TI1 LM48512 Powerwiseâ® boosted, ultra low-emi, mono, e2s class d audio power amplifier Datasheet

PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D
Audio Power Amplifier
General Description
Key Specifications
Part of National’s PowerWise family or products, the
LM48512 delivers 1.8W into 8Ω, while consuming 14.5mA of
quiescent current. The LM48512 also features National’s Enhanced Emissions Suppression (E2S) system, a patented,
ultra low EMI PWM architecture that significantly reduces RF
emissions while preserving audio quality and efficiency.
LM48512 improves battery life, reduces external component
count, board area consumption, system cost, and simplifies
design.
The LM48512 is designed to meet the demands of portable
multimedia devices. The LM48512 features high efficiency
compared to other boosted amplifiers and low EMI Class D
amplifiers. The LM48512 is capable of driving an 8Ω speaker
to 5.5V levels (1.8W) from a 3.6V supply while operating at
82% efficiency. Flexible power supply requirements allow operation from 2.3V to 5.5V. The E2S system features a patented edge rate control (ERC) architecture that further reduces
emissions by minimizing the high frequency component of the
device output, while maintaining high quality audio reproduction (THD+N = 0.03%) and high efficiency. A low power
shutdown mode reduces supply current consumption to
0.04μA.
The LM48512 features a battery-saving automatic gain control (AGC). The AGC detects the battery voltage and reduces
the gain of the amplifier to limit the output as the battery voltage decreases.
Superior click and pop suppression eliminates audible transients on power-up/down and during shutdown.
■ Power Output at VDD = 3.6V
RL = 8Ω, THD+N ≤ 1%
■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 800mW into 8Ω
1.8W (typ)
82% (typ)
■ Quiescent Power Supply Current
at 3.6V
14.5mA
■ Shutdown current
0.04μA (typ)
Features
■ E2S System Reduces EMI while Preserving Audio Quality
■
■
■
■
and Efficiency
Integrated Boost Converter
Supply Voltage Level Detection on Boost Converter
Low Power Shutdown Mode
"Click and Pop" suppression
Applications
■ Mobile phones
■ Smart phones
■ PDAs
Typical Application
30121756
FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit
Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.
© 2012 Texas Instruments Incorporated
301217 SNAS497A
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LM48512 PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D Audio Power Amplifier
April 9, 2012
LM48512
LM48512
Connection Diagrams
TL Package
2.098mm x 2.098mm x 0.6mm
16 – Bump micro SMD Markings
30121760
Top View
XY = Date Code
TT = Die Traceability
G = Boomer Family
N3 = LM48512TL
30121769
Top View
Order Number LM48512TL
See NS Package Number TLA16QSA
Pin Descriptions
TABLE 1.
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PIN
NAME
A1
PVDD
A2
PVOUT
DESCRIPTION
Amplifier Power Supply Input. Connect to PVOUT.
Boost Converter Output
A3
SW
Boost Converter Switching Node
A4
PGND
Boost Converter Power Ground
B1
OUTA
Non-Inverting Amplifier Output
B2
GAIN
Gain Select Input
B3
RTRIP
Boost Supply Threshold Voltage Set Pin
B4
VDD
Power Supply
C1
OUTB
Inverting Amplifier Output
C2, D1
PGND
Class D Power Ground
C3
SDAMP
C4
GND
D2
IN+
Non-Inverting Amplifier Input
D3
IN-
Inverting Amplifier Input
D4
SDREG
Active Low Amplifier Shutdown Input. Connect to VDD for normal operation.
Ground
Active Low Boost Converter Shutdown Input. Connect to VDD for normal operation.
2
θJA (TLA16QSA)
Soldering Information
See AN-1112 “Micro SMD Wafer Level Chip
Scale Package”
2)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (VDD) (Note 1)
Storage Temperature
Power Dissipation (Note 3)
ESD Rating (Note 4)
ESD Rating (Note 5)
Junction Temperature
50°C/W
Operating Ratings
6.0V
−65°C to +150°C
Internally Limited
2000V
200V
150°C
Temperature Range
TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX
Supply Voltage
Electrical Characteristics VDD = 3.6V, PVDD = 5.75V
−40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C
2.3V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V
(Note 1, Note 2)
The following specifications apply for AV = 2V/V, L = 2.2μH, RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH (Note 8), f = 1kHz, unless otherwise specified.
Limits apply for TA = 25°C.
LM48512
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Limit
(Note 6)
(Note 7)
3
10
mV
14.5
8.5
19
mA (max)
mA
VOS
Differential Output Offset Voltage
VIN = 0, VDD = 2.3V to 5.5V
IDD
Quiescent Power Supply Current
VIN = 0, RL = ∞
VDD = 3.6V
Boost Converter Only
PVOUT
Boost Converter Output Voltage
SDREG = VDD
SDAMP = GND
5.75
ISD
Shutdown Current
SDAMP = SDREG = GND
0.04
VIH
Logic Input High Voltage
VIL
Logic Input Low Voltage
TWU
Wake Up Time
fSW(AMP)
Class D Switching Frequency
AV
Gain
RIN
Input Resistance
VCM
Input Common Mode
VIN
Differential AC Input
THD+N
Output Power
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise
V
1
μA (max)
1.35
V (min)
0.35
V (max)
9
ms
320
kHz
GAIN = GND (<0.7V)
GAIN = float (0.7V–1.0V)
GAIN = VDD (>1.0V)
2
6
±5%
±5%
V/V (max)
V/V (max)
10
±5%
V/V (max)
AV = 2V/V (6dB)
AV = 6V/V (15.5dB)
AV = 10V/V (20dB)
30
15
10
8
kΩ
kΩ
kΩ (min)
SDAMP = SDREG = GND
PO
Units
(Limits)
Typical
70
kΩ
1.4
V
Device Enabled or Disabled
5.6
VP-P (max)
RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, THD+N = 10%
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
2.2
RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, THD+N = 1%
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
1.8
RL = 15μH+4Ω+15μH, THD+N = 1%
f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW
2.7
W
RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz
PO = 100mW
PO = 1W
0.03
0.03
%
%
RL = 15μH+4Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz
PO = 1W
0.03
%
3
W
1.7
W (min)
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LM48512
Thermal Resistance
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1, Note
LM48512
LM48512
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Typical
Limit
(Note 6)
(Note 7)
Units
(Limits)
VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine
Inputs AC GND, Input referred
CIN = 100nF, fRIPPLE = 217Hz
90
dB
VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine
Inputs AC GND, Input referred
CIN = 100nF, fRIPPLE = 1kHz
85
dB
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
VRIPPLE = 1VP-P
fRIPPLE = 217Hz
65
dB
η
Efficiency
RL = 15μH+8Ω+15μH, f = 1kHz
PO = 400mW
PO = 800mW
PO = 1.8W
78
82
81
%
%
%
SNR
Signal-To-Noise-Ratio
PO = 1.8W, A-weighted Filter
97
dB
Input referred, A-weighted Filter
25
μV
Input referred, Un-weighted
50
μV
PSRR
CMRR
εOS
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
Output Noise
RTRIP = 64.9kΩ
3.00
3.55
3.70
±5%
±5%
±5%
V (max)
V (max)
V (max)
VDD(TRIP)
Supply Voltage AGC Trip Point
ILIMIT(SU)
Boost Converter Start-up Current
Limit
600
mA
IIND
Boost Converter Maximum Inductor
Current
2.25
A
RTRIP = 27.5kΩ
RTRIP = 20kΩ
Gain Compression Range
6
dB
tA
Attack Time
20
μs/dB
tR
Release Time
1600
ms/dB
fSW(REG)
Boost Converter Switching
Frequency
2
MHz
Note 1: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur, including inoperability and degradation of device reliability
and/or performance. Functional operation of the device and/or non-degradation at the Absolute Maximum Ratings or other conditions beyond those indicated in
the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. The Recommended Operating Conditions indicate conditions at which the device is functional and the
device should not be operated beyond such conditions. All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified.
Note 2: The Electrical Characteristics tables list guaranteed specifications under the listed Recommended Operating Conditions except as otherwise modified
or specified by the Electrical Characteristics Conditions and/or Notes. Typical specifications are estimations only and are not guaranteed.
Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum
allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX − TA) / θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower.
Note 4: Human body model, applicable std. JESD22-A114C.
Note 5: Machine model, applicable std. JESD22-A115-A.
Note 6: Typical values represent most likely parametric norms at TA = +25°C, and at the Recommended Operation Conditions at the time of product
characterization and are not guaranteed.
Note 7: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by test or statistical analysis.
Note 8: RL is a resistive load in series with two inductors to simulate an actual speaker load. For RL = 8Ω, the load is 15µH+8Ω+15µH. For RL = 4Ω, the load is
15µH+4Ω+15µH.
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LM48512
Typical Performance Characteristics
THD+N vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, PO = 1W, RL = 8Ω
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 2.7V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
30121778
30121772
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
30121775
30121774
THD+N vs Output Power
VDD = 5.0V, RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
Efficiency vs Output Power
RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
30121776
30121779
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LM48512
CMRR vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, f = 217Hz
VRIPPLE = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω
PSRR vs Frequency
VDD = 3.6V, f = 1kHz
VRIPPLE = 200mVp-p, RL = 8Ω
30121787
30121786
Power Dissipation vs Output Power
RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
Output Power vs Supply Voltage
RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz
30121780
30121789
Supply Current vs Supply Voltage
No Load
Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current
VDD = 2.7V
30121783
30121782
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LM48512
Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current
VDD = 3.6V
Boost Output Voltage vs Load Current
VDD = 5.0V
30121784
30121785
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LM48512
Application Information
GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION
The LM48512 mono Class D audio power amplifier features
a filterless modulation scheme that reduces external component count, conserving board space and reducing system
cost. The outputs of the device transition from VDD to GND
with a 300kHz switching frequency. With no signal applied,
the outputs (VOUTA and VOUTB) switch with a 50% duty cycle,
in phase, causing the two outputs to cancel. This cancellation
results in no net voltage across the speaker, thus there is no
current to the load in the idle state.
With the input signal applied, the duty cycle (pulse width) of
the LM48512 outputs changes. For increasing output voltage,
the duty cycle of VOUTA increases, while the duty cycle of
VOUTB decreases. For decreasing output voltages, the converse occurs. The difference between the two pulse widths
yields the differential output voltage.
BOOST INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION
An input capacitor is required to serve as an energy reservoir
for the current which must flow into the coil each time the
switch turns ON. The input capacitor will also help keep the
noise low from the power supply. This capacitor must have
extremely low ESR, so ceramic capacitors are recommended. A nominal value of 10μF is recommended for this application.
MAXIMUM CURRENT
The boost converter of the LM48512 has two maximum current limits to prevent damage to the device and also battery
shutdown when the current gets too high. First is the control
of the start-up current, where the boost converter internally
limits it to 600mA (ILIMIT(SU)). The second limit is on the inductor current, where it is typically internally limited to 2.25A.
ENHANCED EMISSIONS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (E2S)
The LM48512 features National’s patent-pending E2S system
that reduces EMI, while maintaining high quality audio reproduction and efficiency. The E2S system features advanced
edge rate control (ERC), greatly reducing the high frequency
components of the output square waves by controlling the
output rise and fall times, slowing the transitions to reduce RF
emissions, while maximizing THD+N and efficiency performance. The overall result of the E2S system is a filterless
Class D amplifier that passes FCC Class B radiated emissions standards with 20in of twisted pair cable, with excellent
0.03% THD+N and high 82% efficiency.
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL AND AUTOMATIC LEVEL
CONTROL
The LM48512 features either Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
or Automatic Level Control (ALC) by configuring the RTRIP pin
B3. The settings are shown in Table 2.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION
As logic supplies continue to shrink, system designers are increasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to
preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted supply level. The
LM48512 features a fully differential speaker amplifier. A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the two
input signals. Traditional audio power amplifiers have typically offered only single-ended inputs resulting in a 6dB reduction of SNR relative to differential inputs. The LM48512 also
offers the possibility of DC input coupling which eliminates the
input coupling capacitors. A major benefit of the fully differential amplifier is the improved common mode rejection ratio
(CMRR) over single ended input amplifiers. The increased
CMRR of the differential amplifier reduces sensitivity to
ground offset related noise injection, especially important in
noisy systems.
When evaluating the LM48512, use BAL-GND inputs and
provide clean grounding to ensure proper operation.
Automatic Gain Control Operation
The AGC circuitry is designed to limit the output swing to the
load for speaker protection and to prolong battery life. When
RTRIP is connected to a resistor, AGC activates by detecting
the VDD level in combination with the input level. The user can
set the VDD level (VDD(TRIP)) at which AGC trips by connecting
different resistor values (RTRIP) to ground, refer to Table 3.
TABLE 2. Automatic Gain/Level Control Table
RTRIP
Operation
VDD
Disable AGC and ALC
Resistor
AGC
GND
ALC
TABLE 3. AGC Table
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER
The LM48512 uses an internal synchronous series switch in
place of an external Schottcky diode, which reduces the number of external components required for its application. Efficiency is also increased since the power dissipation of the
switch is less than the power dissipation of a diode.
RTRIP (kΩ)
VDD(TRIP) (V)
20.0
3.7
24.8
3.6
27.5
3.55
30.3
3.5
36.3
3.4
42.8
3.3
49.7
3.2
57.1
3.1
64.9
3.0
73.2
2.9
82.0
2.8
Once VDD drops below the VDD(TRIP) voltage set by RTRIP, AGC
operation begins. While AGC is in operation, VDD sets the
output swing as shown in Figure 2.
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LM48512
30121702
FIGURE 2. AGC Output Swing vs Supply Voltage Graph
If output swing of the amplifier exceeds the limit determined
by VDD, gain of the amplifier will be adjusted accordingly.
See Figure 3 for the following:
Attack: AGC attack occurs at increments of -1dB steps every 20μs until the output is below the output swing limit or
when it reaches the maximum gain compression of -6dB.
Release: AGC releases at increments of 0.5dB steps per
every 800ms if the output does not reach the output swing
limit.
Adjusting: While the part is in compression mode, the first
attack following a release is at increments of 0.5dB steps, this
is also referred to as Adjusting.
30121759
FIGURE 3. AGC Operation
output limit swing of the amplifier will be limited to 90% of
PVOUT, with the same Attack, Release, and Adjusting characteristics as the AGC.
Automatic Level Control
The ALC circuitry is similar to AGC in that it also limits the
output swing of the amplifier, but the difference is that ALC is
always activated once the RTRIP pin is connected to GND. The
9
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LM48512
tors as close to the device as possible. A 10μF and a 1μF
bypass capacitors are recommended to increase supply stability.
POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY
The major benefit of a Class D amplifier is increased efficiency
versus a Class AB. The efficiency of the LM48512 is attributed
to the region of operation of the transistors in the output stage.
The Class D output stage acts as current steering switches,
consuming negligible amounts of power compared to their
Class AB counterparts. Most of the power loss associated
with the output stage is due to the IR loss of the MOSFET onresistance, along with switching losses due to gate charge.
AUDIO AMPLIFIER INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION
Input capacitors may be required for some applications, or
when the audio source is single-ended. Input capacitors block
the DC component of the audio signal, eliminating any conflict
between the DC component of the audio source and the bias
voltage of the LM48512. The input capacitors create a highpass filter with the input resistors RIN. The -3dB point of the
high pass filter is found using Equation 1 below.
SHUTDOWN FUNCTION
The LM48512 features a low current shutdown mode. Set
SDREG = SDAMP = GND to disable the amplifier and reduce
supply current to 0.04μA.
Switch SDREG and SDAMP between GND and VDD for minimum current consumption is shutdown. The LM48512 may
be disabled with shutdown voltages in between GND and
VDD, the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.1μA value. Increased THD+N may also be observed when a voltage
of less than VDD is applied to SDREG and SDAMP.
f = 1 / 2πRINCIN
Where RIN is the value of the input resistor given in the Electrical Characteristics table.
The input capacitors can also be used to remove low frequency content from the audio signal. Small speakers cannot
reproduce, and may even be damaged by low frequencies.
High pass filtering the audio signal helps protect the speakers.
When the LM48512 is using a single-ended source, power
supply noise on the ground is seen as an input signal. Setting
the high-pass filter point above the power supply noise frequencies (for example, 217Hz in a GSM phone), filters out the
noise such that it is not amplified and heard on the output.
Capacitors with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommended for impedance matching and improved CMRR and PSRR.
PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS
Inductor Selection
The LM48512 is designed to use a 2.2μH inductor. When the
boost converter is boosting, the inductor will typically be the
biggest area of efficiency loss in the boost converter circuitry,
therefore, choosing an inductor with the lowest possible series resistance is important. In addition to the series resistance, the saturation rating of the inductor should also be
greater than the maximum operating peak current.
AUDIO AMPLIFIER GAIN
The LM48512 features three logic configured gain settings.
The device gain is selected through the GAIN input. The gain
settings are as shown in Table 4.
Boost Output Capacitor Selection
The boost converter in the LM48512 is designed to operate
with a 22μF ceramic output capacitor. When the boost converter is running, the output capacitor supplies the load current during the boost converter on-time. When the NMOS
switch turns off, the inductor energy is discharged through the
internal PMOS switch, supplying power to the load and restoring charge to the output capacitor. This causes a sag in the
output voltage (PVOUT) during the on-time and a rise in the
output voltage during the off-time. The output capacitor is
chosen to limit this output ripple and to ensure the converter
remains stable.
TABLE 4. Gain Settings
AUDIO AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING/
FILTERING
Proper power supply bypassing is critical for low noise performance and high PSRR. Place the supply bypass capaci-
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(1)
10
GAIN pin input
AV
GND (<0.7V)
6dB
Float (0.7V–1.0V)
15.5dB
VDD (>1.0V)
20dB
30121770
FIGURE 4. Single-Ended Input Configuration
PCB LAYOUT GUIDELINES
As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB
traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power supply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss due to the traces
between the LM48512 and the load results in lower output
power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance between the supply and the LM48512 has the same effect as a
poorly regulated supply, increasing ripple on the supply line,
and reducing peak output power. The effects of residual trace
resistance increases as output current increases due to higher output power, decreased load impedance or both. To maintain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding peak
output power, the PCB traces that connect the output pins to
the load and the supply pins to the power supply should be
as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance.
The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD
+N performance. In addition to reducing trace resistance, the
use of power planes creates parasitic capacitors that help to
filter the power supply line.
The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in
overshoot on one of both edges, clamped by the parasitic
diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI standpoint, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or
conduct to other components in the system and cause interference. In is essential to keep the power and output traces
short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes
beads and micros-strip layout techniques are all useful in preventing unwanted interference.
As the distance from the LM48512 and the speaker increases,
the amount of EMI radiation increases due to the output wires
or traces acting as antennas become more efficient with
length. Ferrite chip inductors places close to the LM48512
outputs may be needed to reduce EMI radiation.
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LM48512
One thing to note is that the Differential AC Input specification
of 5.6VP-P (max) will be 2.8VP-P in the Single-Ended application. Figure 4 shows the typical single-ended applications
circuit.
SINGLE-ENDED AUDIO AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION
The LM48512 is compatible with single-ended sources. When
configured for single-ended inputs, input capacitors must be
used to block and DC component at the input of the device.
*RLIMIT on demoboard is equilvalent to RTRIP resistor in datasheet.
FIGURE 8. LM48512 Demo Board Schematic
30121761
LM48512
LM48512 Demo Board Schematic
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LM48512
Demo Boards
30121766
30121767
FIGURE 9. Top Silkscreen
FIGURE 10. Top Layer
30121763
30121764
FIGURE 11. Layer 2 (GND)
FIGURE 12. Layer 3 (VDD )
30121762
30121765
FIGURE 13. Bottom Layer
FIGURE 14. Bottom Silkscreen
13
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LM48512
Revision History
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Rev
Date
1.0
04/09/12
Description
Initial WEB released.
14
LM48512
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
micro SMD
Order Number LM48512TL
NS Package Number TLA16QSA
X1 = 2.098mm, X2 = 2.098mm, X3 = 0.6mm
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LM48512 PowerWise® Boosted, Ultra Low-EMI, Mono, E2S Class D Audio Power Amplifier
Notes
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