IRF C1608X7R1H104K 12a highly integrated supirbuck continuous 12a load capability Datasheet

12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
FEATURES
IR3476
DESCRIPTION
• Input Voltage Range: 3V to 27V
• Output Voltage Range: 0.5V to 12V
• Continuous 12A Load Capability
• Constant On‐Time Control
• Compensation Loop not Required
• Excellent Efficiency at Very Low Output Currents
• Programmable Switching Frequency and Soft Start
• Thermally Compensated Over Current Protection
• Power Good Output
• Precision Voltage Reference (0.5V, +/‐1%)
• Enable Input with Voltage Monitoring Capability
• Pre‐bias Start Up
• Thermal Shut Down
• Under/Over Voltage Fault Protection
The IR3476 SupIRBuckTM is an easy‐to‐use, fully integrated
and highly efficient DC/DC voltage regulator. The onboard
constant on time hysteretic controller and MOSFETs make
IR3476 a space‐efficient solution that delivers up to 12A of
precisely controlled output voltage.
Programmable switching frequency, soft start, and
thermally compensated over current protection allows for
a very flexible solution suitable for many different
applications and an ideal choice for battery powered
applications.
Additional features include pre‐bias startup, very precise
0.5V reference, under/over voltage shutdown, thermal
protection, power good output, and enable input with
voltage monitoring capability.
APPLICATIONS
• Notebook and Desktop Computers
• Forced Continuous Conduction Mode Option
• Consumer Electronics – STB, LCD, TV, Printers
• Small, Low Profile 5mm x 6mm QFN Package
• 12V and 24V Distributed Power Systems
• General Purpose POL DC‐DC Converters
• Game Consoles and Graphics Cards
BASIC APPLICATION
EFFICIENCY
95%
Efficiency
85%
75%
19VIN
12VIN
65%
8VIN
55%
45%
0.01
Figure 1: IR3476 Basic Application Circuit
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
0.1
1
10
Load Current (A)
Figure 2: IR3476 Efficiency
100
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
ORDERING INFORMATION
IR3476 ― † † † † † † †
Package
M
Tape & Reel Qty
750
Part Number
IR3476MTR1PBF
M
4000
IR3476MTRPBF
PBF – Lead Free
TR – Tape and Reel
M – Package Type
MARKING INFORMATION
Site/Date/Marking Code
Lot Code
3476
?YWW?
xxxxx
Pin 1 Identifier
PIN DIAGRAM
θ JA = 30o C / W
θ J -PCB = 2o C / W
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3: IR3476 Functional Block Diagram
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
IR3476
IR3476
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
TYPICAL APPLICATION
+3.3V
VCC
+Vins
R1
10K
TP2
VIN
TP3
FCCM
C1
1uF
EN
TP4
EN
4
3
FCCM
+Vin1s
R3
200K
SW1
EN / FCCM
TP5
PGND
-Vins
ISET
TP6
PGNDS
TP23
+Vsws
VSW
U1
IR3476
13
16
15
14
L1
1.5uH
17
1
2
+ C3
68uF
C4
0.22uF
R4
10.5K
VSW
C2
22uF
TP20
+Vin1s
VOUT
TP7
VOUT
1
1
2
3
C12
0.1uF
5 TP8
VOUTS
TP10
PGND
TP24
+Vsws
C15
open
C16
open
C17
open
C18
open
C19
open
C26
open
C27
open
R8
2.55K
R13
open
10
+Vout2s -Vout2s
TP18
VOLTAGE SENSE
5
-Vdd2s
-Vout1s
9
4
+Vout1s -Vout1s
-Vdd1s
-Vdd2s
Vout
R12
open
-Vdd1s
8
+Vins
+Vin1s
1
R11
open
TP19
FB
+Vdd2s
C24
open
R7
2.80K
+Vdd1s
C14
open
3
-Vdd1s
C23
open
+Vdd2s
C22
open
-Vins
C25
1uF
VCC
-Vout1s
TP25
-Vin1s
7
TP15
-Vout1s
6
-Vout1s
C21
1uF
+Vdd1s
TP17
PGND
C11
open
TP21
-Vsws
TP26
AGND
TP16
VCC
C10
47uF
TP9
+Vout1s
TP12
VSWS
+Vdd2s
-Vdd2s
C9
330uF
2
NC1
C8
open
5
SS
+3.3V
TP14
+3.3V
TP22
+Vsws
C7
open
+Vdd1s
FF
BOOT
VIN
12
FB
8
7
PHASE
4
C20
0.1uF
IR3476
GND1
3
6
SS
PGOOD
PGND
5
FB
TP13
SS
ISET
C6
open
C13
open
11
4
VCC
3
PGOOD
R6
open
NC2
TP11
PGOOD
2
FCCM
10
2
3VCBP
1
9
C5
open
R5
10K
EN
GND
+3.3V
4
R2
10K
TP1
VINS
VIN
R14
open
Figure 4: Demoboard Schematic for VOUT = 1.05V, FS = 300kHz
DEMOBOARD BILL OF MATERIALS
QTY
REFERENCE DESIGNATOR
VALUE
DESCRIPTION
MANUFACTURER
PART NUMBER
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
C1, C21, C25
C10
C12, C20
C2
C3
C4
C9
1.00uF
47uF
0.100uF
22.0uF
68uF
0.22uF
330uF
Murata
TDK
TDK
Taiyo Yuden
Panasonic
Murata
Sanyo
GRM188R71E105KA12D
C2012X5R0J476M
C1608X7R1H104K
EMK316BJ226ML‐T
EEV‐FK1E680P
GRM188F51H224ZA01D
2R5TPE330M9
1
L1
1.5uH
Cyntec
PIMB104T‐1R5MS‐39
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
R1, R2, R5
R3
R4
R7
R8
SW1
U1
10.0K
200K
10.5K
2.80K
2.55K
Switch
IR3476
capacitor, X7R, 1.00uF, 25V, 0.1, 0603
capacitor, 47uF, 6.3V, 805
capacitor, X7R, 0.100uF, 50V, 0.1, 603
capacitor, X5R, 22.0uF, 16V, 20%, 1206
capacitor, electrolytic, 68uF, 25V, 0.2, SMD
capacitor, Y5V, 0.22uF, 50V, ‐20%, +80%, 0603
capacitor, 330uF, 2.5V, SMD
inductor, ferrite, 1.5uH, 16.0A, 3.8mOhm,
SMT
resistor, thick film, 10.0K, 1/10W, 0.01, 0603
resistor, thick film, 200K, 1/10W, 0.01, 603
resistor, thick film, 10.5K, 1/10W, 0.01, 603
resistor, thick film, 2.80K, 1/10W, 0.01, 603
resistor, thick film, 2.55K, 1/10W, 0.01, 0603
switch, DIP, SPST, 2 position, SMT
5mm x 6mm QFN
KOA
KOA
KOA
KOA
KOA
C&K Components
IRF
RK73H1J1002F
RK73H1JLTD2003F
RK73H1JLTD1052F
RK73H1JLTD2801F
RK73H1J2551F
SD02H0SK
IR3476MTRPBF
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
PIN #
PIN NAME
I/O LEVEL
PIN DESCRIPTION
1
FCCM
3.3V
2
ISET
3
PGOOD
5V
4, 17
GND
Reference
5
FB
3.3V
Inverting input to PWM comparator, OVP / PGOOD sense.
6
SS
3.3V
Soft start/shutdown. This pin provides user programmable soft‐start function.
Connect an external capacitor from this pin to GND to set the startup time of the
output voltage. The converter can be shutdown by pulling this pin below 0.3V.
Forced Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM). Ground this pin to enable diode
emulation mode or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Pull this pin to 3.3V
to operate in CCM under all load conditions.
Connecting resistor to PHASE pin sets over current trip point.
7
NC
‐
8
3VCBP
3.3V
9
NC
‐
Power good open drain output – pull up with a resistor to 3.3V
Bias return and signal reference.
‐
For internal LDO. Bypass with a 1.0µF capacitor to GND.
‐
10
VCC
5V
11
PGND
Reference
12
PHASE
VIN
Phase node (or switching node) of MOSFET half bridge.
13
VIN
VIN
Input voltage for the system.
14
BOOT
VIN + VCC
Bootstrapped gate drive supply – connect a capacitor to PHASE.
15
FF
VIN
Input voltage feed forward – sets on‐time with a resistor to VIN.
16
EN
5V
Enable pin to turn on and off the device. Use two external resistors to set the
turn on threshold (see Electrical Specifications) for input voltage monitoring.
5
VCC input. Gate drive supply. A minimum of 1.0µF ceramic capacitor is required.
Power return.
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are
stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of the specifications are not implied.
VIN, FF
‐0.3V to 30V
VCC, PGOOD, EN
‐0.3V to 8V
BOOT
‐0.3V to 38V
PHASE
‐0.3V to 30V (DC), ‐5V (100ns)
BOOT to PHASE
‐0.3V to 8V
ISET
‐0.3V to 30V, 30mA
PGND to GND
‐0.3V to +0.3V
All other pins
‐0.3V to 3.9V
Storage Temperature Range
‐65°C to 150°C
Junction Temperature Range
‐40°C to 150°C
ESD Classification
JEDEC Class 1C
Moisture Sensitivity Level
JEDEC Level 2 @ 260°C (Note 2)
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
IR3476
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR RELIABLE OPERATION WITH MARGIN
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
Recommended VIN Range
VIN
3
27*
Recommended VCC Range
VCC
4.5
5.5
Recommended Output Voltage Range
VOUT
0.5
12
Recommended Output Current Range
UNITS
V
IOUT
0
12
A
Recommended Switching Frequency
FS
N/A
750
kHz
Recommended Operating Junction Temperature
TJ
‐40
125
°C
* PHASE pin must not exceed 30V.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply over VIN = 12V, 4.5V < VCC < 5.5V, 0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C.
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
0.495
0.5
0.505
V
280
300
320
ns
500
580
ns
8
10
12
µA
‐4.5
‐2.5
0
mV
0.01
0.2
µA
Control Loop
Reference Accuracy
VREF
On‐Time Accuracy
VFB = 0.5V
RFF = 180K, TJ = 65°C
Min. Off Time
Soft‐Start Current
EN = High
DCM Comparator Offset
Measure at VPHASE
Feedback Input Current
VFB = 0.5V, TA = 25°C, Note 1
Supply Current
VCC Supply Current (standby)
EN = Low, No Switching
23
µA
VCC Supply Current (dynamic)
EN = High, FS = 300kHz
8
mA
FF Shutdown Current
EN = Low, RFF = 180K
2
µA
Forced Continuous Conduction Mode (FCCM)
FCCM Start Threshold
2
V
FCCM Stop Threshold
0.6
V
30
ns
Gate Drive
Deadtime
Monitor body diode
conduction on PHASE pin,
Note 1
5
Bootstrap PFET
Forward Voltage
I(BOOT) = 10mA
300
mV
VCC = 5V, ID = 12A, TJ = 25°C
20
25
mΩ
VCC = 5V, ID = 12A, TJ = 25°C
10
12.5
mΩ
Upper MOSFET
Static Drain‐to‐Source On‐Resistance
Lower MOSFET
Static Drain‐to‐Source On‐Resistance
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
IR3476
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
17
19
21
µA
Fault Protection
ISET Pin Output Current
On the basis of 25°C
ISET Pin Output Current
Temperature Coefficient
On the basis of 25°C, Note 1
Under Voltage Threshold
Falling VFB & Monitor
PGOOD
Under Voltage Hysteresis
Rising VFB, Note 1
Over Voltage Threshold
Rising VFB & Monitor PGOOD
Over Voltage Hysteresis
Falling VFB, Note 1
VCC Turn‐on Threshold
‐40°C to 125°C
VCC Turn‐off Threshold
4400
0.37
0.43
7.5
0.586
0.625
0.655
‐40°C to 125°C
3.9
4.2
4.5
V
3.6
3.9
4.2
V
1.1
EN Hysteresis
1.25
mV
1.45
400
EN Input Current
EN = 3.3V
PGOOD Pull Down Resistance
PGOOD Delay Threshold
25
VSS
Thermal Shutdown Threshold
Note 1
Thermal Shutdown Threshold
Hysteresis
Note 1
125
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
V
mV
15
µA
50
Ω
1
V
140
°C
20
°C
Guaranteed by design but not tested in production
Upgrade to industrial/MSL2 level applies from date codes 1227 (marking explained on application note AN1132 page 2).
Products with prior date code of 1227 are qualified with MSL3 for Consumer Market.
8
V
mV
300
EN Rising Threshold
V
mV
7.5
VCC Threshold Hysteresis
Note:
1.
2.
0.4
ppm/
°C
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
TYPICAL OPERATING DATA
95%
100%
85%
90%
75%
Efficiency
Efficiency
Tested with demoboard shown in Figure 4, VIN = 12V, VCC = 5V, VOUT = 1.05V, Fs = 300kHz, TA = 25oC, no airflow,
unless otherwise specified.
19VIN
12VIN
65%
8VIN
80%
VOUT = 1.5V; L = 2.2µH, 4.6mΩ
VOUT = 3.3V; L = 3.3µH, 7.7mΩ
60%
55%
45%
0.01
0.1
1
10
Load Current (A)
50%
0.01
100
400
1400
350
1200
300
1000
RFF (kOhm)
250
200
150
50
200
0
6
9
5.0 Vout
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Figure 7: Switching Frequency vs. Load Current
Figure 8: RFF vs. Switching Frequency
1.060
1.060
19VIN
12VIN
Output Voltage (V)
Output Voltage (V)
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Switching Frequency (kHz)
12
Load Current (A)
1.058
100
600
400
3
1
10
Load Current (A)
800
100
0
0.1
Figure 6: Efficiency vs. Load Current for VIN = 12V
Figure 5: Efficiency vs. Load Current for VOUT = 1.05V
Switching Frequency (kHz)
VOUT = 1.05V; L = 1.5µH, 3.8mΩ
70%
8VIN
1.056
1.054
1.052
1.058
1.056
1.054
1.052
1.050
1.050
0
2
4
6
8
Load Current (A)
10
Figure 9: Load Regulation
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Input Voltage (V)
Figure 10: Line Regulation at IOUT = 12A
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
TYPICAL OPERATING DATA
Tested with demoboard shown in Figure 4, VIN = 12V, VCC = 5V, VOUT = 1.05V, Fs = 300kHz, TA = 25oC, no airflow, unless
otherwise specified.
EN
EN
PGOOD
PGOOD
SS
SS
VOUT
VOUT
5V/div
5V/div 1V/div 500mV/div
5ms/div
5V/div 5V/div 1V/div 500mV/div
Figure 11: Startup
500µs/div
Figure 12: Shutdown
VOUT
VOUT
PHASE
PHASE
iL
iL
20mV/div 5V/div 5A/div
10µs/div
20mV/div 5V/div 10A/div
Figure 13: DCM (IOUT = 0.1A)
2µs/div
Figure 14: CCM (IOUT = 12A)
PGOOD
PGOOD
SS
FB
VOUT
VOUT
iL
iL
5V/div 1V/div 1V/div 10A/div
2ms/div
Figure 15: Over Current Protection
(tested by shorting VOUT to PGND)
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
5V/div 1V/div
500mV/div 2A/div
50µs/div
Figure 16: Over Voltage Protection
(tested by shorting FB to VOUT)
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
TYPICAL OPERATING DATA
Tested with demoboard shown in Figure 4, VIN = 12V, VCC = 5V, VOUT = 1.05V, Fs = 300kHz, TA = 25oC, no airflow, unless
otherwise specified.
VOUT
VOUT
PHASE
PHASE
iL
iL
50mV/div 10V/div 5A/div
20µs/div
Figure 17: Load Transient 0‐8A
50mV/div 10V/div 5A/div
20µs/div
Figure 18: Load Transient 4‐12A
FCCM
FCCM
PHASE
PHASE
VOUT
VOUT
iL
iL
5V/div 10V/div 500mV/div 5A/div
10µs/div
2V/div 10V/div 500mV/div 5A/div
5µs/div
Figure 19: DCM/FCCM Transition
Figure 20: FCCM/DCM Transition
Figure 21: Thermal Image at VIN = 12V, IOUT = 12A
(IR3476: 98oC, Inductor: 58oC, PCB: 47oC)
Figure 22: Thermal Image at VIN = 19V, IOUT = 12A
(IR3476: 104oC, Inductor: 61oC, PCB: 50oC)
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
THEORY OF OPERATION
PWM COMPARATOR
The PWM comparator initiates a SET signal (PWM pulse)
when the FB pin falls below the reference (VREF) or the
soft start (SS) voltage.
ON‐TIME GENERATOR
The PWM on‐time duration is programmed with an
external resistor (RFF) from the input supply (VIN) to the FF
pin. The simplified equation for RFF is shown in equation 1.
The FF pin is held to an internal reference after EN goes
HIGH. A copy of the current in RFF charges a timing
capacitor, which sets the on‐time duration, as shown in
equation 2.
RFF =
VOUT
(1)
1V ⋅ 20 pF ⋅ FSW
TON =
RFF ⋅1V ⋅ 20 pF
(2)
VIN
CONTROL LOGIC
The control logic monitors input power sources, sequences
the converter through the soft‐start and protective modes,
and initiates an internal RUN signal when all conditions are
met.
IR3476
reaches VSS (see Electrical Specification), SS_DELAY goes
HIGH. With EN_DELAY = LOW, the capacitor voltage and SS
pin is held to the FB pin voltage. A normal startup
sequence is shown in Figure 23.
PGOOD
The PGOOD pin is open drain and it needs to be externally
pulled high. High state indicates that output is in
regulation. The PGOOD logic monitors EN_DELAY,
SS_DELAY, and under/over voltage fault signals. PGOOD is
released only when EN_DELAY and SS_DELAY = HIGH and
output voltage is within the OV and UV thresholds.
PRE‐BIAS STARTUP
IR3476 is able to start up into pre‐charged output, which
prevents oscillation and disturbances of the output
voltage.
With constant on‐time control, the output voltage is
compared with the soft start voltage (SS) or Vref,
depending on which one is lower, and will not start
switching unless the output voltage drops below the
reference. This scheme prevents discharge of a pre‐biased
output voltage.
SHUTDOWN
The IR3476 will shutdown if VCC is below its UVLO limit.
The IR3476 can be shutdown by pulling the EN pin below
its lower threshold. Alternatively, the output can be
shutdown by pulling the soft start pin below 0.3V.
VCC and 3VCBP pins are continuously monitored, and the
IR3476 will be disabled if the voltage of either pin drops
below the falling thresholds. EN_DELAY will become HIGH
when VCC and 3VCBP are in the normal operating range
and the EN pin = HIGH.
SOFT START
With EN = HIGH, an internal 10µA current source charges
the external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin to set the output
voltage slew rate during the soft start interval. The soft
start time (tSS) can be calculated from equation 3.
t SS =
C SS ⋅ 0.5V
(3)
10μA
The feedback voltage tracks the SS pin until SS reaches the
0.5V reference voltage (Vref), then feedback is regulated
to Vref. CSS will continue to be charged, and when SS pin
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
Figure 23: Normal Startup
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE MONITOR
The IR3476 monitors the voltage at the FB node through a
350ns filter. If the FB voltage is below the under voltage
threshold, UV# is set to LOW holding PGOOD to be LOW. If
the FB voltage is above the over voltage threshold, OV# is
set to LOW, the shutdown signal (SD) is set to HIGH,
MOSFET gates are turned off, and PGOOD signal is pulled
low. Toggling VCC or EN will allow the next start up. Figure
24 and 25 show PGOOD status change when UV/OV is
detected. The over voltage and under voltage thresholds
can be found in the Electrical Specification section.
IR3476
MOSFET, VPHASE, is monitored for over current and zero
crossing. The OCP circuit evaluates VPHASE for an over
current condition typically 270ns after the lower MOSFET
is gated on. This delay functions to filter out switching
noise. The minimum lower gate interval allows time to
sample VPHASE.
The over current trip point is programmed with a resistor
from the ISET pin to PHASE pin, as shown in equation 4.
When over current is detected, the MOSFET gates are tri‐
state and SS voltage is pulled to 0V. This initiates a new
soft start cycle. If there is a total of four OC events, the
IR3476 will disable switching. Toggling VCC or EN will allow
the next start up.
RSET =
RDSON ⋅ IOC
19 μA
(4)
* typical filter delay
Figure 24: Under/Over Voltage Monitor
Figure 26: Over Current Protection
UNDER VOLTAGE LOCK‐OUT
* typical filter delay
Figure 25: Over Voltage Protection
OVER CURRENT MONITOR
The over‐current circuitry monitors the output current
during each switching cycle. The voltage across the lower
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
The IR3476 has VCC and EN under voltage lock‐out (UVLO)
protection. When either VCC or EN is below their UVLO
threshold, IR3476 is disabled. IR3476 will restart when
both VCC and EN are above their UVLO thresholds.
OVER TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
When the IR3476 exceeds its over temperature threshold,
the MOSFET gates are tri‐state and PGOOD is pulled low.
Switching resumes once temperature drops below the over
temperature hysteresis level.
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
GATE DRIVE LOGIC
The gate drive logic features adaptive dead time,
diode emulation, and a minimum lower gate interval.
An adaptive dead time prevents the simultaneous
conduction of the upper and lower MOSFETs. The lower
gate voltage must be below approximately 1V after PWM
goes HIGH before the upper MOSFET can be gated on.
Also, the differential voltage between the upper gate and
PHASE must be below approximately 1V after PWM goes
LOW before the lower MOSFET can be gated on.
The upper MOSFET is gated on after the adaptive delay
for PWM = HIGH and the lower MOSFET is gated on after
the adaptive delay for PWM = LOW. When FCCM = LOW,
the lower MOSFET is driven ‘off’ when the ZCROSS signal
indicates that the inductor current is about to reverse
direction. The ZCROSS comparator monitors the PHASE
voltage to determine when to turn off the lower MOSFET.
The lower MOSFET stays ‘off’ until the next PWM falling
edge. When the lower peak of the inductor current is
above zero, IR3476 operates in continuous conduction
mode. The continuous conduction mode can also be
selected for all load current levels by pulling FCCM to
HIGH.
Whenever the upper MOSFET is turned ‘off’, it stays
‘off’ for the Min Off Time denoted in the Electrical
Specifications. This minimum duration allows time to
recharge the bootstrap capacitor and allows the over
current monitor to sample the PHASE voltage.
COMPONENT SELECTION
Selection of components for the converter is an iterative
process which involves meeting the specifications and
tradeoffs between performance and cost. The following
sections will guide one through the process.
IR3476
capacitor, the magnitude of the AC voltage ripple is
determined by the total inductor ripple current flowing
through the total equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the
output capacitor bank.
One can use equation 5 to find the required inductance.
ΔI is defined as shown in Figure 27. The main advantage
of small inductance is increased inductor current slew rate
during a load transient, which leads to a smaller output
capacitance requirement as discussed in the Output
Capacitor Selection section. The drawback of using smaller
inductances is increased switching power loss in the upper
MOSFET, which reduces the system efficiency and
increases the thermal dissipation.
ΔI =
TON ⋅ (VIN − VOUT )
(5)
2⋅L
Figure 27: Typical Input Current Waveform
Input Capacitor Selection
The main function of the input capacitor bank is to provide
the input ripple current and fast slew rate current during
the load current step up. The input capacitor bank must
have adequate ripple current carrying capability to handle
the total RMS current. Figure 27 shows a typical input
current. Equation 6 shows the RMS input current.
The RMS input current contains the DC load current and
the inductor ripple current. As shown in equation 5, the
inductor ripple current is unrelated to the load current.
The maximum RMS input current occurs at the maximum
output current. The maximum power dissipation in the
input capacitor equals the square of the maximum RMS
input current times the input capacitor’s total ESR.
Ts
IIN_RMS =
Inductor Selection
Inductor selection involves meeting the steady state
output ripple requirement, minimizing the switching loss
of the upper MOSFET, meeting transient response
specifications and minimizing the output capacitance.
The output voltage includes a DC voltage and a small AC
ripple component due to the low pass filter which has
incomplete attenuation of the switching harmonics.
Neglecting the inductance in series with the output
14
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
1
⋅ f 2 (t ) ⋅ dt
Ts ∫0
2
1 ⎛ ΔI ⎞
= IOUT ⋅ TON ⋅ Fs ⋅ 1 + ⋅ ⎜
⎟ (6)
3 ⎝ IOUT ⎠
The voltage rating of the input capacitor needs to be
greater than the maximum input voltage because of high
frequency ringing at the phase node. The typical
percentage is 25%.
IR3476
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
Output Capacitor Selection
Selection of the output capacitor requires meeting
voltage overshoot requirements during load removal, and
meeting steady state output ripple voltage requirements.
The output capacitor is the most expensive converter
component and increases the overall system cost.
The output capacitor decoupling in the converter typically
includes the low frequency capacitor, such as Specialty
Polymer Aluminum, and mid frequency ceramic capacitors.
The first purpose of output capacitors is to provide current
when the load demand exceeds the inductor current,
as shown in Figure 28. Equation 7 shows the charge
requirement for a certain load step. The advantage
provided by the IR3476 at a load step is the reduced delay
compared to a fixed frequency control method. If the
load increases right after the PWM signal goes low, the
longest delay will be equal to the minimum lower gate
on‐time as shown in the Electrical Specifications section.
The IR3476 also reduces the inductor current slew time,
the time it takes for the inductor current to reach equality
with the output current, by increasing the switching
frequency up to 1/(TON + Min Off Time). This results in
reduced recovery time.
Load
Current
VOS
VOUT
VL
VDROP
VESR
ISTEP
IOUT
Figure 29: Typical Output Voltage Response Waveform
COUT
L ⋅ ISTEP 2
=
(8)
VOS 2 − VOUT 2
The boot capacitor starts the cycle fully charged to a
voltage of VB(0). Cg equals 0.58nF in IR3476. Choose a
sufficiently small ΔV such that VB(0)‐ΔV exceeds the
maximum gate threshold voltage to turn on the upper
MOSFET.
Output
Inductor
Slew
Rate
t
Δt
The second purpose of the output capacitor is to minimize
the overshoot of the output voltage when the load
decreases as shown in Figure 29. By using the law of
energy before and after the load removal, equation 8
shows the output capacitance requirement for a load
step down.
Boot Capacitor Selection
I STEP
Charge
VESR is usually much greater than VESL. The IR3476
requires a total ESR such that the ripple voltage at the
FB pin is greater than 7mV.
⎛ V (0) ⎞
− 1⎟ (9)
C BOOT = C g ⋅ ⎜ B
⎝ ΔV
⎠
Figure 28: Charge Requirement during Load Step
Q = C ⋅ V = 0.5 ⋅ ISTEP ⋅ Δt
COUT =
(7a)
⎡ 1 L ⋅ ISTEP 2 ⎤
⎢ ⋅
⎥ (7b)
VDROP ⎣ 2 (VIN − VOUT )⎦
1
The output voltage drop, VDROP, initially depends on the
characteristic of the output capacitor. VDROP is the sum of
the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the output
capacitor times the rate of change of the output current
and the ESR times the change of the output current.
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
Choose a boot capacitor value larger than the calculated
CBOOT in equation 9. Equation 9 is based on charge balance
at CCM operation. Usually the boot capacitor will be
discharged to a much lower voltage when the circuit is
operating in DCM mode at light load, due to much longer
lower MOSFET off time and the bias current drawn by the
IC. Boot capacitance needs to be increased if insufficient
turn‐on of the upper MOSFET is observed at light load,
typically larger than 0.1µF is needed. The voltage rating of
this part needs to be larger than VB(0) plus the desired
derating voltage. It’s ESR and ESL needs to be low in order
to allow it to deliver the large current and di/dt’s which
drive MOSFETs most efficiently. In support of these
requirements a ceramic capacitor should be chosen.
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
DESIGN EXAMPLE
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Input Voltage, VIN = 6V to 21V
• Output Voltage, VOUT = 1.25V
• Switching Frequency, Fs = 400kHz
• Inductor Ripple Current, 2ΔI = 3A
• Maximum Output Current, IOUT = 12A
• Over Current Trip, IOC = 18A
• Overshoot Allowance, VOS = VOUT + 50mV
• Undershoot Allowance, VDROP = 50mV
Find RFF:
1.25V
= 156 kΩ
1V ⋅ 20 pF ⋅ 400kHz
Pick a standard value 158 kΩ, 1% resistor.
Find RSET:
10mΩ ⋅ 18 A
RSET =
19μA
= 9.5kΩ
Find a resistive voltage divider for VOUT = 1.25V:
R2
⋅ VOUT = 0.5V
R 2 + R1
R2 = 1.33kΩ, R1 = 1.96 kΩ, both 1% standard resistors.
Choose the soft start capacitor:
Once the soft start time has chosen, such as 1000us to
reach to the reference voltage, a 22nF for CSS is used to
meet 1000us.
Choose an inductor to meet the design specification:
VOUT ⋅ (VIN − VOUT )
VIN ⋅ 2ΔI ⋅ Fs
1.25V ⋅ (21V - 1.25V )
=
21V ⋅ 3 A ⋅ 400kHz
= 1.0μH
L=
Choose the inductor with the lowest DCR and AC power
16
2ΔI =
1.25V ⋅ (21V - 1.25V )
= 3A
21V ⋅ 1μH ⋅ 400kHz
Choose an input capacitor:
1.25V
1 ⎛ 1.5 A ⎞
IIN_RMS = 12 A ⋅
⋅ 1+ ⋅⎜
⎟ = 2.9 A
21V
3 ⎝ 12 A ⎠
A Panasonic 10µF (ECJ3YB1E106M) accommodates 6 Arms of
ripple current at 300kHz. Due to the chemistry of multilayer
ceramic capacitors, the capacitance varies over temperature
and operating voltage, both AC and DC. One 10µF capacitor is
recommended. In a practical solution, one 1µF capacitor is
required along with 10µF. The purpose of the 1µF capacitor is
to suppress the switching noise and deliver high frequency
current.
Choose an output capacitor:
Pick a 9.53kΩ, 1% standard resistor.
VFB =
loss as possible to increase the overall system efficiency.
For instance, choose a PIMB103E‐1R0MS‐39 manufactured by
CYNTEC. The inductance of this part is 1µH and has 2.7mΩ
DCR. Ripple current needs to be recalculated using the chosen
inductor.
2
• Current Transient Step Size = 5A
RFF =
IR3476
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
To meet the undershoot and overshoot specification,
equations 7b and 8 will be used to calculate the minimum
output capacitance. As a result, 200μF will be needed for 5A
load removal. To meet the stability requirement, choose an
output capacitor with ESR larger than 6mΩ. Combine those
two requirements, one can choose a set of output capacitors
from manufactures such as SP‐Cap (Specialty Polymer
Capacitor) from Panasonic or POSCAP from Sanyo. A 220μF
(EEFSL0D221R) from Panasonic with 9mΩ ESR will meet both
requirements.
If an all ceramic output capacitor solution is desired, the
external slope injection circuit composed of R6, C13, and C14
is required as explained in the Stability Considerations
section. In this design example, we can choose C14 = 1nF and
C13 = 100nF. To calculate the value of R6 with PIMB103E‐
1R0MS‐39 as our inductor:
R6 =
L
DCR ⋅ C13
1μH
2.7 mΩ ⋅100nF
= 3.7 kΩ
=
Pick a standard value for R6 = 3.74kΩ.
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
LAYOUT RECOMMENDATIONS
Constant‐on‐time control is a fast, ripple based control
scheme. Unstable operation can occur if certain conditions
are not met. The system instability is usually caused by:
Bypass Capacitor:
A 1µF high quality ceramic capacitor should be placed on
the same side as the IR3476 and connected to VCC and
PGND pins directly.
Switching noise coupled to FB input:
This causes the PWM comparator to trigger prematurely
after the 500ns minimum on‐time for lower MOSFET.
It will result in double or multiple pulses every switching
cycle instead of the expected single pulse. Double pulsing
can causes higher output voltage ripple, but in most
application it will not affect operation. This can usually be
prevented by careful layout of the ground plane and the
FB sensing trace.
Steady state ripple on FB pin being too small:
The PWM comparator in IR3476 requires minimum
7mVp‐p ripple voltage to operate stably. Not enough ripple
will result in similar double pulsing issue described above.
Solving this may require using output capacitors with
higher ESR.
ESR loop instability:
The stability criteria of constant on‐time is:
ESR ⋅ COUT > TON 2
If ESR is too small that this criteria is violated then sub‐
harmonic oscillation will occur. This is similar to the
instability problem of peak‐current‐mode control with
D>0.5. Increasing ESR is the most effective way to stabilize
the system, but the tradeoff is the larger output voltage
ripple.
Boot Circuit:
CBOOT should be placed near the BOOT and PHASE pins to
reduce the impedance when the upper MOSFET turns on.
Power Stage:
Figure 30 shows the current paths and their directions
for the on and off periods. The on time path has low
average DC current and high AC current. Therefore, it is
recommended to place the input ceramic capacitor, upper,
and lower MOSFET in a tight loop as shown in Figure 30.
The purpose of the tight loop from the input ceramic
capacitor is to suppress the high frequency (10MHz range)
switching noise and reduce Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI). If this path has high inductance, the circuit will
cause voltage spikes and ringing, and increase the
switching loss. The off time path has low AC and high
average DC current. Therefore, it should be laid out with
a tight loop and wide trace at both ends of the inductor.
Lowering the loop resistance reduces the power loss. The
typical resistance value of 1‐ounce copper thickness is
0.5mΩ per square inch.
Q1
System with all ceramic output capacitors:
For applications with all ceramic output capacitors, the ESR
is usually too small to meet the stability criteria. In these
applications, external slope compensation is necessary to
make the loop stable. The ramp injection circuit, composed
of R6, C13, and C14, shown in Figure 4 is required.
The inductor current ripple sensed by R6 and C13 is AC
coupled to the FB pin through C14. C14 is usually chosen
between 1 to 10nF, and C13 between 10 to 100nF. R6
should then be chosen such that L/DCR = C13*R6.
17
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
Q2
Figure 30: Current Path of Power Stage
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
PCB METAL AND COMPONENT PLACEMENT
• Lead lands (the 13 IC pins) width should be equal
to nominal part lead width. The minimum lead to
lead spacing should be ≥ 0.2mm to minimize
shorting.
• Lead land length should be equal to maximum
part lead length + 0.3 mm outboard extension.
The outboard extension ensures a large toe fillet
that can be easily inspected.
• Pad lands (the 4 big pads) length and width
should be equal to maximum part pad length and
width. However, the minimum metal to metal
spacing should be no less than; 0.17mm for 2 oz.
Copper or no less than 0.1mm for 1 oz. Copper or
no less than 0.23mm for 3 oz. Copper.
Figure 31: Metal and Component Placement
* Contact International Rectifier to receive an electronic PCB Library file in your preferred format
18
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
SOLDER RESIST
• It is recommended that the lead lands are Non
Solder Mask Defined (NSMD). The solder resist
should be pulled away from the metal lead lands
by a minimum of 0.025mm to ensure NSMD
pads.
• Ensure that the solder resist in between the lead
lands and the pad land is ≥ 0.15mm due to the
high aspect ratio of the solder resist strip
separating the lead lands from the pad land.
• The land pad should be Solder Mask Defined
(SMD), with a minimum overlap of the solder
resist onto the copper of 0.05mm to
accommodate solder resist misalignment.
Figure 32: Solder Resist
* Contact International Rectifier to receive an electronic PCB Library file in your preferred format
19
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
STENCIL DESIGN
• The Stencil apertures for the lead lands should be
approximately 80% of the area of the lead lads.
Reducing the amount of solder deposited will
minimize the occurrences of lead shorts. If too
much solder is deposited on the center pad the
part will float and the lead lands will open.
• The maximum length and width of the land pad
stencil aperture should be equal to the solder
resist opening minus an annular 0.2mm pull back
in order to decrease the risk of shorting the
center land to the lead lands when the part is
pushed into the solder paste.
Figure 33: Stencil Design
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20
March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
12A Highly Integrated SupIRBuckTM
IR3476
PACKAGE INFORMATION
Figure 34: Package Dimensions
Data and specifications subject to change without notice.
This product has been designed and qualified for the Industrial Market (Note2).
Qualification Standards can be found on IR’s Web site.
IR WORLD HEADQUARTERS: 233 Kansas St., El Segundo, California 90245, USA Tel: (310) 252-7105
TAC Fax: (310) 252-7903
Visit us at www.irf.com for sales contact information
www.irf.com
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March 27, 2013 | V2.2 | PD97603
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