AS3911 Datasheet

AS3911
NFC Initiator / HF Reader IC
General Description
The AS3911 is a highly integrated NFC Initiator / HF Reader IC.
It includes the analog front end (AFE) and a highly integrated
data framing system for ISO 18092 (NFCIP-1) initiator, ISO 18092
(NFCIP-1) active target, ISO 14443 A and B reader (including
high bit rates) and FeliCa™ reader. Implementation of other
standard and custom protocols is possible through using the
AFE and implementing framing in the external microcontroller
(Stream and Transparent modes).
Compared with concurrent NFC devices designed with the
mobile phone in mind, the AS3911 is positioned perfectly for
the infrastructure side of the NFC system, where users need
optimal RF performance and flexibility combined with low
power.
With ams unique Automatic Antenna Tuning technology, the
device is optimized for applications with directly driven
antennas. The AS3911 is alone in the domain of HF Reader ICs
in that it contains two differential low impedance (1Ω) antenna
drivers.
The AS3911 includes several features, which make it
incomparable for low power applications. It contains a low
power capacitive sensor, which can be used to detect the
presence of a card without switching on the reader field.
Additionally, the presence of a card can also be detected by
performing a measurement of amplitude or phase of signal on
antenna LC tank and comparing it to stored reference. It also
contains a low power RC oscillator and wake-up timer, which
can be used to wake the system after a defined time period and
check for the presence of a tag using one or more techniques
of low power detection of card presence (capacitive, phase or
amplitude).
The AS3911 is designed to operate from a wide power supply
range from 2.4V to 5.5V; peripheral interface IO pins support
power supply range from 1.65V to 5.5V.
Ordering Information and Content Guide appear at end of
datasheet.
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
Page 1
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AS3911 − General Description
Key Benefits & Features
The benefits and features of AS3911, NFC Initiator / HF Reader
IC are listed below:
Figure 1:
Added Value of Using AS3911
Benefits
Features
ISO 18092 (NFCIP-1) Active P2P
NFC Active P2P support
ISO14443 A, B and FeliCa (TM)
High data transfer with ASK VHBR and fast
SPI
Support of VHBR (3.4 Mbit/s PICC to PCD framing, 6.8 Mbit/s AFE
and PCD to PICC framing)
6μA consumption at sensing every 100ms
Capacitive sensing - Wake-up
Antenna tuning on the fly
Automatic Antenna Tuning system providing tuning of antenna
LC tank
Stable modulation index at ASK modulation
Automatic modulation index adjustment
No communication holes
AM and PM (I/Q) demodulator channels with automatic
selection
High output power for EMVCo readers
Up to 1 W in case of differential output
High Rx sensitivity
User selectable and automatic gain control
Allows implementation of custom framings
Transparent and Stream modes to implement MIFARE™ Classic
compliant or other custom protocols
Multi Antenna support
Possibility of driving two antennas in single ended mode
Smaller Oscillator size
Oscillator input capable of operating with 13.56 MHz or 27.12
MHz crystal with fast start-up
Easy FIFO handling
10 M bit SPI with 96 bytes FIFO
Wide supply voltage range from 2.4 V to 5.5 V
Fits Temperature requirements for various
applications
Wide temperature range: -40°C to 125°C
Small outline, good cooling through
exposed pad
QFN 5x5 LD32 package
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − General Description
Applications
The AS3911 is suitable for a wide range of applications
including:
• EMV Payment
• Access Control
• NFC Infrastructure
• Ticketing
Block Diagram
The functional blocks of this device for reference are
shown below:
Figure 2:
AS3911 Block Diagram
VDD_IO
XTO
XTI
XTAL
Oscillator
VDD
Regulators
POR&&Bias
Bias
POR
LOGIC
Transmitter
FIFO
SPI
IRQ
Level
Shifters
Control
Logic
MCU_CLK
RFO1
RFO 2
A/D
A/D Converter
Converter
Phase &
Amplitude
Detector
SPI
Interface
Receiver
RFI1
RFI2
TRIMx
Framing
RC
Oscillator
External Field
Detector
Wake-up
Timer
AS3911
Capacitor
Sensor
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
CSI
CSO
Page 3
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AS3911 − Pin Assignment
The AS3911 pin assignments are described below.
Pin Assignment
Figure 3:
Pin Diagram
/SS
SCLK
MOSI
MISO
MCU_CLK
IRQ
VSN_A
CSI
AS3911 Pin Assignment: This figure
shows the pin assignment and location
viewed from top.
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
VDD_IO
1
24
AGD
CSO
2
23
RFI2
VSP_D
3
22
RFI1
XTO
4
21
VSS
XTI
5
20
TRIM2_0
VSN_D
6
19
TRIM1_0
VSP_A
7
18
TRIM2_1
VDD
8
17
TRIM1_1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
VSP_RF
RFO1
RFO2
VSN_RF
TRIM1_3
TRIM2_3
TRIM1_2
TRIM2_2
AS3911
Figure 4:
Pin Description
Pin Number
Pin Name
Pin Type
1
VDD_IO
Supply pad
2
CSO
3
VSP_D
4
XTO
5
XTI
Analog input
/ Digital input
6
VSN_D
Supply pad
7
VSP_A
Analog
output
8
VDD
Supply pad
Description
32-pin QFN
Page 4
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Positive supply for peripheral communication
Capacitor sensor output
Analog
output
Digital supply regulator output
Xtal oscillator output
Xtal oscillator input
Digital ground
Analog supply regulator output
External positive supply
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Pin Assignment
Pin Number
Pin Name
Pin Type
Description
32-pin QFN
Supply regulator output for antenna drivers
9
VSP_RF
10
RFO1
11
RFO2
12
VSN_RF
13
TRIM1_3
14
TRIM2_3
15
TRIM1_2
16
TRIM2_2
17
TRIM1_1
18
TRIM2_1
19
TRIM1_0
20
TRIM2_0
21
VSS
22
RFI1
23
RFI2
24
AGD
Analog I/O
25
CSI
Analog input
26
VSN_A
Supply pad
27
IRQ
Analog
output
Antenna driver output
Supply pad
Ground of antenna drivers
Analog I/O
Input to trim antenna resonant circuit
Supply pad
Ground, die substrate potential
Analog input
Receiver input
Analog reference voltage
Capacitor sensor input
Analog ground
Interrupt request output
Digital output
28
MCU_CLK
29
MISO
30
MOSI
31
SCLK
32
/SS
#
VSS
Microcontroller clock output
Digital output
/ tristate
Serial Peripheral Interface data output
Serial Peripheral Interface data input
Digital input
Serial Peripheral Interface clock
Serial Peripheral Interface enable (active low)
Exposed Pad
Ground, die substract potential, connect to VSS on PCB
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Pins in bold have different functionality in comparison to the AS3910.
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
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AS3911 − Absolute Maximum Ratings
Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress
ratings only. Functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions beyond those indicated under Operating
Conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum
rating conditions for extended periods may affect device
reliability.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Figure 5:
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Max
Unit
Comments
Electrical Parameters
VDD
DC supply voltage
-0.5
6.0
V
VDD_IO
DC_IO supply
voltage
-0.5
6.0
V
VINTRIM
Input pin voltage
TRIM pins
-0.5
25.0
V
VIN
Input pin voltage for
peripheral
communication pins
-0.5
6.5
V
VINA
Input pin voltage for
analog pins
-0.5
6.0
V
Iscr
Input current
(latch-up immunity)
-100
100
mA
0
600
mA
Ioutmax
Drive capability of
output driver
Norm: JEDEC 78
Electrostatic Discharge
ESD
Electrostatic
discharge
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±2
kV
Norm: MIL 883 E method 3015
(Human Body Model)
±500
V
Valid for Trimx.x pins (pins 13 - 20)
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Absolute Maximum Ratings
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Max
Unit
Comments
Temperature Ranges and Storage Conditions
Tstrg
Tbody
Storage temperature
125
Package body
temperature
Humidity
non-condensing
MSL
-55
Moisture Sensitive
Level
5
°C
260
°C
85
%
Norm: IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020. The reflow
peak soldering temperature (body
temperature) is specified according
IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020 “Moisture/Reflow
Sensitivity Classification for
Non-hermetic Solid State Surface Mount
Devices.” The lead finish for Pb-free
leaded packages is matte tin (100% Sn).
Represents a max. floor life time of 168h
3
Thermal Resistance
θja
Theta ja
36.4
C/W
@ 85°C room temperature, power
consumption 1W
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Please refer to Figure 10 and Figure 11 for typical operating characteristics of thermal resistance and max. power dissipation.
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
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AS3911 − Electrical Characteristics
All limits are guaranteed. The parameters with min and max
values are guaranteed with production tests or SQC (Statistical
Quality Control) methods.
Electrical Characteristics
Operating Conditions
All defined tolerances for external components in this
specification need to be assured over the whole operation
condition range and also over lifetime.
Figure 6:
Operating Conditions
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Max
Unit
VDD
Positive supply voltage
2.4
5.5
V
VDD_IO
Peripheral
communication supply
voltage
1.65
5.5
V
VSS
Negative supply voltage
0
0
V
20
V
125
°C
VINTRIM
TJUN
VRFI_A
RFO
Input pin voltage
TRIM pins
Junction temperature
-40
RFI input amplitude
150 m
3
Vpp
0
500
mA
Driver current
Comments
In case power supply is
lower than 2.6V, PSSR
cannot be improved using
internal regulators
(minimum regulated
voltage is 2.4V)
Minimum RFI input signal
definition is meant for NFC
receive mode. In HF reader
mode and NFC transmit
mode, the recommended
signal level is 2.5Vpp
DC/AC Characteristics for Digital Inputs and
Outputs
CMOS Inputs:
Valid for input pins /SS, MOSI, and SCLK
Figure 7:
CMOS Inputs
Symbol
Parameter
VIH
High level input voltage
VIL
Low level input voltage
Page 8
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Min
Max
Unit
0.7 * VDD_IO
V
0.3 * VDD_IO
V
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
ILEAK
Min
Max
Unit
1
μA
Input leakage current
CMOS Outputs:
Valid for output pins MISO, IRQ and MCU_CLK, io_18=0 (See IO
Configuration Register 2).
Figure 8:
CMOS Outputs
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
VOH
High level input voltage
VOL
Low level input voltage
CL
Capacitive load
RO
Output Resistance
RPD
Min
Type
0.9 *
VDD_IO
ISOURCE = 1mA
ISINK = 1mA
Pull-down can be
enabled while MISO
output is in tristate.
The activation is
controlled by
register setting.
Unit
V
250
Pull-down resistance pin
MOSI
Max
0.1 *
VDD_IO
V
50
pF
500
Ω
10
kΩ
Electrical Specification
V DD= 3.3V, Temperature 25°C unless noted otherwise.
3.3V supply mode, regulated voltages set to 3.4V, 27.12 MHz
Xtal connected to XTO and XTI.
Figure 9:
Electrical Specification
Symbol
IPD
Parameter
Supply current in
Power-down
mode
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
Min
Typ
0.7
Max
2
Unit
Comments
μA
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to 80h (3V
supply mode), register 02hset to 00h
register 03h set to 08h, other registers in
default state.
Page 9
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AS3911 − Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
INFCT
IWU
ICS
IRD
IAL
ILP
Parameter
Supply current in
initial NFC Target
mode
Supply current in
Wake-up mode
Capacitive sensor
supply current
Supply current in
Ready mode
Supply current all
active
Supply current all
active, low power
receiver mode
Page 10
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Min
Typ
3.5
3.6
1.1
5.4
8.7
6.8
Max
7
6
2
7.5
12.5
10
Unit
Comments
μA
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to 80h (3V
supply mode), register 02hset to 00h
register 03h set to 80h (enable NFC
Target mode), other registers in default
state.
μA
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to 80h (3V
supply mode), register 02h set to 04h
(enable Wake-up mode), register
03hset to 08h, register 31h set to 08h
(100ms timeout, IRQ at every timeout),
other registers in default state.
mA
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to 80h (3V
supply mode), register 02h set to 00h,
analog test mode 14, other registers in
default state.
mA
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to C0h (3V
supply mode, disable VSP_D), register
02h set to 80h, register 03h set to 08h,
other registers in default state, short
VSP_A and VSP_D.
mA
Register 00h set to 0Fh, register 01h set
to C0h (3V supply mode, disable
VSP_D), register 02h set to E8h (one
channel Rx, enable Tx), register 03h set
to 08, register 0Bhset to 00, register 27h
set to FF (all RFO segments disabled),
other registers in default state, short
VSP_A and VSP_D.
mA
Register 00h set to 0Fh, register 01h set
to C0h (3V supply mode, disable
VSP_D), register 02h set to E8h (one
channel Rx, enable Tx), register 03h set
to 08, register 0Bh set to 80 (low power
mode), register 27h set to FF (all RFO
segments disabled), other registers in
default state, short VSP_A and VSP_D.
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Comments
0.6
1.8
Ω
IRFO = 10 mA
The following measurement procedure
which cancels resistance of
measurement setup is used:
• All driver segments are switched
on, resistance is measured,
• All driver segments except the
MSB segment are switched on,
resistance is measured,
• Difference between the two
measurements is resistance of
MSB segment,
• Resistance of MSB segment
divided by two is the value of
RRFO.
10
50
Ω
Using Load impedance lower than
minimum value can result in
permanent damage of the IC
RRFO
RFO1 and RFO2
driver output
resistance
Zload
Load impedance
across RFI1 & RFI2
VRFI
RFI input
sensitivity
0.5
RRFI
RFI input
resistance
10
15
kΩ
VPOR
Power on Reset
voltage
1.65
2.0
V
VAGD
VREG
TOSC
AGD voltage
Regulated
voltage
Oscillator start-up
time
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
8
1.2
1.4
2.85
0.65
1.5
3.0
0.7
mVrms
1.6
3.15
10
fSUB=848 kHz, AM channel with peak
detector input stage selected.
V
Register 00h set to 0Fh (no clock on
MCU_CLK), register 01h set to C0h (3V
supply mode, disable VSP_D), register
02h set to 80h, register 03h set to 08h,
other registers in default state, short
VSP_A and VSP_D.
V
Manual regulator mode, regulated
voltage set to 3.0V, measured on pin
VSP_RF: register 00h set to 0Fh, register
01h set to 80h (3V supply mode),
register 02h set to E8h (one channel Rx,
enable Tx), register 2Ah set to D8h.
ms
13.56MHz or 27.12MHz crystal
RS = 50 Ω max, load capacitance
according to crystal specification, IRQ is
issued once the oscillator frequency is
stable.
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AS3911 − Typical Operating Characteristics
Typical Operating
Characteristics
Thermal Resistance and Max. Power Dissipation
Figure 10:
TCASE vs. Power with Different Copper Area @ TAMB = +25°C
TcasevsPowerQFN32withdifferentcopperarea.Tamb=25°C
100
90
0x0mm
80
10x10mm
20x20mm
Tcase[°C]
70
30x30mm
60
40x40mm
50x50mm
50
60x60mm
70x70mm
40
30
20
0
0,5
1
1,5
PowerDissipation[W]
2
2,5
Figure 11:
RthCA vs. Copper Area
Rth_CA [K/W] vs Copper Area
100
90
80
Rth_CA [K/W]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Page 12
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10
20
30
Area [cm ^2]
40
50
60
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Detailed Description
The circuit diagram in Figure 2 shows the AS3911 building
blocks.
Detailed Description
Figure 12:
Minimum Configuration with Single Sided Antenna Driving Including EMC Filter
+1.6V ~ +5.5V
+2.4V ~ +5.5V
VDD_IO
VDD
/SS
MISO
μC
AGD
VSS
MOSI
VSP_A
SCLK
IRQ
VSN_A
MCU_CLK
VSP_D
XTI
AS3911
XTO
VSN_D
VSP_RF
VSN_RF
TRIM1_x
TRIM2_x
RF01
RF02
CSO
Antenna
Coil
RFI1
CSI
RFI2
Figure 13:
Minimum Configuration with Differential Antenna Driving Including EMC Filter
+1.6V ~ +5.5V
+2.4V ~ +5.5V
VDD_IO
VDD
AGD
/SS
MISO
µC
VSS
MOSI
VSP_A
SCLK
IRQ
VSN_A
MCU_CLK
VSP_D
XTI
XTO
AS3911
VSN_D
VSP_RF
TRIM1_x
VSN_RF
TRIM2_x
RF01
RF02
CSO
CSI
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
RFI1
RFI2
Antenna
Coil
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AS3911 − Detailed Description
Transmitter
The transmitter incorporates drivers which drive external
antenna through pins RFO1 and RFO2. Single sided and
differential driving is possible. The transmitter block
additionally contains a sub-block which modulates transmitted
signal (OOK or configurable AM modulation).
The AS3911 transmitter is indented to directly drive antennas
(without 50Ω cable, usually antenna is on the same PCB). Operation with 50Ω cable is also possible, but in that case some of
the advanced features are not possible.
By applying FFh to the register 27h, the output driver are in
tristate.
Receiver
The receiver detects transponder modulation superimposed on
the 13.56MHz carrier signal. The receiver contains two receive
chains (one for AM and another for PM demodulation) which
are composed of a peak detector followed by two gain and
filtering stages and a final digitizer stage. The filter
characteristics are adjusted to optimize performance over
different ISO modes and bit rates (sub-carrier frequencies from
212 kHz to 6.8 MHz are supported). The receiver chain inputs
are RFI1 and RFI2 pins; output of digitizer stage is demodulated
sub-carrier signal. The receiver chain incorporates several
features which enable reliable operation in challenging phase
and noise conditions.
Phase and Amplitude Detector
The phase detector is observing the phase difference between
the transmitter output signals (RFO1 and RFO2) and the input
signals RFI1 and RFI2. Signals RFI1 and RFI2 are proportional to
the signal on the antenna LC tank. RFI1 and RFI2 signals are also
used to run the self-mixer which generates output proportional
to their amplitude. The phase detector and self-mixer blocks
are used for several purposes:
• PM demodulation by observing RFI1 and RFI2 phase
variation (LF signal is fed to the Receiver)
• Average phase difference between RFOx pins and RFIx
pins is used to check antenna tuning
• Output of mixer is used to measure amplitude of signal
present on pins RFI1 and RFI2
A/D Converter
The AS3911 contains a built in A/D Converter. Its input can be
multiplexed from different sources and is used in several
applications (measurement of RF amplitude and phase,
calibration of modulation depth…). The result of A/D
conversion is stored in a register which can be read through the
SPI interface.
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Detailed Description
Capacitive Sensor
The Capacitive sensor is used to implement low power
detection of transponder presence. Capacitive sensor performs
measurement of capacitance between its two electrodes.
Presence of an object (card, hand) changes the capacitance.
During calibration the reference capacitance, which represents
parasitic capacitance of environment is stored. In normal
operation capacitance is periodically measured and compared
to stored reference value. When the measured capacitance is
larger than stored reference value (threshold value can be
defined in a register) an interrupt is sent to external controller.
External Field Detector
The External Field Detector is a low power block which is used
in NFC mode to detect presence of external RF field. It supports
two different detection thresholds, Peer Detection Threshold
and Collision Avoidance Threshold. Peer Detection Threshold is
used in the NFCIP-1 target mode to detect presence of initiator
field. It is also used in active communication initiator mode to
detect activation of target field. Collision Avoidance Threshold
is used to detect a presence of RF field during NFCIP-1 RF
Collision Avoidance procedure.
Quartz Crystal Oscillator
The quartz crystal oscillator can operate with 13.56 MHz and
27.12 MHz crystals. At start-up the transconductance of the
oscillator is increased to achieve fast start-up. Since the start-up
time varies depending on crystal type, temperature and other
parameters, the oscillator amplitude is observed and an
interrupt is sent when stable operation is reached to inform the
controller that the clock signal is stable and reader field can be
switched on. The use of 27.12 MHz crystal is mandatory in case
VHBR framing is used.
It also provides a clock signal to the external microcontroller
(MCU_CLK) according to setting in the control register.
Power Supply Regulators
Integrated power supply regulators ensure high power supply
rejection of a complete reader system. In case PSRR of the reader
system has to be improved, the command Adjust Regulators is
sent. As result of this command, the power supply level of V DD
is measured in maximum load conditions and the regulated
voltage reference is set 250 mV below this measured level to
assure a stable regulated supply. The resulting regulated
voltage is stored in a register. It is also possible to define
regulated voltage by writing a configuration register. In order
to decouple any noise sources from different parts of IC there
are three regulators integrated with separated external
blocking capacitors (regulated voltage of all is the same in 3.3V
supply mode).
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
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AS3911 − Detailed Description
One regulator is for the analog blocks, one for digital blocks,
there is also a separate one for the antenna drivers. In case of
low cost applications some (or all) regulators may not be used
to save on external components.
This block additionally generates a reference voltage for the
analog processing (AGD - analog ground). This voltage also has
an associated external buffer capacitor.
POR and Bias
This block contains the bias current and voltage generator
which provides bias currents and reference voltages to all other
blocks. It also incorporates a Power on Reset (POR) circuit which
provides a reset at power-up and at low supply levels.
RC Oscillator and Wake-up Timer
The AS3911 includes several possibilities of low power
detection of a card presence (capacitive sensor, phase
measurement, amplitude measurement). RC oscillator and
register configurable Wake-up timer are used to schedule
periodic detection. When presence of a card is detected an
interrupt is sent to controller.
ISO14443 and NFCIP-1 Framing
This block performs framing for receive and transmit according
to the selected ISO mode and bit rate settings.
In reception it takes demodulated sub-carrier signal from
Receiver. It recognizes the SOF, EOF and data bits, performs
parity and CRC check, organizes the received data in bytes and
places them in the FIFO.
During transmit, it operates inversely, it takes bytes from FIFO,
generates parity and CRC bits, adds SOF and EOF and performs
final encoding before passing modulation signal to transmitter.
In Transparent mode, the framing and FIFO are bypassed, the
digitized sub-carrier signal, which is Receiver output, is directly
sent to MISO pin, signal applied to MOSI pin is directly used to
modulate the transmitter.
FIFO
The AS3911 contains a 96 byte FIFO. Depending on the mode,
it contains either data which has been received or data which
is to be transmitted.
Control Logic
The control logic contains I/O registers which define operation
of device.
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Application Information
SPI Interface
A 4-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is used for
communication between external microcontroller and the
AS3911.
Application Information
Operating Modes
The AS3911 operating mode is defined by the contents of the
Operation Control Register.
At power-up all bits of the Operation Control Register are set to
0, the AS3911 is in Power-down mode. In this mode AFE static
power consumption is minimized, only the POR and part of the
bias are active, the regulators are transparent and are not
operating. The SPI is still functional in this mode so all settings
of ISO mode definition and configuration registers can be done.
Control bit en (bit 7 of the Operation Control Register) is
controlling the quartz crystal oscillator and regulators. When
this bit is set, the device enters in Ready mode. In this mode
the quartz crystal oscillator and regulators are enabled. An
interrupt is sent to inform the microcontroller when the
oscillator frequency is stable.
Enable of Receiver and Transmitter are separated so it is
possible to operate one without switching on the other (control
bits rx_en and tx_en). In some cases this may be useful, in case
the reader field has to be maintained and there is no
transponder response expected receiver can be switched-off to
save current. Another example is NFCIP-1 active
communication receive mode in which RF field is generated by
the initiator and only Receiver operates.
Asserting the Operation Control Register bit wu while the other
bits are set to 0 puts the AS3911 into the Wake-up mode which
is used to perform low power detection of card presence. In this
mode the low power RC oscillator and register configurable
Wake-up timer are used to schedule periodic measurement(s).
When a difference to the predefined reference is detected an
interrupt is sent to wake-up the micro. Capacitive sensor, phase
measurement and amplitude measurement are available.
Transmitter
The Transmitter contains two identical push-pull driver blocks
connected to the pins RFO1 and RFO2. These drivers are
differentially driving external antenna LC tank. It is also possible
to operate only one of the two drivers by setting the IO
Configuration Register 1 bit single. Each driver is composed of
8 segments having binary weighted output resistance. The MSB
segment typical ON resistance is 2Ω, when all segments are
turned on; the output resistance is typically 1Ω. Usually all
segments are turned on to define the normal transmission
(non-modulated) level.
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AS3911 − Application Information
It is also possible to switch off certain segments when driving
the non-modulated level to reduce the amplitude of signal on
the antenna and/or to reduce the antenna Q factor without
making any hardware changes. The RFO Normal Level
Definition Register defines which segments are turned on to
define the normal transmission (non-modulated) level. Default
setting is that all segments are turned on.
Using the single driver mode the number and therefore the cost
of the antenna LC tank components is halved, but also the
output power is reduced. In single mode it possible to connect
two antenna LC tanks to the two RFO outputs and multiplex
between them by controlling the IO Configuration Register 1
bit rfo2.
In order to transmit the data the transmitter output level needs
to be modulated. The AM and OOK modulation are supported.
The type of modulation is defined by setting the bit tr_am in
the Auxiliary Definition Register. For the operation modes
supported by the AS3911 framing the setting of modulation
type is done automatically by sending direct command Analog
Preset.
During the OOK modulation (for example ISO14443A) the
Transmitter drivers stop driving the carrier frequency; drivers
are frozen in state before the modulation. As consequence the
amplitude of the antenna LC tank oscillation decays, the time
constant of the decay is defined with the LC tank Q factor. The
decay time in case of OOK modulation can be shortened by
asserting the Auxiliary Definition Register bit ook_hr. When this
bit is set to logic one the drivers are put in tristate during the
OOK modulation.
AM modulation (for example ISO14443B) is done by increasing
the output driver impedance during the modulation time. This
is done by reducing the number of driver segments which are
turned on. The AM modulated level can be automatically
adjusted to the target modulation depth by defining the target
modulation depth in the AM Modulation Depth Control
Register and sending the Calibrate Modulation Depth direct
command. Please refer to AM Modulation Depth: Definition and
Calibration for further details.
Slow Transmitter Ramping
When transmitter is enabled it starts to drive the antenna LC
tank with full power, the ramping of field emitted by antenna
is defined by antenna LC tank Q factor.
However there are some reader systems where the reader field
has to transition with a longer transition time when it is
enabled. The STIF (Syndicat des transports d'Ile de France)
specification requires a transition time from 10% to 90% of field
longer than or equal to 10 μs.
The AS3911 supports that feature. It is realized by collapsing
VSP_RF regulated voltage when transmitter is disabled and
ramping it when transmitter is enabled. Typical transition time
is 15 μs at 3V supply and 20 μs at 5V supply.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Procedure to implement the slow transition:
• When transmitter is disabled set IO Configuration Register
2 bit slow_up to 1. Keep this state at least 2 ms to allow
discharge of VSP_RF.
• Enable transmitter, its output will ramp slowly.
• Before sending any command set the bit slow_up back
to 0.
Receiver
The receiver performs demodulation of the transponder
sub-carrier modulation which is superimposed on the
13.56MHz carrier frequency. It performs AM and/or PM
demodulation, amplification, band-pass filtering and
digitalization of sub-carrier signals. Additionally it performs
RSSI measurement, automatic gain control (AGC) and Squelch
function.
In typical application the Receiver inputs RFI1 and RFI2 are
outputs of capacitor dividers connected directly to the
terminals of antenna coil. Such concept assures that the two
input signals are in phase to the voltage on antenna coil. Care
has to be taken during design of capacitive divider that the RFI1
and RFI2 input signal pp value does not exceed the VSP_A
supply voltage.
Receiver comprises two complete receive channels for AM
demodulation and PM demodulation. In case both channels are
active the selection of channel used for reception framing is
done automatically by receive framing logic. The receiver is
switched on when Operation Control Register bit rx_en is set to
one. Additionally the Operation Control Register contains bits
rx_chn and rx_man; rx_chn defines whether both, AM and PM,
demodulation channels will be active or only one of them, while
bit rx_man defines the channel selection mode in case both
channels are active (automatic or manual). Operation of the
Receiver is controlled by four Receiver Configuration registers.
The operation of the receiver is additionally controlled by the
signal rx_on which is set high when modulated signal is
expected on the receiver input. This signal is used to control
RSSI and AGC and also enables processing of receiver output
by Framing logic. Signal rx_on is automatically set high after
Mask Receive timer expires. Signal rx_on can also be directly
controlled by the controller by sending direct commands Mask
Receive Data and Unmask Receive Data. Figure 14 illustrates the
Receiver block diagram.
Demodulation Stage
First stage performs demodulation of transponder sub-carrier
response signal, which is superimposed on HF field carrier. Two
different blocks are implemented for AM demodulation: Peak
Detector and AM demodulator mixer. The choice of the
demodulator, which is used, is made by the Receiver
Configuration Register 1 bit amd_sel.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Peak detector performs AM demodulation using peak follower.
Both, the positive and negative peaks are tracked to suppress
common mode signal. It is limited in speed; it can operate for
sub-carrier frequencies up to fc/8 (1700 kHz). It has
demodulation gain G = 0.7. Its input is taken from one
demodulator input only (usually RFI1).
AM demodulator mixer uses synchronous rectification of both
receiver inputs (RFI1 and RFI2). Its gain is G = 0.55. Mixer
demodulator is optimized for VHBR sub-carrier frequencies.
(fc/8 and higher). For sub-carrier frequency fc/8 (1700 kHz) both
peak follower and mixer can be used, while for fc/4 and fc/2 are
supported only by mixer.
By default the Peak detector is used, for data rates fc/8 and
higher use of mixer is automatically preset by sending direct
command Analog Preset.
PM demodulation is also done by a mixer. The PM demodulator
mixer has differential outputs with 60mV differential signal for
1% phase change (16.67 mV per degree). Its operation is
optimized for sub-carrier frequencies up to fc/8 (1700 kHz).
In case the demodulation is done externally of the AS3911 it is
possible to multiplex the LF signals applied to pins RFI1 and
RFI2 directly to the gain and filtering stage by selecting the
Receiver Configuration Register 2 bit lf_en.
Figure 14:
Receiver Block Diagram
AM
Demodulator
Mixer
rec1<7:6>
rec2<6:5>
rec4<7:4>
RF_IN1
Peak Detector
M
U
X
rec3<7:5>
AGC
Squelch
RSSI
RSSI_AM<3:0>
digital
sub-carrier
RX_on
sg_on
RF_IN2
rec3<4:2>
rec4<3:0>
AGC
Squelch
RSSI
PM
Demodulator
Mixer
RSSI_PM<3:0>
digital
sub-carrier
rec3<2:0>
Demodulation
stage
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AC coupling
+ 1st gain stage
rec1<5:3>
Low-pass
+ 2nd gain stage
High-pass
+ 3rd gain stage
Digitizing
stage
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AS3911 − Application Information
Filtering and Gain Stages
The receiver chain has band pass filtering characteristics.
Filtering is optimized to pass sub-carrier frequencies while
rejecting carrier frequency and low frequency noise and DC
component. Filtering and gain is implemented in three stages
where the first and the last stage have the first order high pass
characteristics, while the mid stage has second order low pass
characteristic.
Gain and filtering characteristics can be optimized for current
application by writing the Receiver Configuration Register 1
(filtering), Receiver Configuration Register 3 (gain in first stage)
and Receiver Configuration Register 4 (gain in second and third
stage).
Gain of first stage is about 20dB and can be reduced in six 2.5
dB steps. There is also a special boost mode available, which
boosts the maximum gain for additional 5.5 dB. In case of VHBR
(fc/8 and fc/4) the gain is lower. The first stage gain can only be
modified by writing Receiver Configuration Register 3. The
default setting of this register is the minimum gain. Default first
stage zero is located at 60 kHz, it can also be lowered to 40kHz
or 12 kHz by writing option bits in the Receiver Configuration
Register 1. The control of the first and third stage zeros is done
with common control bits (see Figure 16).
Gain in the second and third stage is 23 dB and can be reduced
in six 3 dB steps. Gain of these two stages is included in AGC
and Squelch loops or can be manually set in Receiver
Configuration Register 4. Sending of direct command Reset Rx
Gain is necessary to initialize the AGC, Squelch and RSSI block.
Sending this command clears the current Squelch setting and
loads the manual gain reduction from Receiver Configuration
Register 4. Second stage has a second order low pass filtering
characteristic, the pass band is adjusted according to
sub-carrier frequency using the bits lp2 to lp0 of the Receiver
Configuration Register 1. See Figure 15 for -1dB cut-off
frequency for different settings.
Figure 15:
Low Pass Control
rec1<5> lp2
rec1<4> lp1
rec1<3> lp0
-1 dB point
0
0
0
1200 kHz
0
0
1
600 kHz
0
1
0
300 kHz
1
0
0
2 MHz
1
0
1
7 MHz
Other
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Not used
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 16:
First and Third Stage Zero Setting
rec1<2> h200
rec1<1> h80
rec1<0> z12k
First Stage
Zero
Third Stage
Zero
0
0
0
60 kHz
400 kHz
1
0
0
60 kHz
200 kHz
0
1
0
40 kHz
80 kHz
0
0
1
12 kHz
200 kHz
0
1
1
12 kHz
80 kHz
1
0
1
12 kHz
200 kHz
Other
Not used
Figure 17 provides information on the recommended filter
settings. For all supported operation modes and receive bit
rates there is an automatic preset defined, additionally some
alternatives are listed. Automatic preset is done by sending
direct command Analog Preset. There is no automatic preset for
Steam and Transparent modes. Since selection of filter
characteristics also modifies gain, the gain range for different
filter settings is also listed.
Min1
Max23
Max1
Min23
Min All
With
Boost
Gain [dB]
Max All
rec1<0>
z12k
rec1<1>
h80
rec1<2>
h200
rec1<5:3>
lp<2:0>
Figure 17:
Receiver Filter Selection and Gain Range
000
0
0
0
43.4
28
26.4
11
49.8
Automatic preset for ISO14443A fc/128
and NFC Forum Type 1 Tag
000
1
0
0
44
29
27.5
12
49.7
Automatic preset for ISO14443B fc/128
ISO14443 fc/64
001
1
0
0
44.3
29
27
11.7
49.8
Recommended for 424/484 kHz
sub-carrier
000
0
1
0
41.1
25.8
23.6
8.3
46.8
Alternative choice for ISO14443 fc/32 and
fc/16
100
0
1
0
32
17
17.2
2
37.6
Automatic preset for ISO14443 fc/32 and
fc/16
Alternative choice for fc/8 (1.7 kb/s)
100
0
0
0
32
17
17.2
2
37.6
Alternative choice for fc/8 (1.7 kb/s)
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Comment
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
Gain [dB]
Min1
Max23
Max1
Min23
Min All
With
Boost
Max All
rec1<0>
z12k
rec1<1>
h80
rec1<2>
h200
rec1<5:3>
lp<2:0>
AS3911 − Application Information
000
0
1
1
41.1
25.8
23.6
8.3
46.8
101
0
1
0
30
20
12
2
34
Alternative choice for fc/8 and fc/4
101
1
0
0
30
20
12
2
34
Automatic preset for fc/8 and fc/4
000
1
0
1
36.5
21.5
24.9
9.9
41.5
Comment
Automatic preset FeliCa (fc/64, fc/32)
Alternative choice for ISO14443 fc/32 and
fc/16
Automatic preset for NFCIP-1 (initiator and
target)
Digitizing Stage
Digitizing stage is producing a digital form of sub-carrier signal
which is output of Receiver and input to Framing Logic. It is a
window comparator with adjustable digitizing window (five
possible settings, 3 dB steps, adjustment range from ±33 mV to
±120 mV). Adjustment of the digitizing window is included in
AGC and Squelch loops or can be manually set in Receiver
Configuration Register 4.
AGC, Squelch and RSSI
As mentioned above second and third gain stage gain and the
Digitizing stage digitizing window are included in AGC and
Squelch loops. Eleven settings are available, default state
features minimum digitizer window and maximum gain, first
four steps increase the digitizer window in 3 dB steps, next six
steps additionally reduce the gain in 2 nd and 3rd gain stage also
in 3 dB steps. The initial setting with which Squelch and AGC
start is defined in Receiver Configuration Register 4. The Gain
Reduction State Register displays the actual state of gain which
results from Squelch, AGC and initial settings in Receiver
Configuration Register 4.
Squelch
This feature is designed for operation of receiver in noisy
environment. The noise can come from tags in which
processing of data sent by the reader is going on and an answer
is being prepared. Noise can also be generated by noisy
environment. This noise may be misinterpreted as start of
transponder response which results in decoding error.
During execution of the Squelch procedure the output of
Digitizing comparator is observed. In case there are more than
two transitions on this output in 50 μs time period, gain is
reduced for 3 dB and output is observed during next 50 μs. This
procedure is repeated until number of transitions in 50 μs is
lower or equal to 2 or until maximum gain reduction is reached.
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AS3911 − Application Information
This setting is cleared by sending direct command Reset Rx
Gain.
There are two possibilities of performing squelch: automatic
mode and using direct command Squelch.
• Automatic mode is started in case bit sqm_dyn in the
Receiver Configuration Register 2 is set. It is activated
automatically 18.88 μs after end of Tx and is terminated
with Mask Receive timer expire. This mode is primarily
intended to suppress noise generated by tag processing
during the time when the tag response is not expected
(covered by Mask Receive timer).
• Command Squelch is accepted in case it is sent when
signal rx_on is low. It can be used in case the time window
in which noise is present is known by the controller.
AGC
AGC (automatic gain control) is used to reduce gain to keep
receiver chain out of saturation. In case gain is properly
adjusted the demodulation process is also less influenced by
system noise.
AGC action starts when signal rx_on is asserted high and is reset
when it is reset to low. At low to high transitions of the rx_on
the state of the receiver gain is stored in the Gain Reduction
State Register, therefore reading this register later gives the
information of the gain setting used during last reception.
When AGC is switched on receiver gain is reduced so that the
input to digitizer stage is not saturated. The AGC system
comprises a window comparator which has its window 3.5 times
larger than window of digitalization window comparator. When
the AGC function is enabled gain is reduced until there are no
transitions on its output. Such procedure assures that the input
to digitalization window comparator is less than 3.5 times larger
than its window.
AGC operation is controlled by the control bits agc_en, agc_m
and agc_fast in the Receiver Configuration Register 2. Bit
agc_en enables the AGC operation; bit agc_m defines the AGC
mode while bit agc_alg define the AGC algorithm.
Two AGC modes are available, AGC can operate during
complete Rx process (as long as signal rx_on is high) or it can
be enabled only during first eight sub-carrier pulses.
Two AGC algorithms are available; AGC can either start by
presetting of code 4 h (max digitizer window, max gain) or by
resetting the code to 0 h (min digitizer window, max gain).
Algorithm with preset code is faster, therefore it is
recommended for protocols with short SOF (like ISO14443A
fc/128).
Default AGC settings are: AGC is enabled, AGC operates during
complete Rx process, algorithm with preset is used.
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AS3911 − Application Information
RSSI
The receiver also performs the RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator) measurement of both channels. RSSI measurement
is started after rising edge of rx_on. It stays active while signal
rx_on is high; while rx_on is low it is frozen. It is a peak hold
system; the value can only increase from initial zero value. Every
time the AGC reduces the gain the RSSI measurement is reset
and starts from zero. Result of RSSI measurements is 4-bit value
which can be observed by reading the RSSI Display Register.
The LSB step is 2.8 dB, the maximum code is D h (13d).
Since the RSSI measurement is of peak hold type the RSSI
measurement result does not follow any variations in the signal
strength (the highest value will be kept). In order to follow RSSI
variation it is possible to reset RSSI bits and restart the
measurement by sending direct command Clear RSSI.
Receiver in NFCIP-1 Active Communication Mode
There are several features built in receiver to enable reliable
reception of active NFCIP-1 communication. All these settings
are automatically preset by sending direct command Analog
Preset after the NFCIP-1 mode has been configured. In addition
to filtering options there are two NFC specific configuration bits
stored in the Receiver Configuration Register 3.
Bit lim enables clipping circuits which are positioned after first
and second gain stages. The intention of clipping circuits is to
limit the signal level for the following filtering stage (in case the
NFC peer is close the input signal level can be quite high).
Bit rg_nfc forces gain reduction of second and third filtering
stage to -6dB while keeping the digitizer comparator window
at maximum level.
Capacitive Sensor
The Capacitive Sensor block provides a possibility of low power
detection of tag presence.
The capacitive measurement system comprises two electrodes.
One is excitation electrode emitting electrical field of a fixed
frequency in range of few hundred kHz (CSO) and the second
one is the sensing electrode (CSI). The amount of charge generated in sensing electrode represents the capacitance between the two electrodes. Capacitive sensor electrodes are tolerant to parasitic capacitance to ground (up to 25 pF) and to
input leakage (up to 1 MΩ).
Since the charge on the sensing electrode is generated with the
frequency of excitation electrode, synchronous rectifier is used
to detect it. This ensures good rejection of interference and
high tolerance to parasitic capacitances (to all nodes except the
excitation electrode).
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitive sensor system depicted on figure below uses a synchronous rectifier to convert the AC charge generated by the
excitation signal on the sensing electrode. This yields a DC output voltage, which is linearly proportional to the capacitance
between the excitation and sensing electrode. The output DC
voltage is converted by an AD converter in absolute mode. Result is stored in the A/D Converter Output Register (see also A/D
Converter).
Figure 18:
Capacitive Sensor Block Diagram
CSO
Oscillator
A/D
Converter
Synchronous
Rectifier
CSI
Any conductive object (human hand or tag's antenna windings)
approaching the two electrodes changes the capacitance
between the excitation and sensing electrode as it 'shortens'
the distance between the two by providing conductance on the
part of the path between the two electrodes.
Capacitance measurement is started by sending direct
command Measure Capacitance. The AS3911 can also be
configured to periodically wake-up and perform the
capacitance measurement. The result is compared to a stored
reference or to an average of previous measurements and in
case the difference is greater than a predefined value an IRQ is
triggered to wake-up the controller (see also Wake-up Mode).
Capacitor sensor gain can be adjusted by setting in Capacitive
Sensor Control Register. Default gain is 2.8V/pF typ., maximum
gain is 6.5V/pF typ. Since LSB of AD converter corresponds to
approximately 7.8mV, the default gain results in sensitivity of
2.8 fF/LSB (1.2 fF/LSB maximum).
Capacitance measurement duration is 200 μs, current
consumption during measurement is 1.1 mA typ. In case
capacitive measurement is performed every 100 ms in Wake-up
mode the resulting typical average consumption is 5.8μA
(3.6μA is standby consumption in Wake-up mode).
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitor Sensor Calibration
Capacitor sensor comprises calibration unit internally
compensates the parasitic capacitances between CSI and CSO,
thus leaving full measurement range for information about
capacitance variation. 5 bits are used to control the calibration,
minimum calibration step is 0.1pF, calibration range is 3.1pF.
Calibration can be done manually by writing Capacitive Sensor
Control Register or automatically by sending direct command
Calibrate Capacitive Sensor. The status of Calibrate Capacitive
Sensor command and resulting calibration value are stored in
the Capacitive Sensor Display Register.
In order to avoid interference of Capacitive Sensor with Xtal
oscillator and reader magnetic field and to assure repetitive
results it is strongly recommended to perform capacitance
measurement and calibration in Power-down mode only.
Wake-up Mode
Asserting the Operation Control Register bit wu while the other
bits are set to 0 puts the AS3911 into the Wake-up mode which
is used to perform low power detection of card presence. The
AS3911 includes several possibilities of low power detection of
a card presence (capacitive sensor, phase measurement,
amplitude measurement). Low power 32kHz RC oscillator and
register configurable Wake-up timer are used to schedule
periodic detection.
Usually the presence of a card is detected by so called polling.
In this process the reader is periodically turned on and the
controller activates the protocol to check whether a card is
present. Such procedure consumes a lot of energy since reader
field has to be turned on for 5ms before a command can be
issued.
Low power detection of card presence is performed by
detecting a change in reader environment, which is produced
by presence of a card. When a change is detected, an interrupt
is sent to the controller. As a result, the controller can activate
the protocol for tag detection.
In the Wake-up mode the AS3911 periodically performs the
configured measurements and sends an IRQ to the controller,
which is in deep sleep to minimize the current consumption,
only when a difference to the build in reference is detected.
Detection of card presence can be done by performing phase,
amplitude and capacitive sensor measurements.
Presence of a card close to the reader antenna coil produces
due to the magnetic coupling of the two coils a change of the
antenna LC tank signal phase and amplitude.
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AS3911 − Application Information
The reader field activation time needed to perform the phase
or the amplitude measurement is extremely short (~20μs)
comparing to the activation time needed to send a protocol
activation command. Additionally the power level during the
measurement can be lower than the power level during normal
operation since the card does not have to be powered to
produce the coupling effect. The emitted power can be reduced
by increasing the RFO Normal Level Definition Register.
Capacitance Sensor detects a change of the parasite
capacitance between the two excitation electrodes which is
caused by a card antenna and a hand holding it. See Capacitive
Sensor for a detailed information on the capacitive sensor.
The registries on locations from 31h to 3D h are dedicated to
Wake-up configuration and display. The Wake-up Timer Control
Register is the main Wake-up mode configuration register. The
timeout period between the successive detections and the
measurements which are going to be used are selected in this
register. Timeouts in the range from 10 ms to 800 ms are
available, 100 ms is the default value. Any combination of
available measurements can be selected (one, two or all of
them).
The following twelve registers (32h to 3D h) are configuring the
three possible detection measurements and storing the results,
four registers are used for each measurement.
An IRQ is sent when the difference between a measured value
and reference value is larger than configured threshold value.
There are two possibilities how to define the reference value:
• The AS3911 can calculate the reference based on previous
measurements (auto-averaging)
• The controller determines the reference and stores it in a
register
The first register in the series of four is the Measurement
Configuration Register (see for e.g. Amplitude Measurement
Configuration Register). The difference to reference which
triggers the IRQ, the method of reference value definition and
the weight of last measurement result in case of auto-averaging
are defined in this register. The next register is storing the
reference value in case the reference is defined by the
controller. The following two registers are display registers. The
first one stores the auto-averaging reference; the second one
stores the result of the last measurement.
Wake-up mode configuration registers have to be configured
before wake-up mode is actually entered. Any modification of
Wake-up mode configuration while it is active may result in
unpredictable behavior.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Auto-averaging
In case of auto-averaging the reference value is recalculated
after every measurement. The last measurement value, the old
reference value and the weight are used in this calculation. The
following formula is used to calculate the new reference value.
OldReference – MeasuredValue
NewReference = OldReference + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Weight
The calculation is done on 10 bits to have sufficient precision.
The auto-averaging process is initialized when Wake-up mode
is first time entered after initialization (power-up or using Set
Default command). The initial value is taken from the
Measurement Display Register (for example Amplitude
Measurement Display Register) until the content of this register
is not zero.
Every Measurement Configuration register contains a bit which
defines whether the measurement which causes an interrupt is
taken in account for the average value calculation (for example
bit am_aam of the Amplitude Measurement Reference Register).
Quartz Crystal Oscillator
The quartz crystal oscillator can operate with 13.56 MHz and
27.12 MHz crystals. The operation of quartz crystal oscillator is
enabled when the Operation Control Register bit en is set to
one. An interrupt is sent to inform the microcontroller when the
oscillator frequency is stable (see Main Interrupt Register).
The status of oscillator can be observed by observing the
Auxiliary Display Register bit osc_ok. This bit is set to ‘1’ when
oscillator frequency is stable.
The oscillator is based on an inverter stage supplied by
controlled current source. A feedback loop is controlling the
bias current in order to regulate amplitude on XTI pin to 1Vpp.
This feedback assures reliable operation even in case of low
quality crystals with R s up to 50 Ω. In order to enable a fast reader
start-up an interrupt is sent when oscillator amplitude exceeds
750 mVpp.
Division by two assures that 13.56MHz signal has a duty cycle
of 50% which is better for the Transmitter performance (no PW
distortion). Use of 27.12MHz crystal is therefore recommended
for better performance.
In case of 13.56 MHz crystal, the bias current of stage which is
digitizing oscillator signal is increased to assure as low PW
distortion as possible.
Please note that in case of VHBR reception (bit rates fc/8 and
above) it is mandatory to use the 27.12MHz crystal since high
frequency clock is needed for receive framing.
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AS3911 − Application Information
The oscillator output is also used to drive a clock signal output
pin MCU_CLK), which can be used by the external
microcontroller. The MCU_CLK pin is configured in the IO
Configuration Register 2.
Timers
The AS3911 contains several timers which eliminate the need
to run counters in the controller, thus reducing the effort of the
controller code implementation and improve portability of
code to different controllers.
Every timer has one or more associated configuration registers
in which the timeout duration and different operating modes
are defined. These configuration registers have to be set while
the corresponding timer is not running. Any modification of
timer configuration while the timer is active may result in
unpredictable behavior.
All timers except the Wake-up timer are stopped by direct
command Clear.
Exception: In case bit nrt_emv in the General Purpose and
No-response Timer Control Register is set to one, the
No-response timer is not stopped.
Mask Receive Timer and No-response Timer
Mask Receive Timer and No-response Timer are both
automatically started at the end of transmission (at the end of
EOF).
Mask Receive Timer
The Mask Receive Timer is blocking the Receiver and reception
process in framing logic by keeping the rx_on signal low after
the end of Tx during the time the tag reply is not expected.
While the Mask Receive timer is running, the Squelch is
automatically turned on (if enabled). Mask receive timer does
not produce an IRQ.
The Mask Receive Timer timeout is configured in the Mask
Receive Timer Register.
In the NFCIP-1 active communication mode the Mask receive
timer is started when the peer NFC device (a device with which
communication is going on) switches on its field.
The Mask Receive timer has a special use in the low power Initial
NFC Target Mode. After the initiator field has been detected the
controller turns on the oscillator, regulator and receiver. Mask
Receive timer is started by sending direct command Start
Mask-receive Timer. After the Mask Receive Timer expires the
receiver output starts to be observed to detect start of the
initiator message. In this mode the Mask Receive Timer clock is
additionally divided by eight it (one count is 512/fc) to cover
range up to ~9.6ms.
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AS3911 − Application Information
No-response Timer
As its name indicates this timer is intended to observe whether
a tag response was detected in a configured time started by
end of transmission. The I_nre flag in the Timer and NFC
Interrupt Register is signaling interrupt events resulting from
this timer timeout.
The No-response Timer is configured by writing two
No-response Timer setting registers: No-response Timer
Register 1and No-response Timer Register 2. Operation options
of the No-response timer are defined by setting bits nrt_emv
and nrt_step in the General Purpose and No-response Timer
Control Register.
Bit nrt_step configures the time step of the No-response Timer.
Two steps are available, 64/fc (4.72μs), which covers range up
to 309ms and 4096/fc, which covers range up to 19.8s.
Bit nrt_emv controls the timer operation mode:
• When this bit is set to 0 (default mode) the IRQ is produced
in case the No-response timer expires before a start of a
tag reply is detected and rx_on is forced to low to stop
receiver process. In the opposite case, when start of a tag
reply is detected before timeout, the timer is stopped, and
no IRQ is produced.
• When this bit is set to 1 the timer unconditionally
produces an IRQ when it expires, it is also not stopped by
direct command Clear. This means that IRQ is independent
of the fact whether or not a tag reply was detected. In case
at the moment of timeout a tag reply is being processed
no other action is taken, in the opposite case, when no tag
response is being processed additionally the signal rx_on
is forced to low to stop receive process.
The No-response Timer can also be started using direct
command Start No-response Timer. The intention of this
command is to extend the No-response timer timeout beyond
the range defined in the No-response Timer control registers.
In case this command is sent while the timer is running, it is
reset and restarted. In NFCIP-1 active communication mode the
No-response Timer cannot be started using the direct
command.
In case this timer expires before the peer NFC device (a device
with which communication is going on) switches on its field an
interrupt is sent.
In all modes, where timer is set to nonzero value, it is a must
that M_txe is not set and interrupt I_txe is read via SPI for
synchronization between transmitter and timer.
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AS3911 − Application Information
General Purpose Timer
The triggering of the General Purpose Timer is configured by
setting the General Purpose and No-response Timer Control
Register. It can be used to survey the duration of reception
process (triggering by start of reception, after SOF) or to time
out the PCD to PICC response time (triggered by end of
reception, after EOF). In the NFCIP-1 active communication
mode it is used to timeout the field switching off. In all cases an
IRQ is sent when it expires.
The General Purpose Timer can also be started by sending the
direct command Start General Purpose Timer. In case this
command is sent while the timer is running, it is reset and
restarted.
Wake-up Timer
Wake timer is primarily used in the Wake-up mode (see Wake-up
Mode). Additionally it can be used by sending a direct
command Start Wake-up Timer. This command is accepted in
any operation mode except Wake-up mode. When this
command is send the RC oscillator, which is used as clock source
for wake-up timer is started, timeout is defined by setting in the
Wake-up Timer Control Register. When the timer expires, an IRQ
with the I_wt flag in the Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
is sent.
Wake-up timer is useful in the Power-down mode, in which
other timers cannot be used (in the Power-down mode the
crystal oscillator, which is clock source for the other timers, is
not running). Please note that the tolerance of wake-up timer
timeout is defined by tolerance of the RC oscillator.
A/D Converter
The AS3911 contains an 8-bit successive approximation A/D
converter. Input to A/D converter can be multiplexed from
different sources to be used in several direct commands and
adjustment procedures. The result of last A/D conversion is
stored in the A/D Converter Output Register. Typical conversion
time is 224/fc (16.5 μs).
The A/D converter has two operating modes, absolute and
relative.
• In absolute mode the low reference is 0V and the high
reference is 2V. This means that A/D converter input range
is from 0 to 2V, 00h code means input is 0V or lower, FF h
means that input is 2V - 1LSB or higher, LSB is 7.8125 mV.
• In relative mode low reference is 1/6 of VSP_A and high
reference is 5/6 of VSP_A, so the input range is from 1/6
VSP_A to 5/6 VSP_A.
Relative mode is only used in phase measurement (phase
detector output is proportional to power supply). In all other
cases absolute mode is used.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Phase and Amplitude Detector
This block is used to provide input to A/D Converter to perform
measurements of amplitude and phase, expected by direct
commands Measure Amplitude and Measure Phase. Several
phase and amplitude measurements are also performed by
direct commands Calibrate Modulation Depth and Calibrate
Antenna.
Phase Detector
The phase detector is observing phase difference between the
transmitter output signals (RFO1 and RFO2) and the receiver
input signals RFI1 and RFI2, which are proportional to the signal
on the antenna LC tank. These signals are first passed by
digitizing comparators. Digitized signals are processed by a
phase detector with a strong low pass filter characteristics to
get average phase difference. The Phase Detector output is
inversely proportional to the phase difference between the two
inputs. The 90° phase shift results in VSP_A/2 output voltage,
in case both inputs are in phase output voltage is VSP_A in case
they are in opposite phase output voltage is zero. During
execution of direct command Measure Phase this output is
multiplexed to A/D Converter input (A/D Converter is in relative
mode during execution of command Measure Phase). Since the
A/D converter range is from 1/6 VSP_A to 5/6 VSP_A the actual
phase detector range is from 30º to 150º. Figures below depict
the two inputs and output of phase detector in case of 90º and
135º phase shift.
Figure 19:
Phase Detector Inputs and Output in case of 90º Phase Shift
VSP
VSP
VSP
VSP/2
0
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 20:
Phase Detector Inputs and Output in case of 135º Phase
Shift
VSP
VSP
VSP
VSP/2
0
Amplitude Detector
Signals from pins RFI1 and RFI2 are used as inputs to the
self-mixing stage. Output of this stage is DC voltage
proportional to amplitude of signal on pins RFI1 and RFI2.
During execution of direct command Measure Amplitude this
output is multiplexed to A/D Converter input.
External field Detector
The External Field Detector is used to detect the presence of an
external device generating an RF field. It is automatically
switched on in NFCIP-1 active communication modes; it can
also be used in other modes. The External Field Detector
supports two different detection thresholds, Peer Detection
Threshold and Collision Avoidance Threshold. The two
thresholds can be independently set by writing the External
Field Detector Threshold Register. The actual state of the
External Field Detector output can be checked by reading the
Auxiliary Display Register. Input to this block is the signal from
the RFI1 pin.
Peer Detection Threshold
This threshold is used to detect the field emitted by peer NFC
device with which NFC communication is going on (initiator
field in case the AS3911 is a target and the opposite, target field
in case the AS3911 is an initiator). It can be selected in the range
from 75mVpp to 800mVpp. When this threshold is enabled the
External Field Detector is in low power mode. An interrupt is
generated when an external field is detected and also when it
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AS3911 − Application Information
is switched OFF. With such implementation it can also be used
to detect the moment when the external field disappears. This
is useful to detect the moment when the peer NFC device (it
can be either an initiator or a target) has stopped emitting an
RF field.
The External Field Detector is automatically enabled in the low
power Peer Detection mode when NFCIP-1 mode (initiator or
target) is selected in the Bit Rate Definition Register.
Additionally it can be enabled by setting bit en_fd in the
Auxiliary Definition Register.
Collision Avoidance Threshold
This threshold is used during the RF Collision Avoidance
sequence which is executed by sending NFC Field ON
commands (see NFC Field ON Commands). It can be selected in
the range from 25 mVpp to 800 mVpp.
Power Supply System
The AS3911 features two positive supply pins, V DD and V DD_IO.
V DD is the main power supply pin. It supplies the AS3911 blocks
through three regulators (V DD_A, V DD_D and V DD_RF). V DD range
from 2.4 to 5.5V is supported.
V DD_IO is used to define supply level for digital communication
pins (/SS, MISO, MOSI, SCLK, IRQ, MCU_CLK). Digital
communication pins interface to the AS3911 logic through level
shifters, therefore the internal supply voltage can be either
higher or lower than V DD_IO. VDD_IO range from 1.65V to 5.5V is
supported.
Figure 22 shows the building blocks of the AS3911 power
supply system. It contains three regulators, a power-down
support block, a block generating analog reference voltage
(AGD) and a block performing automatic power supply
adjustment procedure. The three regulators are providing
supply to analog blocks (VSP_A), logic (VSP_D) and transmitter
(VSP_RF). The use of VSP_A and VSP_D regulators is mandatory
at 5V power supply to provide regulated voltage to analog and
logic blocks which only use 3.3V devices. The use of VSP_A and
VSP_D regulators at 3V supply and VSP_RF regulator at any
supply voltage is recommended to improve system PSRR.
Regulated voltage can be adjusted automatically to have
maximum possible regulated voltage while still having good
PSRR. All regulator pins also have corresponding negative
supply pins which are externally connected to ground potential
(VSS). The reason for separation is in decoupling of noise
induced by voltage drops on the internal power supply lines.
Figure 12 and Figure 13 depict typical AS3911 application
schematics with all regulators used. All regulator pins and AGD
voltage are buffered with pairs of ceramic and electrolyte. For
regulators recommended blocking capacitors values can be
found in the table below are 2.2μF in parallel with 10nF, for pin
AGD 1μF in parallel with 10nF is suggested.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 21:
Recommended Blocking Capacitor Values
Pins
Recommended Capacitors
AGD-VSS
1μF || 10nF
VSP_A-VSN_A
VSP_D-VSN_D
2.2μF || 10nF
2.2μF || 10nF
VSP_RF-VSN_RF
2.2μF || 10nF
Figure 22:
The AS3911 Power Supply System
VDD
VSP_D
REG
Power-down
Support
1k ohm
EN
sup3V
VSP_A
REG
50 ohm
BGR
&
AGC
VSP_RF
REG
VSP_RF
VSP_A
VSP_D
AGD
RV<3:0>
reg2Ah
adjust
AUTOREG
reg2Bh
Regulators have two basic operation modes depending on
supply voltage, 3.3V supply mode (max 3.6V) and 5V supply
mode (max 5.5V). The supply mode is set by writing bit sup3V
in the IO Configuration Register 2. Default setting is 5V so this
bit has to be set to one after power-up in case of 3.3V supply.
In 3.3V mode all regulators are set to the same regulated voltage
in range from 2.4V to 3.4V, while in 5V only the VSP_RF can be
set in range from 3.9V to 5.1V, while VSP_A and VSP_D are fixed
to 3.4V.
Figure 22 depicts signals controlling the power supply system.
The regulators are operating when signal en is high (en is
configuration bit in Operation Control Register). When signal
en is low the AS3911 is in low power Power-down mode. In this
mode consumption of the power supply system is also
minimized.
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AS3911 − Application Information
VSP_RF Regulator
The intention of this regulator is to improve PSRR of the
Transmitter (the noise of the Transmitter power supply is
emitted and fed back to the Receiver). The VSP_RF regulator
operation is controlled and observed by writing and reading
two regulator registers:
• Regulator Voltage Control Register controls the regulator
mode and regulated voltage. Bit reg_s controls regulator
mode. In case it is set to 0 (default state) the regulated
voltage is set using direct command Adjust Regulators.
When bit reg_s is asserted to 1 regulated voltage is defined
by bits rege_3 to rege_1 of the same register. The regulated
voltage adjustment range depends on the power supply
mode. In case of 5V supply mode the adjustment range is
between 3.9V and 5.1 V in steps of 120 mV, in case of 3.3V
supply mode the adjustment range is from 2.4V to 3.4V
with steps of 100mV. Default regulated voltage is the
maximum one (5.1V and 3.4V in case of 5V and 3.3V supply
mode respectively).
• Regulator and Timer Display Register is a read only register
which displays actual regulated voltage when regulator is
operating. It is especially useful in case of automatic mode,
since the actual regulated voltage, which is result of direct
command Adjust Regulators, can be observed.
The VSP_RF regulator also includes a current limiter which limits
the regulator current to 200mA rms in normal operation (500mA
in case of short). In case the Transmitter output current higher
the 300mA rms is required VSP_RF regulator cannot be used to
supply the Transmitter, VSP_RF has to be externally connected
to V DD (connection of VSP_RF to supply voltage higher than V DD
is not allowed).
The voltage drop of the Transmitter current is the main source
of the AS3911 power dissipation. This voltage drop is composed
of drop in the Transmitter driver and in the drop on VSP_RF
regulator. Due to this it is recommended to set regulated
voltage using direct command Adjust Regulators. It results in
good power supply rejection ration with relatively low
dissipated power due to regulator voltage drop.
In Power-down mode the VSP_RF regulator is not operating.
VSP_RF pin is connected to V DD through 1 kΩ resistor.
Connection through resistors assures smooth power-up of the
system and a smooth transition from Power-down mode to
other operating modes.
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AS3911 − Application Information
VSP_A and VSP_D Regulators
VSP_A and VSP_D regulators are used to supply the AS3911
analog and digital blocks respectively. In 3.3 V mode, VSP_A and
VSP_D regulator are set to the same regulated voltage as the
VSP_RF regulator, in 5 V mode VSP_A and VSP_D regulated
voltage is fixed to 3.4 V.
The use of VSP_A and VSP_D regulators is obligatory in 5 V mode
since analog and digital blocks supplied with these two pins
contain low voltage transistors which support maximum supply
voltage of 3.6 V. In 3.3 supply mode the use of regulators is
strongly recommended in order to improve PSRR of analog
processing.
For low cost applications it is possible to disable the VSP_D
regulator and to supply digital blocks through external short
between VSP_A and VSP_D (configuration bit vspd_off in the IO
Configuration Register 2). In case VSD_D regulator is disabled
VSP_D can alternatively be supplied from V DD (in 3.3 V mode
only) in case VSP_A is not more than 300mV lower than V DD.
Power-down Support Block
In the Power-down mode the regulators are disabled in order
to save current. In this mode a low power Power-down Support
block which maintains the VSP_D and VSP_A in below 3.6V is
enabled. Typical regulated voltage in this mode is 3.1V at 5V
supply and 2.2V at 3V supply. When 3.3 V supply mode is set
the Power-down Support block is disabled, its output is
connected to V DD through 1kΩ resistor.
Typical consumption of Power-down Support block is 600nA at
5V supply.
Measurement of Supply Voltages
Using direct command Measure Power Supply it is possible to
measure V DD and regulated voltages VSP_A, VSP_D, and
VSP_RF.
Communication to External Microcontroller
The AS3911 is a slave device and the external microcontroller
initiates all communication. Communication is performed by a
4-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The AS3911 asks
microcontroller for its attention by sending an interrupt (pin
IRQ). In addition, the microcontroller can use clock signal
available on pin MCU_CLK when the oscillator is running.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
While signal /SS is high the SPI interface is in reset, while it is
low the SPI interface is enabled. It is recommended to keep
signal /SS high whenever the SPI interface is not in use. MOSI is
sampled at the falling edge of SCLK. All communication is done
in blocks of 8 bits (bytes). First two bits of first byte transmitted
after high to low transition of /SS define SPI operation mode.
MSB bit is always transmitted first (valid for address and data).
Read and Write modes support address auto-incrementing,
which means that in case after the address and first data byte
some additional data bytes are sent (read), they are written to
(read from) addresses incremented by ‘1’. Figure 25 defines
possible modes.
MISO output is usually in tristate, it is only driven when output
data is available. Due to this the MOSI and the MISO can be
externally shorted to create a bidirectional signal.
During the time the MISO output is in tristate, it is possible to
switch on a 10kΩ pull down by activating option bits miso_pd1
and miso_pd2 in the IO Configuration Register 2.
Figure 23:
Serial Data Interface (4-wire interface) Signal Lines
Name
Signal
Signal Level
Description
/SS
Digital input
CMOS
SPI Enable (active low)
MOSI
Digital input
CMOS
Serial data input
MISO
Digital output with
tristate
CMOS
Serial data output
SCLK
Digital input
CMOS
Clock for serial
communication
Figure 24:
Signal to Microcontroller
Separate SPI Input and Output Signals to Microcontroller
MOSI
MOSI
AS3911
MISO
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Bidirectional Data IO Signal to Microcontroller
MOSI
AS3911
MISO
I/O
MISO
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 25 provides information on the SPI operation modes.
Reading and writing of registers is possible in any AS3911
operation mode. FIFO operations are possible in case en (bit 7
of the Operation Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator
frequency is stable.
Figure 25:
SPI Operation Modes
MODE Pattern (communication bits)
MODE
MODE
Trailer
MODE Related Data
M1
M0
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
C0
Register Write
0
0
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
Data byte (or more bytes in case
of auto-incrementing)
Register Read
0
1
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
Data byte (or more bytes in case
of auto-incrementing)
FIFO Load
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
One or more bytes of FIFO data
FIFO Read
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
One or more bytes of FIFO data
Direct Command
Mode
1
1
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
C0
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AS3911 − Application Information
Writing of Data to Addressable Registers (Write
Mode)
Following figures show cases of writing a single byte and
writing multiple bytes with auto-incrementing address. After
the SPI operation mode bits, the address of register to be
written is provided. Then one or more data bytes are transferred
from the SPI, always from the MSB to the LSB. The data byte is
written in register on falling edge of its last clock. In case the
communication is terminated by putting /SS high before a
packet of 8 bits composing one byte is sent, writing of this
register is not performed. In case the register on the defined
address does not exist or it is a read only register no write is
performed.
Figure 26:
SPI Communication: Writing of Single Byte
/SS
SCLK
MOSI
X
0
0
Two leading
bits indicate
Mode
A
5
A
4
A
3
SCLK rising
edge Data is
transfered
from µC
A
2
A
1
A
0
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Data is moved to
Address
A5-A0
SCLK falling
edge Data is
sampled
X
/SS rising edge
signals end of
WRITE Mode
Figure 27:
SPI Communication: Writing of Multiple Bytes
/SS
SCLK
MOSI
X 0 0
A A A A A A D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6
Two leading
bits indicate
Mode
ams Datasheet
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Data is moved
to Address
<A5-A0>
Data is moved to
Address
<A5-A0> + 1
D D D D D D D D D D
1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Data is moved to
Address
<A5-A0> + (n-1)
Data is moved to
Address
<A5-A0> + n
X
/SS rising edge
signals end of
WRITE Mode
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AS3911 − Application Information
Reading of Data from Addressable Registers (Read
Mode)
After the SPI operation mode bits the address of register to be
read has to be provided from the MSB to the LSB. Then one or
more data bytes are transferred to MISO output, always from
the MSB to the LSB. As in case of the write mode also the read
mode supports auto-incrementing address.
MOSI is sampled at the falling edge of SCLK (like shown in the
following diagrams), data to be read from the AS3911 internal
register is driven to MISO pin on rising edge of SCLK and is
sampled by the master at the falling edge of SCLK.
In case the register on defined address does not exist all 0 data
is sent to MISO.
Figure 28 provides an example for reading of single byte.
Figure 28:
SPI Communication: Reading of Single Byte
/S S
SCLK
MOSI
X
0
1
M IS O
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
2
A
1
A
0
D
7
trista te
T w o le a d in g
b its in d ica te
M ode
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S C L K ris in g
e d g e D a ta is
tra n sfe re d
fro m µ C
X
S C L K fa llin g
e d g e D a ta is
sa m p le d
D
6
S C L K ris in g
e d g e D a ta is
m o ve d fro m
A d d re ss
< A 5 -A 0 >
D
5
D
4
D
3
S C L K fa llin g e d g e
D a ta is tra n sfe re d
to µ C
D
2
D
1
D
0
tris ta te
/S S risin g e d g e
sig n a ls e n d o f R E A D
M ode
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AS3911 − Application Information
Loading Transmitting Data into FIFO
Loading the transmitting data into the FIFO is similar to writing
data into an addressable registers. Difference is that in case of
loading more bytes all bytes go to the FIFO. SPI operation mode
bits 10 indicate FIFO operations. In case of loading transmitting
data into FIFO all bits <C5 – C0> are set to 0. Then a bit-stream,
the data to be sent (1 to 96 bytes), can be transferred. In case
the command is terminated by putting /SS high before a packet
of 8 bits composing one byte is sent, writing of that particular
byte in FIFO is not performed.
Figure 29 shows how to load the Transmitting Data into the
FIFO.
Figure 29:
SPI Communication: Loading of FIFO
/SS
SCLK
MOSI
X
1
0
10 pattern
indicates
FIFO mode
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
0
0
0
SCLK rising
edge Data is
transfered
from µC
0
0
SCLK falling
edge Data is
sampled
1 to 96
bytes
0
X
Start of payload
Data
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AS3911 − Application Information
Reading Received Data from FIFO
Reading received data from the FIFO is similar to reading data
from an addressable registers. Difference is that in case of
reading more bytes they all come from the FIFO. SPI operation
mode bits 10 indicate FIFO operations. In case of reading the
received data from the FIFO all bits <C5 – C0> are set to 1. On
the following SCLK rising edges the data from FIFO appears as
in case of read data from addressable registers. In case the
command is terminated by putting /SS high before a packet of
8 bits composing one byte is read that particular byte is
considered unread and will be the first one read in next FIFO
read operation.
Figure 30:
SPI Communication: Reading of FIFO
/S S
SCLK
MOSI
X
1
0
M IS O
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
1 to 9 6
b y tes
trista te
1 0 p a ttern
in d ica te s
F IF O m o de
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S C L K rising
e d g e D a ta is
tra n sfe re d
fro m µ C
S C LK fa llin g
e dg e D a ta is
sam p led
S C L K risin g
ed g e D a ta is
m o ve d fro m
F IF O
trista te
S C L K fallin g
e d ge D ata is
tra n sfe re d to
µC
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Application Information
Direct Command Mode
Direct Command Mode has no arguments, so a single byte is
sent. SPI operation mode bits 11 indicate Direct Command
Mode. The following six bits define command code, sent MSB
to the LSB. The command is executed on falling edge of last
clock.
While execution of some Direct Commands is immediate, there
are others which start a process of certain duration (calibration,
measurement…). During execution of such commands it is not
allowed to start another activity over the SPI interface. After
execution of such a command is terminated an IRQ is sent.
Figure 31:
SPI Communication: Direct Command
/SS
SCLK
MOSI
X
1
1
Two leading
ONE indicate
COMMAND
Mode
C5
C4
C3
SCLK rising
edge Data is
transfered
from µC
C2
C1
C0
SCLK falling
edge Data is
sampled
X
/SS rising edge
signals start of
command
execution
Direct Command Chaining
Direct commands with immediate execution can be followed
by another SPI mode (Read, Write or FIFO) without deactivating
/SS signal in between.
Figure 32:
Direct Command Chaining
/SS
Direct Command
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
Read, Write or FIFO Mode
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AS3911 − Application Information
SPI Timing
Figure 33:
SPI Timing
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Notes
General Timing (VDD = VDD_IO = VDD_D = 3.3 V, Temperature 25°C)
TSCLK=TSCLKL+TSCLKH, use
of shorter SCLK period
may lead to incorrect
operation of FIFO
TSCLK
SCLK period
100
ns
TSCLKL
SCLK low
40
ns
TSCLKH
SCLK high
40
ns
TSSH
SPI reset (/SS high)
100
ns
TNCSL
/SS falling to SCLK rising
25
ns
First SCLK pulse
TNCSH
SCLK falling to /SS rising
25
(tbd)
ns
Last SCLK pulse
TDIS
Data in setup time
10
ns
TDIH
Data in hold time
10
ns
Read Timing (VDD = VDD_IO = VDD_D = 3.3 V, Temperature 25°C, CLOAD ≤50 pF)
TDOD
Data out delay
20
ns
TDOHZ
Data out to high
impedance delay
20
ns
Figure 34:
SPI General Timing
/SS
...
tNCSL
tSCLKH
tSCLKL
t NCSH
...
SCLK
t DIS
MOSI
MISO
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tDIH
DATAI
DATAI
...
DATAI
...
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 35:
SPI Read Timing
...
/S S
...
SCLK
MOSI
...
DATAI
M IS O
DATAO
tD O D
...
DATAO
tD O H Z
Interrupt Interface
There are three interrupt registers implemented in the AS3911
(Main Interrupt Register and auxiliary Timer and NFC Interrupt
Register and Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register). Main
Interrupt Register contains information about six interrupt
sources, while two bits reference to interrupt sources detailed
in Timer and NFC Interrupt Register and Error and Wake-up
Interrupt Register.
When an interrupt condition is met the source of interrupt bit
is set in the Main Interrupt Register and the IRQ pin transitions
to high.
The microcontroller then reads the Main Interrupt Register to
distinguish between different interrupt sources. The interrupt
registers 0x17, 0x18 and 0x19 are to be read in one attempt. Its
content is reset to 0. Exceptions to this rule are the bits pointing
to auxiliary registers. These bits are only cleared when
corresponding auxiliary register is read. IRQ pin transitions to
low after the interrupt bit(s) which caused its transition to high
has been read. Please note that there may be more than one
interrupt bits set in case the microcontroller did not
immediately read the interrupt registers after the IRQ signal was
set and another event causing interrupt occurred. In that case
the IRQ pin transitions to low after the last bit which caused
interrupt is read.
In case an interrupt from a certain source is not required it can
be disabled by setting corresponding bit in the Mask Interrupt
registers. In case of masking a certain interrupt source the
interrupt is not produced, but the source of interrupt bit is still
set in interrupt registers.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 36:
IRQ Output
Name
Signal
Signal Level
Description
IRQ
Digital output
CMOS
Interrupt output pin
FIFO Water Level and FIFO Status Registers
The AS3911 contains a 96 byte FIFO. In case of transmitting the
Control logic shifts the data, which was previously loaded by
the external microcontroller to the Framing Block and further
to the Transmitter. During reception, the demodulated data is
stored in the FIFO and the external microcontroller can
download received data once reception was terminated.
Transmit and receive capabilities of the AS3911 are not limited
by the FIFO size due to a FIFO water level interrupt system.
During transmission an interrupt is sent (IRQ due to FIFO water
level in the Main Interrupt Register) when the content of data
in the FIFO passes from (water level + 1) to water level and the
complete transmit frame has not been loaded in the FIFO yet.
The external microcontroller can now add more data in the FIFO.
The same stands for the reception: when the number of
received bytes passes from (water level - 1) to water level an
interrupt is sent to inform the external controller that data has
to be downloaded from FIFO in order not to lose receive data
due to FIFO overflow.
During transmission water level IRQ is additionally set in case
all transmission bytes have not been written in FIFO yet and if
number of bytes written into FIFIO is lower than water level. In
this case an IRQ is sent when number of bytes in FIFO drops
below 4.
It is important to note that FIFO IRQ is not produced while SPI
is active in FIFO load or read mode. Due to this the FIFO
loading/reading rate has to be higher than Tx/Rx bit rate, once
FIFO loading/reading is finished the /SS pin has to be pulled to
V DD (logic remains in FIFO load/read mode as long as /SS
remains low).
In case controller knows that the receive data frame is smaller
than the FIFO size the water level interrupt does not have to be
served. In such case the water level interrupt can be masked.
The external controller has to serve the FIFO faster than data is
transmitted or received. Using SCLK frequency which is at least
double than the actual receive or transmit bit rate is
recommended.
There are two settings of the FIFO water level available for
receive and transmit in the IO Configuration Register 1.
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AS3911 − Application Information
After data reception is terminated the external microcontroller
needs to know how much data is still stored in the FIFO: This
information is available in the FIFO Status Register 1 and FIFO
Status Register 2 which displays number of bytes in the FIFO
which were not read out. FIFO Status Register 1 can also be read
while reception and transmission processes are active to get
info about current number of bytes in FIFO. In that case user
has to take in account that Rx/Tx process is going on and that
the number of data bytes in FIFO may have already changed by
the time the reading of register is finished.
The FIFO Status Register 2 additionally contains two bits which
indicate that the FIFO was not correctly served during reception
or transmission process (FIFO overflow and FIFO underflow).
FIFO overflow is set when too much data is written in FIFO. In
case this bit is set during reception the external controller did
not react on time on water level IRQ and more than 96 bytes
were written in the FIFO. The received data is of course
corrupted in such a case. During transmission this means that
controller has written more data than FIFO size. The data to be
transmitted was corrupted.
FIFO underflow is set when data was read from empty FIFO. In
case this bit is set during reception the external controller read
more data than was actually received. During transmission this
means that controller has failed to provide the quantity of data
defined in number of transmitted bytes registers on time.
Pin MCU_CLK
Pin MCU_CLK may be used as clock source for the external
microcontroller. Depending on the operation mode either a low
frequency clock (32 kHz) from the RC oscillator or the clock
signal derived from crystal oscillator is available on pin
MCU_CLK. The MCU_CLK output pin is controlled by bits out_c1,
out_cl0 and lf_clk_off in the IO Configuration Register 1. Bits
out_cl enable the use of pin MCU_CLK as clock source and
define the division for the case the crystal oscillator is running
(13.56MHz, 6.78MHz and 3.39MHz are available). Bit lf_clk_off
controls the use of low frequency clock (32kHz) in case the
crystal oscillator is not running. By default configuration, which
is defined at power-up, the 3.39MHz clock is selected and the
low frequency clock is enabled.
In case the Transparent mode (see Stream Mode and
Transparent Mode) is used the use of MCU_CLK is mandatory
since clock which is synchronous to the field carrier frequency
is needed to implement receive and transmit framing in the
external controller. The use of MCU_CLK is recommended also
for the case where the internal framing is used. Using MCU_CLK
as the microcontroller clock source generates noise which is
synchronous to the reader carrier frequency and is therefore
filtered out by the receiver while using some other incoherent
clock source may produce noise which perturbs the reception.
Use of MCU_CLK is also better for EMC compliance.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Direct Commands
Figure 37:
List of Direct Commands
Command
Code
(hex)
Comments
Command
Chaining
Interrupt
after
Termination
Operation
Mode (1)
Set Default
Puts the AS3911 in default
state
(same as after power-up)
No
No
all
Clear
Stops all activities and
clears FIFO
Yes
No
en
C4
Transmit With CRC
Starts a transmit sequence
using automatic CRC
generation
Yes
No
en, tx_en
C5
Transmit Without
CRC
Starts a transmit sequence
without automatic CRC
generation
Yes
No
en, tx_en
C6
Transmit REQA
Transmits REQA command
(ISO14443A mode only)
Yes
No
en, tx_en
C7
Transmit WUPA
Transmits WUPA command
(ISO14443A mode only)
Yes
No
en, tx_en
C8
NFC Initial Field
ON
Performs Initial RF Collision
avoidance and switch on
the field
Yes
Yes
en (9)
C9
NFC Response
Field ON
Performs Response RF
Collision avoidance and
switch on the field
Yes
Yes
en (9)
CA
NFC Response
Field ON with n=0
Performs Response RF
Collision avoidance with
n=0 and switch on the field
Yes
Yes
en (9)
CB
Go to Normal NFC
Mode
Accepted in NFCIP-1 active
communication bit rate
detection mode
Yes
No
CC
Analog Preset
Presets Rx and Tx
configuration based on
state of Mode Definition
Register and Bit Rate
Definition Register
Yes
No
all
D0
Mask Receive
Data
Receive after this
command is ignored
Yes
No
en, rx_en
C1
C2, C3
Command
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AS3911 − Application Information
Command
Code
(hex)
Command
Comments
Command
Chaining
Interrupt
after
Termination
Operation
Mode (1)
Yes
No
en, rx_en
D1
Unmask Receive
Data
Receive data following this
command is normally
processed (this command
has priority over internal
mask receive timer)
D2
(see note 2)
Not used
D3
Measure
Amplitude
Amplitude of signal
present on RFI inputs is
measured, result is stored
in A/D Converter Output
Register
No
Yes
en
D4
Squelch
Performs gain reduction
based on the current noise
level
No
No
en, rx_en
D5
Reset Rx Gain
Clears the current Squelch
setting and loads the
manual gain reduction
from Receiver
Configuration Register 4
No
No
en (10)
D6
Adjust Regulators
Adjusts supply regulators
according to the current
supply voltage level
No
Yes
en (5)
Calibrate
Modulation Depth
Starts sequence which
activates the Tx, measures
the modulation depth and
adapts it to comply with
the specified modulation
depth
No
Yes
en
D8
Calibrate Antenna
Starts the sequence to
adjust parallel
capacitances connected to
TRIMx pins so that the
antenna LC tank is in
resonance
No
Yes
en
D9
Measure Phase
Measurement of phase
difference between the
signal on RFO and RFI
No
Yes
en
DA
Clear RSSI
Clears RSSI bits and
restarts the measurement
Yes
No
en
DC
Transparent Mode
Enter in Transparent mode
No
No
en
DD
Calibrate
Capacitive Sensor
Calibrates capacitive
sensor
No
Yes
(see note 6)
D7
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AS3911 − Application Information
Command
Code
(hex)
Comments
Command
Chaining
Interrupt
after
Termination
Operation
Mode (1)
Performs Capacitor Sensor
Measurement
No
Yes
(see note 7)
Command
DE
Measure
Capacitance
DF
Measure Power
Supply
No
Yes
en
E0
Start General
Purpose Timer
Yes
No
en
E1
Start Wake-up
Timer
Yes
No
all
except wu
E2
Start Mask-receive
Timer
Yes
No
(see note 8)
E3
Start No-response
Timer
Yes
No
en, rx_en
FC
Test Access
Yes
No
all
Other Fx
Other codes
Enable /W to test registers
Reserved for test
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. The ‘Operation Mode’ column in the above table defines which <note hyperlink>Operation Control Register bits have to be set in
order to accept a particular command.
2. After termination of this command I_cat or I_cac IRQ is sent.
3. Was AD Convert in the AS3910.
4. Called Clear Squelch in the AS3910.
5. This command is not accepted in case the external definition of the regulated voltage is selected in the <note hyperlink>Regulator
Voltage Control Register (bit reg_s is set to high).
6. Accepted in all modes in case cs_mcal=0 (<note hyperlink>Capacitive Sensor Control Register), it is recommended to execute this
command in Power-down mode.
7. Accepted in all modes, it is recommended to execute this command in Power-down mode.
8. Accepted only in the Initial NFC Active Target Communication Mode.
9. Called Check Antenna Resonance in the AS3910.
10. Called Measure RF in the AS3910.
Set Default
This direct command puts the AS3911 in the same state as
power-up initialization. All registers are initialized to the default
state. The only exception are IO Configuration Register 1, IO
Configuration Register 2 and Operation Control Register which
are not affected by Set Default command and are only set to
default state at power-up. Please note that results of different
calibration and adjust commands are also lost.
This direct command is accepted in all operating modes. In case
this command is sent while en (bit 7 of the Operation Control
Register) is not set FIFO and FIFO Status Registers are not
cleared.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Direct command chaining is not allowed since this command
clears all registers.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
Clear
This direct command stops all current activities (transmission
or reception), clears FIFO, clears FIFO Status Registers and stops
all timers except Wake-up timer (in case bit nrt_emv in the
General Purpose and No-response Timer Control Register is set
to one, the No-response timer is not stopped). It also clears
collision and interrupt registers. This command has to be sent
first in a sequence preparing a transmission before writing data
to be transmitted in FIFO (except in case of direct commands
Transmit REQA and Transmit WUPA).
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
Transmit Commands
All Transmit commands (Transmit With CRC, Transmit Without
CRC, Transmit REQA and Transmit WUPA) are only accepted in
case the Transmitter is enabled (bit tx_en is set).
Before sending commands Transmit With CRC and Transmit
Without CRC direct command Clear has to be sent, followed by
definition of number of transmitted bytes and writing data to
be transmitted in FIFO.
Direct commands Transmit REQA and Transmit WUPA are used
to transmit ISO14443A commands REQA and WUPA
respectively. Sending command Clear before these two
commands is not necessary.
Direct command chaining is possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
NFC Field ON Commands
These commands are used to perform the RF collision
avoidance and switch the field on in case no collision was
detected. The Collision avoidance threshold defined in the
External Field Detector Threshold Register is used to observe
the RF_IN inputs and to determine whether there is some other
device, which is emitting the 13.56 MHz field, present close to
the AS3911 antenna. In case collision is not detected the reader
field is switched on automatically (bit tx_en in the Operation
Control Register is set) and an IRQ with I_cat flag in Timer and
NFC Interrupt Register is sent after minimum guard time
defined by the NFCIP-1 standard to inform the controller that
message transmission using a Transmit command can be
initiated.
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AS3911 − Application Information
In case a presence of external field is detected an IRQ with I_cac
flag is sent. In such case a transmission cannot be performed,
NFC Field ON command has to be repeated as long as collision
is not detected any more.
Command NFC Initial Field ON performs Initial Collision
Avoidance according to NFCIP-1 standard; number n is defined
by bits nfc_n1 and nfc_n0 in Auxiliary Definition Register.
Command NFC Response Field ON performs Response Collision
Avoidance according to NFCIP-1 standard; number n is defined
by bits nfc_n1 and nfc_n0 in Auxiliary Definition Register.
Command NFC Response Field ON with n=0, performs
Response Collision Avoidance where n is 0.
Implemented active delay time is on lower NFCIP-1
specification limit, since the actual active delay time will also
include detection of the field deactivation, controller
processing delay and sending the NFC Field ON command.
Figure 38:
Direct Command NFC Initial Field ON
RF On
TRFW
Start
TIRFG
TIDT
n x TRFW
Figure 39:
Direct Command NFC Response Field ON
RF On
TRFW
Start
TARFG
TADT
n x TRFW
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[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 40:
Timing Parameters of NFC Field ON Commands
Symbol
Parameter
Value
Unit
Note
TIDT
Initial delay time
4096
/fc
TRWF
RF waiting time
512
/fc
TIRFG
Initial guard time
>5
ms
NFC Initial Field ON
TADT
Active delay time
768
/fc
NFC Response Field ON
TARFG
Active guard time
1024
/fc
NFC Response Field ON
NFC Initial Field ON
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator amplitude is stable.
Go to Normal NFC Mode
This command is used to transition from NFC target bit rate
detection mode to normal mode. Additionally it copies the
content of the NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register to the
Bit Rate Definition Register and correctly sets the bit tr_am in
the Auxiliary Definition Register.
Analog Preset
This command is used to preset Receiver and Transmitter
configuration based on state of Bit Rate Definition Register and
Bit Rate Definition Register. In case of Sub-carrier bit stream or
BPSK bit stream mode, this command should not be used. The
list of configuration bits that are preset is given in Figure 41.
Figure 41:
Register Preset Bits
Bit
Bit Name
Function
Address 02h: Operation Control Register
5
rx_chn
1: one channel enabled → NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
3
tx_en
0: disable TX operation → NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
Note: In case of any target mode or NFCIP-1 initiator mode bit tx_en is set to 0 to disable transmitter in case it
was enabled. In NFCIP-1 mode the switching on of the transmitter field is controlled by dedicated
commands.
Address 05h: ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register
5
nfc_f0
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
1: Add SB (F0) and LEN byte during Tx and skip SB (F0) byte during TX → NFCIP-1 active
communication (both initiator and target)
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AS3911 − Application Information
Bit
Bit Name
Function
Address 09h: Auxiliary Definition Register
5
tr_am
Tx Modulation type (depends on mode definition and Tx bit rate)
0: OOK → ISO144443A, NFCIP-1 106 kb/s (both initiator and target), NFC Forum Type 1
Tag
1: AM → ISO144443B, FeliCa, NFCIP-1 212 kb/s and 424 kb/s
4
en_fd
Enable External Field Detector with Peer Detection threshold
0: All modes except NFCIP-1 active communication
1: NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
Address 0Ah: Receiver Configuration Register 1
7
ch_sel
6
amd_sel
5
lp2
4
lp1
3
lp0
2
h200
1
h80
0
z12k
0: Enable AM channel → NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
AM demodulator select (depend on Rx bit rate)
0: Peak detector → All Rx bit rates equal or below fc/16 (848 kb/s)
1: Mixer → All VHBR Rx bit rates (fc/8 and fc/4)
Low pass control (depends on mode definition and Rx bit rate)
(see Figure 17)
First and third stage zero setting (depends on mode definition and Rx bit rate)
(see Figure 17)
Address 0Ch: Receiver Configuration Register 3
1
0
lim
Clip output of 1st and 2nd stage
0: All modes except NFCIP-1 active communication
1: NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
rg_nfc
Forces gain reduction in 2nd and 3rd gain stage
0: All modes except NFCIP-1 active communication
1: NFCIP-1 active communication (both initiator and target)
Mask Receive Data and Unmask Receive Data
After the direct command Mask Receive Data the signal rx_on,
which enables the RSSI and AGC operation of the Receiver (see
also Receiver) is forced to low, processing of the receiver output
by the receive data framing block is disabled. This command is
useful to mask receiver and receive framing from processing
the data when there is actually no input and only a noise would
be processed (for example in case where a transponder
processing time after receiving a command from the reader is
long). Masking of receive is also possible using Mask Receive
Timer. Actual masking is a logical or of the two mask receive
processes.
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AS3911 − Application Information
The direct command Unmask Receive Data is enabling normal
processing of the received data (signal rx_on is set high to
enable the RSSI and AGC operation), the receive data framing
block is enabled. A common use of this command is to enable
again the receiver operation after it was masked by the
command Mask Receive Data. In case Mask Receive Timer is
running while command Unmask Receive Data is received,
reception is enabled, Mask Receive Timer is reset.
The commands Mask Receive Data and Unmask Receive Data
are only accepted when the Receiver is enabled (bit rx_en is set).
Direct command chaining is possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
Measure Amplitude
This command measures the amplitude on the RFI inputs and
stores result in the A/D Converter Output Register.
When this command is executed the Transmitter and Amplitude
Detector are enabled, the output of the Amplitude Detector is
multiplexed to the A/D Converter input (the A/D Converter is
in absolute mode). The Amplitude Detector conversion gain is
0.6 V INPP / VOUT. One LSB of the A/D converter output represents
13.02 mVpp on the RFI inputs. A 3 Vpp signal, which is maximum
allowed level on each of the two RFI inputs, results in 1.8 V
output DC voltage and would produce a value of 1110 0110b
on the A/D converter output.
Duration time: 25 μs max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
Squelch
This direct command is intended to avoid demodulation
problems of transponders which produce a lot of noise during
data processing. It can also be used in a noisy environment. The
operation of this command is explained in Squelch.
Duration time: 500 μs max.
This command is only accepted when the Transmitter and the
Receiver are operating. Command is actually executed only in
case signal rx_on is low.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Reset Rx Gain
This command initializes the AGC, Squelch and RSSI block.
Sending this command stops a squelch process in case it is
going on, clears the current Squelch setting and loads the
manual gain reduction from Receiver Configuration Register 4.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
Adjust Regulators
When this command is sent the power supply level of V DD is
measured in maximum load conditions and the regulated
voltage reference is set 250 mV below this measured level to
assure maximum possible stable regulated supply (Power
Supply System). Using this command increases the system
PSSR.
At the beginning of execution of this command, both the
receiver and transmitter are switched on to have the maximum
current consumption, the regulators are set to the maximum
regulated voltage (5.1 V in case of 5 V supply and 3.4 V in case
of 3.3 V supply mode). After 300 μs VSP_RF is compared to V DD,
in case VSP_RF is not at least 250 mV lower the regulator setting
is reduced for one step (120 mV in case of 5 V supply and 100
mV in case of 3.3 V supply mode) and measurement is done after
next 300 μs. Procedure is repeated until VSP_RF drops at least
250 mV below V DD or until minimum regulated voltage (3.9 V
in case of 5 V supply and 2.4 V in case of 3.3 V supply mode) is
reached.
Duration time: 5 ms max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
This command is not accepted in case the external definition
of the regulated voltage is selected in the Regulator Voltage
Control Register (bit reg_s is set to H)
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Calibrate Modulation Depth
Starts a patent pending sequence, which activates the
transmission, measures the modulation depth and adapts it to
comply with the modulation depth specified in the AM
Modulation Depth Control Register. When calibration
procedure is finished result is displayed in the AM Modulation
Depth Display Register. Please refer to See “AM Modulation
Depth: Definition and Calibration” on page 139. for details
about setting the AM modulation depth and running this
command.
Duration time: 275μs max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
Calibrate Antenna
Sending this command starts a sequence which adjusts the
parallel capacitances connected to TRIMx pins so that the
antenna LC tank is in resonance. See Antenna Tuning for details.
Duration time: 250 μs max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Measure Phase
This command measures the phase difference between the
signals on the RFO outputs and the signals on the RFI inputs
and stores the result in the A/D Converter Output Register.
During execution of the direct command Measure Phase the
Transmitter and Phase Detector are enabled, the Phase
Detector output is multiplexed on the input of A/ D converter,
which is set in relative mode. Since the A/D converter range is
from 1/6 VSP_A to 5/6 VSP_A the actual phase detector range
is from 30º to 150º. Values below 30º result in FFh while values
above 150º result in 00 h. 1 LSB of the A/D conversion output
represents 0.13% of carrier frequency period (0.468°). The result
of A/D conversion is in case of 90º phase shift in the middle of
range (1000 0000b or 0111 1111b). Value higher than 1000
0000b means that phase detector output voltage is higher than
VSP_A/2, which corresponds to case with phase shift lower than
90º. In the opposite case, when the phase shift is higher than
90º, the result of A/D conversion is lower than 0111 1111b. For
example, the phase difference of 135º depicted in Figure 20
results in 0.75 VSP_A, result stored in A/D converter is 31 d (1Fh).
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AS3911 − Application Information
The phase measurement result can be calculating using the
following formulas:
0 ≤ φ ≤ 30 : result[dec] = 255
30 < φ < 150 : angle _ deg rees = 30.0 + ((255.0 − u _ angle) / 255.0) * 120.0
150 ≥ φ ≥ 180 : result[dec] = 0
Duration time: 25 μs max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
Clear RSSI
The Receiver automatically clears the RSSI bits in the Receiver
State Display Register and starts to measure the RSSI of the
received signal when the signal rx_on is asserted. Since the RSSI
bits store peak value (peak-hold type) eventual variation of the
receiver input signal will not be followed (this may happen in
case of long message or test procedure). The direct command
Clear RSSI clears the RSSI bits in the Receiver State Display
Register, the RSSI measurement is restarted (in case of course
rx_on is still high).
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is not produced.
Transparent Mode
Enter in the Transparent mode. The Transparent mode is
entered on the rising edge of signal /SS and is maintained as
long as signal /SS is kept high. See Transparent Mode for more
details.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Calibrate Capacitive Sensor
This command calibrates the Capacitive Sensor. See Capacitive
Sensor for more details.
Duration time: 3 ms max.
This command is executed in case capacitive sensor automatic
calibration mode is set (all bits cs_mcal in the Capacitive Sensor
Control Registerare set to 0). In order to avoid interference with
Xtal oscillator and reader magnetic field it strongly
recommended to use this command in Power-down mode only.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Measure Capacitance
This command performs the capacitance measurement. See
Capacitive Sensor for more details.
Duration time: 250 μs max.
In order to avoid interference with Xtal oscillator and reader
magnetic field it strongly recommended to use this command
in Power-down mode only.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
Measure Power Supply
This command performs the power supply measurement.
Configuration bits mpsv1 and mpsv0 of the Regulator Voltage
Control Register define which power supply is measured (V DD,
VSP_A, VSP_D and VSP_RF can be measured). Result of
measurement is stored in the A/D Converter Output Register.
During the measurement the selected supply input is
connected to a 1/3 resistive divider output of which is
multiplexed to A/D converter in absolute mode. Due to 1/3
division one LSB represents 23.438 mV.
Duration time: 25 μs max.
This command is accepted in case en (bit 7 of the Operation
Control Register) is set and Xtal oscillator frequency is stable.
Direct command chaining is not possible.
IRQ due to termination of direct command is produced after
command execution is terminated.
Start Timers
See Timers.
Test Access
The AS3911 does not contain any dedicated test pins. A direct
command Test Access is used to enable RW access of test
registers and entry in different test modes. Pins CSI and CSO are
used as test pins.
Registers
The 6-bit register addresses below are defined in the
hexadecimal notation. The possible address range is from 00 h
to 3Fh.
There are two types of registers implemented in the AS3911:
configuration registers and display registers. The configuration
registers are used to configure the AS3911. They can be written
and read through the SPI (RW). The display registers are read
only (RO); they contain information about the AS3911 internal
state.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Registries are set to their default state at power-up and after
sending direct command Set Default. The only exceptions are
the IO Configuration Register 1 and the IO Configuration
Register 2 which are only set to default state at power-up.
Configuration bits of these two registries are related to
hardware configuration which is in most cases not going to
change during the operation.
Figure 42:
Register Description
Address [hex]
Content
Comment
Type
IO Configuration Registers
00
IO Configuration Register 1
01
IO Configuration Register 2
Set to default state only at
power-up
RW
RW
Operation Control and Mode Definition Registers
02
Operation Control Register
03
Mode Definition Register
04
Bit Rate Definition Register
Set to default state only at
power-up
RW
RW
Configuration Registers
05
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings
Register
RW
06
ISO14443B Settings Register 1
RW
07
ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register
RW
08
Stream Mode Definition Register
RW
09
Auxiliary Definition Register
RW
0A
Receiver Configuration Register 1
RW
0B
Receiver Configuration Register 2
RW
0C
Receiver Configuration Register 3
RW
0D
Receiver Configuration Register 4
RW
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AS3911 − Application Information
Address [hex]
Content
Comment
Type
Timer Definition Registers
0E
Mask Receive Timer Register
RW
0F
No-response Timer Register 1
RW
10
No-response Timer Register 2
RW
11
General Purpose and No-response Timer
Control Register
RW
12
General Purpose Timer Register 1
RW
13
General Purpose Timer Register 2
RW
Interrupt and Associated Reporting Registers
14
Mask Main Interrupt Register
RW
15
Mask Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
RW
16
Mask Error and Wake-up Interrupt
Register
RW
17
Main Interrupt Register
R
18
Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
R
19
Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
R
1A
FIFO Status Register 1
R
1B
FIFO Status Register 2
R
1C
Collision Display Register
R
Definition of Number of Transmitted Bytes
1D
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1
RW
1E
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 2
RW
NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register
1F
NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display
Register
R
A/D Converter Output Register
20
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A/D Converter Output Register
R
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AS3911 − Application Information
Address [hex]
Content
Comment
Type
Antenna Calibration Registers
21
Antenna Calibration Control Register
RW
22
Antenna Calibration Target Register
RW
23
Antenna Calibration Display Register
R
AM Modulation Depth and Antenna Driver Registers
24
AM Modulation Depth Control Register
RW
25
AM Modulation Depth Display Register
R
26
RFO AM Modulated Level Definition
Register
RW
27
RFO Normal Level Definition Register
RW
External Field Detector Threshold Registers
29
External Field Detector Threshold
Register
RW
Regulator Registers
2A
Regulator Voltage Control Register
2B
Regulator and Timer Display Register
RW
R
Receiver State Display Registers
2C
RSSI Display Register
R
2D
Gain Reduction State Register
R
Capacitive Sensor Registers
2E
Capacitive Sensor Control Register
RW
2F
Capacitive Sensor Display Register
R
Auxiliary Display Register
30
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Auxiliary Display Register
R
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AS3911 − Application Information
Address [hex]
Content
Comment
Type
Wake-up Registers
31
Wake-up Timer Control Register
RW
32
Amplitude Measurement Configuration
Register
RW
33
Amplitude Measurement Reference
Register
RW
34
Amplitude Measurement
Auto-averaging Display Register
R
35
Amplitude Measurement Display
Register
R
36
Phase Measurement Configuration
Register
RW
37
Phase Measurement Reference Register
RW
38
Phase Measurement Auto-averaging
Display Register
R
39
Phase Measurement Display Register
R
3A
Capacitance Measurement
Configuration Register
RW
3B
Capacitance Measurement Reference
Register
RW
3C
Capacitance Measurement
Auto-averaging Display Register
R
3D
Capacitance Measurement Display
Register
R
IC Identity Register
3F
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IC Identity Register
R
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AS3911 − Application Information
IO Configuration Register 1
Figure 43:
IO Configuration Register 1
Address 00h: IO Configuration Register 1
Type: RW
Bit
Name
Default
7
single
0
1: Only one RFO driver will be
used
Choose between single and
differential driving of antenna
6
rfo2
0
0: RFO1, RFI1
1: RFO2, RFI2
Choose which output driver and
which input will be used in case of
single driving
5
fifo_lr
0
0: 64
1: 80
FIFO water level for receive
4
fifo_lt
0
0: 32
1: 16
FIFO water level for transmit
3
osc
1
0: 13.56 MHz Xtal
1: 27.12 MHz Xtal
Selector for crystal oscillator
Use of VHBR is only possible with
27.12 MHz Xtal
2
1
0
out_cl1
out_cl0
lf_clk_off
0
Function
Comments
out_cl
1
out_cl
0
MCU_CL
K
0
0
3.39 MHZ
0
1
6.78 MHZ
1
0
13.56 MHZ
1
1
disabled
Selection of clock frequency on
MCU_CLK output in case Xtal
oscillator is running. In case of “11”
MCU_CLK output is permanently
low.
0
0
1: No LF clock on MCU_CLK
By default the 32 kHz LF clock is
present on MCU_CLK output when
Xtal oscillator is not running and
the MCU_CLK output is not
disabled.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up only.
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AS3911 − Application Information
IO Configuration Register 2
Figure 44:
IO Configuration Register 2
Address 01h: IO Configuration Register 2
Bit
Name
Default
7
sup3 V
0
6
vspd_off
0
5
Function
Comments
0: 5 V supply
1: 3.3 V supply
5 V supply, range: 4.1 V to 5.5 V
3.3 V supply, range: 2.4 V to 3.6 V
min. 3.0V for VHBR
1: Disable VSP_D regulator
Used for low cost applications.
When this bit is set:
At 3 V or 5 V supply VSP_D and
VSP_A shall be shorted
externally
At 3.3 V applications VSP_D can
alternatively be supplied from
VDD in case VSP_A is not more
than 300 mV lower then VDD
Not used
4
miso_pd2
0
1: Pull-down on MISO, when /SS is
low and MISO is not driven by the
AS3911
3
miso_pd1
0
1: Pull-down on MISO when /SS is
high
2
io_18
0
1: Increase MISO driving level in case
of 1.8 V VDD_IO
1
0
Type: RW
Not used
slow_up
0
1: Slow ramp at Tx on
≥ 10μs 10% to 90%, for B
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up only.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Operation Control Register
Figure 45:
Operation Control Register
Address 02h: Operation Control Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
en
0
1: Enables oscillator and
regulator (Ready mode)
6
rx_en
0
1: Enables Rx operation
0
0: Both, AM and PM, channels
enabled
1: One channel enabled
In case only one Rx channel is
enabled, selection is done by
the Receiver Configuration
Register 1 bit ch_sel
0: Automatic channel selection
1: Manual channel selection
In case both Rx channels are
enabled, it chooses the method
of channel selection, manual
selection is done by the
Receiver Configuration
Register 1 bit ch_sel
5
4
rx_chn
rx_man
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
3
tx_en
0
1: Enables Tx operation
This bit is automatically set by
NFC Field ON commands and
reset in NFC active
communication modes after
transmission is finished
2
wu
0
1: Enables Wake-up mode
According to settings in
Wake-up Timer Control
Register
1
Not used
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up only.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Mode Definition Register
Figure 46:
Mode Definition Register
Address 03h: Mode Definition Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
targ
0
6
om3
0
5
om2
0
4
om1
0
3
om0
1
Function
Refer to Initiator Operation
Modes and Target Operation
Modes
0
Not used
1
0
Not used
nfc_ar
Comments
0: Initiator
1: Target
2
0
Type: RW
Selection of operation mode.
Different for initiator and
target mode.
Automatic start of Response
RF Collision Avoidance
sequence
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Figure 47:
Initiator Operation Modes
Initiator Operation Modes
om3
om2
om1
om0
0
0
0
0
NFCIP-1 active communication
0
0
0
1
ISO14443A
0
0
1
0
ISO14443B
0
0
1
1
FeliCa
0
1
0
0
NFC Forum Type 1 Tag (Topaz)
1
1
1
0
Sub-carrier stream mode
1
1
1
1
BPSK stream mode
Other combinations
Comment
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. In case an operation mode which is not supported is selected, the Tx/Rx operation is disabled.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 48:
Target Operation Modes
Target Operation Modes
om3
om2
om1
om0
0
0
0
0
NFCIP-1 active communication, bit rate detection mode
0
0
0
1
NFCIP-1 active communication, normal mode
Other combinations
Comment
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. In case an operation mode which is not supported is selected, the Tx/Rx operation is disabled.
Bit Rate Definition Register
Figure 49:
Bit Rate Definition Register
Address 04h: Bit Rate Definition Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
tx_rate3
0
6
tx_rate2
0
5
tx_rate1
0
4
tx_rate0
0
3
rx_rate3
0
2
rx_rate2
0
1
rx_rate1
0
0
rx_rate0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Selects bit rate for Tx
Refer to Bit Rate Coding
Selects bit rate for Rx in case
selected protocol allows
different bit rates for Rx and Tx
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Automatically loaded by direct command Go to Normal NFC Mode.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 50:
Bit Rate Coding
Bit Rate Coding
rate3
rate2
rate1
rate0
Bit rate [kbit/s]
0
0
0
0
fc/128 (~106)
0
0
0
1
fc/64 (~212)
0
0
1
0
fc/32 (~424)
0
0
1
1
fc/16 (~848)
0
1
0
0
fc/8 (~1695)
0
1
0
1
fc/4 (~3390)
0
1
1
0
fc/2 (~6780)
Other combinations
Comment
VHBR Tx is supported only for ISO14443B
mode
VHBR Rx is supported only for fc/8 and fc/4
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. In case a bit rate which is not supported is selected, the Tx/Rx operation is disabled.
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AS3911 − Application Information
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register
Figure 51:
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register
Address 05h: ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s
Settings Register
Function
Type: RW
Bit
Name
Default
Comments
7
no_tx_par
0
1: No parity bit is
generated during Tx
Data stream is taken from FIFO, transmit has to be
done using command Transmit Without CRC
6
no_rx_par
0
1: Receive without
parity and CRC
When set to 1 received bit stream is put in the
FIFO, no parity and CRC detection is done
5
nfc_f0
0
1: Support of NFCIP-1
Transport Frame format
Add SB (F0) and LEN bytes during Tx and skip SB
(F0) byte during Rx
4
p_len3
0
3
p_len2
0
2
p_len1
0
Refer to ISO14443A
Modulation Pulse
Width
Modulation pulse width; defined in number of
13.56 MHz clock periods.
1
p_len0
0
0
antcl
0
1: ISO14443
anticollision frame
Has to be set to 1 when ISO14443A bit oriented
anticollision frame is sent
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. no_tx_par and no_rx_par are used to send and receive custom frames like MIFARE™ Classic frames.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 52:
ISO14443A Modulation Pulse Width
ISO14443A Modulation Pulse Width
Pulse width in number of 1/fc for different bit rates
p_len3
p_len2
p_len1
p_len0
fc/128
fc/64
fc/32
fc/16
0
1
1
1
42
0
1
1
0
41
20
0
1
0
1
40
21
0
1
0
0
39
22
13
0
0
1
1
38
21
12
8
0
0
1
0
37
20
11
7
0
0
0
1
36
19
10
6
0
0
0
0
35
18
9
5
1
1
1
1
34
17
8
4
1
1
1
0
33
16
7
3
1
1
0
1
32
15
6
2
1
1
0
0
31
14
5
1
0
1
1
30
13
1
0
1
0
29
12
1
0
0
1
28
1
0
0
0
27
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AS3911 − Application Information
ISO14443B Settings Register 1
Figure 53:
ISO14443B Settings Register
Address 06h: ISO14443B Settings Register 1
Bit
7
Name
egt2
Default
Function
egt1
0
5
egt0
0
Comments
egt2
egt1
egt0
Number
of EGT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
0
6
1
1
1
6
0
6
Type: RW
EGT time defined in number of
etu
4
sof_0
0
0 → 10 etu, 1 → 11 etu
SOF, number of etu with logic 0
(10 or 11)
3
sof_1
0
0 → 2 etu, 1 → 3 etu
SOF, number of etu with logic 1
(2 or 3)
2
eof
0
0 → 10 etu, 1 → 11 etu
EOF, number of etu with logic 0
(10 or 11)
1
half
0
rx_st_om
1: SOF 10.5, 2.5, EOF: 10.5
Sets SOF and EOF settings in
middle of specification
1: Start/stop bit omission for Rx
SOF= fixed to 10 low - 2 high,
EOF not defined, put in FIFO
last full byte (2)
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Start/stop bit omission for Tx can be implemented by using Stream mode.
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AS3911 − Application Information
ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register
Figure 54:
ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register
Address 07h: ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
tr1_1
0
6
tr1_0
0
Type: RW
Function
Comments
Refer to Minimum TR1
Coding
5
no_sof
0
1: No SOF PICC to PCD
According to ISO14443-3 chapter
7.10.3.3
Support of B’
4
no_eof
0
1: No EOF PICC to PCD
According to ISO14443-3 chapter
7.10.3.3
3
eof_12
0
0: PICC EOF 10 to 11 etu
1: PICC EOF 10 to 12 etu
Support of B’ (2)
2
phc_th
0
1: Increased tolerance of
phase change detection
1
f_p1
0
0
f_p0
0
FeliCa preamble length (valid
also for NFCIP-1 active
communication bit rates 242 and
484 kb/s)
00: 48
01: 64
10: 80
11: 96
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Detection of EOF requires larger tolerance range for bit rates with only one sub-carrier frequency period per bit (fc/16 and higher).
Due to this it is not possible to distinguish between EOF with 11 and 12 etu and setting this bit has no impact on EOF detection.
Figure 55:
Minimum TR1 Codings
Minimum TR1 Coding
Minimum TR1 for a PICC to PCD Bit Rate
tr1_1
tr1_0
fc / 128
> fc / 128
0
0
80 / fs
80 / fs
0
1
64 / fs
32 / fs
1
0
Not used
Not used
1
1
Not used
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. TR1 is defined in number of sub-carrier cycles, therefore at VHBR the absolute time becomes shorter.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Stream Mode Definition Register
Figure 56:
Stream Mode Definition Register
Address 08h: Stream Mode Definition Register
Bit
Name
7
Default
Type: RW
Function
Comments
0
6
scf1
0
5
scf0
0
4
scp1
0
3
scp0
Refer to Sub-carrier Frequency
Definition for Sub-carrier and
BPSK Stream Mode
0
2
stx2
0
1
stx1
0
0
stx0
scp1
scp0
number of
pulses
0
0
1 (BPSK only)
0
1
2
1
0
4
1
1
8
Refer to Definition of Time
Period for Stream Mode Tx
Modulator Control
Sub-carrier frequency definition
for Sub-carrier and BPSK stream
mode
Number of sub-carrier pulses in
report period for Sub-carrier and
BPSK stream mode
Definition of time period for Tx
modulator control (for
Sub-carrier and BPSK stream
mode)
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Figure 57:
Sub-carrier Frequency Definition for Sub-carrier and BPSK Stream Mode
Sub-carrier Frequency Definition for Sub-carrier and BPSK Stream Mode
scf1
scf0
Sub-carrier Mode
BPSK Mode
0
0
fc/64 (212 kHz)
fc/16 (848 kHz)
0
1
fc/32 (424 kHz)
fc/8 (1695 kHz)
1
0
fc/16 (848 kHz)
fc/4 (3390 kHz)
1
1
fc/8 (1695 kHz)
Not used
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 58:
Definition of Time Period for Stream Mode Tx Modulator Control
Definition of Time Period for Stream Mode Tx Modulator Control
stx2
stx1
stx0
Time Period
0
0
0
fc/128 (106 kHz)
0
0
1
fc/64 (212 kHz)
0
1
0
fc/32 (424 kHz)
0
1
1
fc/16 (848 kHz)
1
0
0
fc/8 (1695 kHz)
1
0
1
fc/4 (3390 kHz)
1
1
0
fc/2(6780 kHz)
1
1
1
not used
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AS3911 − Application Information
Auxiliary Definition Register
Figure 59:
Auxiliary Definition Register
Address 09h: Auxiliary Definition Register
Bit
7
6
5
Name
no_crc_rx
crc_2_fifo
tr_am
Default
Type: RW
Function
Comments
0
1: Receive without CRC
Valid for all protocols, for
ISO14443A REQA, WUPA and
anticollision receive without CRC
is done automatically (2)
0
1: Make CRC check, but put
CRC bytes in FIFO and add
them to number of receive
bytes
Needed for EMV compliance
0
0: OOK, 1: AM
Set automatically by command
Analog Preset, can be modified
by register write, has to be
defined for transparent and bit
stream mode Tx (3)
External Field Detector with Peer
Detection threshold is activated.
Preset for NFCIP-1 active
communication mode
Valid for all protocols using OOK
modulation (also in Transparent
mode)
4
en_fd
0
1: Enable External Field
Detector
3
ook_hr
0
1: Puts RFO driver in
three-state during OOK
modulation
1: BPSK fc/32: more tolerant
BPSK decoder for bit rate fc/32,
ISO14443A fc/128, NFCIP-1
fc/128: more tolerant
processing of first byte
2
rx_tol
1
1
nfc_n1
0
0
nfc_n0
0
Definition on n for direct
commands NFC Initial Field ON
and NFC Response Field ON
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Receive without CRC is done automatically in case REQA and WUPA commands are sent using direct commands Transmits REQA
command and Transmits WUPA command, respectively, and in case anticollision is performed by setting bit antcl.
3. Automatic preset of the tr_am
4. 0: OOK ® ISO144443A, NFCIP-1 106 kb/s, NFC Forum Type 1 Tag
5. 1: AM ® ISO144443B, FeliCa, NFCIP-1 212 and 424 kb/s
6. While en_fd is set, and field detected in AP2P mode, this timer is reserved for internal use.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Receiver Configuration Register 1
Figure 60:
Receiver Configuration Register 1
Address 0Ah: Receiver Configuration Register 1 (Filter
and Demodulator Settings)
Bit
Name
Default
Function
Type: RW
Comments
7
ch_sel
0
0: Enable AM channel
1: Enable PM channel
In case only one Rx channel is
enabled in the Operation Control
Register it defines which channel is
enabled.
In case both channels are enabled
and manual channel selection is
active, it defines which channel is
used for receive framing.
6
amd_sel
0
0: Peak detector
1: Mixer
AM demodulator type select,
VHBR automatic preset to mixer
5
lp2
0
4
lp1
0
3
lp0
0
2
h200
0
1
h80
0
0
z12k
0
Low pass control
(see Figure 15)
First and third stage zero
setting
(see Figure 16)
For automatic and other
recommended filter settings, refer
to Figure 17.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Receiver Configuration Register 2
Figure 61:
Receiver Configuration Register 2
Address 0Bh: Receiver Configuration Register 2
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
rx_lp
0
1: Low power receiver operation
6
lf_op
0
0: Differential LF operation
1: LF input split (RFI1 to AM
channel, RFI2 to PM channel)
5
lf_en
0
1: LF signal on receiver input
4
agc_en
1
1: AGC is enabled
Type: RW
Comments
3
agc_m
1
0: AGC operates on first eight
sub-carrier pulses
1: AGC operates during
complete receive period
2
agc_alg
0
0: Algorithm with preset is used
1: Algorithm with reset is used
Algorithm with preset is recommended
for protocols with short SOF (like
ISO14443A fc/128)
1
sqm_dyn
1
1: Automatic squelch activation
after end of Tx
Activated 18.88 μs after end of Tx,
terminated with Mask Receive timer
expire
0
pmix_cl
0
0: RFO
1: Internal signal
PM demodulator mixer clock source, in
single mode internal signal is always used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Receiver Configuration Register 3
Figure 62:
Receiver Configuration Register 3
Address 0Ch: Receiver Configuration Register 3 (1st stage
gain settings)
Bit
Name
Default
7
rg1_am2
1
6
rg1_am1
1
5
rg1_am0
0
4
rg1_pm2
1
Type: RW
Function
Comments
Gain reduction/boost in first gain
stage of AM channel.
0: Full gain
1-6: Gain reduction 2.5 dB per
step (15 dB total)
7: Boost +5.5 dB
Gain reduction/boost in first gain
stage of PM channel.
0: Full gain
1-6: Gain reduction 2.5 dB per
step (15 dB total)
7: Boost +5.5 dB
3
rg1_pm1
1
2
rg1_pm0
0
1
lim
0
1: Clip output of 1st and 2nd
stage
Signal clipped to 0.6 V, preset
for NFCIP-1 active
communication mode
0
1: Forces gain reduction in 2nd
and 3rd gain stage to -6 dB and
maximum comparator window
Preset for NFCIP-1 active
communication mode
0
rg_nfc
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Receiver Configuration Register 4
Figure 63:
Receiver Configuration Register 4
Address 0Dh: Receiver Configuration Register 4
(2nd and 3rd stage gain settings)
Function
Type: RW
Bit
Name
Default
7
rg2_am3
0
6
rg2_am2
0
5
rg2_am1
0
4
rg2_am0
0
reduce the gain in 2nd and 3rd
gain stage also in 3 dB steps.
3
rg2_pm3
0
2
rg2_pm2
0
1
rg2_pm1
0
Values from 0h to Ah are used.
Other values are not used.
Settings 1h to 4h reduce gain
by increasing the digitizer
window in 3dB steps, values
from 5h to Ah additionally
0
rg2_pm0
0
AM channel: Gain reduction in
second and third stage and
digitizer
PM channel: Gain reduction in
second and third stage and
digitizer
Comments
Values from 0h to Ah are used.
Other values are not used.
Settings 1h to 4h reduce gain
by increasing the digitizer
window in 3dB steps, values
from 5h to Ah additionally
reduce the gain in 2nd and 3rd
gain stage also in 3 dB steps.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Sending of direct command Reset Rx Gain is necessary to load the value of this register into AGC, Squelch, and RSSI block.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Mask Receive Timer Register
Figure 64:
Mask Receive Timer Register
Address 0Eh: Mask Receive Timer Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
mrt7
0
6
mrt6
0
5
mrt5
0
4
mrt4
0
3
mrt3
1
2
mrt2
0
1
mrt1
0
0
mrt0
0
Type: RW
Function
Comments
Defined in steps of 64/fc (4.72 μs).
Range from 256/fc (~18.88 μs) to
16320/fc (~1.2 ms)
Timeout = mrt<7:0> * 64/fc
Timeout (0 ≤ mrt<7:0> ≤ 4) = 4 *
64/fc (18.88 μs)
In NFCIP-1 bit rate detection mode
one step is 512/fc (37.78 μs)
Defines time after end of Tx during
which receiver output is masked
(ignored).
For the case of ISO14443A 106 kbit/s
the Mask Receive Timer is defined
according to PCD to PICC frame delay
time definition, where mrt<7:0>
define number of n/2 steps.
Minimum mask receive time of 18.88
μs covers the transients in receiver
after end of transmission.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. In NFCIP-1 bit rate detection mode, the clock of the Mask Receive timer is additionally divided by eight (one count is 512/fc) to
cover range up to ~9.6 ms.
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AS3911 − Application Information
No-response Timer Register 1
Figure 65:
No-response Timer Register 1
Address 0Fh: No-response Timer Register 1
Bit
Name
Default
7
nrt15
0
6
nrt14
0
5
nrt13
0
4
nrt12
0
3
nrt11
0
2
nrt10
0
1
nrt9
0
0
nrt8
0
Type: RW
Function
No-response Timer definition MSB
bits
Defined in steps of 64/fc (4.72 μs).
Range from 0 to 309 ms
In case bit nrt_step in General
Purpose and No-response Timer
Control Register is set the step is
changed to 4096/fc
Comments
Defines timeout after end of Tx.
In case this timeout expires
without detecting a response a
No-response interrupt is sent.
In NFC mode the NO response
timer is started only when
external field is detected in the
NFCIP-1 active communication
mode the No-response Timer is
automatically started when the
transmitter is turned OFF after
the message has been sent.
All 0: No-response timer is not
started.
No-response timer is reset and
restarted with Start
No-response Timer direct
command.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
No-response Timer Register 2
Figure 66:
No-response Timer Register 2
Address 10h: No-response Timer Register 2
Bit
Name
Default
7
nrt7
0
6
nrt6
0
5
nrt5
0
4
nrt4
0
3
nrt3
0
2
nrt2
0
1
nrt1
0
0
nrt0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
No-response Timer definition
LSB bits
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
General Purpose and No-response Timer Control
Register
Figure 67:
General Purpose and No-response Timer Control Register
Address 11h: General Purpose and No-response Timer
Control Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
gptc2
0
6
gptc1
0
5
gptc0
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
Type: RW
Function
Comments
Defines the timer trigger source.
Refer to Timer Trigger Source.
1
nrt_emv
0
1: EMV mode of No-response timer
0
nrt_step
0
0: 64/fc
1: 4096/fc
Selects the No-response timer step.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Figure 68:
Timer Trigger Source
Timer Trigger Source
gptc2
gptc1
gptc0
Trigger source
0
0
0
No trigger source, start only with direct command Start General
Purpose Timer.
0
0
1
End of Rx (after EOF)
0
1
0
Start of Rx
0
1
1
End of Tx in NFC mode, when General Purpose Timer expires the field is
switched off
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
Not used
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AS3911 − Application Information
General Purpose Timer Register 1
Figure 69:
General Purpose Timer Register 1
Address 12h: General Purpose Timer Register 1
Bit
Name
7
gpt15
6
gpt14
5
gpt13
4
gpt12
3
gpt11
2
gpt10
1
gpt9
0
gpt8
Default
Function
Type: RW
Comments
General purpose timeout
definition MSB bits
Defined in steps of 8/fc (590 ns)
Range from 590 ns to 38,7 ms
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
General Purpose Timer Register 2
Figure 70:
General Purpose Timer Register 2
Address 13h: General Purpose Timer Register 2
Bit
Name
7
gpt7
6
gpt6
5
gpt5
4
gpt4
3
gpt3
2
gpt2
1
gpt1
0
gpt0
Default
Function
Type: RW
Comments
General purpose timeout
definition LSB bits
Defined in steps of 8/fc (590 ns)
Range from 590 ns to 38,7 ms
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Mask Main Interrupt Register
Figure 71:
Mask Main Interrupt Register
Address 14h: Mask Main Interrupt Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
M_osc
0
Mask IRQ when oscillator
frequency is stable
6
M_wl
0
Mask IRQ due to FIFO water level
5
M_rxs
0
Mask IRQ due to start of receive
4
M_rxe
0
Mask IRQ due to end of receive
3
M_txe
0
Mask IRQ due to end of
transmission
2
M_col
0
Mask IRQ due to bit collision
1
0
0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Not used
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Mask Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Figure 72:
Mask Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Address 15h: Mask Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
M_dct
0
Mask IRQ due to termination of
direct command
6
M_nre
0
Mask IRQ due to No-response
timer expire
5
M_gpe
0
Mask IRQ due to general purpose
timer expire
4
M_eon
0
Mask IRQ due to detection of
external field higher than Target
activation level
3
M_eof
0
Mask IRQ due to detection of
external field drop below Target
activation level
2
M_cac
0
Mask IRQ due to detection of
collision during RF Collision
Avoidance
1
M_cat
0
Mask IRQ after minimum guard
time expire
0
M_nfct
0
Mask IRQ when in target mode
the initiator bit rate was
recognized
Type: RW
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Mask Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Figure 73:
Mask Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Address 16h: Mask Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
M_crc
0
Mask IRQ due to CRC error
6
M_par
0
Mask IRQ due to parity error
5
M_err2
0
Mask IRQ due to soft framing
error
4
M_err1
0
Mask IRQ due to hard framing
error
3
M_wt
0
Mask IRQ due to wake-up
interrupt
2
M_wam
0
Mask Wake-up interrupt due to
Amplitude Measurement
1
M_wph
0
Mask Wake-up interrupt due to
Phase Measurement.
0
M_wcap
0
Mask Wake-up interrupt due to
Capacitance Measurement
Type: RW
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Main Interrupt Register
Figure 74:
Main Interrupt Register
Address 17h: Main Interrupt Register
Bit
Name
7
I_osc
Default
Type: R
Function
Comments
IRQ when oscillator frequency is
stable
Set after oscillator is started
by setting Operation Control
Register bit en.
Set during receive, informing
that FIFO is almost full and
has to be read out.
Set during transmit,
informing that FIFO is almost
empty and that additional
data has to be sent.
6
I_wl
IRQ due to FIFO water level
5
I_rxs
IRQ due to start of receive
4
I_rxe
IRQ due to end of receive
3
I_txe
IRQ due to end of transmission
2
I_col
IRQ due to bit collision
1
I_tim
IRQ due to timer or NFC event
Details are in Timer and NFC
Interrupt Register
0
I_err
IRQ due to error and wake-up
timer
Details are in Error and
Wake-up Interrupt Register
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
2. After Main Interrupt Register has been read, its content is set to 0, except for bits 1 and 0, which are set to 0 after corresponding
interrupt register is read.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Figure 75:
Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Address 18h: Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Default
Function
Type: R
Bit
Name
7
I_dct
IRQ due to termination of direct
command
6
I_nre
IRQ due to No-response timer
expire
5
I_gpe
IRQ due to general purpose
timer expire
4
I_eon
IRQ due to detection of external
field higher than Target
activation level
3
I_eof
IRQ due to detection of external
field drop below Target
activation level
2
I_cac
IRQ due to detection of collision
during RF Collision Avoidance
An external field was
detected during RF Collision
Avoidance
An external field was not
detected during RF Collision
Avoidance, field was
switched on, IRQ is sent after
minimum guard time
according to NFCIP-1
1
I_cat
IRQ after minimum guard time
expire
0
I_nfct
IRQ when in target mode the
initiator bit rate was recognized
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
2. After Timer and NFC Interrupt Register has been read, its content is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Figure 76:
Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Address 19h: Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Default
Function
Type: R
Bit
Name
Comments
7
I_crc
CRC error
6
I_par
Parity error
5
I_err2
Soft framing error
Framing error which does not
result in corrupted Rx data
4
I_err1
Hard framing error
Framing error which results in
corrupted Rx data
Wake-up interrupt
Timeout after execution of
Start Wake-up Timer
command
In case option with IRQ at
every timeout is selected
3
I_wt
2
I_wam
Wake-up interrupt due to
Amplitude Measurement
Result of Amplitude
Measurement was Δam larger
than reference
1
I_wph
Wake-up interrupt due to Phase
Measurement.
Result of Phase Measurement
was Δpm larger than
reference
0
I_wcap
Wake-up interrupt due to
Capacitance Measurement
Result of Capacitance
Measurement was Δcm larger
than reference
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0
2. After Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register has been read, its content is set to 0
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AS3911 − Application Information
FIFO Status Register 1
Figure 77:
FIFO Status Register 1
Address 1Ah: FIFO Status Register 1
Bit
Name
Default
Type: R
Function
Comments
7
6
fifo_b6
5
fifo_b5
4
fifo_b4
3
fifo_b3
2
fifo_b2
1
fifo_b1
0
fifo_b0
Number of bytes (binary coded)
in the FIFO which were not read
out
Valid range is from 0 (000
0000b) to 96 (110 0000b)
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after direct commands Set Default and Clear, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
FIFO Status Register 2
Figure 78:
FIFO Status Register 2
Address 1Bh: FIFO Status Register 2
Bit
Name
Default
Type: R
Function
Comments
7
6
fifo_unf
FIFO underflow
5
fifo_ovr
FIFO overflow
4
fifo_ncp
Last FIFO byte is not complete
3
fifo_lb2
2
fifo_lb1
1
fifo_lb0
0
np_lb
Set when more bytes then
actual content of FIFO were
read
Number of bits in last FIFO byte
in case it was not complete
(fifo_npc=1)
In case of incomplete byte the
LSB part is valid
Parity bit is missing in last byte
This is a framing error
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after direct commands Set Default and Clear, content of this register is set to 0.
2. If FIFO is empty, the value of register FIFO Status Register 1 (0x1A h) is 0x00, register bits fifo_ncp, fifo_lb2, fifo_lb1 and fifo_lb0
in register block 0x1Bh are cleared. Correct procedure for FIFO read is to read both "FIFO Status Register 1 & 2" and then read FIFO.
Second register values need to be saved in MCU, if non-complete bytes are in FIFO.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Collision Display Register
Figure 79:
Collision Display Register
Address 1Ch: Collision Display Register (for ISO14443A and
NFCIP-1bit rate fc/128 Rx)
Bit
Name
7
c_byte3
6
c_byte2
5
c_byte1
4
c_byte0
3
c_bit2
2
c_bit1
1
c_bit0
0
c_pb
Default
Type: R
Function
Number of full bytes before the
bit collision happened.
Number of bits before the
collision in the byte where the
collision happened
Collision in parity bit
Comments
The Collision Display
Register range covers
ISO14443A anticollision
command. In case collision (or
framing error which is
interpreted as collision)
happens in a longer message,
the Collision Display
Register is not set.
This is an error, reported in
case it is the first collision
detected
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after direct commands Set Default and Clear, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1
Figure 80:
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1
Address 1Dh: Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1
Bit
Name
Default
7
ntx12
0
6
ntx11
0
5
ntx10
0
4
ntx9
0
3
ntx8
0
2
ntx7
0
1
ntx6
0
0
ntx5
0
Function
Number of full bytes to be
transmitted in one command,
MSB bits
Type: RW
Comments
Maximum supported number
of bytes is 8191
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 2
Figure 81:
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 2
Address 1Eh: Number of Transmitted Bytes 2
Bit
Name
Default
7
ntx4
0
6
ntx3
0
5
ntx2
0
4
ntx1
0
3
ntx0
0
2
nbtx2
1
nbtx1
0
nbtx0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Number of full bytes to be
transmitted in one command,
MSB bits
Maximum supported number
of bytes is 8191
Number of bits in the split byte
000 means that there is no split
byte (all bytes all complete)
Applicable for ISO14443A:
• Bit oriented anticollision
frame in case last byte is
split byte
• Tx is done without parity
bit generation
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. If anctl bit is set while card is in idle state and nbtx is not 000, then i_par will be triggered during WUPA direct command is issued
NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register
Figure 82:
NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register
Address 1Fh: NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register
Bit
Name
7
nfc_rate3
6
nfc_rate2
5
nfc_rate1
4
nfc_rate0
Default
Function
Refer to Bit Rate Coding
Type: R
Comments
This register stores result of
automatic bit rate detection in
the NFCIP-1 active
communication bit rate
detection mode
3
2
Not used
1
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
A/D Converter Output Register
Figure 83:
A/D Converter Output Register
Address 20h: A/D Converter Output Register
Bit
Name
7
ad7
6
ad6
5
ad5
4
ad4
3
ad3
2
ad2
1
ad1
0
ad0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Displays result of last A/D
conversion.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Antenna Calibration Control Register
Figure 84:
Antenna Calibration Control Register
Address 21h: Antenna Calibration Control Register
Bit
Name
Defau
lt
Function
7
trim_s
0
0: LC trim switches are defined
by result of Calibrate Antenna
command
1: LC trim switches are defined
by bits tre_x written in this
register
6
tre_3
0
MSB
5
tre_2
0
4
tre_1
0
3
tre_0
0
LSB
Type: RW
Comments
Defines source of driving
switches on TRIMx pins
LC trim switches are defined by
data written in this register in
case trim_s=1. A bit set to 1
switch on transistor on TRIM1_x
and TRIM2_x pin.
2
1
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Antenna Calibration Target Register
Figure 85:
Antenna Calibration Target Register
Address 22h: Antenna Calibration Target Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
act7
1
6
act6
0
5
act5
0
4
act4
0
3
act3
0
2
act2
0
1
act1
0
0
act0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Define target phase for
Calibrate Antenna direct
command
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Antenna Calibration Display Register
Figure 86:
Antenna Calibration Display Register
Address 23h: Antenna Calibration Display Register
Bit
Name
7
tri_3
6
tri_2
5
tri_1
4
tri_0
3
tri_err
Default
Type: R
Function
MSB
LSB
1: Antenna calibration error
Comments
This register stores result of Calibrate
Antenna command. LC trim switches are
defined by data written in this register in
case trim_s = 0. A bit set to 1 indicates that
corresponding transistor on TRIM1_x and
TRIM2_x pin is switched on.
Set when Calibrate antenna sequence was
not able to adjust resonance
2
1
Not used
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
AM Modulation Depth Control Register
Figure 87:
AM Modulation Depth Control Register
Address 24h: AM Modulation Depth Control Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
am_s
0
0: AM modulated level is defined
by bits mod5 to mod0. Level is
adjusted automatically by
Calibrate Modulation Depth
command
1: AM modulated level is defined
by bits dram7 to dram0.
6
mod5
0
MSB
5
mod4
0
4
mod3
0
3
mod2
0
2
mod1
0
1
mod0
0
Type: RW
Comments
See Application Notes for
details about AM modulation
level definition.
LSB
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
AM Modulation Depth Display Register
Figure 88:
AM Modulation Depth Display Register
Address 25h: AM Modulation Depth Display Register
Bit
Name
7
md_7
6
md_6
5
md_5
4
md_4
3
md_3
2
md_2
1
md_1
0
md_0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
MSB
Displays result of Calibrate
Modulation Depth command.
Antenna drivers are composed
of 8 binary weighted segments.
Bit md_x set to one indicates
that this particular segment will
be disabled during AM
modulated state.
In case of error all 1 value is set.
LSB
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register
Figure 89:
RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register
Address 26h: RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
dram7
0
6
dram6
0
5
dram5
0
4
dram4
0
3
dram3
0
2
dram2
0
1
dram1
0
0
dram0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
MSB
Antenna drivers are
composed of 8 binary
weighted segments. Setting
a bit dram to 1 will disable
corresponding segment
during AM modulated state
in case am_s bit is set to 1.
LSB
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
RFO Normal Level Definition Register
Figure 90:
RFO Normal Level Definition Register
Address 27h: RFO Normal Level Definition Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
droff7
0
Bit7 = 2 Ω
6
droff6
0
Bit6 = 4 Ω
5
droff5
0
Bit5 = 8 Ω
4
droff4
0
Bit4 = 16 Ω
3
droff3
0
Bit3= 32 Ω
2
droff2
0
Bit2 = 64 Ω
1
droff1
0
Bit1 = 128 Ω
0
droff0
0
Bit0 = 256 Ω
Type: RW
Comments
Antenna drivers are composed of 8
binary weighted segments. Setting
a bit droff to 1 will disable
corresponding segment during
normal non-modulated operation.
The TX drivers are made up of 8
segments. Binary weighted from
2Ω to 256 Ω. y setting register 0x27
to 0xc0 you disable the 2Ω and 4Ω
segments.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
2. Applying value FFh to the register 27h will put the drivers in tristate.
External Field Detector Threshold Register
Figure 91:
External Field Detector Threshold Register
Address 29h: External Field Detector Threshold Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Not used
6
trg_l2
0
Peer Detection Threshold MSB
5
trg_l1
1
4
trg_l0
1
Peer Detection Threshold LSB
3
rfe_t3
0
Collision Avoidance Threshold MSB
2
rfe_t2
0
1
rfe_t1
1
0
rfe_t0
1
Peer Detection Threshold.
Refer to Peer Detection
Threshold as Seen on RFI1
Input.
Collision Avoidance Threshold.
Refer to Collision Avoidance
Threshold as Seen on RFI1
Input.
Collision Avoidance Threshold LSB
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 92:
Peer Detection Threshold as Seen on RFI1 Input
Peer Detection Threshold as seen on RFI1 Input
trg_l2
trg_l1
trg_l0
Target Peer Detection
Threshold Voltage [mVpp on RFI1]
0
0
0
75
0
0
1
105
0
1
0
150
0
1
1
205
1
0
0
290
1
0
1
400
1
1
0
560
1
1
1
800
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 93:
Collision Avoidance Threshold as Seen on RFI1 Input
Collision Avoidance Threshold as seen on RFI1 Input
rfe_3
rfe_2
rfe_1
rfe_0
Typical Collision Avoidance
Threshold Voltage [mVpp on RFI1]
0
0
0
0
75
0
0
0
1
105
0
0
1
0
150
0
0
1
1
205
0
1
0
0
290
0
1
0
1
400
0
1
1
0
560
0
1
1
1
800
1
0
0
0
25
1
0
0
1
33
1
0
1
0
47
1
0
1
1
64
1
1
0
0
90
1
1
0
1
125
1
1
1
0
175
1
1
1
1
250
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AS3911 − Application Information
Regulator Voltage Control Register
Figure 94:
Regulator Voltage Control Register
Address 2Ah: Regulated Voltage Control Register
Type: RW
Bit
Name
Default
Function
Comments
7
reg_s
0
0: Regulated voltages are
defined by result of Adjust
Regulators command
1: Regulated voltages are
defined by rege_x bits written in
this register
Defines mode of regulator
voltage setting.
6
rege_3
0
MSB
5
rege _2
0
4
rege _1
0
3
rege _0
0
LSB
External definition of
regulated voltage.
Refer to Regulated Voltage
for definition.
In 5 V mode VSP_D and
VSP_A regulators are set to
3.4 V
2
mpsv1
0
00: VDD
01: VSP_A
10: VSP_D
11: VSP_RF
1
mpsv0
0
Define source of direct
command Measure Power
Supply.
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Regulator and Timer Display Register
Figure 95:
Regulator and Timer Display Register
Address 2Bh: Regulator and Timer Display Register
Bit
Name
7
reg_3
6
reg_2
5
reg_1
4
reg_0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
MSB
This register displays actual
regulated voltage setting.
Refer to Regulated Voltage
for definition.
LSB
3
2
gpt_on
1: General Purpose timer is
running
1
nrt_on
1: No-response timer is running
0
mrt_on
1: Mask Receive timer is running
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, regulated voltage is set to maximum 3.4V.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 96:
Regulated Voltages
Regulated Voltage
reg_3
rege_3
reg_2
rege_2
reg_1
rege_1
reg_0
rege_0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Typical Regulated Voltage [V]
5 V Mode
3.3 V Mode
1
5.1
3.4
1
0
4.98
3.3
1
0
1
4.86
3.2
1
1
0
0
4.74
3.1
1
0
1
1
4.62
3.0
1
0
1
0
4.50
2.9
1
0
0
1
4.38
2.8
1
0
0
0
4.26
2.7
0
1
1
1
4.14
2.6
0
1
1
0
4.02
2.5
0
1
0
1
3.90
2.4
other combinations
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not used
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Application Information
RSSI Display Register
Figure 97:
RSSI Display Register
Address 2Ch: RSSI Display Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
rssi_am_3
6
rssi_am_2
5
rssi_am_1
4
rssi_am_0
LSB
3
rssi_pm_3
MSB
2
rssi_pm_2
1
rssi_pm_1
0
rssi_pm_0
MSB
LSB
Type: R
Comments
Stores peak value of AM
channel RSSI measurement.
Automatically cleared at
beginning of transponder
message and with Clear RSSI
command.
Stores peak value of PM
channel RSSI measurement.
Automatically cleared at
beginning of transponder
message and with Clear RSSI
command.
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
2. Bit 0x30[7] indicates which RSSI value is use in the logic for internal use.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 98:
RSSI Table
RSSI Table
rssi_3
rssi_2
rssi_1
rssi_0
Typical Signal on RFI1
[mVrms]
0
0
0
0
≤20
0
0
0
1
>20
0
0
1
0
>27
0
0
1
1
>37
0
1
0
0
>52
0
1
0
1
>72
0
1
1
0
>99
0
1
1
1
>136
1
0
0
0
>190
1
0
0
1
>262
1
0
1
0
>357
1
0
1
1
>500
1
1
0
0
>686
1
1
0
1
>950
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
not used
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AS3911 − Application Information
Gain Reduction State Register
Figure 99:
Gain Reduction State Register
Address 2Dh: Gain Reduction State Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
gs_am_3
6
gs_am_2
5
gs_am_1
4
gs_am_0
LSB
3
gs_pm_3
MSB
2
gs_pm_2
1
gs_pm_1
0
gs_pm_0
Type: R
Comments
MSB
Actual gain reduction of second
stage of AM channel (including
register gain reduction, squelch
and AGC)
Actual gain reduction of second
stage of PM channel (including
register gain reduction, squelch
and AGC)
LSB
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitive Sensor Control Register
Figure 100:
Capacitive Sensor Control Register
Address 2Eh: Capacitive Sensor Control Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
cs_mcal4
0
6
cs_mcal3
0
5
cs_mcal2
0
4
cs_mcal1
0
3
cs_mcal0
0
2
cs_g2
0
1
cs_g1
0
0
cs_g0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Manual calibration value
All 0 value enables automatic
calibration mode
Binary weighted, step 0.1 pF,
max 3.1 pF
000: 2.8 V/pF
001: 6.5 V/pF
010: 1.1 V/pF
100: 0.5 V/pF
110: 0.35 V/pF
Other: Not used
Capacitor sensor gain typical
values
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitive Sensor Display Register
Figure 101:
Capacitive Sensor Display Register
Address 2Fh: Capacitive Sensor Display Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
cs_cal4
6
cs_cal3
5
cs_cal2
4
cs_cal1
3
cs_cal0
2
cs_cal_end
1: Calibration ended
1
cs_cal_err
1: Calibration error
Capacitive Sensor calibration
value
Type: R
Comments
Binary weighted, step 0.1 pF,
max 3.1 pF
0
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Auxiliary Display Register
Figure 102:
Auxiliary Display Register
Address 30h: Auxiliary Display Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
a_cha
6
efd_o
5
tx_on
1: Transmission is active
4
osc_ok
1: X-tal oscillation is stable
3
rx_on
1: Receive coder is enabled
2
rx_act
1: Receive coder is receiving a message
1
nfc_t
1: External Field Detector is active in
peer detection mode
0
en_ac
1: External Field Detector is active in RF
collision avoidance mode
0: AM
1: PM
Type: R
Comments
Currently selected channel
External Field Detector output
Indication that x-tal oscillator is
active and its output is stable
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Wake-up Timer Control Register
Figure 103:
Wake-up Timer Control Register
Address 31h: Wake-up Timer Control Register
Function
Type: RW
Bit
Name
Default
Comments
7
wur
0
6
wut2
0
5
wut1
0
4
wut0
0
3
wto
0
1: IRQ at every timeout
2
wam
0
1: At timeout perform
Amplitude measurement
IRQ if difference larger than
Δam
1
wph
0
1: At timeout perform Phase
measurement
IRQ if difference larger than
Δpm
0
wcap
0
1: At timeout perform
Capacitance measurement
IRQ if difference larger than
Δcm
0: 100 ms
1: 10 ms
Wake-up timer range
Refer to Typical Wake-up Time
Wake-up timer timeout value
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Figure 104:
Typical Wake-up Time
Typical Wake-up Time
wut2
wut1
wut0
100 ms Range
(wur=0)
10 ms Range
(wur=1)
0
0
0
100 ms
10 ms
0
0
1
200 ms
20 ms
0
1
0
300 ms
30 ms
0
1
1
400 ms
40 ms
1
0
0
500 ms
50 ms
1
0
1
600 ms
60 ms
1
1
0
700 ms
70 ms
1
1
1
800 ms
80 ms
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AS3911 − Application Information
Amplitude Measurement Configuration Register
Figure 105:
Amplitude Measurement Configuration Register
Address 32h: Amplitude Measurement Configuration Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
am_d3
0
6
am_d2
0
5
am_d1
0
4
am_d0
0
3
am_aam
0
2
am_aew1
0
1
am_aew2
0
0
am_ae
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Definition of Δam (difference to
reference which triggers
interrupt)
0: Exclude the IRQ measurement
1: Include the IRQ measurement
Include/exclude the
measurement which causes
IRQ (having difference > Δam
to reference) in
auto-averaging
00: 4
01: 8
10: 16
11: 32
Define weight of last
measurement result for
auto-averaging
1: Use amplitude measurement
auto-averaging as reference
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Amplitude Measurement Reference Register
Figure 106:
Amplitude Measurement Reference Register
Address 33h: Amplitude Measurement Reference Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
am_ref7
0
6
am_ref6
0
5
am_ref5
0
4
am_ref4
0
3
am_ref3
0
2
am_ref2
0
1
am_ref1
0
0
am_ref0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Amplitude Measurement Auto-averaging Display
Register
Figure 107:
Amplitude Measurement Auto-averaging Display Register
Address 34h: Amplitude Measurement Auto-averaging
Display Register
Bit
Name
7
am_aad7
6
am_aad6
5
am_aad5
4
am_aad4
3
am_aad3
2
am_aad2
1
am_aad1
0
am_aad0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Amplitude Measurement Display Register
Figure 108:
Amplitude Measurement Display Register
Address 35h: Amplitude Measurement Display Register
Bit
Name
7
am_amd7
6
am_amd6
5
am_amd5
4
am_amd4
3
am_amd3
2
am_amd2
1
am_amd1
0
am_amd0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Phase Measurement Configuration Register
Figure 109:
Phase Measurement Configuration Register
Address 36h: Phase Measurement Configuration Register
0
Bit
Name
Default
7
pm_d3
0
6
pm_d2
0
5
pm_d1
0
4
pm_d0
0
3
pm_aam
0
2
pm_aew1
0
1
pm_aew0
0
pm_ae
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Definition of Δpm (difference to
reference which triggers
interrupt)
0: Exclude the IRQ measurement
1: Include the IRQ measurement
Include/exclude the
measurement which causes
IRQ (having difference > Δpm
to reference) in
auto-averaging
00: 4
01: 8
10: 16
11: 32
Define weight of last
measurement result for
auto-averaging
1: Use phase measurement
auto-averaging as reference
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Phase Measurement Reference Register
Figure 110:
Phase Measurement Reference Register
Address 37h: Phase Measurement Reference Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
pm_ref7
0
6
pm_ref6
0
5
pm_ref5
0
4
pm_ref4
0
3
pm_ref3
0
2
pm_ref2
0
1
pm_ref1
0
0
pm_ref0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Phase Measurement Auto-averaging Display Register
Figure 111:
Phase Measurement Auto-averaging Display Register
Address 38h: Phase Measurement Auto-averaging Display
Register
Bit
Name
7
pm_aad7
6
pm_aad6
5
pm_aad5
4
pm_aad4
3
pm_aad3
2
pm_aad2
1
pm_aad1
0
pm_aad0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Phase Measurement Display Register
Figure 112:
Phase Measurement Display Register
Address 39h: Phase Measurement Display Register
Bit
Name
7
pm_amd7
6
pm_amd6
5
pm_amd5
4
pm_amd4
3
pm_amd3
2
pm_amd2
1
pm_amd1
0
pm_amd0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitance Measurement Configuration Register
Figure 113:
Capacitance Measurement Configuration Register
Address 3Ah: Capacitance Measurement Configuration
Register
Bit
Name
Default
Function
7
cm_d3
0
Definition of Δcm (difference to
reference which triggers
interrupt)
6
cm_d2
0
5
cm_d1
0
4
cm_d0
0
3
cm_aam
0
2
cm_aew1
0
1
cm_aew0
0
0
cm_ae
0
Type: RW
Comments
0: Exclude the IRQ measurement
1: Include the IRQ measurement
Include/exclude the
measurement which causes
IRQ (having difference > Δcm
to reference) in
auto-averaging
00: 4
01: 8
10: 16
11: 32
Define weight of last
measurement result for
auto-averaging
1: Use capacitance
measurement auto-averaging as
reference
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
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Capacitance Measurement Reference Register
Figure 114:
Capacitance Measurement Reference Register
Address 3Bh: Capacitance Measurement Reference Register
Bit
Name
Default
7
cm_ref7
0
6
cm_ref6
0
5
cm_ref5
0
4
cm_ref4
0
3
cm_ref3
0
2
cm_ref2
0
1
cm_ref1
0
0
cm_ref0
0
Function
Type: RW
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Default setting is set at power-up and after Set Default command.
Capacitance Measurement Auto-averaging Display
Register
Figure 115:
Capacitance Measurement Auto-averaging Display Register
Address 3Ch: Capacitance Measurement Auto-averaging
Display Register
Bit
Name
7
cm_aad7
6
cm_aad6
5
cm_aad5
4
cm_aad4
3
cm_aad3
2
cm_aad2
1
cm_aad1
0
cm_aad0
Default
Function
Type: R
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Capacitance Measurement Display Register
Figure 116:
Capacitance Measurement Display Register
Address 3Dh: Capacitance Measurement Display Register
Bit
Name
7
cm_amd7
6
cm_amd6
5
cm_amd5
4
cm_amd4
3
cm_amd3
2
cm_amd2
1
cm_amd1
0
cm_amd0
Default
Type: R
Function
Comments
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. At power-up and after Set Default command, content of this register is set to 0.
IC Identity Register
Figure 117:
IC Identity Register
Address 3Fh: IC Identity Register
Bit
Name
7
ic_type4
6
ic_type3
5
ic_type2
4
ic_type1
3
ic_type0
2
ic_rev2
1
ic_rev1
0
ic_rev0
Default
Type: R
Function
Comments
Code for AS3911: 00001
5 bit IC type code
001
3 bit IC revision code, 001 is
code for silicon r2.0, versions
previous to r2.0 do not have
this register implemented.
IC Identity Register: This table depicts the details of the IC identity register for AS3911.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Power-up Sequence
At power-up, the AS3911 enters the Power-down mode. The
content of all registers is set to the default state.
1. Firstly, the microcontroller after a power-up must
correctly configure the two IO configuration registers.
The content of these two registers defines operation
options related to hardware (power supply mode, Xtal
type, use of MCU_CLK clock, antenna operation mode).
2. Configure the regulators. It is recommended to use
direct command Adjust Regulators to improve the
system PSRR.
3. If implementing the LC tank tuning, then send the direct
command Calibrate Antenna.
4. If using the AM modulation (ISO14443B for example),
then set the modulation depth in the AM Modulation
Depth Control Registerand send the command Calibrate
Modulation Depth.
5. The AS3911 is now ready to operate.
Reader Operation
To begin with, the operation mode and data rate have to be
configured by writing the Mode Definition Register and Bit Rate
Definition Register. Additionally, the receiver and transmitter
operation options related to operation mode have to be
defined. This is done automatically by sending the direct
command Analog Preset. If more options are required apart
from those defined by Analog Preset, then such options must
be additionally set by writing the appropriate registers.
Next, the Ready mode has to be entered by setting the bit en
of the Operation Control Register. In this mode the oscillator is
started and the regulators are enabled. When the oscillator
operation is stable, an interrupt is sent.
Before sending any command to a transponder, the transmitter
and receiver have to be enabled by setting the bits rx_en and
tx_en. RFID protocols usually require that the reader field is
turned on for a while before sending the first command (5 ms
for ISO14443). General purpose timer can be used to count this
time.
In case REQA or WUPA has to be sent this is simply done by
sending appropriate direct command otherwise the following
sequence has to be followed:
1. Send the direct command Clear
2. Define the number of transmitted bytes in the Number
of Transmitted Bytes Register 1 and Number of
Transmitted Bytes Register 2
3. Write the bytes to be transmitted in the FIFO
4. Send the direct command Transmit With CRC or
Transmit Without CRC (whichever is appropriate)
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AS3911 − Application Information
5. When all the data is transmitted an interrupt is sent to
inform the microcontroller that the transmission is
finished (IRQ due to end of transmission)
After the transmission is executed, the AS3911 receiver
automatically starts to observe the RFI inputs to detect a
transponder response. The RSSI and AGC (in case it is enabled)
are started. The framing block processes the sub-carrier signal
from receiver and fills the FIFO with data. When the reception
is finished and all the data is in the FIFO an interrupt is sent to
the microcontroller (IRQ due to end of receive), additionally the
FIFO Status Register 1 and FIFO Status Register 2 display the
number of bytes in the FIFO so the microcontroller can
proceeded with downloading the data.
In case there was an error or bit collision detected during
reception, an interrupt with appropriate flag is sent.
Microcontroller has to take appropriate action.
Transmit and Receive in case data packet is longer than FIFO:
In case a data packet is longer than FIFO the sequence explained
above is modified.
Before transmit the FIFO is filled. During transmit an interrupt
is sent when remaining number of bytes is lower than the water
level (IRQ due to FIFO water level). The microcontroller in turn
adds more data in the FIFO. When all the data is transmitted an
interrupt is sent to inform the microcontroller that transmission
is finished.
During reception situation is similar. In case the FIFO is loaded
with more data than the receive water level, an interrupt is sent
and the microcontroller in turn reads the data from the FIFO.
When reception is finished an interrupt is sent to the
microcontroller (IRQ due to end of receive), additionally the
FIFO Status Register 1 and FIFO Status Register 2 display the
number of bytes in the FIFO which are still to be read out.
Anticollision – ISO 14443A
Note(s): For this section, it is assumed that there are more than
one ISO/IEC 14443A PICC in the reader’s RF field and all are
compatible to ISO/IEC 14443 up to level 4.
This section highlights on a procedure of performing
anticollision with AS3911 for ISO14443A tags. After an
ISO14443 type A tag enters in the reader field, the reader has
to perform a selection process which brings it into the
PROTOCOL state in which the actual application implemented
in the tag can be executed. This selection process is described
in the ISO/IEC 14443-3. The Figure 118 depicts the states which
a tag and a reader have to pass through to enter the protocol
state.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 118:
ISO14443A States for PCD and PICC
PICC States
PCD States
Power off
(No Field)
Standby
Idle
(Field ON)
Poll for PICC with
REQA
REQA, WUPA
Ready
Receive ATQA
Select
Active
Perform bit frame
Anticollision loop
Increase Cascade
level
RATS
UID not
complete
ISO 14443-4
Check for SAK
UID complete &
PICC compliant to ISO 14443-4
ISO 14443-4
The selection procedure starts when a PICC enters the reader
field and the PCD sends a REQA (or WUPA) command followed
by an Anticollision procedure (incl. SELECT, RATS and PPS).
Setting up AS3911 for ISO 14443A Anticollision
To setup the AS3911 for the ISO14443A anticollision following
steps are to be followed:
1. The Initiator operation mode of AS3911 must be setup
for ISO 14443A in the Mode Definition Register (default
is already for ISO14443A).
2. The Tx and Rx bit rates must be set up to default 106kbps
in the Bit Rate Definition Register.
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AS3911 − Application Information
3. Set the antcl bit in the ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s
Settings Register. This needs to be set before sending
the REQA (or WUPA). As a result of setting this bit, the
AS3911 will not trigger a framing error if in case the
collision occurs in the ATQA or during anticollision
procedure.
Note(s): This bit must be set to one for REQA, WUPA and
ANTOCOLLISION commands, for other commands it has to be
zero)
4. Review and set the value for Mask Receive Timer
Register less than the Frame delay time as required by
the ISO14443A. And set the No-response Timer Register
1&No-response Timer Register 2 according to the
requirements. This is typically larger than the FDT.
Note(s): AS3911 offers the resolution of n/2 (64/fc - half steps)
compared to n (128/fc) as mentioned in 14443A so that the
receiver can be unmasked n/2 step before the actual
transmission from the PICC). According to ISO 14443A the FDT
must be 1236/fc if last transmitter bit if 1 or 1172/fc if last
transmitter bit is 0. As a simple rule one can follow the following.
Figure 119:
Selection of MRT & NRT for a Given FDT
FDT
PCD to PICC
PICC to PCD
t
MRT < FDT – 64/fc
NRE > FDT + 64/fc
5. The receiver and transmitter operation options related
to operation mode have to be defined. This is done
automatically by sending the direct command Analog
Preset. If different options are required apart from those
defined by Analog Preset, then such options must be
additionally set by writing the appropriate registers.
6. Set rx_en and tx_en in the Operation Control Register.
RFID protocols usually require that the reader field is
turned on for a while before sending the first command
(5 ms for ISO14443). General purpose timer can be used
to count this time.
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AS3911 − Application Information
7. The reply form PICC for the REQA, WUPA and replies
within ANTICOLLISION sequence before till before SAK
do not contain CRC. In this case the no_CRC_rx bit in the
Auxiliary Definition Register must be set to 1 (receive
without CRC) before sending these commands.
REQA and WUPA
Sending of these two commands is simple since they are
implemented as the AS3911 direct commands (Transmit REQA
and Transmit WUPA). The end of transmission of these
commands is signaled to microcontroller by an interrupt - IRQ
due to end of transmission). After the transmission is executed,
the AS3911 receiver automatically starts to observe the RFI
inputs to detect a transponder after the expiration of the Mask
Receive Timer.
As a response to REQA (or WUPA) all the PICC in the field respond
simultaneously with an ATQA. A collision can occur in this state
if there are PICC with different UID size or has the Bit frame
anticollision bits set differently. Hence it is important to set the
antcl bit to 1. If there is any IRQ (except I_nre) that AS3911
signals, the microcontroller must consider as a valid presence
of tag and must proceed with the ANTICOLLISION procedure.
If more than one PICC are expected in the field, following
algorithm must be used to select multiple tags:
1. Send REQA, if there was any answer continue
2. Perform anticollision, and singulate one PICC
3. Select the found Tag and send HLTA to move it to HALT
state
4. Go to 1 and repeat this procedure till all the PICC are in
HALT state and all the UIDs have been extracted.
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AS3911 − Application Information
ANTICOLLISION Procedure
After receiving the ATQA from the tags in the field, the next step
is to execute the anticollision procedure to singulate the tags.
the procedure mainly uses the ANTICOLLISION and SELECT
commands which consist of:
• Select code SEL (1byte)
• Number of valid bits NVB (1 byte)
• 0 to 40 data bits of UID CLn according to the value of NVB
The anticollision command uses standard frame which do not
use CRC. In this case the transmit needs to be done with direct
command Transmit Without CRC and for the receive, the
no_CRC_rx bit in the Auxiliary Definition Register must be set
to 1. The final SELECT command and its response SAK contains
a CRC, so the transmit needs to be done with command Transmit
With CRC and before sending this command the configuration
bit no_CRC_rx bit in the Auxiliary Definition Register must be
set back to 0.
If there are more than one PICC in the field, the collision will
occur when the tags reply to the SEL command during
anticollision when the PICC reply back with their UID. This
collision can occur after a complete byte (called as FULL BYTE
scenario) or it can occur within a byte (called as SPLIT BYTE
scenario). The antcl bit in ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings
Register must be set during this procedure too. As a result,
AS3911 will not trigger a Framing Error. This bit is also
responsible for correct timing of anticollision and correct parity
extraction.
Note(s): It must only be set before sending an anticollision
frame, REQA or WUPA. This bit must not be used in any other
commands.
The Figure 120 depicts the flowchart on how to implement the
anticollision with AS3911.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 120:
Flowchart for ISO14443A Anticollision with AS3911
Cascade level n
(n =1)
SELn=0x93 for n=1 for 4 bytes UID
SELn=0x95 for n=2 for 7 bytes UID
SELn=0x97 for n=3 for 10 bytes UID
1) Fill fifo with
SELn + NVB (0x20)
2)Set Register:
Number of transmitted bytes
register 1 = 0x00
Number of transmitted bytes
register 2 = 0x10
1) Send Command:
Transmit without CRC
2) Following interrupts:
I_dct
I_txe
I_col (if collision occurs)
I_rxs
I_rxe
FIFO is filled in with PICC response
No
Read out FIFO for the valid
data from the selected PICC
I_col ?
Yes
PICC sends complete UID
Set:
no_CRC_rx = 1,
antcl = 1
Set:
no_CRC_rx = 0,
antcl = 0
1) Read Collision Display
Register to identify how
much is the valid data
before the collison
occured,
2) Read FIFO for the
response from PICC
NOTE: Since SPI is byte oriented, in
case of SPLIT BYTE scenario, the invalid
MSB bits must be ignored when
reading out the FIFO for the received
data. Similarly, 0s must be
concatenated As MSB bits to complete
a byte for the Transmit (which will then
be ignored based on register 0x1E)
Send SELECT:
Fill FIFO with
SELn + NVB(0x70) + UID CLn
1) Fill FIFO with part 1 of bit
collision anticollision:
SELn + NVB (available from
valid tag response) +
received valid data +1 or 0
for the bit where the collision
occured
1) Send Command:
Transmit with CRC
2) Following interrupts:
I_dct
I_txe
I_rxe
FIFO is filled with SAK
No
Enter Cascade Level n+1
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Yes
UID complete?
FIFO is filled in with PICC response
2) Set Register:
Mention the number of
received full bytes and split
bits + 1 bit in:
Number of transmitted bytes
register 1 &
Number of full bytes
Number of transmitted bytes
register 2
End Anticollision with
RATS
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AS3911 − Application Information
FeliCa Reader Mode
The general recommendation from previous chapter is valid
also for FeliCa reader mode. Bit rates 212 and 424 kb/s are
supported. Bit rates are the same in both (reader to tag and tag
to reader) directions. Modulation reader to tag is AM.
In FeliCa mode the FeliCa frame format is supported.
Figure 121:
FeliCa Frame Format
Preamble
SYNC
Length
Payload
CRC
Preamble: 48 data bits all logical 0
Sync:
2 bytes (B2h, 4Dh)
Length:
Length byte (value= payload length + 1), the length range is from 2 to 255
Payload:
Payload
CRC:
2 bytes
FeliCa Transmission
In order to transmit FeliCa frame only the Payload data is put in
the FIFO. The number of Payload bytes is defined in the Number
of Transmitted Bytes Register 1 and Number of Transmitted
Bytes Register 2. Preamble length is defined by bits f_p1 and
f_p0 in the ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register, default
value is 48 bits, but also other options are possible.
Transmission is triggered by sending direct command Transmit
With CRC. First preamble is sent, followed by SYNC and Length
bytes. Then Payload stored in FIFO is sent, transmission is
terminated by two CRC bytes which are calculated by the
AS3911. Length byte is calculated from ‘number of transmitted
bytes’.
The following equation is used:
length = payload length + 1 = number of transmitted bytes +1
FeliCa Reception
After transmission is done the AS3911 logic starts to parse the
receiver output to detect the Preamble of FeliCa tag reply.
Once the Preamble followed by the two SYNC bytes is detected
the Length byte and Payload data are put in the FIFO. CRC bytes
are internally checked.
NFCIP-1 Operation
The AS3911 supports all NFCIP-1 initiator modes and active
communication target modes. All NFCIP-1 bit rates (106, 212
and 424 kbit/s) are supported.
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AS3911 − Application Information
NFCIP-1 Passive Communication Initiator
NFCIP-1 passive communication is equivalent to reader (PCD)
to tag (PICC) communication where initiator acts as a reader
and target acts as tag. The only difference is that in case of the
NFCIP-1 passive communication the initiator performs Initial RF
Collision Avoidance procedure at the beginning of
communication.
In order to act as NFCIP-1 passive communication initiator the
AS3911 has to be configured according to table below:
Figure 122:
Operation Mode and Bit Rate Setting for NFCIP-1 Passive Communication
NFCIP-1 Bit Rate
[kb/s]
Operation
Mode Setting
Bit Rate for
Tx
[kb/s]
Bit Rate for Rx
[kb/s]
106
ISO14443A
fc/128 (~106)
fc/128 (~106)
212
FeliCa
fc/64 (~212)
x
424
FeliCa
fc/32 (~424)
x
Comment
In FeliCa mode data
rate is the same in
both directions
Initial set-up of the Operation Control Register before the start
of communication is the same as in case of reader to tag
communication, with the exception that the transmitter is not
enabled by setting the tx_en bit. The direct command NFC Initial
Field ON is sent instead.
This command first performs the Initial RF Collision avoidance
with Collision Avoidance Threshold defined in the External Field
Detector Threshold Register. The timing of collision avoidance
is according to NFCIP-1 standard (for timing details see
Figure 40). In case collision is not detected the tx_en bit is
automatically set to switch the transmitter on. After minimum
guard time T IRFG the I_cat IRQ is sent to inform controller that
the first initiator command can be send.
From this point on communication is the same as in case of
ISO14443A (for 106 kb/s) or FeliCa (for 242 and 424 kb/s) reader
communication.
In case a presence of external field is detected an I_cac IRQ is
sent. In such case a transmission should not be performed,
command NFC Initial Field ON has to be repeated as long as
collision is not detected any more.
Initial collision avoidance is not limited to modes supported by
NFCIP-1. The initial collision avoidance according to procedure
described above can be performed before any reader mode is
started to avoid collision with an HF reader or an NFC device
operating in proximity.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Support of NFCIP-1Transport Frame Format
Figure 123 depicts the Transport Frame according to NFCIP-1
standard.
Figure 123:
Transport Frame Format According to NFCIP-1
Transport Data Field
Frame Format
for 106 kbps
SB
LEN
CMD0
CMD1
Byte 0
Byte 1
Byte 2
…
…
Byte n
E1
…
…
Byte n
E2
Transport Data Field
Frame Format
for 212 kbps
and 424 kbps
PA
SB
LEN
CMD0
CMD1
Byte 0
Byte 1
Byte 2
Transport Frame for bit rate 212 and 424 kb/s has the same
format as communication frame used during Initialization and
SDD. This format is also used in FeliCa protocol (see also FeliCa
Reader Mode). In case of 106 kb/s the SB (Start byte at F0 h) and
LEN (length byte) are only used in Transport Frame.
Support of Transport Frame for 106 kb/s NFCIP-1
communication is enabled by setting bit nfc_f0 in the
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register.
Once this bit is set and ISO 14443A mode with bit rate 106 kb/s
is configured, the behavior of the AS3911 framing is as follows:
Transmission
In order to transmit a Transport Frame only the Transport Data
has to be put in FIFO. The number of Transport Data bytes is
defined in the Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1 and
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 2. Transmission is
triggered by sending direct command Transmit With CRC. First
Start byte with value F0 h followed by Length byte are sent. Then
Transport Data stored in FIFO is sent, transmission is terminated
by two CRC bytes (E1 in Figure 123) which are calculated by the
AS3911. Length byte is calculated from ‘number of transmitted
bytes’. The following equation is used:
length = Transport Data length + 1 = number of transmitted
bytes +1
Reception
After transmission is done the AS3911 logic starts to parse the
receiver output to detect the start of tag reply.
Once the start of communication sequence is detected the first
byte (Start Byte with value F0 h) is checked the Length byte and
Transport Data bytes are put in the FIFO.
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AS3911 − Application Information
CRC bytes are internally checked. In case the Start byte is not
equal to F0 h the following data bytes are still put in FIFO,
additionally a soft framing error IRQ is set to indicate the Start
Byte error.
NFCIP-1 Active Communication Initiator
During NFCIP-1 active communication both, initiator and target
switch on its field when transmitting and switch off its field
when receiving. In order to operate as NFCIP-1 active
communication initiator the AS3911 has to be configured
according to table below (bit targ in the Mode Definition
Register has to be 0):
Figure 124:
Operation Mode and Bit Rate Setting for NFCIP-1 Active Communication Initiator
NFCIP-1 Bit Rate
[kb/s]
Initiator
Operation
Mode Setting
Bit Rate for
Tx
[kb/s]
Bit Rate for Rx
[kb/s]
106
NFCIP-1 active
communication
fc/128 (~106)
x
212
NFCIP-1 active
communication
fc/64 (~212)
x
424
NFCIP-1 active
communication
fc/32 (~424)
x
Comment
For all NFCIP-1
communication,
data rate is the same
in both directions.
After selecting the NFCIP-1 active communication mode the
Receiver and Transmitter have to be configured properly. This
configuration can be done automatically by sending direct
command Analog Preset (see Analog Preset).
During NFCIP-1 active communication the RF Collision
avoidance and switching on the field is performed using ‘NFC
Field ON’ commands (see NFC Field ON Commands), while the
sending of message is performed using Transmit commands as
in the case of reader communication. Alternatively the
Response RF Collision Avoidance sequence is started
automatically when the switching off of target field is detected
in case the bit nfc_ar in the Mode Definition Register is set.
When NFCIP-1 mode is activated the External Field Detector is
automatically enabled by setting bit en_fd in the Auxiliary
Display Register. The Peer Detection Threshold is used to detect
target field. During execution of ‘NFC Field ON’ commands, the
Collision Avoidance Threshold is used.
Initial set-up of the Operation Control Register before the start
of communication is the same as in case of reader to tag
communication with the exception that the transmitter is not
enabled by setting the tx_en bit.
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AS3911 − Application Information
The tx_en bit and therefore switching on of the transmitter is
controlled by NFC Field ON commands. Switching OFF the field
is performed automatically after a message has been sent. The
General Purpose and No-response Timer Control Register is
used to define the time during which the field stays switched
on after a message has been transmitted.
In order to receive the NFCIP-1 active reply only the AM
demodulation channel is used. Due to this the Receiver AM
channel has to be enabled. The preset done by Analog Preset
command enables only the AM demodulation channel, while
PM channel is disabled to save current.
In NFCIP-1 active communication the NFCIP-1Transport Frame
format (See Figure 123) is always used. Due to this the
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register bit nfc_f0 is set
by Analog Preset command (see Support of NFCIP-1Transport
Frame Format).
NFCIP-1 active communication sequence when bit nfc_ar in the
Mode Definition Register is set (automatic Response RF
Collision Avoidance sequence). During this sequence bits
nfc_n1 and nfc_n0 of the Auxiliary Definition Register have to
be 0 to produce Response Collision Avoidance sequence with
n=0:
1. First the direct command NFC Initial Field ON is sent. In
case no collision was detected during RF collision
avoidance the field is switched on and an IRQ with I_cat
flag set is sent to controller after T IRFG .
2. The message, which was prepared as in case of reader
to tag communication, is transmitted using Transmit
command.
3. After the message is sent the field is switched off. The
time between the end of the message and switching off
the field is defined by the General Purpose Timer. (The
General Purpose Timer IRQ may be masked since
controller does not need this information).
4. After switching off its field the AS3911 starts the
No-response Timer and observes the External Field
Detector output to detect the switching on of the target
field. In case the target field is not detected before
No-response Timer timeout, an IRQ due No-response
Timer expire is sent.
5. When Target field is detected an IRQ with I_eon flag set
is sent to controller and Mask-receive Timer is started.
After the Mask Receive Timer expires the receiver output
starts to be observed to detect start of the target
response. The reception process goes on as in case of
reader to tag communication.
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AS3911 − Application Information
6. When the External Field Detector detects that the target
has switched off its field, it sends an IRQ with I_eof flag
set to the controller, and in case bit nfc_ar is set
automatically activates the sequence of direct
command NFC Response Field ON. In case no collision
is detected during RF collision avoidance the field is
switched on and an IRQ with I_cat flag set is sent to
controller after T ARFG.
7. Sequence loops through point 2. In case the last initiator
command is sent in next sequence (DLS_REQ in case of
NFCIP-1 protocol) the bit nfc_ar in the Mode Definition
Register has to be put to 0 to avoid switching on the
initiator field after the target has switched of its field.
NFCIP-1 Active Communication Target
The AS3911 target mode is activated by setting bit targ in the
Mode Definition Register to 1. When target mode is activated
the External Field Detector is automatically enabled by setting
bit en_fd in the Auxiliary Definition Register.
When bit targ is set and all bits of the Operation Control Register
are set to 0, the AS3911 is in low power Initial NFC Target Mode.
In this mode the External Field Detector with Peer Detection
Threshold is enabled.
There are two different NFC target modes implemented
(defined by mode bits of the Mode Definition Register): the bit
rate detection mode and normal mode. In the bit rate detection
mode the framing logic performs automatic detection of the
initiator data rate and writes it in the NFCIP Bit Rate Detection
Display Register. In the normal mode it is supposed that the
data rate defined in the Bit Rate Definition Register is used.
After selecting the NFCIP-1 active target mode the Receiver and
Transmitter have to be configured properly. Configuration is the
same as in case of NFCIP-1 active initiator mode. This
configuration can be done automatically by sending direct
command Analog Preset (see Analog Preset).
NFCIP-1 active communication sequence when bit nfc_ar in the
Mode Definition Register is set (automatic Response RF
Collision Avoidance sequence). During this sequence bits
nfc_n1 and nfc_n0 of the Auxiliary Definition Register have to
be 0 to produce Response Collision Avoidance with n=0.
The following sequence assumes that the AS3911 is in the low
power Initial NFC Target Mode with the bit rate detection mode
selected. Bit nfc_ar in the Mode Definition Register is set
(automatic Response RF Collision Avoidance sequence). When
the initiator field is detected the following sequence is
executed:
1. An IRQ with I_eon flag set is sent to the controller.
2. The controller turns on the oscillator, regulator and
receiver. Mask-receive Timer is started by sending direct
command Start Mask-receive Timer. After the Mask
Receive Timer expires the receiver output starts to be
observed to detect start of the initiator message.
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AS3911 − Application Information
3. Once the start of initiator message is detected, an IRQ
due to start of receive is sent, the framing logic switches
on a module which automatically recognizes the bit rate
of signal sent by the initiator. Once the bit rate is
recognized an IRQ with I_nfct flag set is sent and the bit
rate is automatically loaded in the NFCIP Bit Rate
Detection Display Register. Detection of bit rate is also
a condition that automatic Response RF Collision
Avoidance sequence is enabled). The received message
is decoded and put into the FIFO, IRQ is sent as after any
received message.
4. The controller sends direct command Go to Normal NFC
Mode, to copy the content of the NFCIP Bit Rate
Detection Display Register to the Bit Rate Definition
Register and to change the NFCIP-1 target mode to
normal (the command Go To Normal Mode and reading
of received data can be chained). Since the Tx
modulation type depends on bit rate, the Tx modulation
type also has to be correctly set at this point. The
simplest way to do it is to issue direct command Analog
Preset.
5. When the External Field Detector detects that the target
has switched off its field, it sends an IRQ with I_eof flag
set to the controller, and in case bit nfc_ar is set
automatically activates the sequence of direct
command NFC Response Field ON. Bits nfc_n1 and
nfc_n0 of the Auxiliary Definition Register are used to
define number n of Response RF Collision Avoidance
sequence. In case no collision is detected during RF
collision avoidance the field is switched on and an IRQ
with I_cat flag set is sent to controller after T ARFG.
6. The reply, which was prepared as in case of reader to
tag communication is transmitted using Transmit
command.
7. After the message is sent the field is switched off. The
time between the end of the message and switching off
the field is defined in the General Purpose Timer. (The
General Purpose Timer IRQ may be masked since
controller does not need this information).
From this point on the communication with initiator loops
through the following sequence (during this sequence bits
nfc_n1 and nfc_n0 of the Auxiliary Definition Register have to
be 0 to produce Response RF Collision Avoidance with n=0):
1. After switching off its field the AS3911 starts the
No-response Timer and observes the External Field
Detector output to detect the switching on of the
initiator field. In case the initiator field is not detected
before No-response Timer timeout, an IRQ due
No-response Timer expire is sent.
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AS3911 − Application Information
2. When initiator field is detected an IRQ with I_eon flag
set is sent to controller and Mask-receive Timer is
started. After the Mask Receive Timer expires the
receiver output starts to be observed to detect start of
the initiator response. The reception process goes on as
in case of reader to tag communication.
3. When the External Field Detector detects that the target
has switched off its field, it sends an IRQ with I_eof flag
set to the controller, and in case bit nfc_ar is set
automatically activates the sequence of direct
command NFC Response Field ON. In case no collision
is detected during RF collision avoidance the field is
switched on and an IRQ with I_cat flag set is sent to
controller after T ARFG.
4. The reply which was prepared as in case of reader to tag
communication is transmitted using Transmit
command
5. After the message is sent the field is switched off. The
time between the end of the message and switching off
the field is defined in General Purpose Timer. In case a
new command from initiator is expected the General
Purpose Timer IRQ may be masked since controller does
not need this information.
6. In case a new command from Initiator is expected the
sequence loops through point 1. In case the target reply
was the last in a sequence (DLS_RES in case of NFCIP-1
protocol) a new command from initiator is not expected.
At the moment the field is switched off, a General
Purpose Timer IRQ is received and the AS3911 is put
back in the low power NFC Target Mode by deactivating
the Operation Control Register. NFC mode is changed
back to rate detection mode by writing the Mode
Definition Register.
AM Modulation Depth: Definition and
Calibration
The AS3911 Transmitter supports OOK and AM modulation. The
choice between OOK and AM modulation is done by writing
Auxiliary Definition Register bit tr_am. AM modulation is preset
by direct command Analog Preset in case the following
protocols are configured:
• ISO14443B
• FeliCa
• NFCIP-1 212 and 424 kb/s
The AM modulation depth can be automatically adjusted by
setting the AM Modulation Depth Control Register and sending
the direct command Calibrate Modulation Depth. There is also
an alternative possibility where the command Calibrate
Modulation Depth is not used and the modulated level is
defined by writing the Antenna driver RFO AM Modulated Level
Definition Register.
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AS3911 − Application Information
AM Modulation Depth Definition Using the ‘Calibrate
Modulation Depth’ Direct Command
Before sending the direct command Calibrate Modulation
Depth the AM Modulation Depth Control Register has to be
configured in the following way:
• The bit 7 (am_s) has to be set to 0 to choose definition by
the command Calibrate Modulation Depth
• Bits 6 to 1 (mod5 to mod0) define target AM modulation
depth
Definition of Modulation Depth Using Bits mod5 to mod0:
The RFID standard documents usually define the AM
modulation level in form of the modulation index. The
modulation index is defined by formula (a-b)/(a+b) where a is
amplitude of the non-modulated carrier and b is the amplitude
of the modulated carrier.
The modulation index specification is different for different
standards. The ISO14443B modulation index is typically 10%
with allowed range from 8% to 14%, range from 10 to 30% is
defined in the ISO15693 and 8% to 30% in the FeliCa™ and
NFCIP-1 212 kb/s and 424 kb/s.
The bits mod5 to mod0 are used to calculate the amplitude of
the modulated level. The non-modulated level which was
before measured by the A/D converter and stored in an 8 bit
register is divided by a binary number in range from 1 to 1.98.
The bits mod5 to mod0 define binary decimals of this number.
Example:
In case of the modulation index 10% the modulated level
amplitude is 1.2222 times lower than the non-modulated level.
1.2222 converted to binary and truncated to 6 decimals is
1.001110. So in order to define the modulation index 10% the
bits mod5 to mod0 have to be set to 001110.
The table below depicts setting of the mod bits for some often
used modulation indexes.
Figure 125:
Setting of the mod Bits for Some Often used Modulation Indexes
Modulation Index [%]
a/b [dec]
a/b [bin]
mod5 to mod0
8
1.1739
1.001011
001011
10
1.2222
1.001110
001110
14
1.3256
1.010100
010100
20
1.5000
1.100000
100000
30
1.8571
1.110111
110111
33
1.9843
1.111111
111111
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AS3911 − Application Information
Execution of Direct Command ‘Calibrate Modulation Depth’:
The modulation level is adjusted by increasing the RFO1 and
RFO2 driver output resistance. The RFO drivers are composed
of 8 binary weighted segments. Usually all these segments are
turned on to define the normal, non-modulated level, there is
also a possibility to increase the output resistance of the
non-modulated state by writing the RFO Normal Level
Definition Register.
Before sending the direct command Calibrate Modulation
Depth the oscillator and regulators have to be turned on. When
the direct command Calibrate Modulation Depth is sent the
following procedure is executed:
• The Transmitter is turned on, non-modulated level is
established.
• The amplitude of the non-modulated carrier level
established on the inputs RFI1 and RFI2 is measured by
the A/D converter and stored in the A/D Converter Output
Register.
• Based on the measurement of the non-modulated level
and the target modulated level defined by the bits mod5
to mod0 the target modulated level is calculated.
• The output driver control is taken over by the Calibrate
Register. Content of the Calibrate Register is modified using
successive approximation algorithm as long as long as the
measured level is equal or as close as possible to target
modulated level calculated in previous step.
• Final state of the Calibrate Register is copied in the AM
Modulation Depth Display Register. Content of this
register is used to define the AM modulated level.
Note(s): After this calibration procedure is finished, the content
of the RFO Normal Level Definition Register should not be
changed. Modification of this register content will change the
non-modulated amplitude and therefore the ratio between the
modulated and non-modulated level will be changed. Please
also note that in case the calibration of antenna resonant
frequency in used, command Calibrate Antenna has to be run
before AM modulation depth adjustment.
AM Modulation Depth Definition using the ‘RFO AM
Modulated Level Definition’ Register
When the bit 7 (am_s) of the AM Modulation Depth Control
Register is set to 1 the AM modulated level is controlled by
writing the RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register. In case
setting of the modulated level is already known it is not
necessary to run the calibration procedure, the modulated level
can simply be defined by writing this register.
It is also possible to implement calibration procedure in
external controller using the RFO Normal Level Definition
Register and the direct command Measure Amplitude. This
procedure has to be used in case the target modulation depth
is deeper than 33%. The procedure is the following:
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AS3911 − Application Information
• Write the non-modulated level in the RFO Normal Level
Definition Register (usually it is all 0 to have the lower
possible output resistance).
• Switch on the transmitter.
• Send the direct command Measure Amplitude. Read result
from the A/D Converter Output Register.
• Calculate the target modulated level from the target
modulation index and result of the previous point.
• In the following iterations content of the RFO Normal
Level Definition Register is modified, the command
Measure Amplitude executed and result compared to the
target modulated level as long as the result is not equal
or as close as possible to the target modulated level.
• At the end the content of the RFO Normal Level Definition
Register which results in the target modulated level is
written in the RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register
while the RFO Normal Level Definition Register is restored
with the non-modulated definition value.
Antenna Tuning
The AS3911 comprises the building blocks which make possible
checking and adjustment of the antenna LC tank resonance
frequency. The AS3911 Phase and Amplitude Detector block is
used for resonance frequency checking and adjustment.
In order to implement the antenna LC tank calibration tuning
capacitors have to be connected between the two coil terminals
to the pins TRIM1_3 to TRIM1_0 and TRIM2_3 to TRIM2_0. In
case single driver is used only the pins TRIM1_3 to TRIM1_0 are
used, pins TRIM2_3 to TRIM2_0 are left open. Figure 126 depicts
connection of the trim capacitors for both, single and
differential driving for the simple case where the antenna LC
tank is directly connected to RFO pins.
The TRIM pins contain the HVNMOS switching transistors to VSS.
The on resistance of TRIM1_0 and TRIM2_0 switch transistors,
which are meant to be connected to LSB tuning capacitor is 50Ω
typ. at 3 V VSP_D, the on resistance of other pins is binary
weighted (the on resistance of TRIM1_3 and TRIM2_3 is 6.25Ω
typ.) The breakdown voltage of the HVNMNOS switch
transistors is 25V, which limits the maximum peak to peak
voltage on LC tank in case tuning is used.
During tuning procedure the resonance frequency is adjusted
by connecting some of the tuning capacitors to VSS and leaving
others floating. The Switches of the same binary weight are
driven from the same source and are both on or off (the switches
TRIM1_2 and TRIM2_2 are for example both either On or Off ).
Antenna tuning can be automatically performed by sending
direct command Calibrate Antenna or by an algorithm
implemented in external controller by performing phase and
amplitude measurements and controlling the TRIM switches
using Antenna Calibration Control Register.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Antenna Tuning Using Direct Command ‘Calibrate
Antenna’
In order to perform the antenna LC tank using direct command
Calibrate Antenna binary weighted tuning capacitors have to
be connected between the two coil terminals to the pins
TRIM1_3 to TRIM1_0 and TRIM2_3 to TRIM2_0.
During automatic procedure, started by sending the direct
command Calibrate Antenna, the AS3911 finds position of TRIM
switches at which the phase difference between the RFO output
signal and RFI input signal is as close as possible to target phase
defined in the Antenna Calibration Target Register.
In case the antenna LC tank is directly connected to RFO pins
(as in case of Figure 126) there is 90° phase shift between signal
on the RFO outputs and the voltage on the RFI inputs when
antenna LC tank is in resonance. In case additional EMC filter is
inserted between RFO outputs and antenna LC tank the phase
shift in case of resonance depends on additional phase shift
generated by EMC filter.
During execution of the direct command Calibrate Antenna the
AS3911 runs several phase measurements and changes
configuration of TRIM pins in order to find the best possible
setting. Due to this the format of the Antenna Calibration Target
Register is the same as the format of direct command Measure
Phase result.
The TRIM pin configuration which is result of the direct
command Calibrate Antenna can be observed by reading the
Antenna Calibration Display Register. This register also contains
an error flag which is set in case the tuning to target phase was
not possible.
After the execution of direct command Calibrate Antenna the
actual phase can be checked by sending direct command
Measure Phase.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Figure 126:
Connection of Tuning Capacitors to the Antenna LC Tank in case of Single (left) and Differential
Driving (right)
TRIM1_0
TRIM1_0
TRIM1_1
TRIM1_1
TRIM1_2
TRIM1_2
TRIM1_3
TRIM1_3
RF01
RF01
RF02
Antenna
RF02
RFI1
RFI1
RFI2
RFI2
½ Antenna
½ Antenna
TRIM2_3
TRIM2_3
TRIM2_2
TRIM2_2
TRIM2_1
TRIM2_1
TRIM2_0
TRIM2_0
Antenna Tuning Using ‘Antenna Calibration Control’ Register
There is also a possibility to control the position of the TRIM
switches by writing the Antenna Calibration Control Register.
When the bit trim_s of this register is set to 1 position of the
trim switches is controlled by bits tre_3 to tre_0.
Using this register and performing phase and amplitude
measurements (using direct commands Measure Phase and
Measure Amplitude) different tuning algorithms can be
implemented in the external controller.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Stream Mode and Transparent Mode
Standard and custom 13.56 MHz RFID reader protocols, which
are not supported by the AS3911 framing, can be realized using
the AS3911 AFE and framing implemented in the external
microcontroller.
Transparent Mode
After sending the direct command Transparent Mode the
external microcontroller directly controls the transmission
modulator and gets the Receiver output (control logic becomes
“transparent”).
The Transparent Mode is entered on rising edge of signal /SS
after sending the command Transparent Mode and is
maintained as long as the signal /SS is kept high. Before sending
the direct command Transparent Mode the Transmitter and
Receiver have to be turned on, the AFE has to be configured
properly.
While the AS3911 is in the Transparent Mode the AFE is
controlled directly through SPI interface:
• Transmitter modulation is controlled by pin MOSI (high is
modulator on)
• Signal rx_on is controlled by pin SCLK (high enables RSSI
and AGC)
• Output of Receiver AM demodulation chain (digitized
sub-carrier signal) is sent to pin MISO
• Output of Receiver PM demodulation chain (digitized
sub-carrier signal) is sent to pin IRQ
By controlling the rx_on advanced Receiver features like the
RSSI and AGC can be used. The receiver channel selection bits
are valid also in Transparent mode, therefore it is possible to
use only one of the two channel outputs. In case single channel
is selected it is always multiplexed to MISO, while IRQ is kept
low.
Configuration bits related to the ISO mode, framing and FIFO
are of course meaningless in Transparent Mode, all other
configuration bits are respected.
Use of Transparent Mode to implement active peer to peer
(NFC) communication:
The framing implemented in the AS3911 supports all active
modes according to the NFCIP-1 specification (ISO/IEC
18092:2004). In case any amendments to this specification or
some custom active NFC communication need to be
implemented Transparent mode can be used.
There is no special NFC active communication transparent
mode, controlling of the Tx modulation and the Rx is done as
described above.
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AS3911 − Application Information
The difference comparing to the reader transparent mode is
that the emission of the carrier field has to be enabled only
during Tx. This is done by writing the Operation Control Register
before and after Tx. Since with every SPI command the
Transparent mode is lost it has to be re-entered.
In order to receive the reply in active NFC communication mode
only the AM demodulation channel is used. Due to this the
Receiver AM channel has to be enabled, while PM can be
disabled.
Implementing active communication requires detection of
external field. Setting the bit en_fd in the Auxiliary Definition
Register enables the External Field Detector with Peer
Detection Threshold. When bit en_fd is selected and the AS3911
is in Transparent mode, the External Field Detector output is
multiplexed to pin IRQ. This enables detection of external
target/initiator field and performing RF collision avoidance.
In case timing of the NFC Field ON command is correct for the
NFC active protocol which is being implemented, these
commands can be used in combination with the Transparent
mode. These commands are used to perform the RF collision
avoidance, switching on the field and timing out the minimum
time from switching on the field to start of transmitting the
message. After getting the interrupt, the controller generates
the message in the Transparent mode.
When bit en_fd is set and all bits of the Operation Control
Register are set to 0 the AS3911 is in the low power NFC Target
Mode (same as in case of setting of targ bit, (see NFCIP-1 Active
Communication Target). In this mode initiator field is detected.
After getting an IRQ with I_eon flag set, the controller turns on
the oscillator, regulator and receiver and performs reception in
the Transparent mode.
MIFARE™ Classic Compatibility
For communication with MIFARE™ Classic compliant devices the
bit6 and bit7 from the register 05h can be used to enable Type
A custom frames. Alternatively stream mode of AS3911 can be
used to send and receive MIFARE™ Classic compliant or custom
frames.
Stream Mode
Stream mode can be used to implement protocols, where the
low level framing needed for ISO14443 receive coding can be
used and decoded information can be put in FIFO. The main
advantage of this mode over the Transparent mode is that
timing is generated in the AS3911 therefore the external
controller does not have to operate in real time. The stream
mode is selected in the Mode Definition Register, the operating
options are defined in the Stream Mode Definition Register.
Two different modes are supported for tag to reader
communication (Sub-carrier and BPSK Stream Modes). General
rule for Stream mode is that the first bit sent/received is put on
the LSB position of the FIFO byte.
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AS3911 − Application Information
After selecting the stream mode the Receiver and Transmitter
have to be configured properly (Analog Preset direct command
doesn't apply for stream mode).
Sub-carrier Stream Mode:
This mode supports protocols where during the tag to reader
communication the time periods with sub-carrier signal are
interchanged with time periods without modulation (like in the
ISO14443A 106 kbit/s mode). In this mode the sub-carrier
frequency and number of sub-carrier frequency periods in one
reporting period is defined. Sub-carrier frequency in the range
from fc/64 (212 kHz) to fc/8 (1695 kHz) are supported.
Supported number of sub-carrier frequency periods in one
reporting period range from two to eight.
Start of receive interrupt is sent and the first data bit is put in
FIFO after the first reporting time period with sub-carrier is
detected. One bit of FIFO data gives information about status
of input signal during one reporting period. Logic 1 means that
the sub-carrier was detected during reporting period, while 0
means that no modulation was detected during reporting
period. End of receive is reported when no sub-carrier signal in
more than eight reporting periods have been detected.
Figure below depicts an example for setting scf = 01b and
scp = 10b. With this setting the sub-carrier frequency is set to
fc/32 (424 kHz) and the reporting period to four sub-carrier
periods (128/fc - ~106 μs).
Figure 127:
Example of Sub-carrier Stream Mode for scf = 01b and scp = 10b
Data in FIFO
1
1
0
1
Input signal
32/fc
128/fc
BPSK Stream Mode:
This mode supports protocols where during the tag to reader
communication BPSK code is used (like in the ISO14443B mode).
In this mode the sub-carrier frequency and number of
sub-carrier frequency periods in one reporting period is
defined. Sub-carrier frequency in the range from fc/16 (848 kHz)
to fc/4 (3390 kHz) are supported. Supported number of
sub-carrier frequency periods in one reporting period range
from one to eight.
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AS3911 − Application Information
Start of receive interrupt is sent and the first data bit is put in
FIFO after the first reporting time period with sub-carrier is
detected. Logic 0 is used for the initially detected phase, while
logic 1 indicates inverted phase comparing to the initial phase.
End of receive is reported when the first reporting period
without sub-carrier is detected.
Figure below depicts an example for setting scf = 01b and
scp = 01b. With this setting the sub-carrier frequency is set to
fc/8 (1695 kHz) and the reporting period to two sub-carrier
periods (16/fc - ~1.18μs).
Figure 128:
Example of BPSK Stream Mode for scf = 01b and scp = 01b
Data in FIFO
0
0
1
0
Input signal
8/fc
16/fc
Reader to Tag Communication in Stream Mode:
Reader to tag communication control is the same for both
stream modes. Reader to tag coding is defined by data put in
FIFO. The stx bits of Stream Mode Definition Register define the
Tx time period during which one bit of FIFO data define the
status of transmitter. In case the data bit is set to logic 0 there
is no modulation, in case it is logic 1 the transmitted carrier
signal is modulated according to current modulation type
setting (AM or OOK). Transmission in stream mode is started by
sending direct commands Transmit Without CRC or Transmit
With CRC.
Figure below depicts an example for setting stx = 000b. With
this setting the Tx time period is defined to 128/fc (~9,44μs).
Figure 129:
Example of Tx in Stream Mode for stx = 000b and OOK Modulation
Data in FIFO
0
0
1
0
Output signal
128/fc
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AS3911 − Package Drawings & Markings
Package Drawings & Markings
The device is available in a 32-pin QFN (5x5mm) package.
Figure 130:
Package Drawings
AS3911
YYWWXZZ
@
Symbol
Min
Nom
Max
A
0.80
0.90
1.00
A1
0
0.02
0.05
A2
-
0.65
1.00
A3
-
0.20 REF
-
L
0.35
0.40
0.45
q
0º
b
0.18
14º
0.25
D
5.00 BSC
E
5.00 BSC
e
0.50 BSC
D2
3.40
0.30
3.50
3.60
E2
3.40
3.50
3.60
D1
-
4.75 BSC
-
E1
-
4.75 BSC
-
aaa
-
0.15
-
bbb
-
0.10
-
ccc
-
0.10
-
ddd
-
0.05
-
eee
-
0.08
-
fff
-
0.10
-
N
32
Green
RoHS
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Dimensioning and tolerances conform to ASME Y14.5M-1994.
2. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
3. Co-planarity applies to the exposed heat slug as well as the terminal.
4. Radius on terminal is optional.
5. N is the total number of terminals.
Figure 131:
Marking YYWWXZZ
YY
WW
X
ZZ
@
Year
Manufacturing week
Plant Identifier
Traceability code
Sublot Identifier
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
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AS3911 − Ordering & Contact Information
Ordering & Contact Information
Figure 132:
Ordering Information
Ordering Code
Type
Marking
Delivery Form
AS3911-BQFT
Packaged 32-pin QFN (5x5mm)
AS3911
Tape & Reel
Buy our products or get free samples online at:
www.ams.com/ICdirect
Technical Support is available at:
www.ams.com/Technical-Support
Provide feedback about this document at:
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For further information and requests, e-mail us at:
[email protected]
For sales offices, distributors and representatives, please visit:
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Headquarters
ams AG
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Austria, Europe
Tel: +43 (0) 3136 500 0
Website: www.ams.com
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − RoHS Compliant & ams Green Statement
RoHS Compliant & ams Green
Statement
RoHS: The term RoHS compliant means that ams AG products
fully comply with current RoHS directives. Our semiconductor
products do not contain any chemicals for all 6 substance
categories, including the requirement that lead not exceed
0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to
be soldered at high temperatures, RoHS compliant products are
suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
ams Green (RoHS compliant and no Sb/Br): ams Green
defines that in addition to RoHS compliance, our products are
free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants
(Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous
material).
Important Information: The information provided in this
statement represents ams AG knowledge and belief as of the
date that it is provided. ams AG bases its knowledge and belief
on information provided by third parties, and makes no
representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such
information. Efforts are underway to better integrate
information from third parties. ams AG has taken and continues
to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate
information but may not have conducted destructive testing or
chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals. ams AG
and ams AG suppliers consider certain information to be
proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited
information may not be available for release.
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
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AS3911 − Copyrights & Disclaimer
Copyrights & Disclaimer
Copyright ams AG, Tobelbader Strasse 30, 8141
Unterpremstaetten, Austria-Europe. Trademarks Registered. All
rights reserved. The material herein may not be reproduced,
adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior
written consent of the copyright owner.
Devices sold by ams AG are covered by the warranty and patent
indemnification provisions appearing in its General Terms of
Trade. ams AG makes no warranty, express, statutory, implied,
or by description regarding the information set forth herein.
ams AG reserves the right to change specifications and prices
at any time and without notice. Therefore, prior to designing
this product into a system, it is necessary to check with ams AG
for current information. This product is intended for use in
commercial applications. Applications requiring extended
temperature range, unusual environmental requirements, or
high reliability applications, such as military, medical
life-support or life-sustaining equipment are specifically not
recommended without additional processing by ams AG for
each application. This product is provided by ams AG “AS IS”
and any express or implied warranties, including, but not
limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness
for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
ams AG shall not be liable to recipient or any third party for any
damages, including but not limited to personal injury, property
damage, loss of profits, loss of use, interruption of business or
indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages, of any
kind, in connection with or arising out of the furnishing,
performance or use of the technical data herein. No obligation
or liability to recipient or any third party shall arise or flow out
of ams AG rendering of technical or other services.
Legal Notice:
Capacitive wakeup feature is covered by patent US6150948
(LOW-POWER RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION READER) for
which ams AG is exclusive licensee including, not limited to
copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets related
thereto.
Purchase of ams AG ICs with MIFARE Classic™ compatibility:
This ams AG IC offers modes to be compatible with MIFARE™
Classic RFID tags. This allows to build MIFARE™ Classic
compatible reader systems. MIFARE™ and MIFARE™ Classic are
trademarks of NXP B.V., High Tech Campus 60 NL-5656 AG
EINDHOVEN, NL. Purchase of ams AG’s MIFARE™ Classic
compatible products does not provide a license of any NXP
rights, in particular does not provide the right to use MIFARE™
or MIFARE™ Classic as a trademark to brand such systems.
Purchase of ams AG’s ICs with ISO/IEC 14443 type B
functionality:
This ams AG IC is ISO/IEC 14443 Type B software enabled and is
licensed under Innovatron’s Contactless Card patents license
for ISO/IEC 14443 B. The license includes the right to use the IC
in systems and/or end-user equipment.
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Document Status
Document Status
Document Status
Product Preview
Preliminary Datasheet
Datasheet
Datasheet (discontinued)
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
Product Status
Definition
Pre-Development
Information in this datasheet is based on product ideas in
the planning phase of development. All specifications are
design goals without any warranty and are subject to
change without notice
Pre-Production
Information in this datasheet is based on products in the
design, validation or qualification phase of development.
The performance and parameters shown in this document
are preliminary without any warranty and are subject to
change without notice
Production
Information in this datasheet is based on products in
ramp-up to full production or full production which
conform to specifications in accordance with the terms of
ams AG standard warranty as given in the General Terms of
Trade
Discontinued
Information in this datasheet is based on products which
conform to specifications in accordance with the terms of
ams AG standard warranty as given in the General Terms of
Trade, but these products have been superseded and
should not be used for new designs
Page 153
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AS3911 − Revision Information
Revision Information
Changes from 2-03 (2013-Oct) to current revision 2-10 (2014-Dec-09)
Page
Updated General Description section
1;2
Updated Figure 5, added a note under it
6;7
Updated Figure 6
8
Updated Figure 9
11
Added Typical Operating Characteristics section
12
Updated text under Transmitter
14
Updated text under Auto-averaging
29
Updated test under No-response Timer
30
Added Figure 21
36
Updated text under VSP_RF Regulator
37
Updated Figure 23
39
Updated Figure 29
43
Updated Figure
44
Updated text under Interrupt Interface
47
Updated Figure 37 and notes under it
50-52
Updated text under Figure 40
55
Updated text under Analog Preset
55
Updated Phase measurement formulae
59
Added Test Access section
61
Updated Figure 44
67
Updated notes under Figure 51
72
Updated notes under Figure 59
78
Updated Figure 65
84
Updated notes under Figure 81
97
Updated notes under Figure 90
103
Updated Copyrights & Disclaimer section
152
Note(s) and/or Footnote(s):
1. Page and figure numbers for the previous version may differ from page and figure numbers in the current revision.
2. Correction of typographical errors is not explicitly mentioned.
Page 154
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ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Content Guide
Content Guide
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
1
2
3
3
General Description
Key Benefits & Features
Applications
Block Diagram
4
6
Pin Assignment
Absolute Maximum Ratings
8
8
8
8
9
9
Electrical Characteristics
Operating Conditions
DC/AC Characteristics for Digital Inputs and Outputs
CMOS Inputs:
CMOS Outputs:
Electrical Specification
12
12
Typical Operating Characteristics
Thermal Resistance and Max. Power Dissipation
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
Detailed Description
Transmitter
Receiver
Phase and Amplitude Detector
A/D Converter
Capacitive Sensor
External Field Detector
Quartz Crystal Oscillator
Power Supply Regulators
POR and Bias
RC Oscillator and Wake-up Timer
ISO14443 and NFCIP-1 Framing
FIFO
Control Logic
SPI Interface
17
17
17
18
19
19
21
23
23
25
25
27
27
29
29
30
30
32
32
32
Application Information
Operating Modes
Transmitter
Slow Transmitter Ramping
Receiver
Demodulation Stage
Filtering and Gain Stages
Digitizing Stage
AGC, Squelch and RSSI
Receiver in NFCIP-1 Active Communication Mode
Capacitive Sensor
Capacitor Sensor Calibration
Wake-up Mode
Auto-averaging
Quartz Crystal Oscillator
Timers
Mask Receive Timer and No-response Timer
General Purpose Timer
Wake-up Timer
A/D Converter
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AS3911 − Content Guide
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
37
38
38
38
38
39
41
42
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
53
53
53
55
55
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
59
60
60
60
61
61
61
61
61
66
67
68
69
70
72
74
Page 156
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Phase and Amplitude Detector
Phase Detector
Amplitude Detector
External field Detector
Peer Detection Threshold
Collision Avoidance Threshold
Power Supply System
VSP_RF Regulator
VSP_A and VSP_D Regulators
Power-down Support Block
Measurement of Supply Voltages
Communication to External Microcontroller
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
Writing of Data to Addressable Registers (Write Mode)
Reading of Data from Addressable Registers (Read
Mode)
Loading Transmitting Data into FIFO
Reading Received Data from FIFO
Direct Command Mode
Direct Command Chaining
SPI Timing
Interrupt Interface
FIFO Water Level and FIFO Status Registers
Pin MCU_CLK
Direct Commands
Set Default
Clear
Transmit Commands
NFC Field ON Commands
Go to Normal NFC Mode
Analog Preset
Mask Receive Data and Unmask Receive Data
Measure Amplitude
Squelch
Reset Rx Gain
Adjust Regulators
Calibrate Modulation Depth
Calibrate Antenna
Measure Phase
Clear RSSI
Transparent Mode
Calibrate Capacitive Sensor
Measure Capacitance
Measure Power Supply
Start Timers
Test Access
Registers
IO Configuration Register 1
IO Configuration Register 2
Operation Control Register
Mode Definition Register
Bit Rate Definition Register
ISO14443A and NFC 106kb/s Settings Register
ISO14443B Settings Register 1
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
AS3911 − Content Guide
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84
85
86
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
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97
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103
103
106
107
109
111
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113
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117
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118
119
120
120
121
122
123
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09
ISO14443B and FeliCa Settings Register
Stream Mode Definition Register
Auxiliary Definition Register
Receiver Configuration Register 1
Receiver Configuration Register 2
Receiver Configuration Register 3
Receiver Configuration Register 4
Mask Receive Timer Register
No-response Timer Register 1
No-response Timer Register 2
General Purpose and No-response Timer
Control Register
General Purpose Timer Register 1
General Purpose Timer Register 2
Mask Main Interrupt Register
Mask Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Mask Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
Main Interrupt Register
Timer and NFC Interrupt Register
Error and Wake-up Interrupt Register
FIFO Status Register 1
FIFO Status Register 2
Collision Display Register
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 1
Number of Transmitted Bytes Register 2
NFCIP Bit Rate Detection Display Register
A/D Converter Output Register
Antenna Calibration Control Register
Antenna Calibration Target Register
Antenna Calibration Display Register
AM Modulation Depth Control Register
AM Modulation Depth Display Register
RFO AM Modulated Level Definition Register
RFO Normal Level Definition Register
External Field Detector Threshold Register
Regulator Voltage Control Register
Regulator and Timer Display Register
RSSI Display Register
Gain Reduction State Register
Capacitive Sensor Control Register
Capacitive Sensor Display Register
Auxiliary Display Register
Wake-up Timer Control Register
Amplitude Measurement Configuration Register
Amplitude Measurement Reference Register
Amplitude Measurement Auto-averaging
Display Register
Amplitude Measurement Display Register
Phase Measurement Configuration Register
Phase Measurement Reference Register
Phase Measurement Auto-averaging Display Register
Phase Measurement Display Register
Capacitance Measurement Configuration Register
Capacitance Measurement Reference Register
Page 157
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AS3911 − Content Guide
123 Capacitance Measurement Auto-averaging Display
Register
124 Capacitance Measurement Display Register
124 IC Identity Register
125 Power-up Sequence
125 Reader Operation
126 Anticollision – ISO 14443A
127 Setting up AS3911 for ISO 14443A Anticollision
129 REQA and WUPA
130 ANTICOLLISION Procedure
132 FeliCa Reader Mode
132 FeliCa Transmission
132 FeliCa Reception
132 NFCIP-1 Operation
133 NFCIP-1 Passive Communication Initiator
135 NFCIP-1 Active Communication Initiator
137 NFCIP-1 Active Communication Target
139 AM Modulation Depth: Definition and Calibration
140 AM Modulation Depth Definition Using the
‘Calibrate Modulation Depth’ Direct Command
141 AM Modulation Depth Definition using the ‘RFO AM
Modulated Level Definition’ Register
142 Antenna Tuning
143 Antenna Tuning Using Direct Command
‘Calibrate Antenna’
145 Stream Mode and Transparent Mode
145 Transparent Mode
146 MIFARE™ Classic Compatibility
146 Stream Mode
149
150
151
152
153
154
Page 158
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Package Drawings & Markings
Ordering & Contact Information
RoHS Compliant & ams Green Statement
Copyrights & Disclaimer
Document Status
Revision Information
ams Datasheet
[v2-10] 2014-Dec-09