a thermistor is required from GPI to ground. Connect GPI to SGND if not used. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Applications Information Digital Configuration Although the LTC3350 has extensive digital features, only a few are required for basic use. The shunt voltage should be programmed via the vshunt register if a value other than the default 2.7V is required. The capacitor voltage feedback reference defaults to 1.2V; it may be changed in the vcapfb_dac register. All other digital features are optional and used for monitoring. The ADC automatically runs and stores conversions to registers (e.g., meas_vcap). Capacitance and ESR measurements only run if requested, however, they may be scheduled to repeat if desired (ctl_strt_capesr and cap_ esr_per). Each measured parameter has programmable limits (e.g., vcap_uv_lvl and vcap_ov_lvl) which may trigger an alarm and SMBALERT when enabled. These alarms are disabled by default. Capacitor Configuration The LTC3350 may be used with one to four supercapacitors. If less than four capacitors are used, the capacitors must be populated from CAPRTN to CAP4, and the unused CAP pins must be tied to the highest used CAP pin. For example, if three capacitors are used, CAP4 should be tied to CAP3. If only two capacitors are used, both CAP4 and CAP3 should be tied to CAP2. The number of capacitors used must be programmed on the CAP_SLCT0 and CAP_SLCT1 pins by tying the pins to VCC2P5 for a one and ground for a zero as shown in Table 1. The value programmed on these pins may be read back from the num_caps register via I2C/SMBus. Table 1 CAP_SLCT1 CAP_SLCT0 num_caps REGISTER VALUE NUMBER OF CAPACITORS 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 2 3 1 1 3 4 VSHUNT. CAPRTN, CAP1, CAP2, CAP3 and CAP4 must be connected to the supercapacitors through resistors which serve as ballasts for the internal shunts. The shunt current is approximately VSHUNT divided by twice the shunt resistance value. For a VSHUNT of 2.7V, 2.7Ω resistors should be used for 500mA of shunt current. The shunts have a duty cycle of up to 75%. The power dissipated in a single shunt resistor is approximately: 2 3VSHUNT 16RSHUNT and the resistors should be sized accordingly. If the shunts are disabled, make RSHUNT 100Ω. Since the shunt current is less than what the switcher can supply, the on-chip logic will automatically reduce the charging current to allow the shunt to protect the capacitor. This greatly reduces the charge rate once any one shunt is activated. For this reason, VSHUNT should be programmed as high as possible to reduce the likelihood of it activating during a charge cycle. Ideally, VSHUNT would be set high enough so that any likely capacitor mismatches would not cause the shunts to turn on. This keeps the charger operating at the highest possible charge current and reduces the charge time. If the shunts never turn on, the charge cycle completes quickly and the balancers eventually equalize the voltage on the capacitors. The shunt setting may also be used to discharge the capacitors for testing, storage or other purposes. Setting Input and Charge Currents The maximum input current is determined by the resistance across the VOUTSP and VOUTSN pins, RSNSI. The maximum charge current is determined by the value of the sense resistor, RSNSC, used in series with the inductor. The input and charge current loops servo the voltage across their respective sense resistor to 32mV. Therefore, the maximum input and charge currents are: Capacitor Shunt Regulator Programming VSHUNT is programmed via the I2C/SMBus interface and defaults to 2.7V at initial power-up. VSHUNT serves to limit the voltage on any individual capacitor by turning on a shunt around that capacitor as the voltage approaches PSHUNT ≈ IIN(MAX) = 32mV RSNSI ICHG(MAX) = 32mV RSNSC 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 21 LTC3350 Applications Information The peak inductor current limit, IPEAK, is 80% higher than the maximum charge current and is equal to: IPEAK = 58mV RSNSC Note that the input current limit does not include the part’s quiescent and gate drive currents. The total current drawn by the part will be IIN(MAX) + IQ + IG, where IQ is the nonswitching quiescent current and IG is the gate drive current. Low Current Charging and High Current Backup The LTC3350 can accommodate applications requiring low charge currents and high backup currents. In these applications, program the desired charge current using RSNSI. The higher current needed during backup can be set using RSNSC. The input current limit will override the charge current limit when the supercapacitors are charging while the charge current limit provides sufficient current capability for backup operation. The charge current will be limited to ICHG(MAX) at low VCAP (i.e., low duty cycles). As VCAP rises, the switching controller’s input current will increase until it reaches IIN(MAX). The input current will be maintained at IIN(MAX) and the charge current will decrease as VCAP rises further. Some applications may want to use only a portion of the input current limit to charge the supercapacitors. Two input current sense resistors placed in series can be used to accomplish this as shown in Figure 3. VOUTSP is kelvin connected to the positive terminal of RSNSI1 and VOUTSN is kelvin connected to the negative terminal of RSNSI2. The load current is pulled across RSNSI1 while the input current to the charger is pulled across RSNSI1 and RSNSI2. The input current limit is: 32mV = RSNSI1 • ILOAD + (RSNSI1 + RSNSI2) • IINCHG For example, suppose that only 2A of input current is desired to charge the supercapacitors but the system load and charger combined can pull a total of up to 4A from the supply. Setting RSNSI1 = RSNSI2 = 8mΩ will set a 4A current limit for the load + charger while setting a 2A limit for the charger. With no system load, the charger can pull up to 2A of input current. As the load pulls 0A to 4A of current the charger’s input current will reduce from 2A down to 0A. 22 The following equation can be used to determine charging input current as a function of system load current: IINCHG = RSNSI1 32mV – •I RSNSI1 +RSNSI2 RSNSI1 +RSNSI2 LOAD The contact resistance of the negative terminal of RSNSI1 and the positive terminal of RSNSI2 as well as the resistance of the trace connecting them will cause variability in the input current limit. To minimize the error, place both input current sense resistors close together with a large PCB pad area between them as the system load current is pulled from the trace connecting the two sense resistors. Note that the backup current will flow through RSNSI2. The RSNSI2 package should be sized accordingly to handle the power dissipation. VOUT (TO SYSTEM) ILOAD VIN RSNSI1 RSNSI2 VIN INFET VOUTSP LTC3350 IINCHG VOUTSN TGATE BGATE 3350 F03 Figure 3 Setting VCAP Voltage The LTC3350 VCAP voltage is set by an external feedback resistor divider, as shown in Figure 4. The regulated output voltage is determined by: ⎛ R ⎞ VCAP = ⎜ 1+ FBC1 ⎟ CAPFBREF ⎝ RFBC2 ⎠ where CAPFBREF is the output of the VCAP DAC, programmed in the vcapfb_dac register. Great care should be taken to route the CAPFB line away from noise sources, such as the SW line. Power-Fail Comparator Input Voltage Threshold The input voltage threshold below which the power-fail status pin, PFO, indicates a power-fail condition and the 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Applications Information VIN VCAP RFBC1 LTC3350 RPF1 CAPFB PFI RFBC2 VDD RPF2 LTC3350 RPF3 3350 F04 PFO Figure 4. VCAP Voltage Feedback Divider MN1 LTC3350 bidirectional controller switches to step-up mode is programmed using a resistor divider from the VIN pin to SGND via the PFI pin such that: ⎛ R ⎞ VIN = ⎜ 1+ PF1 ⎟ VPFI(TH) ⎝ RPF2 ⎠ where VPFI(TH) is 1.17V. Typical values for RPF1 and RPF2 are in the range of 40k to 1M. See Figure 5. The input voltage above which the power-fail status pin PFO is high impedance and the bidirectional controller switches to step-down mode is: ⎛ R ⎞ VIN = ⎜ 1+ PF1 ⎟ VPFI(TH) + VPFI(HYS) ⎝ RPF2 ⎠ ( ) where VPFI(HYS) is the hysteresis of the PFI comparator and is equal to 30mV. VIN 3350 F06 Figure 6. PFI Threshold Divider with Added Hystersis MN1 and MP1 can be implemented with a single package N‑channel and P-channel MOSFET pair such as the Si1555DL or Si1016CX. The drain leakage current of MN1, when its gate voltage is at ground, can introduce an offset in the threshold. To minimize the effect of this leakage current RPF1, RPF2 and RPF3 should be between 1k and 100k. Setting VOUT Voltage in Backup Mode The output voltage for the controller in step-up mode is set by an external feedback resistor divider, as shown in Figure 7. The regulated output voltage is determined by: RPF1 LTC3350 MP1 ⎛ R ⎞ VOUT = ⎜ 1+ FBO1 ⎟ 1.2V ⎝ RFBO2 ⎠ Great care should be taken to route the OUTFB line away from noise sources, such as the SW line. PFI RPF2 3350 F05 VOUT Figure 5. PFI Threshold Voltage Divider Additional hysteresis can be added by switching in an additional resistor, RPF3, in parallel with RPF2 when the voltage at PFI falls below 1.17V as shown in Figure 6. The falling VIN threshold is the same as before but the rising VIN threshold becomes: ⎛ R R ⎞ VIN = ⎜ 1+ PF1 + PF1 ⎟ VPFI(TH) + VPFI(HYST) ⎝ RRP2 RPF3 ⎠ ( ) LTC3350 OUTFB VREF – + VC RFO (OPT) RFBO1 CFO (OPT) RFBO2 CFBO1 RC (OPT) CC 3350 F07 Figure 7. VOUT Voltage Divider and Compensation Network 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 23 LTC3350 Applications Information Compensation The input current, charge current, VCAP voltage, and VOUT voltage loops all require a 1nF to 10nF capacitor from the VC node to ground. When using the output ideal diode and backing up to low voltages (<8V) use 8.2nF to 10nF on VC. When not using the output ideal diode 4.7nF to 10nF on VC is recommended. For very high backup voltages (>15V) 1nF to 4.7nF is recommended. In addition to the VC node capacitor, the VOUT voltage loop requires a phase-lead capacitor, CFBO1, for stability and improved transient response during input power failure (Figure 7). The product of the top divider resistor and the phase-lead capacitor should be used to create a zero at approximately 2kHz: RFBO1 • CFBO1 ≈ 1 2π ( 2kHz ) Choose an RFBO1 such that CFBO1 is ≥ 100pF to minimize the effects of parasitic pin capacitance. Because the phaselead capacitor introduces a larger ripple at the input of the VOUT transconductance amplifier, an additional RC lowpass filter from the VOUT divider to the OUTFB pin may be needed to eliminate voltage ripple spikes. The filter time constant should be located at the switching frequency of the synchronous controller: 1 RFO •CFO = 2πfSW with CFO > 10pF to minimize the effects of parasitic pin capacitance. For back up applications where the VOUT regulation voltage is low (~5V to 6V), an additional 1k to 3k resistor, RC, in series with the VC capacitor can improve stability and transient response. Example: System needs 5V to run and draws 1A during backup. There are four supercapacitors in the stack, each with an RSC of 45mΩ. The output ideal diode forward regulation voltage is 30mV (OUTFET RDS(ON) < 30mΩ). The minimum open-circuit supercapacitor voltage is: VCAP(MIN) = 5V + 0.030V + (1A • 4 • 45mΩ) = 5.21V Using the synchronous controller in step-up mode allows the supercapacitors to be discharged to a voltage much lower than the minimum VOUT needed to run the system. The amount of power that the supercapacitor stack can deliver at its minimum internal (open-circuit) voltage should be greater than what is needed to power the output and the step-up converter. According to the maximum power transfer rule: In backup mode, power is provided to the output from the supercapacitors either through the output ideal diode or the synchronous controller operating in step-up mode. PCAP(MIN) = VCAP(MIN)2 4 •n •RSC > PBACKUP η In the equation above η is the efficiency of the synchronous controller in step-up mode and n is the number of supercapacitors in the stack. Example: System needs 5V to run and draws 1A during backup. There are four supercapacitors in the stack (n = 4), each with an RSC of 45mΩ. The converter efficiency is 90%. The minimum open-circuit supercapacitor voltage is: Minimum VCAP Voltage in Backup Mode 24 The output ideal diode provides a low loss power path from the supercapacitors to VOUT. The minimum internal (open-circuit) supercapacitor voltage will be equal to the minimum VOUT necessary for the system to operate plus the voltage drops due to the output ideal diode and equivalent series resistance, RSC, of each supercapacitor in the stack. VCAP(MIN) = 4 • 4 • 45mΩ • 5V •1A = 2.0V 0.9 In this case, the voltage seen at the terminals of the capacitor stack is half this voltage, or 1V, according to the maximum power transfer rule. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Applications Information Note the minimum VCAP voltage can also be limited by the peak inductor current limit (180% of maximum charge current) and the maximum duty cycle in step-up mode (~90%). where: γ MAX = 1+ 1– Optimizing Supercapacitor Energy Storage Capacity In most systems the supercapacitors will provide backup power to one or more DC/DC converters. A DC/DC converter presents a constant power load to the supercapacitor. When the supercapacitors are near their maximum voltage, the loads will draw little current. As the capacitors discharge, the current drawn from supercapacitors will increase to maintain constant power to the load. The amount of energy required in back up mode is the product of this constant backup power, PBACKUP, and the backup time, tBACKUP. The energy stored in a stack of n supercapacitors available for backup is: 1 nC V 2 – V2 2 SC CELL(MAX) CELL(MIN) ( ) where CSC, VCELL(MAX) and VCELL(MIN) are the capacitance, maximum voltage and minimum voltage of a single capacitor in the stack, respectively. The maximum voltage on the stack is VCAP(MAX) = n • VCELL(MAX). The minimum voltage on the stack is VCAP(MIN) = n • VCELL(MIN). Some of this energy will be dissipated as conduction loss in the ESR of the supercapacitor stack. A higher backup power requirement leads to a higher conduction loss for a given stack ESR. The amount of capacitance needed can be found by solving the following equation for CSC: γ Min = 1+ 1– 4RSC •PBACKUP and, 2 nVCELL(MAX) 4RSC •PBACKUP 2 nVCELL(MIN) RSC is the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of a single supercapacitor in the stack. Note that the maximum power transfer rule limits the minimum cell voltage to: VCELL(MIN) = VCAP(MIN) n ≥ 4RSC •PBACKUP n To minimize the size of the capacitance for a given amount of backup energy, the maximum voltage on the stack, VCELL(MAX), can be increased. However, the voltage is limited to a maximum of 2.7V and this may lead to an unacceptably low capacitor lifetime. An alternative option would be to keep VCELL(MAX) at a voltage that leads to reasonably long lifetime and increase the capacitor utilization ratio of the supercapacitor stack. The capacitor utilization ratio, αB, can be defined as: αB = 2 2 – VCELL(MIN) VCELL(MAX) 2 VCELL(MAX) If the synchronous controller in step-up mode is used then the supercapacitors can be run down to a voltage set by the ⎡ ⎛ γ MAX • VCELL(MAX) ⎞ ⎤ 4R •P 1 2 2 PBACKUP • tBACKUP = nCSC ⎢ γ MAX • VCELL(MAX) – γ MIN • VCELL(MIN) – SC BACKUP ln ⎜ ⎟⎥ 4 n ⎝ γ MIN • VCELL(MIN) ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 25 LTC3350 Applications Information maximum power transfer rule to maximize the utilization ratio. The minimum voltage in this case is: VCELL(MIN) = 4RSC •PBACKUP nη where η is the efficiency of the boost converter (~90% to 96%). For the backup equation, γ MAX and γ MIN, substitute PBACKUP/η for PBACKUP. In this case the energy needed for backup is governed by the following equation: PBACKUP 1 2 tBACKUP ≤ nCSC • VCELL(MAX) • η 2 ⎡ αB + αB 1– α ⎛ 1+ αB ⎞ ⎤ B – ln ⎜ ⎢ ⎟⎥ 2 2 1– α ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢ B ⎣ Once a capacitance is found using the above equation the maximum ESR allowed needs to be checked: 2 η(1– αB ) nVCELL(MAX) 7.If a suitable capacitor is not available, iterate by choosing more capacitance, a higher cell voltage, more capacitors in the stack and/or a lower utilization ratio. 8.Make sure to take into account the lifetime degradation of ESR and capacitance, as well as the maximum discharge current rating of the supercapacitor. A list of supercapacitor suppliers is provided in Table 2. Table 2. Supercapacitor Suppliers AVX Bussman CAP-XX Illinois Capacitor Maxwell Murata NESS CAP Tecate Group www.avx.com www.cooperbussman.com www.cap-xx.com www.illcap.com www.maxwell.com www.murata.com www.nesscap.com www.tecategroup.com Inductor Selection 3.Choose number of capacitors in the stack. The switching frequency and inductor selection are interrelated. Higher switching frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values, but generally results in lower efficiency due to MOSFET switching and gate charge losses. In addition, the effect of inductor value on ripple current must also be considered. The inductor ripple current decreases with higher inductance or higher frequency and increases with higher VIN. Accepting larger values of ripple current allows the use of low inductances but results in higher output voltage ripple and greater core losses. 4.Choose a desired utilization ratio, αB, for the supercapacitor (e.g., 80%). For the LTC3350, the best overall performance will be attained if the inductor is chosen to be: RSC ≤ 4PBACKUP Capacitor Selection Procedure 1.Determine backup requirements PBACKUP and tBACKUP. 2.Determine maximum cell voltage that provides acceptable capacitor lifetime. 5.Solve for capacitance, CSC: CSC ≥ L= 2PBACKUP • tBACKUP • 2 nηVCELL(MAX) ( ⎡α + α ⎛ 1+ αB B 1– α B ⎢ B – ln ⎜ ⎜⎝ 1– αB 2 2 ⎢ ⎣ ) ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥ –1 RSC ≤ 26 4PBACKUP ICHG(MAX) • fSW for VIN(MAX) ≤ 2VCAP and: ⎛ ⎞ VCAP V L = ⎜ 1– CAP ⎟ ⎝ VIN(MAX) ⎠ 0.25 •ICHG(MAX) • fSW ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎦ 6.Find supercapacitor with sufficient capacitance CSC and minimum RSC: 2 η(1– αB ) nVCELL(MAX) VIN(MAX) for VIN(MAX) ≥ 2VCAP, where VCAP is the final supercapacitor stack voltage, VIN(MAX) is the maximum input voltage, ICHG(MAX) is the maximum regulated charge current, and fSW is the switching frequency. Using these equations, the inductor ripple will be at most 25% of ICHG(MAX). 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Applications Information Using the above equation, the inductor may be too large to provide a fast enough transient response to hold up VOUT when input power goes away. This occurs in cases where the maximum VIN can be high (e.g. 25V) and the backup voltage low (e.g. 6V). In these situations it would be best to choose an inductor that is smaller resulting in maximum peak-to-peak ripple as high as 40% of ICHG(MAX). Once the value for L is known, the type of inductor core must be selected. Ferrite cores are recommended for their very low core loss. Selection criteria should concentrate on minimizing copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates “hard,” which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This causes an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate. The saturation current for the inductor should be at least 80% higher than the maximum regulated current, ICHG(MAX). A list of inductor suppliers is provided in Table 3. Table 3. Inductor Vendors VENDOR URL Coilcraft www.coilcraft.com Murata www.murata.com Sumida www.sumida.com TDK www.tdk.com Toko www.toko.com Vishay www.vishay.com Würth Electronic www.we-online.com COUT and CCAP Capacitance VOUT serves as the input to the synchronous controller in step-down mode and as the output in step-up (backup) mode. If step-up mode is used, place 100µF of bulk (aluminum electrolytic, OS-CON, POSCAP) capacitance for every 2A of backup current desired. For 5V system applications, 100µF per 1A of backup current is recommended. In addition, a certain amount of high frequency bypass capacitance is needed to minimize voltage ripple. The voltage ripple in step-up mode is: ∆VOUT = ⎡⎛ VCAP ⎞ ⎤ VOUT 1 + •R ⎢⎜ 1– ESR ⎥ IOUT(BACKUP) ⎝ VOUT ⎟⎠ COUT • fSW VCAP ⎣ ⎦ Maximum ripple occurs at the lowest VCAP that can supply IOUT(BACKUP). Multilayer ceramics are recommended for high frequency filtering. If step-up mode is unused, then the specification for COUT will be determined by the desired ripple voltage in step-down mode: ∆VOUT = VCAP ⎛ VCAP ⎞ ICHG(MAX) 1– +I •R VOUT ⎜⎝ VOUT ⎟⎠ COUT • fSW CHG(MAX) ESR In continuous conduction mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle VCAP/VOUT. To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: IRMS ≅ICHG(MAX) VCAP VOUT VOUT –1 VCAP This formula has a maximum at VOUT = 2VCAP, where IRMS = ICHG(MAX)/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Medium voltage (20V to 35V) ceramic, tantalum, OS-CON, and switcher-rated electrolytic capacitors can be used as input capacitors. Sanyo OS-CON SVP, SVPD series, Sanyo POSCAP TQC series, or aluminum electrolytic capacitors from Panasonic WA series or Cornel Dublilier SPV series in parallel with a couple of high performance ceramic capacitors can be used as an effective means of achieving low ESR and high bulk capacitance. VCAP serves as the input to the controller in step-up mode and as the output in step-down mode. The purpose of the VCAP capacitor is to filter the inductor current ripple. The VCAP ripple (∆VCAP) is approximated by: ⎛ ⎞ 1 ∆VCAP ≈ ∆I PP ⎜ +RESR ⎟ ⎝ 8CCAP • fSW ⎠ where fSW is the switching frequency, CCAP is the capacitance on VCAP and ∆IPP is the ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since ∆IPP increases with input voltage. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc 27 LTC3350 Applications Information Because supercapacitors have low series resistance, it is important that CCAP be sized properly so that the bulk of the inductor current ripple flows through the filter capacitor and not the supercapacitor. It is recommended that: ⎛ ⎞ n •RSC 1 +RESR ⎟ ≤ ⎜⎝ 8C 5 ⎠ CAP • fSW where n is the number of supercapacitors in the stack and RSC is the ESR of each supercapacitor. The capacitance on VCAP can be a combination of bulk and high frequency capacitors. Aluminum electrolytic, OS-CON and POSCAP capacitors are suitable for bulk capacitance while multilayer ceramics are recommended for high frequency filtering. Power MOSFET Selection Two external power MOSFETs must be selected for the LTC3350’s synchronous controller: one N-channel MOSFET for the top switch and one N-channel MOSFET for the bottom switch. The selection criteria of the external N-channel power MOSFETs include maximum drain-source voltage (VDSS), threshold voltage, on-resistance (RDS(ON)), reverse transfer capacitance (CRSS), total gate charge (QG), and maximum continuous drain current. VDSS of both MOSFETs should be selected to be higher than the maximum input supply voltage (including transient). The peak-to-peak drive levels are set by the DRVCC voltage. Logic-level threshold MOSFETs should be used because DRVCC is powered from either INTVCC (5V) or an external LDO whose output voltage must be less than 5.5V. MOSFET power losses are determined by RDS(ON), CRSS and QG. The conduction loss at maximum charge current for the top and bottom MOSFET switches are: PCOND(TOP) = VCAP 2 •R I DS(ON) (1+ δ∆T ) VOUT CHG(MAX) ⎛ V ⎞ PCOND(BOT) = ⎜ 1– CAP ⎟ ICHG(MAX)2 •RDS(ON) (1+ δ∆T ) ⎝ VOUT ⎠ The term (1+ δ∆T) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs Temperature curve, but δ = 0.005/°C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs. 28 Both MOSFET switches have conduction loss. However, transition loss occurs only in the top MOSFET in stepdown mode and only in the bottom MOSFET in step-up mode. These losses are proportional to VOUT2 and can be considerably large in high voltage applications (VOUT > 20V). The maximum transition loss is: k PTRAN ≈ VOUT 2 •ICHG(MAX) •CRSS • fSW 2 where k is related to the drive current during the Miller plateau and is approximately equal to one. The synchronous controller can operate in both step-down and step-up mode with different voltages on VOUT in each mode. If VOUT is 12V in step-down mode (input power available) and 10V in step-up mode (backup mode) then both MOSFETs can be sized to minimize conduction loss. If VOUT can be as high as 25V while charging and VOUT is held to 6V in backup mode, then the MOSFETs should be sized to minimize losses during backup mode. This may lead to choosing a high side MOSFET with significant transition loss which may be tolerable when input power is available so long as thermal issues do not become a limiting factor. The bottom MOSFET can be chosen to minimize conduction loss. If step-up mode is unused, then choosing a high side MOSFET that that has a higher RDS(ON) device and lower CRSS would minimize overall losses. Another power loss related to switching MOSFET selection is the power lost to driving the gates. The total gate charge, QG, must be charged and discharged each switching cycle. The power is lost to the internal LDO and gate drivers within the LTC3350. The power lost due to charging the gates is: PG ≈ (QGTOP + QGBOT) • fSW • VOUT where QGTOP is the top MOSFET gate charge and QGBOT is the bottom MOSFET gate charge. Whenever possible, utilize MOSFET switches that minimize the total gate charge to limit the internal power dissipation of the LTC3350. Schottky Diode Selection Optional Schottky diodes can be placed in parallel with the top and bottom MOSFET switches. These diodes clamp SW during the non-overlap times between conduction of the top and bottom MOSFET switches. This prevents the For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc LTC3350 Applications Information body diodes of the MOSFET switches from turning on, storing charge during the non-overlap time and requiring a reverse recovery period that could cost as much as 3% in efficiency at high VIN. One or both diodes can be omitted if the efficiency loss can be tolerated. The diode can be rated for about one-third to one-fifth of the full load current since it is on for only a fraction of the duty cycle. Larger diodes result in additional switching losses due to their larger junction capacitance. In order for the diodes to be effective, the inductance between them and the top and bottom MOSFETs must be as small as possible. This mandates that these components be placed next to each other on the same layer of the PC board. Top MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB) An external bootstrap capacitor, CB, connected to the BST pin supplies the gate drive voltage for the top MOSFET. Capacitor CB, in Figure 8, is charged though an external diode, DB, from DRVCC when the SW pin is low. The value of the bootstrap capacitor, CB, needs to be 20 times that of the total input capacitance of the top MOSFET. With the top MOSFET on, the BST voltage is above the system supply rail: VBST = VOUT + VDRVCC The reverse break down of the external diode, DB, must be greater than VOUT(MAX) + VDRVCC(MAX). The step-up converter can briefly run nonsynchronously when used in conjunction with the output ideal diode. During this time the BST to SW voltage can pump up to voltages exceeding 5.5V if DB is a Schottky diode. Fast switching PN diodes are recommended due to their low leakage and junction capacitance. A Schottky diode can be used if the step-up converter runs synchronous throughout backup mode. BST CB LTC3350 DB SW DRVCC INTVCC 0.1µF 1µF OPT >2.2µF 3350 F07 Figure 8. Bootstrap Capacitor/Diode and DRVCC Connections INTVCC/DRVCC and IC Power Dissipation The LTC3350 features a low dropout linear regulator (LDO) that supplies power to INTVCC from the VOUT supply. INTVCC powers the gate drivers (when connected to DRVCC) and much of the LTC3350’s internal circuitry. The LDO regulates the voltage at the INTVCC pin to 5V. The LDO can supply a maximum current of 50mA and must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 1μF when not connected to DRVCC. DRVCC should have at least a 2.2μF ceramic or low ESR electrolytic capacitor. No matter what type of bulk capacitor is used on DRVCC, an additional 0.1μF ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the DRVCC pin is highly recommended. Good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the MOSFET gate drivers. High input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maximum junction temperature rating for the LTC3350 to be exceeded. The INTVCC current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, is supplied by the 5V LDO. Power dissipation for the IC in this case is highest and is approximately equal to (VOUT) • (IQ + IG), where IQ is the non-switching quiescent current of ~4mA and IG is gate charge current. The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 2 of the Electrical Characteristics. For example, the IG supplied by the INTVCC LDO is limited to less than 42mA from a 35V supply in the QFN package at a 70°C ambient temperature: TJ = 70°C + (35V)(4mA + 42mA)(34°C/W) = 125°C To prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the INTVCC LDO current must be checked while operating in continuous conduction mode at maximum VOUT. The power dissipation in the IC is drastically reduced if DRVCC is powered from an external LDO. In this case the power dissipation in the IC is equal to power dissipation due to IQ and the power dissipated in the gate drivers, (VDRVCC) • (IG). Assuming the external DRVCC LDO output is 5V and is supplying 42mA to the gate drivers, the junction temperature rises to only 82°C: TJ = 70°C + [(35V)(4mA)+(5V)(42mA)](34°C/W) = 82°C For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc 29 LTC3350 Applications Information The external LDO should be powered from VOUT. It must be enabled after the INTVCC LDO has powered up and its output must be less than 5.5V. INTVCC should no longer be tied to DRVCC. Minimum On-Time Considerations Minimum on-time, tON(MIN), is the smallest time duration that the LTC3350 is capable of turning on the top MOSFET in step-down mode. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. The minimum on-time for the LTC3350 is approximately 85ns. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that: tON(MIN) < VCAP VOUT • fSW If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip cycles. The charge current and VCAP voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase. Ideal Diode MOSFET Selection An external N-channel MOSFET is required for the input and output ideal diodes. Important parameters for the selection of these MOSFETs are the maximum drain-source voltage, VDSS, gate threshold voltage and on-resistance (RDS(ON)). When the input is grounded, either the supercapacitor stack voltage or the step-up controller’s backup voltage is applied across the input ideal diode MOSFET. Therefore, the VDSS of the input ideal diode MOSFET must withstand the maximum voltage on VOUT in backup mode. When the supercapacitors are at 0V, the input voltage is applied across the output ideal diode MOSFET. Therefore, the VDSS of the output ideal diode MOSFET must withstand the highest voltage on VIN. The gate drive for both ideal diodes is 5V. This allows the use of logic-level threshold N-channel MOSFETs. As a general rule, select MOSFETs with a low enough RDS(ON) to obtain the desired VDS while operating at full load current. The LTC3350 will regulate the forward voltage drop across the input and output ideal diode MOSFETs to 30mV if RDS(ON) is low enough. The required RDS(ON) can be calculated by dividing 0.030V by the load current in amps. 30 Achieving forward regulation will minimize power loss and heat dissipation, but it is not a necessity. If a forward voltage drop of more than 30mV is acceptable, then a smaller MOSFET can be used but must be sized compatible with the higher power dissipation. Care should be taken to ensure that the power dissipated is never allowed to rise above the manufacturer’s recommended maximum level. During backup mode, the output ideal diode shuts off when the voltage on OUTFB falls below 1.3V. For high VOUT backup voltages (>8.4V), the output ideal diode will shut off when VCAP is more than a diode drop (~700mV) above the VOUT regulation point (i.e., OUTFB > 1.2V). The body diode of the output ideal diode N-channel MOSFET will carry the load current until VCAP drops to within a diode drop of the VOUT regulation voltage at which point the synchronous controller takes over. During this period the power dissipation in the output ideal diode MOSFET increases significantly. Diode conduction time is small compared to the overall backup time but can be significant when discharging very large supercapacitors (>600F). Care should be taken to properly heat sink the MOSFET to limit the temperature rise. PCB Layout Considerations When laying out the printed circuit board, the following guidelines should be used to ensure proper operation of the IC. Check the following in your layout: 1. Keep MN1, MN2, D1, D2 and COUT close together. The high di/dt loop formed by the MOSFETs, Schottky diodes and the VOUT capacitance, shown in Figure 9, should have short, wide traces to minimize high frequency noise and voltage stress from inductive ringing. Surface mount components are preferred to reduce parasitic inductances from component leads. D1 MN1 VOUT COUT L1 RSNSC VCAP + HIGH FREQUENCY CIRCULATING PATH + MN2 D2 CCAP + + 3350 F09 Figure 9. High Speed Switching Path For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc LTC3350 Applications Information Connect the drain of the top MOSFET and cathode of the top diode directly to the positive terminal of COUT. Connect the source of the bottom MOSFET and anode of the bottom diode directly to the negative terminal of COUT. This capacitor provides the AC current to the MOSFETs. 2. Ground is referenced to the negative terminal of the VCAP decoupling capacitor in step-down mode and to the negative terminal of the VOUT decoupling capacitor in step-up mode. The negative terminal of COUT should be as close as possible to the negative terminal of CCAP by placing the capacitors next to each other and away from the switching loop described above. The combined IC SGND pin/PGND paddle and the ground returns of CINTVCC and CDRVCC must return to the combined negative terminal of COUT and CCAP. 3. Effective grounding techniques are critical for successful DC/DC converter layouts. Orient power components such that switching current paths in the ground plane do not cross through the SGND pin and exposed pad on the backside of the LTC3350 IC. Switching path currents can be controlled by orienting the MOSFET switches, Schottky diodes, the inductor, and VOUT and VCAP decoupling capacitors in close proximity to each other. 4. Locate VCAP and VOUT dividers near the part and away from switching components. Kelvin the top of resistor dividers to the positive terminals of CCAP and COUT, respectively. The bottom of the resistive dividers should go back to the SGND pin. The feedback resistor connections should not be run along the high current feeds from the COUT capacitor. 5. Route ICAP and VCAP sense lines together, keep them short. Same with VOUTSP and VOUTSN. Filter components should be placed near the part and not near the sense resistors. Ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin connections at the sense resistors. See Figure 10. 6. The trace from the positive terminal of the input current sense resistor, RSNSI, to the VOUTSP pin carries the part’s quiescent and gate drive currents. To maintain accurate measurement of the input current keep this trace short and wide by placing RSNSI near the part. DIRECTION OF SENSED CURRENT RSNSC OR RSNSI 3350 F10 TO ICAP TO VCAP OR OR VOUTSP VOUTSN Figure 10. Kelvin Current Sensing 7. Locate the DRVCC and BST decoupling capacitors in close proximity to the IC. These capacitors carry the MOSFET drivers’ high peak currents. An additional 0.1μF ceramic capacitor placed immediately next to the DRVCC pin can help improve noise performance substantially. 8. Locate the small-signal components away from high frequency switching nodes (BST, SW, TG, and BG). All of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and should be kept on the output side of the LTC3350. 9. The input ideal diode senses the voltage between VIN and VOUTSP. VIN should be connected near the source of the input ideal diode MOSFET. VOUTSP is used for Kelvin sensing the input current. Place the input current sense resistor, RSNSI, near the input ideal diode MOSFET with a short, wide trace to minimize resistance between the drain of the ideal diode MOSFET and RSNSI. 10.The output ideal diode senses the voltage between VOUTSN and VCAP. VCAP is used for Kelvin sensing the charge current. Place the output ideal diode near the charge current sense resistor, RSNSC, with a short, wide trace to minimize resistance between the source of the ideal diode MOSFET and RSNSC. 11.The INFET and OUTFET pins for the external ideal diode controllers have extremely limited drive current. Care must be taken to minimize leakage to adjacent PC board traces. 100nA of leakage from these pins will introduce an additional offset to the ideal diodes of approximately 10mV. To minimize leakage, the INFET trace can be guarded on the PC board by surrounding it with VOUT connected metal. Similarly, the OUTFET trace should be guarded by surrounding it with VCAP connected metal. 12.The VCC2P5 bypass capacitor should return to ground away from switching and gate drive current paths. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc 31 LTC3350 Register Map REGISTER SUB ADDR R/W BITS DESCRIPTION clr_alarms 0x00 R/W 15:0 Clear alarms register DEFAULT PAGE 0x0000 33 msk_alarms 0x01 R/W 15:0 Enable/mask alarms register 0x0000 33 msk_mon_status 0x02 R/W 9:0 Enable/mask monitor status alerts 0x0000 34 cap_esr_per 0x04 R/W 15:0 Capacitance/ESR measurement period 0x0000 34 vcapfb_dac 0x05 R/W 3:0 VCAP voltage reference DAC setting vshunt 0x06 R/W 15:0 Capacitor shunt voltage setting 0xF 34 0x3999 34 cap_uv_lvl 0x07 R/W 15:0 Capacitor undervoltage alarm level 0x0000 34 cap_ov_lvl 0x08 R/W 15:0 Capacitor overvoltage alarm level 0x0000 34 gpi_uv_lvl 0x09 R/W 15:0 GPI undervoltage alarm level 0x0000 34 gpi_ov_lvl 0x0A R/W 15:0 GPI overvoltage alarm level 0x0000 34 vin_uv_lvl 0x0B R/W 15:0 VIN undervoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 vin_ov_lvl 0x0C R/W 15:0 VIN overvoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 vcap_uv_lvl 0x0D R/W 15:0 VCAP undervoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 vcap_ov_lvl 0x0E R/W 15:0 VCAP overvoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 vout_uv_lvl 0x0F R/W 15:0 VOUT undervoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 vout_ov_lvl 0x10 R/W 15:0 VOUT overvoltage alarm level 0x0000 35 iin_oc_lvl 0x11 R/W 15:0 IIN overcurrent alarm level 0x0000 35 ichg_uc_lvl 0x12 R/W 15:0 ICHG undercurrent alarm level 0x0000 35 dtemp_cold_lvl 0x13 R/W 15:0 Die temperature cold alarm level 0x0000 35 dtemp_hot_lvl 0x14 R/W 15:0 Die temperature hot alarm level 0x0000 35 esr_hi_lvl 0x15 R/W 15:0 ESR high alarm level 0x0000 35 cap_lo_lvl 0x16 R/W 15:0 Capacitance low alarm level 0x0000 35 ctl_reg 0x17 R/W 3:0 Control register 0b0000 36 num_caps 0x1A R 1:0 Number of capacitors configured – 36 chrg_status 0x1B R 11:0 Charger status register – 36 mon_status 0x1C R 9:0 Monitor status register – 37 alarm_reg 0x1D R 15:0 Active alarms register 0x0000 37 meas_cap 0x1E R 15:0 Measured capacitance value – 38 meas_esr 0x1F R 15:0 Measured ESR value – 38 meas_vcap1 0x20 R 15:0 Measured capacitor one voltage – 38 meas_vcap2 0x21 R 15:0 Measured capacitor two voltage – 38 meas_vcap3 0x22 R 15:0 Measured capacitor three voltage – 38 meas_vcap4 0x23 R 15:0 Measured capacitor four voltage – 38 meas_gpi 0x24 R 15:0 Measured GPI pin voltage – 38 meas_vin 0x25 R 15:0 Measured VIN voltage – 38 meas_vcap 0x26 R 15:0 Measured VCAP voltage – 38 meas_vout 0x27 R 15:0 Measured VOUT voltage – 38 meas_iin 0x28 R 15:0 Measured IIN current – 38 meas_ichg 0x29 R 15:0 Measured ICHG current – 38 meas_dtemp 0x2A R 15:0 Measured die temperature – 38 Registers at sub address 0x03, 0x18, 0x19, 0x2B-0xFF are unused. 32 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Register Descriptions clr_alarms (0x00) Clear Alarms Register: This register is used to clear alarms caused by exceeding a programmed limit. Writing a one to any bit in this register will cause its respective alarm to be cleared. The one written to this register is automatically cleared when its respective alarm is cleared. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 clr_cap_uv Clear capacitor undervoltage alarm 1 clr_cap_ov Clear capacitor overvoltage alarm 2 clr_gpi_uv Clear GPI undervoltage alarm 3 clr_gpi_ov Clear GPI overvoltage alarm 4 clr_vin_uv Clear VIN undervoltage alarm 5 clr_vin_ov Clear VIN overvoltage alarm 6 clr_vcap_uv Clear VCAP undervoltage alarm 7 clr_vcap_ov Clear VCAP overvoltage alarm 8 clr_vout_uv Clear VOUT undervoltage alarm 9 clr_vout_ov Clear VOUT overvoltage alarm 10 clr_iin_oc Clear input overcurrent alarm 11 clr_ichg_uc Clear charge undercurrent alarm 12 clr_dtemp_cold Clear die temperature cold alarm 13 clr_dtemp_hot Clear die temperature hot alarm 14 clr_esr_hi Clear ESR high alarm 15 clr_cap_lo Clear capacitance low alarm msk_alarms (0x01) Mask Alarms Register: Writing a one to any bit in the Mask Alarms Register enables its respective alarm to trigger an SMBALERT. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 msk_cap_uv Enable capacitor undervoltage alarm 1 msk_cap_ov Enable capacitor overvoltage alarm 2 msk_gpi_uv Enable GPI undervoltage alarm 3 msk_gpi_ov Enable GPI overvoltage alarm 4 msk_vin_uv Enable VIN undervoltage alarm 5 msk_vin_ov Enable VIN overvoltage alarm 6 msk_vcap_uv Enable VCAP undervoltage alarm 7 msk_vcap_ov Enable VCAP overvoltage alarm 8 msk_vout_uv Enable VOUT undervoltage alarm 9 msk_vout_ov Enable VOUT overvoltage alarm 10 msk_iin_oc Enable input overcurrent alarm 11 msk_ichg_uc Enable charge undercurrent alarm 12 msk_dtemp_cold Enable die temperature cold alarm 13 msk_dtemp_hot Enable die temperature hot alarm 14 msk_esr_hi Enable ESR high alarm 15 msk_cap_lo Enable capacitance low alarm 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 33 LTC3350 Register Descriptions msk_mon_status (0x02) Mask Monitor Status Register: Writing a one to any bit in this register enables a rising edge of its respective bit in the mon_status register to trigger an SMBALERT. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 msk_mon_capesr_active Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_capesr_active 1 msk_mon_capesr_scheduled Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_capesr_scheduled 2 msk_mon_capesr_pending Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_capesr_pending 3 msk_mon_cap_done Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_cap_done 4 msk_mon_esr_done Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_esr_done 5 msk_mon_cap_failed Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_cap_failed 6 msk_mon_esr_failed Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_esr_failed 7 – Reserved, write to 0 8 msk_mon_power_failed Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_power_failed 9 msk_mon_power_returned Set the SMBALERT when there is a rising edge on mon_power_returned – Reserved, write to 0 15:10 cap_esr_per (0x04)10 seconds per LSB Capacitance and ESR Measurement Period: This register sets the period of repeated capacitance and ESR measurements. Each LSB represents 10 seconds. Capacitance and ESR measurements will not repeat if this register is zero. vcapfb_dac (0x05) CAPFBREF = 37.5mV • vcapfb_dac + 637.5mV VCAP Regulation Reference: This register is used to program the capacitor voltage feedback loop’s reference voltage. Only bits 3:0 are active. vshunt (0x06) 183.5µV per LSB Shunt Voltage Register: This register programs the shunt voltage for each capacitor in the stack. The charger will limit current and the active shunts will shunt current to prevent this voltage from being exceeded. As a capacitor voltage nears this level, the charge current will be reduced. This should be programmed higher than the intended final balanced individual capacitor voltage. Setting this register to 0x0000 disables the shunt. cap_uv_lvl (0x07) 183.5µV per LSB Capacitor Undervoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for each individual capacitor voltage in the stack. If enabled, any capacitor voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. cap_ov_lvl (0x08) 183.5µV per LSB Capacitor Overvoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for each individual capacitor in the stack. If enabled, any capacitor voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. gpi_uv_lvl (0x09) 183.5µV per LSB General Purpose Input Undervoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the GPI pin. If enabled, the voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. gpi_ov_lvl (0x0A) 183.5µV per LSB General Purpose Input Overvoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the GPI pin. If enabled, the voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. 34 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Register Descriptions vin_uv_lvl (0x0B) 2.21mV per LSB VIN Undervoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the input voltage. If enabled, the voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. vin_ov_lvl (0x0C) 2.21mV per LSB VIN Overvoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the input voltage. If enabled, the voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. vcap_uv_lvl (0x0D) 1.476mV per LSB VCAP Undervoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the capacitor stack voltage. If enabled, the voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. vcap_ov_lvl (0x0E) 1.476mV per LSB VCAP Overvoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the capacitor stack voltage. If enabled, the voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. vout_uv_lvl (0x0F) 2.21mV per LSB VOUT Undervoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the output voltage. If enabled, the voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. vout_ov_lvl (0x10) 2.21mV per LSB VOUT Overvoltage Level: This is an alarm threshold for the output voltage. If enabled, the voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. iin_oc_lvl (0x11) 1.983µV/RSNSI per LSB Input Overcurrent Level: This is an alarm threshold for the input current. If enabled, the current rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. ichg_uc_lvl (0x12) 1.983µV/RSNSC per LSB Charge Undercurrent Level: This is an alarm threshold for the charge current. If enabled, the current falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. dtemp_cold_lvl (0x13) Temperature = 0.028°C per LSB – 251.4°C Die Temperature Cold Level: This is an alarm threshold for the die temperature. If enabled, the die temperature falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. dtemp_hot_lvl (0x14) Temperature = 0.028°C per LSB – 251.4°C Die Temperature Hot Level: This is an alarm threshold for the die temperature. If enabled, the die temperature rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. RSNSC/64 per LSB esr_hi_lvl (0x15) ESR High Level: This is an alarm threshold for the measured stack ESR. If enabled, a measurement of stack ESR exceeding this level will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. cap_lo_lvl (0x16) 336µF • RT/RTST per LSB Capacitance Low Level: This is an alarm threshold for the measured stack capacitance. If enabled, if the measured stack capacitance is less than this level it will trigger an alarm and an SMBALERT. When ctl_cap_scale is set to one the constant is 3.36 • RT/RTST. 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 35 LTC3350 Register Descriptions ctl_reg (0x17) Control Register: Several Control Functions are grouped into this register. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 ctl_strt_capesr Begin a capacitance and ESR measurement when possible; this bit clears itself once a cycle begins. 1 ctl_gpi_buffer_en A one in this bit location enables the input buffer on the GPI pin. With a zero in this location the GPI pin is measured without the buffer. 2 ctl_stop_capesr Stops an active capacitance/ESR measurement. 3 ctl_cap_scale Increases capacitor measurement resolution by 100x, this is used when measuring smaller capacitors. – Reserved 15:4 num_caps (0x1A) Number of Capacitors: This register shows the state of the CAP_SLCT1, CAP_SLCT0 pins. The value read in this register is the number of capacitors programmed minus one. VALUE CAPACITORS 0b00 1 Capacitor Selected 0b01 2 Capacitors Selected 0b10 3 Capacitors Selected 0b11 4 Capacitors Selected chrg_status (0x1B) Charger Status Register: This register provides real time status information about the state of the charger system. Each bit is active high. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 chrg_stepdown The synchronous controller is in step-down mode (charging) 1 chrg_stepup The synchronous controller is in step-up mode (backup) 2 chrg_cv The charger is in constant voltage mode 3 chrg_uvlo The charger is in undervoltage lockout 4 chrg_input_ilim The charger is in input current limit 5 chrg_cappg The capacitor voltage is above power good threshold 6 chrg_shnt The capacitor manager is shunting 7 chrg_bal The capacitor manager is balancing 8 chrg_dis The charger is temporarily disabled for capacitance measurement 9 chrg_ci The charger is in constant current mode 10 – Reserved 11 chrg_pfo Input voltage is below PFI threshold – Reserved 15:12 36 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Register Descriptions mon_status (0x1C) Monitor Status: This register provides real time status information about the state of the monitoring system. Each bit is active high. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 mon_capesr_active Capacitance/ESR measurement is in progress 1 mon_capesr_scheduled Waiting programmed time to begin a capacitance/ESR measurement 2 mon_capesr_pending Waiting for satisfactory conditions to begin a capacitance/ESR measurement 3 mon_cap_done Capacitance measurement has completed 4 mon_esr_done ESR Measurement has completed 5 mon_cap_failed The last attempted capacitance measurement was unable to complete 6 mon_esr_failed The last attempted ESR measurement was unable to complete 7 – Reserved 8 mon_power_failed This bit is set when VIN falls below the PFI threshold or the charger is unable to charge. It is cleared only when power returns and the charger is able to charge. 9 mon_power_returned This bit is set when the input is above the PFI threshold and the charger is able to charge. It is cleared only when mon_power_failed is set. – Reserved 15:10 alarm_reg (0x1D) Alarms Register: A one in any bit in the register indicates its respective alarm has triggered. All bits are active high. BIT(S) BIT NAME DESCRIPTION 0 alarm_cap_uv Capacitor undervoltage alarm 1 alarm_cap_ov Capacitor overvoltage alarm 2 alarm_gpi_uv GPI undervoltage alarm 3 alarm_gpi_ov GPI overvoltage alarm 4 alarm_vin_uv VIN undervoltage alarm 5 alarm_vin_ov VIN overvoltage alarm 6 alarm_vcap_uv VCAP undervoltage alarm 7 alarm_vcap_ov VCAP overvoltage alarm 8 alarm_vout_uv VOUT undervoltage alarm 9 alarm_vout_ov VOUT overvoltage alarm 10 alarm_iin_oc Input overcurrent alarm 11 alarm_ichg_uc Charge undercurrent alarm 12 alarm_dtemp_cold Die temperature cold alarm 13 alarm_dtemp_hot Die temperature hot alarm 14 alarm_esr_hi ESR high alarm 15 alarm_cap_lo Capacitance low alarm 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 37 LTC3350 Register Descriptions meas_cap (0x1E) 336µF • RT/RTST per LSB Measured capacitor stack capacitance value. When ctl_cap_scale is set to one the constant is 3.36µF • RT/RTST. meas_esr (0x1F) RSNSC/64 per LSB Measured capacitor stack equivalent series resistance (ESR) value meas_vcap1 (0x20) 183.5µV per LSB Measured voltage between the CAP1 and CAPRTN pins. meas_vcap2 (0x21) 183.5µV per LSB Measured voltage between the CAP2 and CAP1 pins. meas_vcap3 (0x22) 183.5µV per LSB Measured voltage between the CAP3 and CAP2 pins. meas_vcap4 (0x23)183.5µV per LSB Measured voltage between the CAP4 and CAP3 pins. meas_gpi (0x24)183.5µV per LSB Measurement of GPI pin voltage. meas_vin (0x25)2.21mV per LSB Measured Input Voltage. meas_vcap (0x26) 1.476mV per LSB Measured Capacitor Stack Voltage. meas_vout (0x27) 2.21mV per LSB Measured Output Voltage. 1.983µV/RSNSI per LSB meas_iin (0x28) Measured Input Current. meas_ichg (0x29)1.983µV/RSNSC per LSB Measured Charge Current. meas_dtemp (0x2A) Temperature = 0.028°C per LSB – 251.4°C Measured die temperature. 38 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Typical Applications Application Circuit 1. 25V to 35V, 6.4A Supercapacitor Charger with 2A Input Current Limit and 28V, 50W Backup Mode RPF1 80.6k RPF2 4.53k R1 10k VOUT 28V 50W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF 25V RISING THRESHOLD 22V FALLING THRESHOLD VDD RSNSI 0.016Ω MN1 SiS434DN VIN 25V TO 35V VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET RPF3 39.2k PFI Si1555DL R2 10k R3 10k OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC R7 10k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE RFBO1 665k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 29.4k C3 4.7µF MN2 SiS434DN SW + COUT1 82µF L1 6.8µH MN3 SiS434DN COUT2 10µF ×2 RSNSC 0.005Ω CCAP 47µF LTC3350 R4 100k CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 C5 1µF GPI VC T BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA DB B0540WS CB 0.1µF CFBO1 120pF RT RT1 100k CC 1.2nF R5 107k R6 121Ω ITST SGND PGND ICAP VCAP CFP CFN VCAPP5 CF 0.1µF CCP5 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB RCAP4 2.7Ω RCAP3 2.7Ω CAP4 5F RCAP2 2.7Ω CAP3 5F RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 5F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAP1 5F + + RFBC1 866k + RFBC2 118k + 3350 TA02 CAP1-4: NESSCAP ESHSR-0005C0-002R7 L1: COILCRAFT XAL7070-682ME 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 39 LTC3350 Typical Applications Application Circuit 2. 11V to 20V, 16A Supercapacitor Charger with 6.4A Input Current Limit and 10V, 60W Backup Mode RPF1 806k VDD R2 10k R3 10k PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE DB B0540WS RFBO1 619k COUT2 22µF ×4 C3 4.7µF MN2 BSC026N02KS SW COUT1 82µF ×4 RFBO2 89.5k C4 0.1µF CB 0.47µF + L1 2.2µH RSNSC 0.002Ω MN3 BSC046N02KS ×2 CCAP 47µF LTC3350 R4 100k CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 C5 1µF ICAP VCAP CFP GPI CFN VCAPP5 VC T CFBO1 120pF VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET RPF2 100k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA VOUT 10V 60W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF R1 10k RSNSI 0.005Ω MN1 SiR422DP VIN 11V TO 20V RT RT1 100k CC 10nF R5 133k R6 121Ω CF 0.1µF RCAP4 2.7Ω CCP5 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 ITST SGND PGND RCAP3 2.7Ω CAP4 360F RCAP2 2.7Ω CAP3 360F RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 360F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAPRTN CAPFB CAP1 360F + + RFBC1 845k + RFBC2 150k + 3350 TA03 CAP1-4: NESSCAP ESHSR-0360CO-002R7 L1: VISHAY IHLP5050FDER2R2MO1 Application Circuit 3. 11V to 20V, 5.3A LiFePO4 Battery Charger with 4.6A Input Current Limit and 12V, 48W Backup Mode RPF1 806k VDD R2 10k R3 10k VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET PFI BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE DB B0540WS CB 0.1µF CFBO1 120pF RFBO1 649k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 71.5k C3 4.7µF MN2 BSZ060NE2LS SW COUT1 47µF ×2 L1 3.3µH CAP_SLCT1 CAP_SLCT0 C5 1µF GPI VC RT RT1 100k CC 4.7nF R5 71.5k R6 10M ITST SGND PGND ICAP VCAP CFP CFN VCAPP5 CF 0.1µF CCP5 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB COUT2 2.2µF ×2 RSNSC 0.006Ω CCAP 22µF ×4 MN3 BSZ060NE2LS LTC3350 R4 100k T OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC RPF2 100k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA VOUT 12V 48W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF R1 10k RSNSI 0.007Ω MN1 SiS438DN VIN 11V TO 20V RCAP3 3.6Ω RCAP2 3.6Ω RCAP1 3.6Ω RCAPRTN 3.6Ω + + + RFBC1 909k RFBC2 118k 3350 TA04 VSHUNT = 3.6V L1: COILCRAFT XAL7070-332ME 40 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Typical Applications Application Circuit 4. 11V to 35V, 4A Supercapacitor Charger with 2A Input Current Limit and 10V, 1A Backup Mode RPF1 806k VDD R2 10k VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC RPF2 100k R3 10k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE CFBO1 100pF RFBO1 665k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 90.9k C3 4.7µF DB 1N4448HWT CB 0.1µF + MN2 SiR426DP SW C5 1µF CAP_SLCT0 ICAP CAP_SLCT1 VCAP CFP GPI CFN VCAPP5 VC RT RT1 100k CC 10nF R5 107k R6 121Ω MN3 SiR426DP SGND PGND RSNSC 0.008Ω CCAP 47µF D2 DFLS240 C6 220pF CF 0.1µF RCAP4 2.7Ω CCP5 0.1µF RCAP3 2.7Ω CAP4 10F RCAP2 2.7Ω CAP3 10F RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 10F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAP1 10F CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 ITST COUT2 10µF ×2 COUT1 82µF D1 DFLS240 L1 4.7µH LTC3350 R4 100k T VOUT 10V 10W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF R1 10k RSNSI 0.016Ω MN1 SiR426DP VIN 11V TO 35V CAPRTN CAPFB + + RFBC1 590k + RFBC2 118k + 3350 TA05 CAP1-4: NESSCAP ESHSR-0010C0-002R7 L1: VISHAY IHLP5050FDER47MO1 Application Circuit 5. 11V to 20V, 4A Supercapacitor Charger with 2A Input Current Limit and 5V, 2A Backup Mode C2 1µF C1 0.1µF RPF1 806k VDD R1 10k R2 10k R3 10k VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE DB 1N4448HWT CB 0.1µF CFBO1 100pF RFBO1 665k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 210k C3 4.7µF MN2 SiR426DP SW MN3 SiR426DP LTC3350 R4 100k C5 1µF CAP_SLCT0 ICAP CAP_SLCT1 VCAP CFP GPI VC RT RT1 100k CC 10nF R5 107k R6 121Ω ITST SGND PGND VOUT 5V 10W IN BACKUP MN4 SiR412DP RPF2 100k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA T RSNSI 0.016Ω MN1 SiR412DP VIN 11V TO 20V CFN VCAPP5 + COUT1 82µF COUT2 10µF ×2 D1 DFLS240 L1 4.7µH D2 DFLS240 RSNSC 0.008Ω CCAP 47µF C6 220pF CF 0.1µF CCP5 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB RCAP4 2.7Ω RCAP3 2.7Ω CAP4 10F RCAP2 2.7Ω CAP3 10F RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 10F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAP1 10F + + + + RFBC1 590k RFBC2 118k 3350 TA06 CAP1-4: NESSCAP ESHSR-0010C0-002R7 L1: VISHAY IHLP5050FDER47MO1 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc 41 LTC3350 Typical Applications Application Circuit 6. 11V to 15V, 2.3A Zeta-SEPIC High Voltage Capacitor Charger with 2A Input Current Limit and 10V, 25W Backup Mode RPF1 158k R2 10k PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC C3 4.7µF BST TGATE VCC2P5 LTC3350 GPI VC CB 0.1µF L1 4.7µH CB2 4.7µF MP1 Si7415DN ITST SGND PGND 1Ω 10µF 10µF L2 4.7µH MN2 FDMC86520L C6 470pF C7 10µF RSNSC 0.014Ω VCAP VCAPP5 CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB RT R6 10M RFBO2 100k SW BGATE CFP CFN ICAP CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 C5 1µF COUT 22µF ×5 Q1 Si1555DL PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA R5 107k C4 0.1µF R3 10k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA CC 22nF RFBO1 768k VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET RPF2 20k VDD VOUT 10V 25W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF R1 10k RSNSI 0.016Ω MN1 FDMC7660S VIN 11V TO 15V + CAP 2200µF 35V ×2 RCAPTOP 255k RFBC1 787k RCAPBOT 24.3k RFBC2 28k CAP: NICHICON UHW1V222MHD L1, L2: COILCRAFT XAL4030-472ME SET ctl_cap_scale TO 1 In a Zeta-SEPIC application there are several differences in the monitoring features due to differences in how the LTC3350 is configured. The capacitor voltage is measured differently, it is no longer measured in the meas_vcap register, but in the meas_vcap1 register. The scale factor for meas_vcap1 must be adjusted for the resistor divider connected to the CAP1 pin. Also in this configuration the precision current load (ITST) for the capacitance test cannot be used. The load on the capacitors are the external dividers only. A capacitance measurement may still be done. The results in the meas_cap_register will have an LSB in Farads of: CLSB = 42 –7 –5.6 •10 RT ⎡ ⎛ 0.2 ⎞ ⎛ RCAPTOP ⎞ ⎤ RL In ⎢1– ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1+ ⎟⎥ ⎣ ⎝ VCAP ⎠ ⎝ RCAPBOT ⎠ ⎦ RFBC3 604k CFBC 820pF 3350 TA07 where RL is the total resistance to ground in parallel with the capacitor, RCAPTOP is the top divider resistor from the capacitor to CAP1 and RCAPBOT is the bottom divider resistor from CAP1 to ground. The above equation is for when the ctl_cap_scale bit is set to one. ESR measurements may be possible with large capacitors with larger ESR’s. However, the accuracy of the ESR measurement in this application is significantly reduced. The ESR measurement in the meas_esr register must be scaled up by the resistor divider ratio. The voltage at the CAP1 pin should be kept below the VSHUNT setting. The voltage at the CAP1 pin will be above the default shunt value (2.7V) when VCAP is greater than 31V. In order to continue charging to 35V, the shunts should be disabled by setting vshunt to zero (0x0000). 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Typical Applications Application Circuit 7. 4.8V to 12V, 10A Supercapacitor Charger with 6.4A Input Current Limit and 5V, 30W Backup Mode 50µs FALLING EDGE FILTER RPF1 30.1k VDD R1 10k R2 10k VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET 1M PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC 10pF MN4 Si1062X PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE DB B0540WS CB 0.1µF CFBO1 100pF RFBO1 665k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 210k C3 10µF MN2 SiS452DN SW COUT2 100µF ×6 L1 1µH MN3 SiS452DN COUT1 2.2µF ×2 RSNSC 0.003Ω CCAP 47µF LTC3350 R4 100k CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 C5 1µF GPI RT RC 2k CC 4.7nF R5 88.7k R6 121Ω ICAP VCAP CFP CFN VCAPP5 VC RT1 100k VOUT 5V 30W IN BACKUP C2 1µF C1 0.1µF RPF2 10k R3 1k T RSNSI 0.005Ω MN1 SiS452DN VIN 4.8V TO 12V ITST SGND PGND CF 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 CAPRTN CAPFB CCP5 0.1µF RCAP2 2.7Ω RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 50F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAP1 50F + RFBC1 732k + CAP1-2: NESSCAP ESHSR-0050C0-002R7 L1: COILCRAFT XAL7030-102ME RFBC2 274k 3350 TA08 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 43 LTC3350 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. UHF Package 38-Lead Plastic QFN (5mm × 7mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1701 Rev C) 0.70 ±0.05 5.50 ±0.05 5.15 ±0.05 4.10 ±0.05 3.00 REF 3.15 ±0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC 5.5 REF 6.10 ±0.05 7.50 ±0.05 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED 5.00 ±0.10 0.75 ±0.05 PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.30 TYP OR 0.35 × 45° CHAMFER 3.00 REF 37 0.00 – 0.05 38 0.40 ±0.10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 1 2 5.15 ±0.10 5.50 REF 7.00 ±0.10 3.15 ±0.10 (UH) QFN REF C 1107 0.200 REF 0.25 ±0.05 R = 0.125 TYP 0.50 BSC R = 0.10 TYP BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-220 VARIATION WHKD 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 44 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.20mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 3350fc Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 LTC3350 Revision History REV DATE DESCRIPTION A 09/14 Modified IRMS equations in COUT and CCAP Capacitance section 27 Changed 5V to 6V in back-up mode under the Power MOSFET Selection section 28 Changed VCAP voltage reference DAC setting 32 Modified Application Circuit 42 Remove VCMI Common Mode Range from Electrical Characteristics 4 B C 01/15 08/15 PAGE NUMBER Remove Conditions on IPFO Falling and Rising 5 Change Analog-to-Digital Converter section 18 Change range in the General Purpose Input section to 0V to 5V 20 Change MN1 to MP1 just below Figure 6 23 Change M1, M2 to MN1, MN2 in the PCB Layout Considerations section 30 Increase page numbers to all entries on the Register Map 32 For meas_vcap change µV to mV 38 Change name to Application Circuit 6 42 Modified Order Information Table for temperature grade identified by label on shipping container 3 Modified Input Overvoltage Protection Section 17 Add sentence at the end of the first paragraph 18 Add three sentences to the end of the Capacitance and ESR Measurements section 19 Replace sentence in the Limit Checking and Alarms section 20 Modified Figure 3 22 Add new supplier to Table 2, Supercapacitor Suppliers 26 Add Note 12 in the PCB Considerations Layout section 31 Change reference from RTST/RT to RT/RTST on cap_lo_lvl description 35 Change reference from RTST/RT to RT/RTST on meas_cap description 38 Change value of RCAPBOT to 24.3k from 20k. Also add two sentences to the end of the text 42 3350fc For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 45 LTC3350 Typical Application 12V PCle Backup Controller RSNSI 0.016Ω MN1 SiS438DN VIN 11V TO 20V C2 1µF C1 0.1µF RPF1 806k VDD R1 10k R2 10k R3 10k MN4 SiS438DN VIN INFET VOUTM5 VOUTSP VOUTSN OUTFET PFI OUTFB DRVCC INTVCC RPF2 100k PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA BST PFO CAPGD SMBALERT SCL SDA TGATE VCC2P5 BGATE RFBO1 649k C4 0.1µF RFBO2 162k C3 4.7µF CB 0.1µF MN2 BSZ060NE2LS SW CAP_SLCT0 CAP_SLCT1 C5 1µF ICAP VCAP CFP GPI CFN VCAPP5 VC T DB 1N4448HWT CFBO1 120pF L1 3.3µH MN3 BSZ060NE2LS RT RT1 100k CC 10nF R5 71.5k R6 121Ω CF 0.1µF CCP5 0.1µF CAP4 CAP3 CAP2 CAP1 ITST GND PGND CAPRTN CAPFB COUT2 2.2µF ×2 COUT1 47µF ×2 RSNSC 0.006Ω CCAP 22µF ×4 LTC3350 R4 100k VOUT 6V 25W IN BACKUP RCAP4 2.7Ω RCAP3 2.7Ω CAP4 10F RCAP2 2.7Ω CAP3 10F RCAP1 2.7Ω CAP2 10F RCAPRTN 2.7Ω CAP1 10F + + + + RFBC1 866k RFBC2 118k 3350 TA09 CAP1-4: NESSCAP ESHSR-0010C0-002R7 L1: COILCRAFT XAL7030-332ME Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS Power Management LTC3128 3A Monolithic Buck-Boost Supercapacitor Charger and Balancer with Accurate Input Current Limit ±2% Accurate Average Input Current Limit Programmable to 3A, Active Charge Balancing, Charges 1 or 2 Capacitors, VIN Range: 1.73V to 5.5V, VOUT Range: 1.8V to 5.5V, 20-Lead (4mm × 5mm × 0.75mm) QFN and 24-Lead TSSOP Packages LTC3226 2-Cell Supercapacitor Charger with Backup PowerPath Controller 1x/2x Multimode Charge Pump Supercapacitor Charger, Automatic Cell Balancing, PowerPath, 2A LDO Backup Supply, Automatic Main/Backup Switchover, 2.5V to 5.5V, 16-Lead 3mm × 3mm QFN Package LTC3355 20V, 1A Buck DC/DC with Integrated SCAP Charger and Backup Regulator VIN: 3V to 20V, VOUT: 2.7V to 5V, 1A Main Buck Regulator, 5A Boost Backup Regulator Powered from Single Supercapacitor, Overvoltage Protection, 20Lead 4mm × 4mm QFN Package. LTC3625 1A High Efficiency 2-Cell Supercapacitor Charger with Automatic Cell Balancing High Efficiency Step-Up/Step-Down Charging of Two Series Supercapacitors. Automatic Cell Balancing. Programmable Charging Current to 500mA (Single Inductor), 1A (Dual Inductor). 12-Lead 3mm × 4mm DFN Package LTC4110 Battery Backup System Manager Complete Backup Battery Manager for Li-Ion/Polymer, Lead Acid, NiMH/ NiCd Batteries and Supercapacitors. Input Supply Range: 4.5V to 19V, Programmable Charge Current Up to 3A, 38-Lead 5mm × 7mm QFN Package. LTC4425 Linear SuperCap Charger with Current-Limited Ideal Diode and V/I Monitor Constant-Current/Constant-Voltage Linear Charger for 2-Cell Series Supercapacitor Stack. VIN: Li-Ion/Polymer Battery, a USB Port, or a 2.7V to 5.5V Current-Limited Supply. 2A Charge Current, Automatic Cell Balancing, Shutdown Current <2μA. 12-Pin 3mm × 3mm DFN or 12-Lead MSOP Package 46 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3350 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LTC3350 3350fc LT 0815 REV C• PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2014