MIC26901 28V, 9A Hyper Speed Control™ Synchronous DC/DC Buck Regulator SuperSwitcher II™ General Description Features The Micrel MIC26901 is a constant-frequency, synchronous buck regulator featuring a unique adaptive on-time control architecture. The MIC26901 operates over an input supply range of 4.5V to 28V and provides a regulated output of up to 9A of output current. The output voltage is adjustable down to 0.8V with a guaranteed accuracy of ±1%, and the device operates at a switching frequency of 600kHz. • Micrel’s Hyper Speed Control™ architecture allows for ultrafast transient response while reducing the output capacitance and also makes (High VIN)/(Low VOUT) operation possible. This adaptive tON ripple control architecture combines the advantages of fixed-frequency operation and fast transient response in a single device. The MIC26901 offers a full suite of protection features to ensure protection of the IC during fault conditions. These include undervoltage lockout to ensure proper operation under power-sag conditions, internal soft-start to reduce inrush current, foldback current limit, “hiccup mode” shortcircuit protection and thermal shutdown. An open-drain Power Good (PG) pin is provided. All support documentation can be found on Micrel’s web site at: www.micrel.com. • • • • • • • • • • • • Hyper Speed Control™ architecture enables - High Delta V operation (VIN = 28V and VOUT = 0.8V) - Small output capacitance 4.5V to 28V voltage input 9A output current capability, up to 95% efficiency Adjustable output from 0.8V to 5.5V ±1% feedback accuracy Any Capacitor™ stable -zero-to-high ESR 600kHz switching frequency No external compensation Power Good (PG) output Foldback current-limit and “hiccup mode” short-circuit protection Supports safe startup into a pre-biased load –40°C to +125°C junction temperature range 28-pin 5mm × 6mm MLF® package Applications • • • • Distributed power systems Communications/networking infrastructure Set-top box, gateways and routers Printers, scanners, graphic cards and video cards ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Typical Application Efficiency (VIN = 12V) vs. Output Current 100 95 5.0V 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V EFFICIENCY (%) 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 VIN = 12V 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Hyper Speed Control, SuperSwitcher II, and Any Capacitor are trademarks of Micrel, Inc. MLF and MicroLeadFrame are registered trademarks of Amkor Technology, Inc. Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com July 2011 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Ordering Information Part Number MIC26901YJL Voltage Adjustable Switching Frequency 600kHz Junction Temperature Range −40°C to +125°C Package 28-Pin 5mm × 6mm MLF Lead Finish ® Pb-Free Pin Configuration 28-Pin 5mm × 6mm MLF® (YJL) Pin Description Pin Number Pin Name 1 PVDD 3 NC No Connect. 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 SW Switch Node (Output): Internal connection for the high-side MOSFET source and low-side MOSFET drain. Due to the high speed switching on this pin, the SW pin should be routed away from sensitive nodes. PGND Power Ground. PGND is the ground path for the MIC26903 buck converter power stage. The PGND pins connect to the low-side N-Channel internal MOSFET gate drive supply ground, the sources of the MOSFETs, the negative terminals of input capacitors, and the negative terminals of output capacitors. The loop for the power ground should be as small as possible and separate from the Signal ground (SGND) loop. PVIN High-Side N-internal MOSFET Drain Connection (Input): The PVIN operating voltage range is from 4.5V to 28V. Input capacitors between the PVIN pins and the power ground (PGND) are required and keep the connection short. BST Boost (Output): Bootstrapped voltage to the high-side N-channel MOSFET driver. A Schottky diode is connected between the PVDD pin and the BST pin. A boost capacitor of 0.1μF is connected between the BST pin and the SW pin. Adding a small resistor at the BST pin can slow down the turnon time of high-side N-Channel MOSFETs. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 21 13,14,15, 16,17,18,19 20 July 2011 Pin Function 5V Internal Linear Regulator (Output): PVDD supply is the power MOSFET gate drive supply voltage and created by internal LDO from VIN. When VIN < +5.5V, PVDD should be tied to PVIN pins. A 2.2µF ceramic capacitor from the PVDD pin to PGND (pin 2) must be place next to the IC. 2 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Pin Description (Continued) Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function Current Sense (input): The CS pin senses current by monitoring the voltage across the low-side MOSFET during the OFF-time. The current sensing is necessary for short circuit protection. In order to sense the current accurately, connect the low-side MOSFET drain to SW using a Kelvin connection. The CS pin is also the high-side MOSFET’s output driver return. 22 CS 23 SGND Signal ground. SGND must be connected directly to the ground planes. Do not route the SGND pin to the PGND Pad on the top layer, see PCB layout guidelines for details. 24 FB Feedback (Input): Input to the transconductance amplifier of the control loop. The FB pin is regulated to 0.8V. A resistor divider connecting the feedback to the output is used to adjust the desired output voltage. 25 PG Power Good (Output): Open Drain Output. The PG pin is externally tied with a resistor to VDD. A high output is asserted when VOUT > 92% of nominal. 26 EN Enable (Input): A logic level control of the output. The EN pin is CMOS-compatible. Logic high = enable, logic low = shutdown. In the off state, supply current of the device is greatly reduced (typically 5µA). The EN pin should not be left open. 27 VIN Power Supply Voltage (Input): Requires bypass capacitor to SGND. VDD 5V Internal Linear Regulator (Output): VDD supply is the power MOSFET gate drive supply voltage and the supply bus for the IC. VDD is created by internal LDO from VIN. When VIN < +5.5V, VDD should be tied to PVIN pins. A 1.0µF ceramic capacitor from the VDD pin to PGND pins must be place next to the IC. 28 July 2011 3 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Absolute Maximum Ratings(1,2) Operating Ratings(3) PVIN to PGND................................................ −0.3V to +29V VIN to PGND ....................................................−0.3V to PVIN PVDD, VDD to PGND ......................................... −0.3V to +6V VSW, VCS to PGND .............................. −0.3V to (PVIN +0.3V) VBST to VSW ........................................................ −0.3V to 6V VBST to PGND .................................................. −0.3V to 35V VFB, VPG to PGND............................... −0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) VEN to PGND ........................................ −0.3V to (VIN +0.3V) PGND to SGND ........................................... −0.3V to +0.3V Junction Temperature .............................................. +150°C Storage Temperature (TS).........................−65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10sec)........................ 260°C Supply Voltage (PVIN, VIN)............................... 4.5V to 28V PVDD, VDD Supply Voltage (PVDD, VDD)......... 4.5V to 5.5V Enable Input (VEN) .................................................. 0V to VIN Junction Temperature (TJ) ........................ −40°C to +125°C Maximum Power Dissipation......................................Note 4 Package Thermal Resistance(4) 5mm x 6mm MLF®(θJA) .....................................28°C/W Electrical Characteristics(5) PVIN = VIN = VEN = 12V, VBST – VSW = 5V; TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C. Parameter Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units 28 V 730 1500 µA 5 10 µA 5 5.4 V 4.2 4.5 Power Supply Input Input Voltage Range (VIN, PVIN) 4.5 Quiescent Supply Current VFB = 1.5V (non-switching) Shutdown Supply Current VEN = 0V VDD Supply Voltage VDD Output Voltage VIN = 7V to 28V, IDD = 40mA 4.8 VDD UVLO Threshold VDD Rising 3.7 VDD UVLO Hysteresis 400 Dropout Voltage (VIN – VDD) IDD = 25mA 380 V mV 600 mV 5.5 V DC-DC Controller Output-Voltage Adjust Range (VOUT) 0.8 Reference 0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 85°C (±1.0%) 0.792 0.8 0.808 −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C (±1.5%) 0.788 0.8 0.812 V Load Regulation IOUT = 0A to 9A (Continuous Mode) 0.25 % Line Regulation VIN = 4.5V to 28V 0.25 % FB Bias Current VFB = 0.8V 50 nA Enable Control EN Logic Level High V 1.8 EN Logic Level Low EN Bias Current VEN = 12V 0.6 V 6 30 µA 600 750 kHz Oscillator Switching Frequency (6) Maximum Duty Cycle (7) VFB = 0V 450 VFB = 1.0V 82 Minimum Duty Cycle Minimum Off-Time July 2011 4 % 0 % 300 Ns M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Electrical Characteristics(5) (Continued) PVIN = VIN = VEN = 12V, VBST – VSW = 5V; TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate -40°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C. Parameter Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units Soft-Start Soft-Start time 5 ms Short-Circuit Protection Current-Limit Threshold VFB = 0.8V, TJ = 25°C 12.5 15 20 A Current-Limit Threshold VFB = 0.8V, TJ = 125°C 11.25 15 20 A Short-Circuit Current VFB = 0V 4 A Internal FETs Top-MOSFET RDS (ON) ISW = 3A 27 mΩ Bottom-MOSFET RDS (ON) ISW = 3A 10.5 mΩ SW Leakage Current VEN = 0V 60 µA VIN Leakage Current VEN = 0V 25 µA 95 %VOUT Power Good (PG) PG Threshold Voltage Sweep VFB from Low to High PG Hysteresis Sweep VFB from High to Low 5.5 %VOUT PG Delay Time Sweep VFB from Low to High 100 µs PG Low Voltage Sweep VFB < 0.9 × VNOM, IPG = 1mA 70 TJ Rising 160 °C 15 °C 85 92 200 mV Thermal Protection Over-Temperature Shutdown Over-Temperature Shutdown Hysteresis Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. Human body model, 1.5kΩ in series with 100pF. 3. The device is not guaranteed to function outside operating range. 4. PD(MAX) = (TJ(MAX) – TA)/ θJA, where θJA depends upon the printed circuit layout. A 5 square inch 4 layer, 0.62”, FR-4 PCB with 2oz finish copper weight per layer is used for the θJA. 5. Specification for packaged product only. 6. Measured in test mode. 7. The maximum duty-cycle is limited by the fixed mandatory off-time tOFF of typically 300ns. July 2011 5 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Typical Characteristics 15 V OUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 5 0 REN = OPEN 10 16 22 30 15 28 16 22 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Feedback Voltage vs. Input Voltage Total Regulation vs. Input Voltage VOUT = 1.8V IDD = 10mA 4 10 16 22 28 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Current Limit vs. Input Voltage 20 VOUT = 1.8V CURRENT LIMIT (A) TOTAL REGULATION (%) 0.796 VFB = 0.9V 28 0.2% 0.800 4 0 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.804 6 2 4 0.808 IOUT = 0A to 9A 0.1% 0.0% -0.1% 15 10 5 VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A 0.792 0 -0.2% 4 10 16 22 28 4 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 16 22 4 28 IOUT = 0A 600 550 500 VEN = VIN 12 8 4 0 4 10 16 22 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) July 2011 28 22 28 PG/VREF Ratio vs. Input Voltage 100% VPG THRESHOLD/VREF (%) EN INPUT CURRENT (µA) 16 VOUT = 1.8V 16 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Enable Input Current vs. Input Voltage 700 650 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Switching Frequency vs. Input Voltage FREQUENCY (kHz) 8 45 0 4 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 10 VEN = 0V VDD VOLTAGE (V) 20 10 VDD Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage 60 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) 25 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) VIN Shutdown Current vs. Input Voltage VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Input Voltage 95% 90% 85% VREF = 0.7V 80% 4 10 16 22 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 6 28 4.0 10.0 16.0 22.0 28.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Typical Characteristics (Continued) VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Temperature 10 25.0 20.0 15.0 V IN = 12V V OUT = 1.8V 10.0 IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 5.0 0.0 6 4 VIN = 12V 2 IOUT = 0A 0 25 50 75 100 Falling 3 2 1 Hyst 125 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) Feedback Voltage vs. Temperature Load Regulation vs. Temperature Line Regulation vs. Temperature 0.2% LOAD REGULATION (%) V IN = 12V 0.804 V OUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A 0.800 0.796 0.792 0.788 -25 0 25 50 75 100 0.1% VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.8V IOUT =0A to 9A 0.0% -0.1% 125 125 0.1% 0.0% VIN = 4.5V to 28V VOUT = 1.8V -0.1% IOUT = 0A -0.2% -50 -25 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 TEMPERATURE (°C) Switching Frequency vs. Temperature 0 25 50 75 100 125 100 125 TEMPERATURE (°C) Current Limit vs. Temperature VDD vs. Temperature 6 700 100 0.2% -0.2% -50 4 VEN = 0V LINE REGULATION (%) -25 0.808 FEEBACK VOLTAGE (V) Rising 8 0 -50 VDD UVLO Threshold vs. Temperature 5 VDD THRESHOLD (V) SHUTDOWN CURRENT (uA) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 30.0 VIN Shutdown Current vs. Temperature 20 5 IOUT = 0A VDD (V) FREQUENCY (kHz) CURRENT LIMIT (A) VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.8V 650 600 4 VIN = 12V 3 550 VOUT = 1.8V 15 10 V IN = 12V V OUT = 1.8V 5 IOUT =0A 2 500 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) July 2011 100 125 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 7 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Typical Characteristics (Continued) Feedback Voltage vs. Output Current Efficiency vs. Output Current 0.808 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 12VIN EFFICIENCY (%) 90 80 24V IN 70 V OUT = 1.8V 60 50 1.819 1.814 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 100 0.804 0.800 0.796 V IN = 12V V OUT = 1.8V 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 VOUT = 1.8V 1.805 1.800 1.796 1.791 1.782 0 1.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 0 1.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3 4.5 5.0 700 0.0% -0.5% 600 550 500 -1.0% 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 2 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) IC POWER DISSIPATION (W) 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 V IN = 5V 55 4 6 8 50 2 4 6 8 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) July 2011 10 TA 25ºC 85ºC 125ºC 3.4 0 2 12 4 6 8 10 12 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Die Temperature* (VIN = 5V) vs. Output Current 100 V IN = 5V V OUT = 0.8,V, 1.0V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V,2.5V, 3.3V 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 80 60 40 VIN = 5V VOUT = 1.8V 20 0 0.00 0 3.8 10 IC Power Dissipation vs. Output Current 2.50 95 4.2 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Efficiency (VIN = 5V) vs. Output Current 100 VFB < 0.8V 4.6 3.0 0 9 DIE TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) FREQUENCY (kHz) LINE REGULATION (%) VOUT = 1.8V 650 9 VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 0.5% 7.5 Output Voltage (VIN = 5V) vs. Output Current V IN = 4.5V to 28V V OUT = 1.8V 6 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Switching Frequency vs. Output Current Line Regulation vs. Output Current 1.0% VIN = 12V 1.810 1.787 0.792 0 Output Voltage vs. Output Current 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 8 5 6 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Typical Characteristics (Continued) 2.50 100 95 80 75 70 65 60 55 VIN = 12V 2 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 50 0 4 6 8 10 0 12 1 Efficiency (VIN = 24V) vs. Output Current EFFICIENCY (%) 85 80 75 70 65 60 VIN = 24V 4 6 8 10 0 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10 1.5V 6 V IN = 5V V OUT = 0.8, 1.2, 1.5V 0 5 -25 0 25 50 75 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) July 2011 125 8 9 40 V IN = 24V V OUT = 1.8V 20 0 6 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Thermal Derating* vs. Ambient Temperature 14 12 1.8V 10 8 3.3V 6 4 VIN = 5V VOUT = 1.8, 2.5, 3.3V 2 0 -50 6 60 Thermal Derating* vs. Ambient Temperature 0.8V 5 80 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 12 3 100 14 2 2 Die Temperature* (VIN = 24V) vs. Output Current 2.00 12 14 4 VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.8V 20 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 2.50 Thermal Derating* vs. Ambient Temperature 8 40 0 6 V IN = 12V V OUT = 0.8,V, 1.0V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V,2.5V, 3.3V, 5.0V OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 5 0.00 50 2 4 DIE TEMPERATURE (°C) 90 0 3 60 IC Power Dissipation vs. Output Current 3.00 IC POWER DISSIPATION (W) 5.0V 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 55 2 80 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 95 100 V IN = 12V V OUT = 0.8,V, 1.0V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V,2.5V, 3.3V, 5.0V OUTPUT CURRENT (A) EFFICIENCY (%) 85 IC POWER DISSIPATION (W) 5.0V 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 90 Die Temperature* (VIN = 12V) vs. Output Current IC Power Dissipation vs. Output Current DIE TEMPERATURE (°C) Efficiency (VIN = 12V) vs. Output Current 12 0.8V 10 8 1.8V 6 4 V IN = 12V V OUT = 0.8, 1.2, 1.8V 2 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 9 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Typical Characteristics (Continued) Thermal Derating* vs. Ambient Temperature Thermal Derating* vs. Ambient Temperature 14 12 2.5V OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 14 10 5V 8 6 4 V IN = 12V V OUT = 2.5, 3.3, 5V 2 0 12 0.8V 10 8 2.5V 6 4 VIN = 24V VOUT = 0.8, 1.2, 2.5V 2 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) Die Temperature* : The temperature measurement was taken at the hottest point on the MIC26901 case mounted on a 5 square inch 4 layer, 0.62”, FR-4 PCB with 2oz finish copper weight per layer, see Thermal Measurement section. Actual results will depend upon the size of the PCB, ambient temperature and proximity to other heat emitting components. July 2011 10 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Functional Characteristics July 2011 11 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Functional Characteristics (Continued) July 2011 12 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Functional Characteristics (Continued) July 2011 13 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Functional Diagram Figure 1. MIC26901 Block Diagram July 2011 14 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 The maximum duty cycle is obtained from the 300ns tOFF(min): Functional Description The MIC26901 is an adaptive ON-time synchronous step-down DC/DC regulator with an internal 5V linear regulator and a Power Good (PG) output. It is designed to operate over a wide input voltage range from 4.5V to 28V and provides a regulated output voltage at up to 7A of output current. An adaptive ON-time control scheme is employed in to obtain a constant switching frequency and to simplify the control compensation. Over-current protection is implemented without the use of an external sense resistor. The device includes an internal soft-start function which reduces the power supply input surge current at start-up by controlling the output voltage rise time. Dmax = Continuous Mode In continuous mode, the output voltage is sensed by the MIC26901 feedback pin FB via the voltage divider R1 and R2, and compared to a 0.8V reference voltage VREF at the error comparator through a low gain transconductance (gm) amplifier. If the feedback voltage decreases and the output of the gm amplifier is below 0.8V, then the error comparator will trigger the control logic and generate an ON-time period. The ON-time period length is predetermined by the “FIXED tON ESTIMATION” circuitry: VOUT VIN × 600kHz Eq. 1 where VOUT is the output voltage and VIN is the power stage input voltage. At the end of the ON-time period, the internal high-side driver turns off the high-side MOSFET and the low-side driver turns on the low-side MOSFET. The OFF-time period length depends upon the feedback voltage in most cases. When the feedback voltage decreases and the output of the gm amplifier is below 0.8V, the ON-time period is triggered and the OFF-time period ends. If the OFF-time period determined by the feedback voltage is less than the minimum OFF-time tOFF(min), which is about 300ns, the MIC26901 control logic will apply the tOFF(min) instead. tOFF(min) is required to maintain enough energy in the boost capacitor (CBST) to drive the high-side MOSFET. July 2011 tS = 1− 300ns tS Eq. 2 where tS = 1/600kHz = 1.66μs. It is not recommended to use MIC26901 with a OFF-time close to tOFF(min) during steady-state operation. Also, as VOUT increases, the internal ripple injection will increase and reduce the line regulation performance. Therefore, the maximum output voltage of the MIC26901 should be limited to 5.5V and the maximum external ripple injection should be limited to 200mV. Please refer to “Setting Output Voltage” subsection in Application Information for more details. The actual ON-time and resulting switching frequency will vary with the part-to-part variation in the rise and fall times of the internal MOSFETs, the output load current, and variations in the VDD voltage. Also, the minimum tON results in a lower switching frequency in high VIN to VOUT applications, such as 24V to 1.0V. The minimum tON measured on the MIC26901 evaluation board is about 100ns. During load transients, the switching frequency is changed due to the varying OFF-time. To illustrate the control loop operation, we will analyze both the steady-state and load transient scenarios. Figure 2 shows the MIC26901 control loop timing during steady-state operation. During steady-state, the gm amplifier senses the feedback voltage ripple, which is proportional to the output voltage ripple and the inductor current ripple, to trigger the ON-time period. The ONtime is predetermined by the tON estimator. The termination of the OFF-time is controlled by the feedback voltage. At the valley of the feedback voltage ripple, which occurs when VFB falls below VREF, the OFF period ends and the next ON-time period is triggered through the control logic circuitry. Theory of Operation The MIC26901 operates in a continuous mode as shown in Figure 1. t ON(estimated) = t S − t OFF(min) 15 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 In order to meet the stability requirements, the MIC26901 feedback voltage ripple should be in phase with the inductor current ripple and large enough to be sensed by the gm amplifier and the error comparator. The recommended feedback voltage ripple is 20mV~100mV. If a low-ESR output capacitor is selected, then the feedback voltage ripple may be too small to be sensed by the gm amplifier and the error comparator. Also, the output voltage ripple and the feedback voltage ripple are not necessarily in phase with the inductor current ripple if the ESR of the output capacitor is very low. In these cases, ripple injection is required to ensure proper operation. Please refer to “Ripple Injection” subsection in Application Information for more details about the ripple injection technique. Figure 2. MIC26901 Control Loop Timing Figure 3 shows the operation of the MIC26901 during a load transient. The output voltage drops due to the sudden load increase, which causes the VFB to be less than VREF. This will cause the error comparator to trigger an ON-time period. At the end of the ON-time period, a minimum OFF-time tOFF(min) is generated to charge CBST since the feedback voltage is still below VREF. Then, the next ON-time period is triggered due to the low feedback voltage. Therefore, the switching frequency changes during the load transient, but returns to the nominal fixed frequency once the output has stabilized at the new load current level. With the varying duty cycle and switching frequency, the output recovery time is fast and the output voltage deviation is small in MIC26901 converter. VDD Regulator The MIC26901 provides a 5V regulated output for input voltage VIN ranging from 5.5V to 28V. When VIN < 5.5V, VDD should be tied to PVIN pins to bypass the internal linear regulator. Soft-Start Soft-start reduces the power supply input surge current at startup by controlling the output voltage rise time. The input surge appears while the output capacitor is charged up. A slower output rise time will draw a lower input surge current. The MIC26901 implements an internal digital soft-start by making the 0.8V reference voltage VREF ramp from 0 to 100% in about 6ms with 9.7mV steps. Therefore, the output voltage is controlled to increase slowly by a staircase VFB ramp. Once the soft-start cycle ends, the related circuitry is disabled to reduce current consumption. VDD must be powered up at the same time or after VIN to make the soft-start function correctly. Current Limit The MIC26901 uses the RDS(ON) of the internal low-side power MOSFET to sense over-current conditions. This method will avoid adding cost, board space and power losses taken by a discrete current sense resistor. The low-side MOSFET is used because it displays much lower parasitic oscillations during switching than the high-side MOSFET. In each switching cycle of the MIC26901 converter, the inductor current is sensed by monitoring the low-side MOSFET in the OFF period. If the peak inductor current is greater than 15A, then the MIC26901 turns off the high-side MOSFET and a soft-start sequence is triggered. This mode of operation is called “hiccup mode” and its purpose is to protect the downstream load in case of a hard short. The load current-limit threshold has a foldback characteristic related to the feedback voltage as shown in Figure 4. Figure 3. MIC26901 Load Transient Response Unlike true current-mode control, the MIC26901 uses the output voltage ripple to trigger an ON-time period. The output voltage ripple is proportional to the inductor current ripple if the ESR of the output capacitor is large enough. The MIC26901 control loop has the advantage of eliminating the need for slope compensation. July 2011 16 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Current Limit Threshold vs. Feedback Voltage CURRENT LIMIT THRESHOLD (A) 20 16 12 8 4 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) Figure 4. MIC26901 Current-Limit Foldback Characteristic Power Good (PG) The Power Good (PG) pin is an open drain output which indicates logic high when the output is nominally 92% of its steady state voltage. A pull-up resistor of more than 10kΩ should be connected from PG to VDD. MOSFET Gate Drive The Block Diagram (Figure 1) shows a bootstrap circuit, consisting of D1 (a Schottky diode is recommended) and CBST. This circuit supplies energy to the high-side drive circuit. Capacitor CBST is charged, while the low-side MOSFET is on, and the voltage on the SW pin is approximately 0V. When the high-side MOSFET driver is turned on, energy from CBST is used to turn the MOSFET on. As the high-side MOSFET turns on, the voltage on the SW pin increases to approximately VIN. Diode D1 is reverse biased and CBST floats high while continuing to keep the high-side MOSFET on. The bias current of the high-side driver is less than 10mA so a 0.1μF to 1μF is sufficient to hold the gate voltage with minimal droop for the power stroke (high-side switching) cycle, i.e. ΔBST = 10mA x 1.67μs/0.1μF = 167mV. When the low-side MOSFET is turned back on, CBST is recharged through D1. A small resistor RG, which is in series with CBST, can be used to slow down the turn-on time of the high-side N-channel MOSFET. The drive voltage is derived from the VDD supply voltage. The nominal low-side gate drive voltage is VDD and the nominal high-side gate drive voltage is approximately VDD – VDIODE, where VDIODE is the voltage drop across D1. An approximate 30ns delay between the high-side and low-side driver transitions is used to prevent current from simultaneously flowing unimpeded through both MOSFETs. July 2011 17 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Maximizing efficiency requires the proper selection of core material and minimizing the winding resistance. The high frequency operation of the MIC26901 requires the use of ferrite materials for all but the most cost sensitive applications. Lower cost iron powder cores may be used but the increase in core loss will reduce the efficiency of the power supply. This is especially noticeable at low output power. The winding resistance decreases efficiency at the higher output current levels. The winding resistance must be minimized although this usually comes at the expense of a larger inductor. The power dissipated in the inductor is equal to the sum of the core and copper losses. At higher output loads, the core losses are usually insignificant and can be ignored. At lower output currents, the core losses can be a significant contributor. Core loss information is usually available from the magnetics vendor. Copper loss in the inductor is calculated by Equation 7: Application Information Inductor Selection Values for inductance, peak, and RMS currents are required to select the output inductor. The input and output voltages and the inductance value determine the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current. Generally, higher inductance values are used with higher input voltages. Larger peak-to-peak ripple currents will increase the power dissipation in the inductor and MOSFETs. Larger output ripple currents will also require more output capacitance to smooth out the larger ripple current. Smaller peak-to-peak ripple currents require a larger inductance value and therefore a larger and more expensive inductor. A good compromise between size, loss and cost is to set the inductor ripple current to be equal to 20% of the maximum output current. The inductance value is calculated by Equation 3: L= PINDUCTOR(Cu) = IL(RMS)2 × RWINDING VOUT × (VIN(max) − VOUT ) VIN(max) × fsw × 20% × IOUT(max) Eq. 3 The resistance of the copper wire, RWINDING, increases with the temperature. The value of the winding resistance used should be at the operating temperature. where: fSW = switching frequency, 600kHz 20% = ratio of AC ripple current to DC output current VIN(max) = maximum power stage input voltage The peak-to-peak inductor current ripple is: ΔIL(pp) = VOUT × (VIN(max) − VOUT ) VIN(max) × fsw × L PWINDING(Ht) = RWINDING(20°C) × (1 + 0.0042 × (TH – T20°C)) Eq. 8 where: TH = temperature of wire under full load T20°C = ambient temperature RWINDING(20°C) = room temperature winding resistance (usually specified by the manufacturer) Eq. 4 The peak inductor current is equal to the average output current plus one half of the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple. IL(pk) =IOUT(max) + 0.5 × ΔIL(pp) Output Capacitor Selection The type of the output capacitor is usually determined by its equivalent series resistance (ESR). Voltage and RMS current capability are two other important factors for selecting the output capacitor. Recommended capacitor types are ceramic, low-ESR aluminum electrolytic, OSCON and POSCAP. The output capacitor’s ESR is usually the main cause of the output ripple. The output capacitor ESR also affects the control loop from a stability point of view. Eq. 5 The RMS inductor current is used to calculate the I2R losses in the inductor. 2 IL(RMS) = IOUT(max) + July 2011 ΔIL(PP) 12 Eq. 7 2 Eq.6 18 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 The maximum value of ESR is calculated: ESR COUT ≤ ΔVOUT(pp) Input Capacitor Selection The input capacitor for the power stage input VIN should be selected for ripple current rating and voltage rating. Tantalum input capacitors may fail when subjected to high inrush currents, caused by turning the input supply on. A tantalum input capacitor’s voltage rating should be at least two times the maximum input voltage to maximize reliability. Aluminum electrolytic, OS-CON, and multilayer polymer film capacitors can handle the higher inrush currents without voltage de-rating. The input voltage ripple will primarily depend on the input capacitor’s ESR. The peak input current is equal to the peak inductor current, so: Eq. 9 ΔIL(PP) where: ΔVOUT(pp) = peak-to-peak output voltage ripple ΔIL(PP) = peak-to-peak inductor current ripple The total output ripple is a combination of the ESR and output capacitance. The total ripple is calculated in Equation 10: 2 ΔVOUT(pp) ΔVIN = IL(pk) × ESRCIN ΔIL(PP) ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎟ + ΔIL(PP) × ESR C = ⎜⎜ OUT ⎟ C f 8 × × OUT SW ⎠ ⎝ Eq. 10 ( ) The input capacitor must be rated for the input current ripple. The RMS value of input capacitor current is determined at the maximum output current. Assuming the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple is low: where: D = duty cycle COUT = output capacitance value fSW = switching frequency As described in the “Theory of Operation” subsection in the Functional Description section, the MIC26901 requires at least 20mV peak-to-peak ripple at the FB pin to make the gm amplifier and the error comparator behave properly. Also, the output voltage ripple should be in phase with the inductor current. Therefore, the output voltage ripple caused by the output capacitors value should be much smaller than the ripple caused by the output capacitor ESR. If low-ESR capacitors, such as ceramic capacitors, are selected as the output capacitors, a ripple injection method should be applied to provide the enough feedback voltage ripple. Please refer to the “Ripple Injection” subsection for more details. The voltage rating of the capacitor should be twice the output voltage for a tantalum and 20% greater for aluminum electrolytic or OS-CON. The output capacitor RMS current is calculated in Equation 11: ICOUT (RMS) = ΔIL(PP) Eq. 13 ICIN(RMS) ≈ IOUT(max) × D × (1 − D) Eq. 14 The power dissipated in the input capacitor is: PDISS(CIN) = ICIN(RMS)2 × ESRCIN Eq. 15 Ripple Injection The VFB ripple required for proper operation of the MIC26901 gm amplifier and error comparator is 20mV to 100mV. However, the output voltage ripple is generally designed as 1% to 2% of the output voltage. For a low output voltage, such as a 1V, the output voltage ripple is only 10mV to 20mV, and the feedback voltage ripple is less than 20mV. If the feedback voltage ripple is so small that the gm amplifier and error comparator can’t sense it, then the MIC26901 will lose control and the output voltage is not regulated. In order to have some amount of VFB ripple, a ripple injection method is applied for low output voltage ripple applications. Eq. 11 12 The power dissipated in the output capacitor is: 2 PDISS(COUT ) = ICOUT (RMS) × ESR COUT July 2011 Eq. 12 19 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 The applications are divided into three situations according to the amount of the feedback voltage ripple: 1. Enough ripple at the feedback voltage due to the large ESR of the output capacitors. MIC26901 As shown in Figure 5a, the converter is stable without any ripple injection. The feedback voltage ripple is: ΔVFB(pp) = R2 × ESR COUT × ΔIL (pp) R1 + R2 Eq. 16 Figure 5c. Invisible Ripple at FB where ΔIL(pp) is the peak-to-peak value of the inductor current ripple. 2. Inadequate ripple at the feedback voltage due to the small ESR of the output capacitors. In this situation, the output voltage ripple is less than 20mV. Therefore, additional ripple is injected into the FB pin from the switching node SW via a resistor Rinj and a capacitor Cinj, as shown in Figure 5c. The injected ripple is: The output voltage ripple is fed into the FB pin through a feedforward capacitor Cff in this situation, as shown in Figure 5b. The typical Cff value is between 1nF and 100nF. With the feedforward capacitor, the feedback voltage ripple is very close to the output voltage ripple: ΔVFB(pp) ≈ ESR × ΔIL (pp) ΔVFB(pp) = VIN × K div × D × (1 - D) × K div = Eq. 17 R1//R2 R inj + R1//R2 1 fSW × τ Eq. 18 Eq. 19 where: VIN = Power stage input voltage D = duty cycle fSW = switching frequency τ = (R1//R2//Rinj) × Cff 3. Virtually no ripple at the FB pin voltage due to the very-low ESR of the output capacitors. MIC26901 In Equations 21 and 22, it is assumed that the time constant associated with Cff must be much greater than the switching period: 1 T = << 1 fSW × τ τ Figure 5a. Enough Ripple at FB Eq. 20 If the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 are in the kΩ range, a Cff of 1nF to 100nF can easily satisfy the large time constant requirements. Also, a 100nF injection capacitor Cinj is used in order to be considered as short for a wide range of the frequencies. MIC26901 Figure 5b. Inadequate Ripple at FB July 2011 20 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 The process of sizing the ripple injection resistor and capacitors is: Step 1. Select Cff to feed all output ripples into the feedback pin and make sure the large time constant assumption is satisfied. Typical choice of Cff is 1nF to 100nF if R1 and R2 are in kΩ range. Step 2. Select Rinj according to the expected feedback voltage ripple using Equation 22: K div = ΔVFB(pp) VIN × fSW × τ D × (1 − D) Eq. 21 Figure 6. Voltage-Divider Configuration Then the value of Rinj is obtained as: R inj = (R1//R2) × ( 1 K div − 1) In addition to the external ripple injection added at the FB pin, internal ripple injection is added at the inverting input of the comparator inside the MIC26901, as shown in Figure 8. The inverting input voltage VINJ is clamped to 1.2V. As VOUT is increased, the swing of VINJ will be clamped. The clamped VINJ reduces the line regulation because it is reflected as a DC error on the FB terminal. Therefore, the maximum output voltage of the MIC26901 should be limited to 5.5V to avoid this problem. Eq. 22 Step 3. Select Cinj as 100nF, which could be considered as short for a wide range of the frequencies. Setting Output Voltage The MIC26603 requires two resistors to set the output voltage as shown in Figure 7. The output voltage is determined by Equation 23: VOUT = VFB × (1 + R1 ) R2 Eq. 23 where VFB = 0.8V. A typical value of R1 can be between 3kΩ and 10kΩ. If R1 is too large, it may allow noise to be introduced into the voltage feedback loop. If R1 is too small, it will decrease the efficiency of the power supply, especially at light loads. Once R1 is selected, R2 can be calculated using: R2 = July 2011 VFB × R1 VOUT − VFB Figure 7. Internal Ripple Injection Eq. 24 21 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Thermal Measurements Measuring the IC’s case temperature is recommended to insure it is within its operating limits. Although this might seem like a very elementary task, it is easy to get erroneous results. The most common mistake is to use the standard thermal couple that comes with a thermal meter. This thermal couple wire gauge is large, typically 22 gauge, and behaves like a heatsink, resulting in a lower case measurement. Two methods of temperature measurement are using a smaller thermal couple wire or an infrared thermometer. If a thermal couple wire is used, it must be constructed of 36 gauge wire or higher then (smaller wire size) to minimize the wire heat-sinking effect. In addition, the thermal couple tip must be covered in either thermal grease or thermal glue to make sure that the thermal couple junction is making good contact with the case of the IC. Omega brand thermal couple (5SC-TT-K-36-36) is adequate for most applications. Wherever possible, an infrared thermometer is recommended. The measurement spot size of most infrared thermometers is too large for an accurate reading on a small form factor ICs. However, an IR thermometer from Optris has a 1mm spot size, which makes it a good choice for measuring the hottest point on the case. An optional stand makes it easy to hold the beam on the IC for long periods of time. July 2011 22 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 PCB Layout Guidelines Inductor Warning!!! To minimize EMI and output noise, follow these layout recommendations. PCB Layout is critical to achieve reliable, stable and efficient performance. A ground plane is required to control EMI and minimize the inductance in power, signal and return paths. The following guidelines should be followed to insure proper operation of the MIC26901 regulator. • Keep the inductor connection to the switch node (SW) short. • Do not route any digital lines underneath or close to the inductor. • Keep the switch node (SW) away from the feedback (FB) pin. • The CS pin should be connected directly to the SW pin to accurate sense the voltage across the lowside MOSFET. • To minimize noise, place a ground plane underneath the inductor. IC • A 2.2µF ceramic capacitor, which is connected to the PVDD pin, must be located right at the IC. The PVDD pin is very noise sensitive and placement of the capacitor is very critical. Use wide traces to connect to the PVDD and PGND pins. • A 1.0uF ceramic capacitor must be placed right between VDD and the signal ground SGND. The SGND must be connected directly to the ground planes. Do not route the SGND pin to the PGND Pad on the top layer. • Place the IC close to the point-of-load (POL). • Use fat traces to route the input and output power lines. • Signal and power grounds should be kept separate and connected at only one location. • The inductor can be placed on the opposite side of the PCB with respect to the IC. It does not matter whether the IC or inductor is on the top or bottom as long as there is enough air flow to keep the power components within their temperature limits. The input and output capacitors must be placed on the same side of the board as the IC. Output Capacitor • Use a wide trace to connect the output capacitor ground terminal to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Input Capacitor • Place the input capacitor next. • Place the input capacitors on the same side of the board and as close to the IC as possible. • Keep both the PVIN pin and PGND connections short. • Place several vias to the ground plane close to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Use either X7R or X5R dielectric input capacitors. Do not use Y5V or Z5U type capacitors. • Do not replace the ceramic input capacitor with any other type of capacitor. Any type of capacitor can be placed in parallel with the input capacitor. • If a Tantalum input capacitor is placed in parallel with the input capacitor, it must be recommended for switching regulator applications and the operating voltage must be derated by 50%. • In “Hot-Plug” applications, a Tantalum or Electrolytic bypass capacitor must be used to limit the overvoltage spike seen on the input supply with power is suddenly applied. July 2011 Phase margin will change as the output capacitor value and ESR changes. Contact the factory if the output capacitor is different from what is shown in the BOM. • The feedback trace should be separate from the power trace and connected as close as possible to the output capacitor. Sensing a long high current load trace can degrade the DC load regulation. Optional RC Snubber • 23 Place the RC snubber on either side of the board and as close to the SW pin as possible. M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Evaluation Board Schematic Figure 8. Schematic of MIC26901 Evaluation Board (J11, R13, R15 are for testing purposes) July 2011 24 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Bill of Materials Item Part Number C1 Open 12105C475KAZ2A C2, C3 GRM32ER71H475KA88L C3225X7R1H475K C13, C15 C6, C7, C10 C8 C9 C12 GRM32ER60J107ME20L GRM188R71H104KA93D 3 0.1µF Ceramic Capacitor, X7R, Size 0603, 50V 3 1.0µF Ceramic Capacitor, X7R, Size 0603, 10V 1 2.2µF Ceramic Capacitor, X5R, Size 0603, 10V 1 4.7nF Ceramic Capacitor, X7R, Size 0603, 50V 1 220µF Aluminum Capacitor, 35V 1 40V, 350mA.Schottky Diode. SOD323 1 (3) Murata(2) (3) 0603ZC105KAT2A AVX(1) GRM188R71A105KA61D Murata(2) (3) C1608X7R1A105K TDK 0603ZD225KAT2A AVX(1) GRM188R61A225KE34D Murata(2) (3) C1608X5R1A225K TDK 06035C472KAZ2A AVX(1) GRM188R71H472K Murata(2) SD103AWS-7 SD103AWS R5 Murata(2) TDK SD103AWS R4 100µF Ceramic Capacitor, X5R, Size 1210, 6.3V AVX(1) C1608X7R1H104K Open R3 2 TDK AVX(1) C11, C16 R2 4.7µF Ceramic Capacitor, X7R, Size 1210, 50V (3) 06035C104KAT2A B41851F7227M R1 Murata(2) TDK C14 L1 Qty. AVX(1) C3225X5R0J107M C1608X7R1H472K D1 Description Open 12106D107MAT2A C4, C5 Manufacturer HCF1305-1R0-R CRCW06032R21FKEA CRCW06032R00FKEA CRCW060319K6FKEA CRCW06032K49FKEA CRCW060320K0FKEA (3) TDK EPCOS(4) MCC(5) Diodes Inc(6) (7) Vishay Cooper Bussmann(8) 1.0µH Inductor, 21A Saturation Current 1 (7) 2.21Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 2.00Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 19.6kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 2.49kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 20.0kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale R6, R14, R17 CRCW060310K0FKEA Vishay Dale 10.0kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 3 R7 CRCW06034K99FKEA Vishay Dale(7) 4.99kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 CRCW06032K87FKEA (7) 2.87kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 2.00kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 1.18kΩ Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 806Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 (7) 475Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 July 2011 CRCW06032K006FKEA CRCW06031K18FKEA CRCW0603806RFKEA CRCW0603475RFKEA Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale Vishay Dale 25 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Bill of Materials (Continued) Item R13 Part Number CRCW06030000FKEA Manufacturer Description Qty. (7) 0Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 5% 1 (7) Vishay Dale R15 CRCW060349R9FKEA Vishay Dale 49.9Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 1 R16, R18 CRCW06031R21FKEA Vishay Dale(7) 1.21Ω Resistor, Size 0603, 1% 2 R20 Open U1 MIC26901YJL Micrel. Inc.(9) 28V, 9A Hyper Speed Control™ Synchronous DC/DC Buck Regulator 1 Notes: 1. AVX: www.avx.com. 2. Murata: www.murata.com. 3. TDK: www.tdk.com. 4. EPCOS: www.epcos.com. 5. SANYO: www.sanyo.com. 6. Diode Inc.: www.diodes.com. 7. Vishay: www.vishay.com. 8. Cooper Bussmann: www.cooperbussmann.com. 9. Micrel, Inc.: www.micrel.com. July 2011 26 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 PCB Layout Recommendations Figure 9. MIC26901 Evaluation Board Top Layer Figure 10. MIC26901 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 1 (Ground Plane) July 2011 27 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 PCB Layout Recommendations (Continued) Figure 11. MIC26901 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 2 Figure 12. MIC26901 Evaluation Board Bottom Layer July 2011 28 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Recommended Land and Solder Stencil Pattern July 2011 29 M9999-071311-A Micrel, Inc. MIC26901 Package Information 28-Pin 5mm × 6mm MLF® (YJL) MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http://www.micrel.com Micrel makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information furnished in this data sheet. This information is not intended as a warranty and Micrel does not assume responsibility for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry, specifications and descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Micrel’s terms and conditions of sale for such products, Micrel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Micrel disclaims any express or implied warranty relating to the sale and/or use of Micrel products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2011 Micrel, Incorporated. July 2011 30 M9999-071311-A