TAOS CC2431DK System-on-chip for 2.4 ghz zigbee/ ieee 802.15.4 with location engine Datasheet

CC2431
System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee®/ IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine
Applications
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ZigBee® systems
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 systems
Home/building automation
Industrial Control and Monitoring
Low power wireless sensor networks
Access Control
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PC peripherals
Set-top boxes and remote controls
Consumer Electronics
Container/Vehicle Tracking
Active RFID
Inventory Control
Product Description
The CC2431 is a true System-On-Chip (SOC)
for wireless sensor networking ZigBee®/IEEE
802.15.4 solutions. The chip includes a
location detection hardware module that can
be used in so-called blind nodes (i.e. nodes
with unknown location) to receive signals from
nodes with known location’s. Based on this the
location engine calculates an estimate of a
blind node’s position. The CC2431 enables
ZigBee® nodes to be built with very low total
bill-of-material costs. The CC2431 combines the
excellent performance of the leading CC2420
RF transceiver with an industry-standard
enhanced 8051 MCU, 128 KB flash memory, 8
KB RAM and many other powerful features.
Combined with the industry leading ZigBee®
protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from Texas
Instruments, the CC2431 provides the market’s
most competitive ZigBee® solution.
The CC2431 is highly suited for systems where
ultra low power consumption is required. This
is achieved by various operating modes. Short
transition times between these modes further
ensure low power consumption.
Key Features
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Location Engine calculates the location of a
node in a network
High performance and low power 8051
microcontroller core.
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF
transceiver (industry leading CC2420 radio
core).
®
protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from
ZigBee
Texas Instruments includes support for CC2431
‘s location engine.
Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to
interferers
128 KB in-system programmable flash
8 KB RAM, 4 KB with data retention in all
power modes
Powerful DMA functionality
Very few external components
Only a single crystal needed for mesh network
systems
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Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27
mA, microcontroller running at 32 MHz)
Only 0.5µA current consumption in powerdown mode, where external interrupts or the
RTC can wake up the system
0.3 µA current consumption in power-down
mode, where external interrupts can wake up
the system
Very fast transition times from low-power
modes to active mode enables ultra low
average power consumption in low duty-cycle
systems
CSMA/CA hardware support
Wide supply voltage range (2.0 V – 3.6 V)
Digital RSSI/ LQI support
Battery monitor and temperature sensor
ADC with up to eight inputs and configurable
resolution
128-bit AES security coprocessor
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 1 of 15
CC2431
Key Features (continued)
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Two powerful USARTs with support for
several serial protocols.
Hardware debug support
Watchdog timer
One IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Timer, one general
16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers
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RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP48 package
21 general I/O pins, two with 20 mA
sink/source capability
Powerful and flexible development tools
available
Note:
The CC2431 and the CC2430 are pin compatible, and the MCU and RF parts of the
CC2430-F128 are identical to the CC2431 except the Location Engine. This data sheet
complements the CC2430 data sheet with a description of the Location Engine. For
complete information about the CC2431, please refer to the CC2430 data sheet in
addition to this data sheet. The CC2430 data sheet can be found here:
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2430.pdf
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 2 of 15
CC2431
Table Of Contents
1
REGISTER CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................. 4
2
2.1
2.2
3
LOCATION ENGINE .............................................................................................................................. 5
LOCATION ENGINE OPERATION ................................................................................................................... 5
LOCATION ENGINE REGISTER .................................................................................................................... 10
ORDERING INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. 12
4
4.1
5
GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 13
DOCUMENT HISTORY ................................................................................................................................. 13
ADDRESS INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 14
6
TI WORLDWIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT ...................................................................................... 14
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 3 of 15
CC2431
1
Register conventions
Each RF register is described in a separate table. The table heading is given in the following format:
REGISTER NAME (XDATA Address)
In the register descriptions, each register bit is shown with a symbol indicating the access mode of the
register bit. The register values are always given in binary notation unless prefixed by ‘0x’ which
indicates hexadecimal notation.
Table 1: Register bit conventions
Symbol
Access Mode
R/W
Read/write
R
Read only
R0
Read as 0
R1
Read as 1
W
Write only
W0
Write as 0
W1
Write as 1
H0
Hardware clear
H1
Hardware set
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 4 of 15
CC2431
2
Location Engine
The Location Engine is used to estimate the
position of nodes in an ad-hoc wireless
network. Reference nodes exist with known
coordinates, typically because they are part of
an installed infrastructure. Other nodes are
blind nodes, whose coordinates need to be
estimated. These blind nodes are often mobile
and attached to assets that need to be
tracked.
The Location Engine implements a distributed
computation algorithm that uses received
signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from
known reference nodes. Performing location
calculations at the node level reduces network
traffic and communication delays otherwise
present in a centralized computation
approach.
The Location Engine has the following main
features:
•
•
•
•
•
3 to 16 reference nodes can be used for
the location estimation algorithm
Location estimate with readout resolution
of 0.25 meters (note: The accuracy of the
location estimate will depend on several
factors described below).
Time to estimate node location is 50 µs to
13 ms
Location range 64 x 64 meters
Runs location estimation with minimum
CPU usage
To achieve the best possible accuracy one
should use antennas that have near-isotropic
radiation characteristics. The location error
depends on signal environment, deployment
pattern of reference nodes and the density of
reference nodes in a given area. In general,
having more reference nodes available
improves the accuracy of the location
estimation.
2.1 Location Engine Operation
This section describes the basic steps
required to obtain location estimates from the
Location Engine.
The Location Engine requires a set of three to
16 reference coordinates to be input together
with a set of measured parameters. The output
from the Location Engine consists of a pair of
estimated location coordinates.
Engine
is not
in use, writing a 0 to
will
reduce
the
power
consumption of the CC2431 by gating off the
Engine’s clock signal.
LOCENG.EN
Figure 1 shows the basic operation of the
Location Engine.
Before any input data is written, the Location
Engine must be enabled by writing a 1 to the
enable bit, LOCENG.EN. When the Location
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 5 of 15
CC2431
Figure 1: Location Engine Operation
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 6 of 15
CC2431
2.1.1
Reference Coordinates
The Location Engine requires a set of between
three and 16 reference coordinates [x0, y0, x1,
y1, …, x15, y15] to be input. The reference
coordinates express each reference nodes
position in meters, as unsigned values in the
interval [0, 63.75] meters. The finest possible
readout resolution is 0.25 meter. The format
used is fixed-point data with the two LSBs
representing the fractional part and the
remaining six bits representing the integer
part, thus e.g. 63.75 is represented as 0xFF.
reference coordinates are being written. Once
the coordinate load process commences
(LOCENG.REFLD =1), 16 coordinate pairs
must always be written. However, it is possible
for the Location Engine to use less than 16
reference coordinates, by marking certain
reference coordinates as unused. Zeros shall
be used to fill the unused reference coordinate
slots, and they will be interpreted as unused
when 0.0 is loaded as the RSSI value for
those reference coordinates.
Reference coordinates are loaded into the RF
register REFCOORD. Before writing to
REFCOORD, a 1 must be written to the register
bit LOCENG.REFLD to indicate that a set of
The reference coordinates are written in the
order [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to the
register REFCOORD. After all coordinates have
been written, a 0 is written to the register bit
LOCENG.REFLD.
2.1.2
Measured Parameters
After the reference coordinates have been
written, a set of measured parameters must be
input to the Location Engine. These
parameters consist of two radio parameters:
Four search boundary coordinates and 16
RSSI values. The radio parameters are the
values A and n. These radio parameters are
used in the Engine’s algorithm used to find the
estimated location. The parameters A and n
can be adjusted to describe the propagation
environment in which a network of devices will
operate.
2.1.2.1 Parameter Definitions
The measured parameters are described in
this section together with how these should be
estimated.
2.1.2.1.1
Parameter A
The radio parameter A is defined as the
absolute value of the average power in dBm
received at a close-in reference distance of
one meter from the transmitter, assuming an
omni-directional radiation pattern.
For
example, if the mean received power at one
meter is -40 dBm, the parameter A is specified
as 40.
2.1.2.1.2
The Engine expects the parameter A to be in
the range [30.0, 50.0] with precision 0.5. The
parameter A is given as an unsigned fixedpoint value where the LSB bit is the fractional
bit and the remaining bits are the integer part.
A typical value for A is 40.0.
Parameter n
The radio parameter n is defined as the path
loss exponent that describes the rate at which
the signal power decays with increasing
distance from the transmitter. This decay is
proportional to d-n where d is the distance
between transmitter and receiver.
As an example, in the case when the value
n=2.98 is found from measurements, the
closest available value of n in the lookup table
is 3.00, corresponding to index 13. Therefore,
the integer value 13 is used for the parameter
n written to the Location Engine.
The actual parameter n value written to the
Location Engine is an integer index value
selected from a lookup table shown in Table 2.
Refer to section 2.1.2.1.3 in order to find the
value for n to be used.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 7 of 15
CC2431
Table 2: n parameter lookup table
n index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
n
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
1.875
2.000
2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625
2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250
The parameter n is written to the Location
Engine as an integer index in the range [0, 31]
as the index is given as an integer value with
no fractional bits, e.g. the value n = 7 is loaded
n index
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
n
3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875
4.000
4.125
4.250
4.375
4.500
4.625
5.000
5.500
6.000
7.000
8.000
as 00000111. The typical value for n depends
on the environment.
2.1.2.1.3 Parameter Estimation
The parameters A and n can be estimated
empirically by collecting RSSI data (and
therefore path loss data) for which the
distances between the transmitting and
receiving devices are known. Figure 2 is a
scatter plot of abs(RSSI) data versus log
distance in meters. A least-squares best-fit line
is used to glean the specific values of A and n
for the environment in which the data were
measured:
•
•
A is the y-intercept of the line, and
n is the slope of the line
The data in Figure 2 give A=42.4 and n=2.98
for that environment. Note that the plot in this
example does not show the actual y-intercept
i.e. the point on the line where x=0.
The value of A loaded into the engine in this
case would by 42.5. The value of n loaded into
the engine, is seen to be 13 from Table 2.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 8 of 15
CC2431
Path Loss vs. log-distance for source 0x85, Z=2.1082. A=42.4103, n=2.9773
95
90
85
Path Loss (dB)
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
2
4
6
8
10*log10(distance)
10
12
14
Figure 2: Path loss vs. log distance
2.1.2.1.4 Search Boundary Coordinates
It is possible to reduce error and estimation
time by setting search boundaries for the
estimated location X and Y coordinates. The
maximum area that can be considered is with
X and Y in the interval [0.0, 63.75] meters.
where:
xdelta = xmax - xmin
ydelta = ymax - ymin
Assume that the Location Engine search is to
be limited to include only the rectangular area
bounded by the coordinates [xmin, ymin] and
[xmax, ymax].
Note that even when it is chosen to search in
the whole possible search space, these
coordinates must be entered as the
coordinates for the whole space, i.e. the
following values: 0.0, 63.75, 0.0, 63.75.
Four search boundary parameters are entered
in the following order:
If some input parameters are omitted the
Location Engine will not estimate correctly.
xmin, xdelta , ymin, ydelta
2.1.2.1.5 RSSI Values
The RSSI values are the RSSI measurements
corresponding to the set of reference
coordinates. The RSSI values are within the
interval [-40 dBm, -95 dBm] with precision 0.5
dBm. The negative sign is removed in the
value written. As an example, in the case
where the value RSSI = -50.35 dB, this would
be written into the location engine as 50.5.
Note that a value of 0.0 must be written as
RSSI value for unused reference coordinates,
if less than 16 reference nodes are used. The
engine will not function correctly if only some
of the parameters are loaded.
2.1.2.2 Loading Parameters
All measured parameters described in the
previous sections are loaded into the RF
register MEASPARM. Before writing to
MEASPARM, a 1 must be written to the register
bit LOCENG.PARLD to indicate that a set of
measured parameters are being written. Once
the parameter load process commences
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 9 of 15
CC2431
(LOCENG.PARLD =1), all 22 parameters must
be written.
The measured parameters must be written in
the order [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1,
…, rssi15] to the MEASPARM register. Once
the parameter load process commences
2.1.3
(LOCENG.PARLD =1) it must be completed
with all 22 parameters. Included in these are
the 16 RSSI values which must be all written,
so any unused slots must be written as zeros.
After all 22 parameters have been written, a 0
must be written to the register bit
LOCENG.PARLD.
Location Estimation
The estimated location coordinates are given
in meters in the interval [0.0, 63.75] with
resolution 0.25 m. The data format uses the
LSB bit as the fractional part.
reading the LOCX register, to obtain the actual
X value as follows:
When reference coordinates and measured
parameters have been loaded, the location
estimate is calculated by writing 1 to the
LOCENG.RUN register bit. The estimated
coordinates can be read from the LOCX and
LOCY registers when LOCENG.DONE is set to
1. The time until estimated coordinates can be
read varies with the search boundary
parameters, from 50 µs to 13 ms (with 32
MHz system clock) after LOCENG.RUN was
set to 1. The Location Engine does not
produce any interrupt requests.
Where XLOCX is the value read from register
LOCX, and xmin and xdelta are the boundary
parameters used as inputs to limit the search
as described in section 2.1.2.1.4. Notice that
the Y coordinate read LOCY from can be used
directly.
X = (XLOCX - xmin +1) % ( xdelta+ 1) + xmin
The estimated coordinates remain valid in the
LOCX and LOCY registers until new results
have been calculated or until a reset.
Note that LOCENG.EN must be 1 during
operation of the Location Engine.
The value of the X coordinate estimate given
by LOCX includes an offset value which must
be removed to obtain the actual X coordinate.
The offset removal must be performed after
2.2 Location Engine Register
This section describes the RF registers
associated with the Location Engine. These
registers are:
•
LOCENG
-
Location Engine control
-
Reference coordinates
-
Measured parameters
-
Location estimate X
-
Location estimate Y
and status
•
REFCOORD
input
•
MEASPARM
The RF registers reside in XDATA memory
space. Table 3 gives an overview of register
addresses while the remaining tables in this
section describe each register in detail. Refer
also to section 1 for Register conventions.
For the remaining RF registers refer to the
CC2430 Data Sheet.
input
•
LOCX
coordinate
•
LOCY
coordinate
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 10 of 15
CC2431
Table 3 : Overview of Location Engine RF registers
XDATA Address
Register name
Description
0xDF55
REFCOORD
Reference coordinates input
0xDF56
MEASPARM
Measured parameters input
0xDF57
LOCENG
Location Engine control and status
0xDF58
LOCX
Location estimate X coordinate
0xDF59
LOCY
Location estimate Y coordinate
0xDF60
CHVER
Chip Version
0xDF61
CHIPID
Chip Identification
REFCOORD (0xDF55)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
REFCOORD
0
R/W
Location Engine reference coordinate [x0, y0, x1, y1, …
x15, y15]
MEASPARM (0xDF56)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
MEASPARM
0
R/W
Location Engine measured parameters of channel and
reference nodes
[A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi15]
LOCENG (0xDF57)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:5
-
00
R0
Reserved, read as 0.
4
EN
0
R/W
Enable location engine
0
Disable location engine
1
Enable location engine
3
DONE
0
R
Estimation completed. After 1 has been written to RUN, this
bit is cleared and then set to 1 when the estimated data is
ready.
2
PARLD
0
R/W
Load parameters. This bit shall be written as 1 before the
set of parameters are written to MEASPARM. Write 0 to this
bit after the last parameter has been written.
1
REFLD
0
R/W
Load reference coordinates. This bit shall be written as 1
before the set of coordinates are written to REFCOORD.
Write 0 to this bit after the last coordinate has been written.
0
RUN
0
R0W1
Location estimate start. This bit shall be written as 1 when
desired coordinates and parameters have been written to
REFCOORD and MEASPARM registers. Estimation
process starts when 1 is written to this bit. Always read as
0.
LOCX (0xDF58)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
LOCX
00h
R
Location estimate X coordinate with offset.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 11 of 15
CC2431
LOCY (0xDF59)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
LOCY
00h
R
Location estimate Y coordinate.
CHVER (0xDF60)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
VERSION[7:0]
0x03
R
Chip revision number. The current die revision is as follows:
0x04 : Die revision E
The current number in VERSION[7:0] may not be
consistent with past or future die revisions of this product
CHIPID (0xDF61)
Bit
Name
Reset
R/W
Description
7:0
CHIPID[7:0]
0x89
R
Chip identification number. Always read as 0x89.
3
Ordering Information
Table 4: Ordering Information
Ordering part
number
Description
MOQ
CC2431RTC
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with
260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash
memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.
260
CC2431RTCR
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with
2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash
memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.
2500
CC2431ZRTC
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260
pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory,
System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s
ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product
260
CC2431ZRTCR
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with
2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash
memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for
using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product
2500
CC2431DK
CC2431 Development Kit
1
CC2431ZDK
CC2431 ZigBee® Development Kit
1
CC2431EMK
CC2431 Evaluation Module Kit
1
MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity
T&R = tape and reel
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 12 of 15
CC2431
4
General Information
4.1
Document History
Table 5: Document History
Revision
Date
Description/Changes
2.01
2007-05-30
First data sheet for released product.
Preliminary data sheets exist for engineering samples and pre-production
prototype devices, but these data sheets are not complete and may be incorrect in some
aspects compared with the released product.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 13 of 15
CC2431
5
Address Information
Texas Instruments Norway AS
Gaustadalléen 21
N-0349 Oslo
NORWAY
Tel: +47 22 95 85 44
Fax: +47 22 95 85 46
Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw
6
TI Worldwide Technical Support
Internet
TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page:
TI Semiconductor KnowledgeBase Home Page:
support.ti.com
support.ti.com/sc/knowledgebase
Product Information Centers
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Phone:
Fax:
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International
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+81-3-3344-5317
0120-81-0036
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www.tij.co.jp/pic
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 14 of 15
CC2431
Asia
Phone
Fax
Email
Internet
International
Domestic
Australia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Korea
Malaysia
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1-800-999-084
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+91-80-51381665 (Toll)
001-803-8861-1006
080-551-2804
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0800-446-934
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0800-006800
001-800-886-0010
+886-2-2378-6808
[email protected] or [email protected]
support.ti.com/sc/pic/asia.htm
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Page 15 of 15
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representatives against any damages arising out of the use of TI products in such safety-critical applications.
TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in military/aerospace applications or environments unless the TI products are
specifically designated by TI as military-grade or "enhanced plastic." Only products designated by TI as military-grade meet military
specifications. Buyers acknowledge and agree that any such use of TI products which TI has not designated as military-grade is
solely at the Buyer's risk, and that they are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in
connection with such use.
TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific TI products
are designated by TI as compliant with ISO/TS 16949 requirements. Buyers acknowledge and agree that, if they use any
non-designated products in automotive applications, TI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements.
Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application solutions:
Products
Applications
Amplifiers
amplifier.ti.com
Audio
www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters
dataconverter.ti.com
Automotive
www.ti.com/automotive
DSP
dsp.ti.com
Broadband
www.ti.com/broadband
Interface
interface.ti.com
Digital Control
www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Logic
logic.ti.com
Military
www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt
power.ti.com
Optical Networking
www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers
microcontroller.ti.com
Security
www.ti.com/security
RFID
www.ti-rfid.com
Telephony
www.ti.com/telephony
Low Power
Wireless
www.ti.com/lpw
Video & Imaging
www.ti.com/video
Wireless
www.ti.com/wireless
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright © 2007, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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