dm00268928

AN4830
Application note
15 W, 5 V - 12 V double output, isolated flyback converter based
on Viper37LE/D
Introduction
The STEVAL-ISA184V1 and STEVAL-ISA191V1 are double output (5 V - 12 V) – 15 W power supplies
in isolated flyback topology with the VIPer37L off-line high voltage converter by STMicroelectronics.
The two evaluation boards have the same electrical specifications but differently packaged converters:
VIPer37LE (SDIP10 - STEVAL-ISA191V1) and VIPer37LD (SO16 - STEVAL-ISA184V1).
The devices feature an 800 V avalanche rugged power section, PWM control, cycle-by-cycle current
limit with adjustable set point, on-board soft-start and safe auto-restart after a fault condition.
The available protections include thermal shutdown with hysteresis, two levels of overcurrent protection,
overvoltage and overload protections.
The present flyback converter is suitable to be used as an external adapter or as an auxiliary power
supply in consumer equipment.
February 2016
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www.st.com
Contents
AN4830
Contents
1
Evaluation board images ............................................................... 3
2
Test board: design and evaluation ................................................ 5
3
2.1
Output voltage characteristic ............................................................ 9
2.2
Efficiency and light load measurements ......................................... 10
2.3
No load consumptions .................................................................... 12
2.4
Light load consumption .................................................................. 13
Typical board waveforms............................................................. 14
3.1
Dynamic step load regulation ......................................................... 16
4
Soft-start ....................................................................................... 19
5
Protection features ....................................................................... 20
5.1
Overload and short circuit protection.............................................. 20
5.2
Overvoltage protection ................................................................... 20
5.3
Brownout protection ....................................................................... 21
6
7
Conducted noise measurements ................................................ 23
Thermal measurements ............................................................... 24
8
Conclusions .................................................................................. 27
9
Evaluation tools and documentation .......................................... 28
10
Revision history ........................................................................... 29
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1
Evaluation board images
Evaluation board images
Figure 1: STEVAL-ISA191V1 power supply board (top layer)
Figure 2: STEVAL-ISA191V1 power supply board (bottom layer)
Figure 3: STEVAL-ISA184V1 power supply board (top layer)
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Evaluation board images
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Figure 4: STEVAL-ISA184V1 power supply board (bottom layer)
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2
Test board: design and evaluation
Test board: design and evaluation
The electrical specifications of the evaluation board are listed below.
Table 1: Evaluation board electrical specification
Parameter
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit
AC Main Input voltage
85
265
VAC
Mains frequency (fL)
50
60
Hz
5.25
V
Output Current 1
1.2
A
Output ripple voltage 1
50
mV
13.8
V
0.75
A
50
mV
Output Voltage 1
4.75
Output Voltage 2
10.2
5
12
Output Current 2
Output ripple voltage 2
Rated output power
15
Input power in standby @ 230VAC
Active mode efficiency
W
40
75
Ambient operating temperature
mW
%
60
°C
The power supply is set in isolated flyback topology. The input section includes a diode
bridge (BR), an X-capacitor (C1) for differential EMC suppression and a CM choke for
common mode EMC suppression. A clamp network (D1, R18, C16) is used for leakage
inductance demagnetization.
The resistor connected between CONT pin and ground lowers the default current limitation
of the device (according to the IDLIM vs RLIM graphic reported in the datasheet) to the value
required for the desired power throughput to avoid overly stressing the power components.
A small LC filter is added to the output to filter any high frequency ripple.
As both evaluation boards exhibit very similar cross-regulation, efficiency and light load
performance, the following sections apply to both of them.
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Figure 5: Schematic diagram
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Test board: design and evaluation
Table 2: Bill of materials (BOM)
Reference
Part
Description
Manufacturer
R1
CRCW06031M80FKEA
1.8MΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R2
CRCW06031M80FKEA
1.8MΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R3
ERJPA3F2202V
22kΩ±1% - 0.25W Resistor
Panasonic
R4
ERJ3GEYJ100V
10Ω±5% - 0.1W Resistor
Panasonic
R5
CRCW0603180KFKEA
180kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R6
CRCW060339K0FKEA
39kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R7
ERJT08J331V
330Ω±5% - 0.33W Resistor
Panasonic
R8
CRCW06034K70FKEA
4.7kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R9
ERJP06J101V
100Ω±5% - 0.5W Resistor
Panasonic
R10
ERJP06J101V
100Ω±5% - 0.5W Resistor
Panasonic
R11
ERJ3GEYJ123V
12kΩ±5% - 0.1W Resistor
Panasonic
R12
ERJ3GEYJ122V
1.2kΩ±5% - 0.1W Resistor
Panasonic
R13
ERJ3GEYJ474V
470kΩ±5% - 0.1W Resistor
Panasonic
R14
CRCW060368K0FKEA
68kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R15
CRCW0603330KFKEA
330kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R16
CRGH0603J180K
180kΩ±5% - 0.2W Resistor
TE Connectivity
R17
CRCW060322K0FKEA
22kΩ±1% - 0.1W Resistor
Vishay
R18
ERJT08J274V
270kΩ±5% - 0.33W Resistor
Panasonic
C1
ECQUAAF104M
100nF - 275V Capacitor X2
Panasonic
C2
400BXC47MEFC16X25
47µF – Electrolytic capacitor
400V
Rubycon
C3, C5, C7
GRM188R71H223KA01D
22nF – Capacitor 50V
Murata
C4
50PK47MEFC6.3X11
47µF – Electrolytic capacitor
50V
Rubycon
C6
GRM188R71H152KA01D
1.5nF – Capacitor 50V
Murata
C8
25ZLG330MEFC10X12.5
330µF – Electrolytic capacitor
25V
Rubycon
C9
25YXJ220M6.3X11
220µF – Electrolytic capacitor
25V
Rubycon
C10
GRM188R71H222KA01D
2.2nF – Capacitor 50V
Murata
C11
16ZLK1200M10X20
1200µF – Electrolytic capacitor
16V
Rubycon
C12
25YXJ220M6.3X11
220µF – Electrolytic capacitor
25V
Rubycon
C13
GRM188R71H222KA01D
2.2nF – Capacitor 50V
Murata
C14
GRM188R71H103KA01D
10nF – Capacitor 50V
Murata
C15
DE2E3KY222MA2BM01
2.2nF Capacitor Y2
Murata
C16
GRM31A5C2J331JW01D
330pF – Capacitor 630V
Murata
D1
STTH1L06A
Ultrafast diode 1A-600V
STMicroelectronics
D2, D3, D4
BAT46ZFILM
Signal schottky 0.15A-100V
STMicroelectronics
D5
STPS2H100A
Power Schottky 100V – 2A
STMicroelectronics
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Reference
Part
Description
Manufacturer
D6
STPS5H100B
Power Schottky 100V – 5A
STMicroelectronics
Dz2
DZ2W18000L
Zener Diode 18V 1W
Panasonic
Dz3, Dz4
DZ2W12000L
Zener Diode 12V 1W
Panasonic
L1, L2
SRP4020-2R2M
2.2μH
Bourns
CM
B82721A2701N20
10mH CM Choke
EPCOS
BR
RMB6S
0.5A - 600V Bridge
Taiwan
Semiconductor
IC1
VIPer37L (1)
Offline primary controller
STMicroelectronics
IC2
TS432ILT
Reference
STMicroelectronics
OPTO
SFH6106-2T
Optocoupler
Vishay
T1
1715.0081
Flyback transformer
Magnetica
F1
3721160000
Fuse
Wickmann
RV
B72210S0321K101
Varistor
EPCOS
Notes:
(1)VIPer37LE
for STEVAL-ISA191V1 and VIPer37LD for STEVAL-ISA184V1
The transformer characteristics are listed below:
Table 3: Transformer characteristics
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Parameter
Value
Manufacturer
MAGNETICA
Part Number
1715.0081
Primary inductance (4 – 5)
890 µH ± 10%
Leakage inductance
3.1% of Primary inductance
Turn ratio (4 – 5) / (1 – 2)
5.16 ± 5%
Turn ratio (4 – 5) / (6 – 8)
9.3 ± 5%
Turn ratio (4 – 5) / (7 – 9)
13.28 ± 5%
Primary to secondary insulation
4 kV
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2.1
Test board: design and evaluation
Figure 6: Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - top view
Figure 7: Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - side view
Figure 8: Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - bottom view
Figure 9: Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - electrical diagram
Output voltage characteristic
The output voltages of the boards are measured under different line and load conditions.
Figure 10: "VOUT1 line and load regulation with IOUT2 under no load" shows output
voltage 1 when output voltage 2 is under a no load condition, while Figure 11: "VOUT1 line
and load regulation with IOUT2 = 750 mA" is derived for full load conditions of the second
voltage output (750 mA). The same procedure is used to obtain the diagrams of output
voltage 2 when output voltage 1 is under the no load (Figure 12: "VOUT2 line and load
regulation with IOUT1 under no load") and full load condition (Figure 13: "VOUT2 line and
load regulation with IOUT1 = 1.2 A").
In a two-output flyback converter, when just one output is regulated, the unregulated output
doesn’t strictly adhere to the turn ratio. The unregulated output voltage value depends not
only on the turn ratio, but also somewhat on the output current ratio (output current at the
regulated output divided by output current of the unregulated output).
In this case, both outputs are regulated, but because the resistance connected to output
voltage 2 is higher than that connected to output voltage 1, we can assume to have a
single regulated output. In fact, Figure 12: "VOUT2 line and load regulation with IOUT1
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under no load" and Figure 13: "VOUT2 line and load regulation with IOUT1 = 1.2 A" show
how the less regulated output voltage value (output voltage 2) varies more than the other
output voltage value (Figure 10: "VOUT1 line and load regulation with IOUT2 under no
load" and Figure 11: "VOUT1 line and load regulation with IOUT2 = 750 mA") for different
load conditions.
However, by a variation of the line condition, both voltage output values are practically
unaffected.
2.2
Figure 10: VOUT1 line and load regulation
with IOUT2 under no load
Figure 11: VOUT1 line and load regulation
with IOUT2 = 750 mA
Figure 12: VOUT2 line and load regulation
with IOUT1 under no load
Figure 13: VOUT2 line and load regulation
with IOUT1 = 1.2 A
Efficiency and light load measurements
The efficiency of the converters was measured under different load and line voltage
conditions.
The efficiency measurements were performed at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% maximum rate
for both outputs, at 115 VAC and 230 VAC.
The results for both outputs are shown below.
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Test board: design and evaluation
Table 4: Average efficiency at 115 VAC
%Load
IOUT1 (A)
IOUT2 (A)
VOUT1 (V)
VOUT2 (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency (%)
25%
0.3
0.1875
5.15
11.27
4.67
3.66
78.37
50%
0.6
0.375
5.15
11.32
9.34
7.34
78.59
75%
0.9
0.5625
5.15
11.36
14.09
11.03
78.28
100%
1.2
0.75
5.15
11.40
18.96
14.73
77.69
Average Efficiency
78.23
Table 5: Average efficiency at 130 VAC
%Load
IOUT1 (A)
IOUT2 (A)
VOUT1 (V)
VOUT2 (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency (%)
25%
0.3
0.1875
5.15
11.27
4.80
3.66
76.25
50%
0.6
0.375
5.15
11.32
9.41
7.34
78.00
75%
0.9
0.5625
5.15
11.36
14.06
11.03
78.45
100%
1.2
0.75
5.15
11.40
18.78
14.73
78.43
Average Efficiency
77.78
Figure 14: Efficiency vs. output current load
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Figure 15: Efficiency (@ full load) vs. input voltage
2.3
No load consumptions
The input power of the converters was measured under no load conditions, with brownout
protection (see Section 5.3: "Brownout protection") disabled and enabled across the entire
input voltage range.
The converter under no load condition always operates in burst mode so that the average
switching frequency is reduced. The presence of the brownout resistor divider (R1, R2 and
R3 - see Figure 5: "Schematic diagram"), to sense the flyback input voltage when brownout
protection is enabled, does not affect the average switching frequency but, of course, does
affect the input power due to the dissipation in the resistor divider itself.
Figure 16: No load consumptions vs. input voltage
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2.4
Test board: design and evaluation
Light load consumption
The user very often requires input power consumption when the output is loaded with a few
tens of mW of output power.
In particular, in the new EuP Lot 6 requirements, the input power must be lower than 0.5 W
when the output is loaded with 0.25 W.
Such measurements were performed at different loads with brownout protection enabled
and disabled with the results reported below.
Figure 17: Light load consumption at different output power without brownout
Figure 18: Light load consumptions at different output power with brownout
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Typical board waveforms
3
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Typical board waveforms
The drain voltage and current waveforms under full load conditions are given for minimum
and maximum input voltage in Figure 19: "Drain current and voltage at full load at 85VAC"
and Figure 20: "Drain current and voltage at full load at 265VAC", and for the two nominal
input voltages in Figure 21: "Drain current and voltage at full load at 115VAC" and Figure
22: "Drain current and voltage at full load at 230VAC" respectively.
Figure 19: Drain current and voltage at full
load at 85VAC
Figure 20: Drain current and voltage at full
load at 265VAC
Figure 21: Drain current and voltage at full
load at 115VAC
Figure 22: Drain current and voltage at full
load at 230VAC
The output ripple at the switching frequency was also measured. The board is provided
with LC filters on both outputs, to9 further reduce the ripple without reducing the overall
ESR of the output capacitor.
The voltage ripple across the output connector (VOUT) and before the LC filter (VOUT_PRE)
was measured for both outputs to verify the effectiveness of the LC filters. The following
diagrams show voltage ripple on VOUT1 when the system works at full load condition: Figure
23: "VOUT1 ripple at full load at 115VAC" when the converter input voltage is 115VAC and
Figure 24: "VOUT1 ripple at full load at 230VAC" when the converter input voltage is
230VAC.
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Typical board waveforms
Figure 25: "VOUT1 ripple during burst mode at 115VAC" and Figure 26: "VOUT1 ripple
during burst mode at 230VAC" show voltage ripple on VOUT1 when the device operates in
burst mode, the measurements were performed under the same previous input voltage
condition (115VAC and 230VAC).
The diagrams relative to VOUT2 ripple have been achieved under the same load and input
voltage conditions seen previously (from Figure 27: "VOUT2 ripple at full load at 115VAC"
to Figure 30: "VOUT2 ripple during burst mode at 230VAC").
Figure 23: VOUT1 ripple at full load at
115VAC
Figure 24: VOUT1 ripple at full load at
230VAC
Figure 25: VOUT1 ripple during burst mode
at 115VAC
Figure 26: VOUT1 ripple during burst mode
at 230VAC
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Typical board waveforms
3.1
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Figure 27: VOUT2 ripple at full load at
115VAC
Figure 28: VOUT2 ripple at full load at
230VAC
Figure 29: VOUT2 ripple during burst mode
at 115VAC
Figure 30: VOUT2 ripple during burst mode
at 230VAC
Dynamic step load regulation
In any power supply, it is important to measure the output voltage when the converter is
subject to dynamic load variations, to be certain that stability is good and no overvoltage or
undervoltage occurs.
The test was performed for both nominal input voltages by varying the output 1 current load
from 0 to 100% of nominal value and keeping the other output current load once at 50%
and once at 100% of its nominal value.
The output 2 current load from 0 to 100% of nominal value was varied in the same way,
keeping output 1 load once at 50% and once at 100% of its nominal current load value.
In every tested conditions, no abnormal oscillations were noticed on the outputs and
over/under shoot were well within acceptable values.
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Typical board waveforms
Figure 31: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 1 - 50% output load 2) at
115VAC
Figure 32: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 1 - 50% output load 2) at
230VAC
Figure 33: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 1 - 100% output load 2) at
115VAC
Figure 34: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 1 - 100% output load 2) at
230VAC
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Typical board waveforms
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Figure 35: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 2 - 50% output load 1) at
115VAC
Figure 36: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 2 - 50% output load 1) at
230VAC
Figure 37: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 2 - 100% output load 1) at
115VAC
Figure 38: Dynamic step load (0 to 100%
output load 2 - 100% output load 1) at
230VAC
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4
Soft-start
Soft-start
When the converter starts, the output capacitor is discharged and needs some time to
reach the steady-state condition. During this time, the power demand from the control loop
is at its maximum, while the reflected voltage is low. These two conditions may lead to a
deep continuous operating mode of the converter.
Also, when the MOSFET is switched on, it cannot be switched off immediately as the
minimum on-time (TON_MIN) has to elapse. Because of the deep continuous working mode
of the converter, during this TON_MIN, an excess of drain current can overstress the
converter components as well as the device itself, the output diode and the transformer.
Transformer saturation is also possible under these conditions.
To avoid all od these these undesirable effects, the VIPer37L implements an internal softstart feature. As the device starts functioning, the drain current is allowed to increase from
zero to the maximum value gradually, regardless of the control loop request.
The drain current limit is increased in steps, and the values range from 0 to the fixed drain
current limitation value (which can be changed through an external resistor) is divided into
16 steps. Each step length is 64 switching cycles. The total length of the soft-start phase is
about 8.5 ms. Figure 39: "Soft start feature" shows the soft-start phase of the presented
converter when it is operating at minimum line voltage and maximum load.
Figure 39: Soft start feature
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Protection features
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Protection features
In order to increase end-product safety and reliability, VIPer37Lfeatures overload
protection, overvoltage protection, shorted secondary rectifier detection and transformer
saturation protection.
These protections are tested in the following sections.
5.1
Overload and short circuit protection
When the load power demand increases, the feedback loop reacts, increasing the voltage
on the pin. In this way, the PWM current set point increases and the power delivered to the
output rises. This process ends when the delivered power equals the load power request.
In case of overload or output short circuit (see Figure 40: "Overload event, OLP
triggering"), the voltage on the FB pin reaches the VFBlin value (3.5 V typical) and the drain
current is limited to IDlim (or the one set by the user through the RLIM resistor) by the OCP
comparator. Under these conditions, an internal current generator is activated to charge
capacitor C7; when the voltage on the FB pin reaches the VFBolp threshold (4.8 V typical),
the converter is turned off and is not allowed to switch again until the VDD voltage falls
below the VDD_RESTART (4.5 V typical) and then rises to VDDon (14 V typical).
The overload condition can be achieved shorting the output connector. After the V DD
voltage reaches the VDDon value, if the short-circuit is not removed, the system enters autorestart mode (see Figure 41: "Overload event, continuous overload"): in this case, the
MOSFET switches for a short period of time, where the converter tries to deliver as much
power to the output as it can, and a longer period where the device is not switching and no
power is processed.
As the duty cycle of power delivery is very low (around 1.39%), the average power
throughput is also very low, resulting in a very safe operation.
Figure 40: Overload event, OLP triggering
5.2
Figure 41: Overload event, continuous
overload
Overvoltage protection
An output overvoltage protection is implemented by monitoring the voltage across the
auxiliary winding during the MOSFET turn-off time, through the diode D3 and the resistor
divider R5 and R6 connected on the CONT pin of the VIPer37L. If this voltage exceeds the
VOVP (3 V typ.) threshold, an overvoltage event is assumed and an internal counter is
activated. If this event occurs four times consecutively, the controller recognizes an
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Protection features
overvoltage condition and the device stops switching. This counter provides high noise
immunity and avoids spikes erroneously tripping the protection. The counter is reset every
time the OVP signal is not triggered in one oscillator cycle.
After the device has stopped switching, to re-enable operation, the VDD voltage must be
recycled.
The protection can be tested by opening the resistors connected to the output voltages
(R14 for output voltage 1 and R15 for output voltage 2). In this way, the converter operates
in an open loop and the excess power with respect to the load charges the output
capacitance, thus increasing the output voltage until the OVP is tripped and the converter
stops switching.
Figure 42: "Overload event" and Figure 43: "Overvoltage magnification" show how the
output voltages increase and, consequentially, the CONT pin voltage increases; as it
reaches the value of 3 V, the converter stops switching (at the same time, output voltage 1
reaches the value of 7.3 V while the output voltage 2 is about 15 V)
Figure 42: Overload event
5.3
Figure 43: Overvoltage magnification
Brownout protection
Brownout protection is basically an unlatched device shutdown function typically used is to
sense mains undervoltage or disconnection. The VIPer37L has a dedicated BR pin for this
function which must be connected to the DC HV bus through a voltage divider.
If the protection is not required, it can be disabled by connecting the pin to ground. In the
presented converter, brownout protection is implemented but can be disabled by changing
the position of the jumper JMP.
Converter shutdown is accomplished by means of an internal comparator, internally
referenced to 450 mV, which disables the PWM if the voltage applied at the BR pin is
below this internal reference.
PWM operation is re-enabled when the BR pin voltage rises above 450 mV plus 50 mV
voltage hysteresis, to ensures noise immunity. The brownout comparator is also provided
with current hysteresis. An internal 10 µA current generator is ON as long as the voltage
applied at the brownout pin is below 450 mV and is OFF if the voltage exceeds 450 mV
plus the voltage hysteresis.
Figure 44: "Brownout protection: Converter power down phase" shows how the converter
powers down when the input bulk voltage goes below about 55 VAC. As this value is lower
than VDRAIN_START, the auto-restart mode is disabled. To activate the auto-restart, the input
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Protection features
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bulk voltage must rise to VDRAIN_START. By changing the resistor divider value connected to
the BR pin, we can power down the converter with an input bulk voltage greater than
VDRAIN_START in order to keep the auto-restart mode active.
Figure 45: "Brownout protection: Converter wake up" and Figure 46: "Brownout protection:
Converter wake up - magnification" show brownout protection during the wake-up phase
(with an input bulk voltage greater than VDRAIN_START): once the DC bus reaches about 80
VAC, when the voltage on the VDD pin is higher than VDDon, the IC starts switching.
Figure 44: Brownout protection: Converter power down phase
Figure 45: Brownout protection: Converter
wake up
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Figure 46: Brownout protection: Converter
wake up - magnification
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6
Conducted noise measurements
Conducted noise measurements
The VIPer37L frequency jittering feature allows the spectrum to be spread over frequency
bands rather than being concentrated on single frequency value. Especially when
measuring conducted emission with the average detection method, the level reduction can
be several dBµV.
A pre-compliance test for the EN55022 (Class B) European normative was performed and
average measurements of the conducted noise emissions at full load and nominal mains
voltages are shown from Figure 47: "STEVAL-ISA191V1. CE average measurement at
115VAC full load" to Figure 50: "STEVAL-ISA184V1. CE average measurement at 230VAC
full load" for both evaluation boards. As seen in the diagrams, the measurements remain
well within the limits under all test conditions.
Figure 47: STEVAL-ISA191V1. CE average
measurement at 115VAC full load
Figure 48: STEVAL-ISA191V1. CE average
measurement at 230VAC full load
Figure 49: STEVAL-ISA184V1. CE average
measurement at 115VAC full load
Figure 50: STEVAL-ISA184V1. CE average
measurement at 230VAC full load
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Thermal measurements
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Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the boards was performed using an IR camera for the two nominal
input voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC) under full load condition.s The results are shown in
Figure 51: "STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map at 115VAC full load, top layer" to Figure 54:
"STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map at 230VAC full load, bottom layer" for the SDIP10
package, from Figure 55: "STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map at 115VAC full load, top
layer" to Figure 58: "STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map at 230VAC full load, bottom layer"
for the SO16 package, and summarized in Table 6: "STEVAL-ISA191V1 - temperature of
key components" and Table 7: "STEVAL-ISA184V1 - temperature of key components".
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Figure 51: STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map
at 115VAC full load, top layer
Figure 52: STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map
at 115VAC full load, bottom layer
Figure 53: STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map
at 230VAC full load, top layer
Figure 54: STEVAL-ISA191V1. Thermal map
at 230VAC full load, bottom layer
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Thermal measurements
Figure 55: STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map
at 115VAC full load, top layer
Figure 56: STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map
at 115VAC full load, bottom layer
Figure 57: STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map
at 230VAC full load, top layer
Figure 58: STEVAL-ISA184V1. Thermal map
at 230VAC full load, bottom layer
(Tamb = 25°C, emissivity = 0.95 for all points).
Table 6: STEVAL-ISA191V1 - temperature of key components
Temp. (°C)
Point
Reference
115VAC
230VAC
A
75.9
76.9
VIPer37LE
B
76.5
79.3
Transformer
C
85.8
87.1
Zener diode on VDD pin
D
99.1
101
Output 1 diode
E
101.7
103.3
Output 2 diode
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Thermal measurements
(Tamb = 25°C, emissivity = 0.95 for all points).
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Table 7: STEVAL-ISA184V1 - temperature of key components
Temp. (°C)
Point
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Reference
115VAC
230VAC
A
85.1
84.3
VIPer37LE
B
73.9
75.1
Transformer
C
84.8
84.2
Zener diode on VDD pin
D
96.5
97.7
Output 1 diode
E
99.7
100.6
Output 2 diode
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8
Conclusions
Conclusions
In the characterization of our flyback converters, special attention was paid to efficiency
and low load performance and the results were highly positive, with very low input power
under light load conditions. In comparison with the requirements of the EC CoC and DoE
regulation programs for external AC-DC adapter, the measured active mode efficiency
always exceeded the respective minimum required.
EMI emissions also remained quite low, despite the low cost input filter.
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Evaluation tools and documentation
9
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Evaluation tools and documentation
The VIPer37LE evaluation board order code is: STEVAL-ISA191V1.
The VIPer37LD evaluation board order code is: STEVAL-ISA184V1.
Further information about this product is available in the VIPer37 datasheet at www.st.com.
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Revision history
Revision history
Table 8: Document revision history
Date
Revision
17-Feb-2016
1
Changes
Initial release.
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