AN4065 QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide.pdf

AN4065
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Author: Girish K
Associated Project: No
Related Application Notes: None
®
Cypress Quad Data Rate™ (QDR )-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ SRAMs address the high-bandwidth
requirements for networking and data storage applications that provide up to 80 GBps data transfer rate. The
purpose of this application note is to assist system designers in using the QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+
SRAM devices. It includes guidelines on clocking and termination techniques for the QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and
DDR-II+ SRAM devices.
Contents
Introduction
Introduction .......................................................................1
QDR-II and QDR-II+ Functionality ................................ 1
DDR-II and DDR-II+ Functionality ................................ 5
Feature Set Explanation – QDR-II, QDR-II+,
DDR-II, and DDR-II+ .........................................................7
Output Impedance Control ...........................................7
Clocking Overview and Strategies ................................ 7
Clock Startup ................................................................ 8
Clocking Strategy 1: Using Input Clock K/K#................8
Clocking Strategy 2: Using Input Clocks
K/K#, C/C# ...................................................................9
Clocking Strategy 3: Using Echo Clocks
CQ and CQ#.................................................................9
Summary of Clocking Strategies ................................ 10
Signal Integrity and Layout Guidelines ............................ 11
Termination Schemes ..................................................... 11
Matching Source Impedance to TX Line
Impedance.................................................................. 11
Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the Load ............ 13
Series Resistance on Both Ends
(Bidirectional I/Os Only).............................................. 15
Active Pull-up Termination to VTT
On Both Ends (Bidirectional I/Os Only) ...................... 17
Termination Schemes for Multi-Receiver Topologies ...... 18
Reference Schematic Design .......................................... 22
Summary ......................................................................... 26
Worldwide Sales and Design Support ............................. 28
QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ are designed to be
the SRAMs of choice for networking applications with high
data-rate requirements. DDR-II/DDR-II+ transfer data on
both the rising and falling clock edges using a common
data bus interface. QDR-II/QDR-II+ utilize two separate
dedicated double data rate bus interfaces. Using the
double data rate feature in both QDR-II/QDR-II+ and
DDR-II/DDR-II+ SRAM devices results in higher bandwidth
compared to other single data-rate SRAM devices, in
which data transfers on single clock edge only. For further
information on difference between QDRII/II+ and
DDRII/II+, refer to the application note AN6017.
QDR-II and QDR-II+ Functionality
The QDR-II architecture consists of two separate ports (a
READ port and a WRITE port) to access the memory
array. Each port can be accessed through a common
address bus and control inputs for each port. The
QDR-II/QDR-II+ SRAMs use complementary input clocks
(K and K#) to latch the address, control, and write data
inputs.
Control signals include RPS# (Read Port Select), WPS#
(Write Port Select), and BWSx# (Byte Write Select). RPS#
is asserted to initiate a read operation. WPS# is asserted
to initiate a write operation. BWSx# is used in conjunction
with WPS# to perform byte write operations (only certain
bytes are written). QDR-II/QDR-II+ SRAMs are offered in
both burst of two and burst of four options. Burst of two
implies two words of data are transferred per address, and
burst of four implies four words of data are transferred per
address. The address rate and write data placement differ
between the two burst options.
For the burst of two option, the read address is provided
on the rising edge of the K clock and the write address is
provided on the rising edge of the K# clock. The write data
is provided on the same clock edge as that of the write
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
address. For QDR-II, the read data is driven out after a
1.5-clock cycle latency, whereas for QDR-II+, the read
data is driven out after 2.0 clock cycles or 2.5 clock cycles
depending on the respective device option used. Figure 1
shows the block diagram for QDR-II burst of two.
Figure 3. QDR-II+ Burst of Four Device (2 M x 18)
Figure 1. QDR-II Burst of 2 Device (1 M x 18)
For the burst of four option, both the read and write
address is provided on the rising edge of the K clock. The
write data is provided with 1-clock cycle latency. For
QDR-II, the read data is driven out after a 1.5-clock cycle
latency, whereas for QDR-II+, the read data is driven out
after 2.0 clock cycles or 2.5 clock cycles depending on the
respective device option used.
QDR-II has a pair of optional input clocks (C and C#) that
control the output data registers and determine when read
data is clocked out of the device. These clocks are used in
systems that have multiple SRAMs connected to a
common controller. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the block
diagram for QDR-II burst of four and QDR-II+ burst of four
respectively.
QDR-II+ devices are available in two flavors: one with read
cycle latency of two cycles, and the other with read cycle
latency of 2.5 clock cycles. QDR-II+ devices do not have
the C/C# input clocks, but instead provide QVLD and ODT
control signals. The QVLD (Valid Output Indicator) signal
(which can be optionally used by the memory controller) is
provided to simplify data capture on high-speed systems.
QVLD is asserted one-half cycle before valid data arrives
for each read data transfer. QDR-II+ devices are offered
with or without an On-Die Termination (ODT) option. The
ODT input provides range control (HIGH or LOW
termination resistances) for devices that support this. For
further information on ODT, refer to the application note
AN42468.
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show example timing diagrams for
QDR-II/II+ for bursts of two and four.
Figure 2. QDR-II Burst of Four Device (2 M x 18)
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 4. QDR-II/II+ Burst of Two Timing Showing Read Latency of Two
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 5. QDR-II/II+ Burst of Four Timing Showing Latency of Two
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
DDR-II and DDR-II+ Functionality
The DDR-II architecture is similar to that of QDR-II/QDRII+ except that there is only one common data I/O port to
access the memory array. Like QDR-II/QDR-II+,
DDR-II/DDR-II+ SRAMs use complementary input clocks
(K and K#) to latch the address, control, and write data
inputs.
Control signals include R/W# (Read/Write Select), LD#
(Load Select) and BWSx# (Byte Write Select). LD# is
asserted to initiate a memory access. R/W# is asserted
concurrently with LD# to indicate a read or write operation.
Also, BWSx# is used to perform byte select write
operations. DDR-II/DDR-II+ SRAMs are offered in both
burst of two and burst of four options. The address rate is
different between the two burst options.
For the burst of two, the read address or the write address
is provided on the rising edge of K clock. The write data is
provided with 1-clock cycle latency. The DDR-II read data
is driven out after a 1.5-clock cycle latency, whereas the
DDR-II+ read data is driven out after 2.0 clock cycles or
2.5 clock cycles depending on the respective device
option used. Figure 6 shows an example timing diagrams
for DDR-II/II+ for bursts of two.
Figure 6. DDR II/II+ Burst of Two Timing Showing Latency of Two
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
For the burst of four option, the read or write address is
provided on every other rising edge of the K clock. The
write data is provided with a 1-clock cycle latency. DDR-II
read data is driven out after a 1.5-clock cycle latency
whereas DDR-II+ read data is driven out after 2.0 clock
cycles or 2.5 clock cycles depending on the respective
device option used.
DDR-II has a pair of optional input clocks (C/C#) that
control the output data registers and determine when read
data is clocked out of the device. These clocks are used in
systems that have multiple SRAMs connected to a
common controller.
DDR-II+ devices are available in two flavors: one with read
cycle latency of two cycles and the other with read cycle
latency of 2.5 clock cycles. DDR-II+ devices do not have
the C/C# input clocks, but instead provide QVLD and ODT
control signals. The QVLD signal is used to simplify data
capture on high-speed systems, which is asserted
one-half cycle before valid data arrives for each read data
transfer. DDR-II+ devices are offered with or without an
on-die termination (ODT) option. The ODT input provides
range control (HIGH or LOW termination resistances) for
devices that support this.
For further information on ODT usage, refer to the
Cypress Application Note AN42468. For further
information on differences between QDR and DDR
devices, refer to the Cypress Application Note AN6017.
Figure 7 shows an example timing diagrams for DDR-II/II+
for bursts of four.
Figure 7. DDR II/II+ Burst of Four Timing Showing Latency of Two
For detailed functional information with timing diagrams on QDR-II/II+ and DDR-II/II+, refer to the respective datasheets at
www.cypress.com.
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Feature Set Explanation – QDR-II,
QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+

Using Input clocks K and K# for read data capture
from SRAM (Not recommended for frequencies above
167 MHz)
Output Impedance Control

Using Input clocks K, K#, C, C# for read data capture
from SRAM (Not recommended for frequencies above
200 MHz)

Using CQ and CQ# for read data capture from SRAM
and routed to the controller. (Recommended for all
frequencies specified)
All QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ devices provide
an option for users to control the drive strength of the
output drivers. This is accomplished by using the ZQ pin.
The output impedance of the QDR-II or QDR-II+ device
can be varied between 35  to 70 . This allows you to
match the driver impedance to that of the system boards.
To use this method of impedance control, connect a
resistor whose value is five times the required impedance
at the ZQ pin. The ZQ circuit provides a pull-up and
pull-down tolerance of ±15% (between 175  and 350 ,
with VDDQ = 1.5 V). Alternately, this pin can be connected
directly to VDDQ, which enables the minimum impedance
mode. This pin cannot be connected directly to GND or left
unconnected. The output impedance is adjusted every
1024 or 2048 cycles (for QDR-II or QDR-II+ respectively)
upon power-up to account for drifts in supply voltage and
temperature.
For QDR-II+ and DDR-II+ devices input signals at the
SRAM are latched using the K and K# clocks. The output
signals from the SRAM are latched at the receiving
controller (ASIC/FPGA) by one of the following clocks:

Using Input clocks K, K#, C, C# for read data capture
from SRAM (Not recommended for frequencies above
200 MHz)

Using CQ and CQ# provided by SRAM and routed to
the controller
Figure 8. QDR-II and QDR-II+ K and K# Duty Cycle Effect
(Single Clock Mode)
Clocking Overview and Strategies
All QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ devices require
an input clock pair, K and K#. Only the rising edges are
used by the SRAM. The K# rising edge must ideally occur
exactly one half clock cycle after the K rising edge. This
balances the output data so that each data word has the
same data valid time. If this is not the case, the output
data valid window will not be symmetrical (Figure 8).
All QDR-II and DDR-II devices have an output data clock
pair, C and C#. These clocks can be optionally used to
control when the output data emerges from the device.
This is very useful in systems in which multiple SRAMs
are located at different physical distances from the bus
master. All output data can be aligned using C and C#
such that the whole result can be captured and easily
synchronized at the bus master simultaneously. If not
needed, C and C# must be strapped HIGH. If the C and
C# clocks are used, the duty cycle factor shown in
Figure 8 applies to these clocks as well.
All QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ devices have
optional-use output echo clocks CQ and CQ#. These
outputs are timed exactly like the output data Q signals
and can be used as valid data indicators. The echo clocks
are source-synchronous with the data and must be
delayed to capture data at the receiver.
Refer to the Clocking Strategy 1: Using Input Clock K/K#,
Clocking Strategy 2: Using Input Clocks K/K#, C/C#, and
Clocking Strategy3: Using Echo Clocks CQ and CQ#
sections to get more details on when and how to select the
clock pair that can be used for latching data at the
receiving controller (ASIC/FPGA).
In summary, for QDR-II and DDR-II devices input signals
at the SRAM are latched using the K and K# clocks.
The output signals from the SRAM are latched at the
receiving controller (ASIC/FPGA) by one of the following
clocks:
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 9. QDR-II With K and K# Clocks
Clock Startup
When initializing the system, two voltages are applied, V DD
(Core Supply) and VDDQ (I/O Supply). Additionally, an
external DOFF# enables and resets the PLL circuit
internal to the SRAM. DOFF# should be tied HIGH if it is
not used. The use of this signal is optional, however, it is
highly recommended to follow the Power-up Sequence,
which uses the DOFF# input control (Method 2 below).
This presents the following 2 startup methods:
Method 1: Power-up Sequence – with DOFF# always tied
HIGH
1.
Apply VDD before VDDQ or at the same time as VDDQ.
2.
Apply VDDQ before VREF or at the same time as VREF
3.
Wait for the input clock K/K# to stabilizes
4.
Wait an additional 20 µs before starting memory
operations
Figure 10. QDR-II Timing Waveform With K and K# Usage
Method 2: Power-up Sequence – using the DOFF# control
input
1.
Start with DOFF# LOW.
2.
Apply VDD before VDDQ or at the same time as VDDQ.
3.
Apply VDDQ before VREF or at the same time as VREF
4.
Drive DOFF# High only when the input clock K/K#
has stabilized
5.
Wait an additional 20 µs before starting memory
operations
Clocking Strategy 1: Using Input Clock K/K#
In this strategy, K/K# are used as input clocks and read
data capture clocks. The K/K# clock at the controller is
used for latching the data driven out by the SRAM at the
ASIC/FPGA. This method can only be used for
frequencies up to 167 MHz.
For example, for QDR-II, Figure 9 shows the system
diagram for the K/K# clock implementation. Moreover, for
QDR-II, Figure 10 shows the resulting timing waveform for
the K and K# clock usage assuming using a 133 MHz
system clock. Figure 10 assumes two key parameters:
1.
Internal Delay from controller clock generation to the
output of the ASIC pins (ASIC buffer delay) is 2.0 ns.
2.
Flight time from the ASIC to SRAM is 0.5 ns.
The tCO for the SRAM is 0.50 ns (133 MHz) obtained from
the datasheet. For the example to work, the ASIC must be
able to capture input data with only 0.25 ns of input setup
time. If this is not possible, gate delays can be added from
the clock to the capture register to allow for more input
setup time.
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Clocking Strategy 2: Using Input Clocks
K/K#, C/C#
Figure 12. QDR-II Timing Waveform for C/C# Usage
In this strategy, K/K# is used as input clocks and C/C# as
read data capture clocks. The C/C# clock at the controller
is used for latching the data driven out by the SRAM at the
ASIC/FPGA. This method can only be used for
frequencies up to 200 MHz.
C/C# clocks can be added to the circuit to make the output
data from all SRAMs reach the ASIC at the same time.
Figure 11 shows a system diagram for the C/C# clock
implementation. As indicated in Figure 12, to ensure data
arrives at the controller at the same time from both the
SRAMs, the following conditions should be met:
1.
Flight time of C/C# between SRAM1 and SRAM2 +
Flight time of Q between SRAM1 and ASIC = Flight
time of Q between SRAM2 and ASIC.
2.
C/C# clocks are routed to the farthest SRAM first
(SRAM2 in the example) and then connected to
nearest SRAMs later.
The above two points ensures that all the data from both
the SRAMs arrive at the ASIC at the same time. This is an
example of a recommended implementation of the C/C#
clock usage.
Figure 12 assumes three key parameters:
1.
Internal delay from controller clock generation to the
output of the ASIC pins (ASIC buffer delay) is 2.0 ns.
2.
Flight time from the ASIC to SRAM1 is 0.5 ns.
3.
Flight time from the SRAM1 to SRAM2 is 0.5 ns.
The tCO for the SRAM is 0.50 ns (166 MHz) obtained from
the data sheet. For the example to work, the ASIC must
be able to capture input data with 1.25 ns of input setup
time.
Figure 11. QDR-II Using C/C# Clocks
Clocking Strategy 3: Using Echo Clocks CQ
and CQ#
For QDR-II/II+, another scheme to capture high-frequency
data employs K/K# and the echo clocks CQ/CQ#. The
echo clocks are free-running clocks.
Using this method has one big advantage compared to
other clocking methods used in the past. Any jitter
introduced on the K clocks is not transferred to the
CQ/CQ# edges because the echo clocks are regenerated
within the SRAM using an internal SRAM PLL. The echo
clocks are source-synchronous and edge-aligned at all
times. Any jitter introduced by the internal SRAM PLL will
affect both the echo clock and read data equally, and jitter
effects are eliminated. In order for a System to work
optimally, the trace lengths between the echo clocks
(CQ/CQ#) need to be matched to the Data traces.
When the read data is sent from the SRAM, the echo
clocks CQ/CQ# are edge-aligned with the data outputs.
The receiving FPGA (or ASIC) will internally need to shift
(delay) the echo clocks (CQ/CQ#) by 90 degrees in order
to center-align the echo clocks with respect to the
incoming read data.
For example, Figure 13 shows the system diagram for
QDR-II+ implementation. The method for delaying echo
clocks is to use the PLL within the FPGA or ASIC.
The same timing also applies to QDR-II as well.
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 13. QDR-II Using CQ/CQ# Clocks
Figure 14. QDR-II+ Timing Information for CQ/CQ# Clocks
Figure 14 shows the timing using the echo (CQ/CQ#)
clocks assuming a 250-MHz clock.
Summary of Clocking Strategies
Table 1. Clocking Strategies Summary
Clocking Strategies
Usage
Applicable SRAMs
Limitations
Frequency Range
Using K and K#
Data in/out
QDR-II, DDR II
Setup time for ASIC decreases at high
frequencies
< 167 MHz
Using C and C#
Data out
QDR-II, DDR II
Flight path delay needs to be
compensated
< 200 MHz
Using CQ and CQ#
Data out
QDR-II/II+.DDR-II/II+
None
All frequency ranges
From the above table, clocking strategies that use K/K#
and C/C# for the read data path are limited in frequency of
operation to 167 MHz and 200 MHz respectively. Clocking
strategies that use CQ/CQ#, however, can run the entire
frequency range specified in the QDR II/II+ and DDR II/II+
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data sheets. For frequencies greater than 200 MHz, the
echo clocks (CQ/CQ#) must be used for Read Data
capture. Cypress recommends using the echo clocks
strategy for all memory controller implementations across
all QDR-II/II+ and DDR-II/II+ devices.
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Signal Integrity and Layout
Guidelines
As indicated in the JEDEC Specifications (JESD 8-6), the
following are the different termination schemes for HSTL
QDR-II/II+, DDR-II/II+ SRAM devices:
For the most optimal performance of the QDR-II/II+ parts,
follow these guidelines on a PC Board that uses these
parts:
1.
Matching source impedance with transmission-line
impedance – absorbs reflections at the source
2.
Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the Load (HSTL
Class-I) - absorbs reflections at the load
3.
Series resistance on both ends of the transmission
line (bidirectional I/Os only), e.g., DDR-II CIO device
4.
Active Pull-up Termination (HSTL Class-II) to VTT on
both ends of transmission line (bidirectional I/Os only)

All Data, Address and Clock lines must be matched
closely within ±10 ps within each bus type and
between buses. Alternatively, in terms of length, the
matching translates to +/-60 mils using 160 ps per
inch of trace length. Also Clock lines should be kept
away from other signal and Clock lines to a minimum
of 5x the trace width or larger if space allows.

Cypress Packages are routed to obtain all traces to
50 Ω ± 10%. All traces must be routed to have 50-Ω
impedance and should have no impedance
discontinuities.

All traces must be routed similarly as possible to have
the same number of vias, traverse through the same
layers, avoid bends, and other impedance
mismatches.

All traces must be simulated to ensure similar and low
insertion loss. Consider putting more ground vias in
the proximity of signal vias to reduce insertion losses.

Consider using a series resistor to match total driver
side impedance to 50 Ω.

Ensure variation of VREF is within ±2% by decoupling
VREF to VDDQ and VSS.

Place termination resistors close to power sources.
Refer to the JEDEC document JESD 8-6, HSTL guidelines
for noise margins to ensure that all noise simulations do
not exceed noise margin, and to use the right values of
decoupling capacitors to reduce the noise levels to a
minimum.
Termination Schemes
Mismatched impedance causes signals to reflect back and
forth along the transmission lines, which can cause ringing
and jeopardize system reliability. The ringing reduces the
dynamic range of the receiver (because of threshold
shifts) and can cause false triggering. To eliminate
reflections originating at the source, the impedance of the
source (ZS) must closely match the impedance of the trace
(ZO). To eliminate reflections originating at the load the
impedance of the load (ZL) must closely match the
impedance of the trace (ZO). This section discusses
various signal termination schemes and provides input as
to which one to use for unidirectional and bidirectional
interfaces.
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Each of the above termination schemes are discussed in
detail. All of the following simulations are performed with
QDR-II Driver buffer, VDDQ = 1.5 V, a QDR-II receiver
buffer and 2-inch trace length. All terminations are at
VDDQ/2. Simulations are provided to show differences
between the termination schemes. The slew rate of the
output swings shown for the different schemes depends
upon load conditions and on the device and its revision
used.
Matching Source Impedance to TX Line
Impedance
QDR-I, QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-I, DDR-II, and DDR-II+
have an impedance-matching feature with which the
impedance of the output driver can be set by tying a
resistor value to ZQ (resistor value tied to ZQ is five times
the value of the impedance desired). Figure 15 shows a
termination scheme where the source impedance of the
driver matches that of the transmission line impedance.
Figure 16 shows the Hyperlynx simulation results (using
IBIS models) of the scheme shown in Figure 15. The
output is measured at the receiver end. The trace length is
2 inch with a frequency of 250 MHz. The output does
overshoot and undershoot close to -200 mV up to 1.68 V
respectively. The simulations were done at the fast
process corner. This scheme does not have any
termination at the receiver end. Figure 17 shows the Eye
diagram for this source impedance matched case. The bit
rate is 0.5 Gbps and PRBS pattern was used to generate
the Eye diagram. The eye height is 1.22 V and eye width
is 1.962 ns.
Figure 15. Source Impedance Matching Scheme
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Figure 16. Simulation Results With Source Impedance Matched, Output Measured at Receiver End, 2-inch Trace Length
Figure 17. Eye Diagram for Source Impedance Matched Case
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the
Load
Figure 18 shows an active pull-up termination scheme,
where the terminating resistor (R1 = ZO) is tied to a
termination voltage (VTT). In this scheme, the voltage (VTT)
is selected so that the output drivers can draw current
from the high- and low-level signals. However, this
scheme requires a separate voltage source that can sink
and source currents to match the output transfer rates.
Figure 21 shows the termination scheme using 150 .
Figure 22 shows the simulation results with R1 = 150.
The voltage swing with 150 is from -100 mV to 1.42 V.
Although the recommendation is to have R1 = 50 , R1
can be increased to obtain higher voltage swing provided
the source impedance is matched. If the source
impedance is not matched, the reflections come back to
the load-end and the signal integrity is poor.
Figure 18. Active Pull-Up Termination Scheme Using 50 
Figure 19 shows the Hyperlynx simulation results of this
termination scheme. The trace length is 2 inch with a
frequency of 250 MHz. The output has a voltage swing
from 318 mV to 1.2 V. Figure 20 shows the Eye diagram
for the corresponding termination scheme with 1%
Gaussian noise added. The eye height is 0.75 V, and eye
width is 2 ns. The reflections compared to the source
terminated case are minimal.
There have been cases where the value of R1 has been
increased to increase the voltage swing at the load. If the
source impedance is matched, then the reflections are
absorbed at the source-end. The load-end shows an
increase in the voltage swing due to the presence of a
reflection coefficient, which is in turn present because of
impedance mismatch at the load.
Figure 19. Simulation Results for R1 = 50  Active Pull-Up Termination. Output Measured at Receiver End
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 20. Eye Diagram for R1 = 50 Ω Active Pull-Up Termination Case
Figure 21. Active Pull-Up Termination Scheme Using
150 
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Figure 22. Simulation Results for R1 = 150  Active PullUp Termination. Output Measured at the Receiver End (2inch Trace length)
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 23. Simulation Result From Active Pull-Up Termination Scheme Using 50 Ω
Figure 24. Measurement Results from Pull-Up Termination
Figure 23 shows the simulation carried out from the
topology shown in Figure 21 that has a single pull-up
termination at the receiver end. Figure 24 shows the
results from measurement of the board that has the same
termination topology. The single pull-up receiver
termination is the most recommended termination for the
HSTL standard.
A special case of the Active Pull-up Termination scheme is
when a stub is introduced after the termination resistor.
Depending on the board layout, the stub cannot be
avoided in some cases.
www.cypress.com
Series Resistance on Both Ends
(Bidirectional I/Os Only)
In a series resistance termination scheme, the termination
resistor matches the impedance at the signal source
instead of matching the impedance at each load. Figure
25 shows a series resistance termination scheme,
terminated on both ends for bidirectional I/Os. The sum of
Rs and the impedance of the output driver must be equal
to ZO. By setting the output driver to minimum impedance
mode, you can add a series resistor to match the signal
source to the line impedance. The advantage of series
resistance termination is that it consumes less power.
However, the disadvantage is that the rise time degrades
because of the increased RC time constant. Setting the
driver to the minimum impedance mode on the
DDR-I/DDR-II devices gives the user the highest drive
strength possible.
Figure 26 shows the simulation results for the termination
scheme shown in Figure 25. The simulation has been
done with Rs = 50  at the load end. The voltage swing
for this scheme is from 130 mV to 1.38 V. The waveforms
may not reach rail for high frequencies, because of the RC
time constant being larger in this scheme.
Figure 25. Series Resistance Termination
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
15
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 26. Using 50- Series Resistances on Both Ends
Figure 27 shows the eye diagram for the series resistor termination scheme shown in Figure 25. The eye width is 1.66 V, and
the eye height is 931 mV.
Figure 27. Eye Diagram for Series Resistors Termination Case
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
16
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Active Pull-up Termination to VTT On Both
Ends (Bidirectional I/Os Only)
Figure 28. Active Pull-Up Termination Scheme for
Bidirectional I/Os using 50 
Figure 28 shows an active pull-up termination scheme,
where the terminating resistor (R1 = ZO) is tied to a
termination voltage (VTT). This is same as the active pullup termination scheme shown in Figure 18, the only
difference being the active pull-up is present on both ends.
The active pull-up on the source end shown in Figure 28 is
actually load termination when the bus turns around (this
scheme is for bidirectional buses). Figure 29 shows the
same scheme using 150- resistors on both ends.
Figure 30 shows the simulation results with R1 = 50  and
150  The concept of 150- usage explained in the
active pull-up termination scheme holds true for this
example also. As seen in the simulation waveform, the
150  has higher swing compared to 50- termination. If
the source end cannot have 50- driver, then it is best to
have a 50- termination at the load.
Figure 29. Active Pull-Up Termination Scheme using
150 
Figure 30. Simulation Results With R1 = 50  and 150 , Output Measured at Receiver End, 2-inch Trace Length
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
17
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
As seen in Figure 30, the voltage swing for the Active Pullup termination using 50 Ω is from 425 mV to 1.1 V, and for
the Active Pull-up termination of 150 Ω is from 130 mV to
1.38 V.
Figure 32 below shows the waveform for one of the
receivers.
Figure 31. Active Pull-Up Scheme for Two Receivers
One more method that can be followed (bidirectional I/Os)
for short trace lengths is to have a single active pull-up
termination in the middle of the transmission line. This is
efficient only if the trace length on both sides of the
termination is small enough that the traces do not act as a
transmission line any more.
100 Ω
Vddq/2
Transmission
Line
100Ω
50 Ohm
Driver
Input
50 Ω
Transmission
Line
4 Inch
Receiver
8 Inch
Vddq/2
100Ω
Termination Schemes for MultiReceiver Topologies
4 Inch
100 Ω
Transmission
Line
Previous sections covered single driver and single
receiver topologies. Many customers have a need to use
multiple memories as receiver with a single driver such as
a memory controller. This section examines the schemes
and guidelines for multiple receivers. In the case of two
memories being driven by a single controller as shown in
Figure 31. A single trace driven by the memory controller
splits into two, it is recommended that the trace
impedance of 100 Ω each be used, including the
termination of 100 Ω for each receiver.
Receiver
Figure 32. Simulation Results for Active Pull-Up Schemes for Two Receivers
OSCILLOSCOPE
Design file: QDRII_FLY_BY_ALTERNATIVES.FFS
HyperLynx v9.0
Designer: hngk
V [U133.A3 (at die)]
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
V ol t ag e -mV -
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.00
-200.0
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
Time (ns)
22.000
23.000
24.000
25.000
Date: Monday Mar. 3, 2014 Time: 19:16:20
Net name: Net022
Show Latest Waveform = YES
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
18
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Both waveforms at the receiver inputs will be identical
because the lengths and impedances are matched.
Figure 33. Fly-By Topology: All Receivers Grouped
Together
A commonly used subset of this topology is the clam-shell
topology, where the receivers are placed on top of either
side of the board. This entails reducing the distance of the
traces after the split and the need to use 100-Ω traces is
not critical as long as the traces are short. Simulations
must be done on the trace topology with the right driver
and receiver models and to ensure the right trace
impedances are used.
50 Ohm
Driver
50 Ω
Transmission
Line
Input
Vddq/2
50Ω
8 Inch
Receiver
The split case and multi-receivers topologies are further
explored in the following examples.
Receiver
Figure 33 shows a basic “fly-by” termination scheme,
simplified to have all receivers with no distance between
the receivers. This is an ideal situation and is discussed
for completeness. It does not matter where the termination
is placed because at the receiver, there is only a single
node.
Receiver
Figure 34 shows the waveform to be close to ideal, when
a single termination is used for all the receivers.
Figure 34. Simulation Results for Fly-By Topology: All Receivers Grouped Together
OSCILLOSCOPE
Design file: QDRII_FLY_BY_ALTERNATIVES.FFS
HyperLynx v9.0
Designer: hngk
V [U82.A3 (at die)]
1200.0
1100.0
1000.0
900.0
V ol t ag e -mV -
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
Time (ns)
22.000
23.000
24.000
25.000
Date: Monday Mar. 3, 2014 Time: 18:17:01
Net name: Net022
Show Latest Waveform = YES
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
19
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 35 shows a more realistic fly-by topology where the
distance between the receivers is 250 mils.
Figure 35. Fly-By Topology: 250-mil Separation Between
Receivers
50 Ω
Transmission
Line
50 Ohm
Driver
Input
8 Inch
Receiver
0.25
Inch
50 Ω
Transmission
Line
Figure 36 shows receiver waveforms. The first one is
closest to the driver and the other which is slightly delayed
is farthest away. The closest receiver sees some reflection
at its input. While the reflection is not significant,
increasing the number of receivers while maintaining the
same trace distance of 250 mils between receivers will
further degrade the waveform. One way to address this is
by reducing the transmission line distance from 250 mils to
say, 150 mils (150 mils is chosen as an example).
The effect of reducing the trace distance from 250 mils to
150 mils for the same 3-receiver topology is seen in Figure
37. The input to the first receiver shows no reflection.
Receiver
0.25
Inch
50 Ω
Transmission
Line
Vddq/2
50Ω
Receiver
Figure 36. Simulation Results for Fly-By Topology: 250-mil Separation Between Receivers
OSCILLOSCOPE
Design file: QDRII_FLY_BY_ALTERNATIVES.FFS
HyperLynx v9.0
Designer: hngk
V [U111.A3 (at die)]
V [U94.A3 (at die)]
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
V ol t ag e -mV -
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.00
-200.0
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
Time (ns)
22.000
23.000
24.000
25.000
Date: Monday Mar. 3, 2014 Time: 18:39:39
Net name: Net022
Cursor 1, Voltage = -60.6mV, Time = 31.049ns
Cursor 2, Voltage = 1.5027V, Time = 63.231ns
Delta Voltage = 1.5633V, Delta Time = 32.182ns
Show Latest Waveform = YES
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
20
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 37. Simulation Results for Fly-By Topology: 150-mil Separation Between Receivers
OSCILLOSCOPE
Design file: QDRII_FLY_BY_ALTERNATIVES.FFS
HyperLynx v9.0
Designer: hngk
V [U111.A3 (at die)]
V [U94.A3 (at die)]
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
V ol t ag e -mV -
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.00
-200.0
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
Time (ns)
22.000
23.000
24.000
25.000
Date: Monday Mar. 3, 2014 Time: 19:00:05
Net name: Net022
Cursor 1, Voltage = -60.6mV, Time = 31.049ns
Cursor 2, Voltage = 1.5027V, Time = 63.231ns
Delta Voltage = 1.5633V, Delta Time = 32.182ns
Show Latest Waveform = YES
In general, using more memories (receivers) to extend the topology shown in Figure 35 will cause waveform degradation
unless the distances are reduced with more receivers.
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
21
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Reference Schematic Design
This segment provides reference schematics for QDR-DDR II/II+/Xtreme devices. You can use these schematics, which are
derived from an internal characterization board, as examples for your designs. However, you must perform signal integrity
simulations before doing so.
Reference Schematic for QDR-DDR II/II+/Xtreme SRAMs (From the Internal Characterization Board)
Figure 38. QDR II/II+/II+Xtreme-DDR II/II+/II+Xtreme (Non-ODT) Reference Schematic—Part 1
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
22
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 39. QDR II/II+/II+Xtreme-DDR II/II+/II+Xtreme (ODT) Reference Schematic—Part 2
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
23
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 40. QDR II/II+/II+Xtreme-DDR II/II+/II+Xtreme (Supply Pins) Reference Schematic
Assumptions

The reference schematics provided in this section are
from an internal characterization board. Cypress
recommends that you perform signal integrity
simulations with specific board conditions before
finalizing your design.

Figure 38 and Figure 39 are the reference schematics
for all non on-die termination (ODT) and ODT QDRDDR II/II+/Xtreme SRAMs respectively. For example,
if the part is an x18 device, then the data pin notation
D[x:0] will be interpreted as D[17:0].

QDR II+/II+Xtreme-DDR II+/II+Xtreme devices do not
have the input clocks C and C#.

Non-ODT QDR II+/II+Xtreme-DDR II/II+/II+Xtreme
devices do not contain the ODT pin.

ODT devices have an ODT feature for Data inputs
(D[x:0]), Byte Write Selects (BWS[x:0]), and Input Clocks
(K and K#). Therefore, there is no termination for the
D[x:0], BWS[x:0], K, and K# pins shown in Figure 39.

The Data output (Q[x:0]) and Echo Clock (CQ/CQ#)
signals drive the FPGA/ASIC without termination,
considering the inputs of the FPGA/ASIC that
supports ODT. In the case of FPGA/ASIC without
ODT, Cypress recommends that you terminate (pullup to VTT) the Data output (Q[x:0]) and Echo clock
(CQ/CQ#) signals to reduce signal integrity issues.


Connect an external resistor, RQ, between the ZQ pin
on the SRAM and VSS to allow the SRAM to adjust its
output driver impedance. The value of RQ must be
five times the value of the intended line impedance
driven by the SRAM. As a result, the value of RQ is
250 Ω to match the output impedance of 50 Ω in
Figure 38. The acceptable range of RQ that
guarantees impedance matching with a tolerance of
±15% is between 175 Ω and 350 Ω, with VDDQ = 1.5 V.
The output impedance is adjusted every 1024 cycles
upon power-up to account for drifts in supply voltage
and temperature.

The RQ is 175 Ω in Figure 39, considering the input
impedance and ODT value of memory is 50 Ω, the
ODT pin is LOW, and the output impedance is 35 Ω. If
the output impedance needs to be 50 Ω, then Cypress
recommends using a 15 Ω resistor in series with the
output driver to match the trace impedance of 50 Ω.
The other recommendation is to keep RQ equals to
250 Ω then the output driver impedance of memory is
50 Ω and with ODT pin low, the ODT value of memory
is 75 Ω. In this case, the reflection co-efficient is
positive with trace impedance of 50 Ω and customer
does not need to use external resistors to match the
impedance.

Keep the termination resistors close to the device to
reduce the stub length and, thereby, reduce
reflections.
The value of the termination resistor (R) is 50 Ω
because most designs have a trace characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω. The termination resistor value
must be equal to the characteristic impedance of the
trace.
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
24
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Decoupling Capacitor Recommendations for
Power Supply Pins

Decoupling capacitors on power-supply pins play a
significant role in filtering noise in the power supply.

Cypress recommends placing the decoupling
capacitors close to the memory devices for best
results.

The decoupling capacitance for VDD, VREF, and VTT
can be identified using power integrity simulation
tools. The selection of decoupling capacitors depends
on board and device properties. Therefore, Cypress
recommends performing power integrity simulation for
high-speed systems before selecting the decoupling
capacitor values for the respective power nets. The
following decoupling capacitor recommendations are
from an internal characterization board for your
reference only:
Figure 41. Decoupling Capacitor Recommendation for VDD
www.cypress.com
Figure 42. Decoupling Capacitor Recommendation for
VDDQ
Figure 43. Decoupling Capacitor Recommendation for VTT
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
25
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Figure 44. Decoupling Capacitor Recommendation for
VREF
Summary
As seen in this application note, high-speed bus design
requires detailed analysis to ensure that the system works
properly. Rigorous simulations with extracted layout, the
right driver and receiver models are essential to ensure
that the system works reliably as specified.
If you face any issue while creating your design or if you
want Cypress to review a schematic, create a technical
support case at www.cypress.com.
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
26
QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
Document History
®
Document Title: QDR -II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide - AN4065
Document Number: 001-15486
Revision
ECN
Orig. of
Change
Submission
Date
Description of Change
**
1051122
SFV
05/15/2007
New Application Note.
*A
1776708
VIDB
12/05/2007
Updated in new template. No Technical updates.
*B
3111380
VIDB
12/15/2010
No change in content.
*C
3338056
VIDB
08/05/2011
Updated Introduction.
Updated Functional Description (Updated QDR-II and QDR-II+ Functionality and
DDR-II and DDR-II+ Functionality).
Updated Feature Set Explanation – QDR-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDRII+ (Renamed “Clocking Strategies” as “Clocking Overview and
Strategies” and updated the same section, updated Clock Startup,
renamed “QDR-II and QDRII+ – Using Master Clock @ Controller (Input
Clock K and K#)” as “Clocking Strategy 1: Using Input Clock K/K#” and
updated the same section, renamed “QDR-II – Using Master Clock @
Controller (Input Clocks K, K#, C, C#)” as “
Clocking Strategy 2: Using Input Clocks K/K#, C/C#” and updated the same
section, renamed “QDR-II and QDR-II+ – Using CQ and CQ# Provided by SRAM
and Routed to the Controller” as “Clocking Strategy 3: Using Echo Clocks CQ and
CQ#” and updated the same section, updated Summary of Clocking Strategies).
Updated Signal Integrity and Layout Guidelines (Updated Matching Source
Impedance to TX Line Impedance, updated Series Resistance on Both Ends
(Bidirectional I/Os Only), and Active Pull-up Termination to VTT On Both Ends
(Bidirectional I/Os Only)).
Updated in new template.
*D
3345310
VIDB
08/15/2011
Updated Termination Schemes (Updated Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the
Load and Active Pull-up Termination to VTT On Both Ends (Bidirectional I/Os
Only).
*E
3558817
GOPA
03/23/2012
Added Signal Integrity and Layout Guidelines.
Updated Termination Schemes (Updated Matching Source Impedance to TX Line
Impedance, updated Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the Load, updated
Series Resistance on Both Ends (Bidirectional I/Os Only)).
Updated in new template.
*F
3739016
PRIT
09/12/2012
Replaced ‘Symmetrical Parallel Termination’ with ‘Active Pull-up Termination’ in
section Active Pull-up Termination to VTT at the Load and Active Pull-up
Termination to VTT On Both Ends (Bidirectional I/Os Only).
Improved the clarity of the figures.
*G
4227355
PRIT
12/20/2013
Updated in new template.
Completing Sunset Review.
*H
4316762
PRIT
03/21/2014
Added Termination Schemes for Multi-Receiver Topologies
Added Reference Schematic Design
*I
4479402
DEVM
08/20/2014
Updated the “Assumptions” section of Reference Schematic Design
Updated Decoupling Capacitor recommendations for Power Supply Pins
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
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QDR®-II, QDR-II+, DDR-II, and DDR-II+ Design Guide
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use of any product or circuit described herein. Cypress does not authorize its products for use as critical components in life-support systems where a
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Document No. 001-15486 Rev. *I
28