Power EP11 Engineering prototype report - 70 w (19 v 3.66a) universal input adapter (ep11) Datasheet

Title
Engineering Prototype Report 70 W (19 V 3.66A) Universal Input
Adapter (EP11)
Target
Applications
Laptop Adapters, LCD Monitors,
Audio, High Power Adapters
Author
Power Integrations Applications Dept.
Doc Num
EPR-00011
Date
22-January-2001
Revision
1.4
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very compact design: (4.1” × 2.25” × 1.06”)
High power density - 7 W / inch³
Full output power (70 W) in sealed enclosure at 40°C ambient
High efficiency: 84% (85 VAC), 89% (230 VAC)
Low no-load consumption: 350 mW (115 VAC), 500 mW (230 VAC)
Low value input capacitor: 74% DCMAX and line feed forward allows 2 µF/W
Power limited during overload: overload output current less than 5 A at 19 V
Primary side soft-start: minimizes component stresses during start-up
Low EMI due to frequency jittering: meets CISPR22B with output cap. earthed
Line under voltage sense: no output glitches on power up or power down
Line over voltage shutdown: extended line surge protection
Hysteretic thermal shutdown: supply automatically recovers when fault is removed
Low component count: simple circuit and design
Single sided PC board: no plated through holes
No surface mount components required
Power Integrations Inc
5245 Hellyer Avenue, San Jose, CA 95138 USA.
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
Table of Contents
1
2
3
Introduction..................................................................................................................4
Power Supply Specification .........................................................................................6
Schematic ....................................................................................................................7
3.1 Description ...............................................................................................................7
4 PCB Layout................................................................................................................10
5 Bill of Materials ..........................................................................................................11
6 Transformer Documentation ......................................................................................12
6.1 Transformer Sources .............................................................................................14
7 Transformer Spreadsheet..........................................................................................15
8 Performance Data......................................................................................................17
8.1 Efficiency................................................................................................................17
8.2 No-load input power...............................................................................................18
8.3 Regulation / Power Limiting ...................................................................................18
9 Thermal Performance ................................................................................................20
10 Waveform Scope Plots ..............................................................................................24
10.1 Drain Voltage and Current During Normal Operation.........................................24
10.2 Output Voltage During Power-up........................................................................25
10.3 Output Voltage During Power-down ...................................................................26
10.4 Drain Voltage and Current during Power-Up (265 VAC)......................................26
10.5 DRAIN Current During Power-Up and Power-Down...........................................27
10.6 Load Transient response (15 to 100% load change) .........................................28
10.6.1 15 to 100% load change, 85 VAC .....................................................................28
10.7 Load Transient response (0 to 50% load change) .............................................29
10.7.1 0 to 50% load change, 85 VAC .........................................................................29
10.7.2 0 to 50% load change, 130 VAC .......................................................................29
10.7.3 0 to 50% load change, 130 VAC .......................................................................30
10.8 Ripple Measurements.........................................................................................30
10.8.1 DC Ripple Measurement Technique...............................................................30
10.8.2 Ripple Measurement Results..........................................................................31
11 Control Loop Characteristics .....................................................................................32
11.1 Gain Phase Results............................................................................................33
12 Conducted EMI Scans ...............................................................................................36
Important Note:
Although the EP11 is designed to satisfy safety isolation
requirements, the engineering prototype has not been agency
approved. Therefore all testing should be performed using an
isolation transformer to provide the AC input to the prototype
board
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 2 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
13 Appendix A - Thermal considerations: ...................................................................... 37
13.1 Efficiency: .......................................................................................................... 38
13.2 Heat Sinking: ..................................................................................................... 38
13.3 Heat Spreading and Enclosure Surface Temperature: ...................................... 39
13.4 Component Temperature: .................................................................................. 39
13.5 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................ 40
14 Appendix B - Custom Component Documentation:................................................... 41
14.1 Toroid Filter Inductor (L2): ................................................................................. 41
14.2 Output Inductor (L1)........................................................................................... 42
14.3 Heat sink #1 (TOPSwitch-GX and Input Bridge)................................................ 43
14.4 Heat sink #2 (Output Diodes) ............................................................................ 43
15 Revision History ........................................................................................................ 44
Page 3 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
1 Introduction
This document is an engineering report that describes a universal input power supply
that utilises a TOP249Y. This supply is an off-line flyback converter that operates in
continuous mode. Below is a list of notable features:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very compact design: (4.1”×2.25”×1.06” internal box dimensions)
High power density - 7 W / inch³
Full output power in sealed enclosure at 40°C ambient
High efficiency: 84% (85 VAC), 89% (230 VAC)
Low no-load consumption: 350mW (115 VAC), 500 mW (230 VAC)
Low value input capacitor: extended maximum duty cycle allows 2µF/W
Power limited during overload: overload output current < 5 A at 19 V
Primary side soft-start: minimizes component stresses during start-up
Low EMI due to frequency jittering: meets CISPR22 B / EN55022 B with
output earthed
Line under voltage sense: no output glitches on power up or power down
Line over voltage shutdown: extended line surge protection
Hysteretic thermal shutdown: supply automatically recovers when fault is
removed
Low component count: simple circuit and design
Single sided PC board: no plated through holes
No surface mount components required
This board demonstrates the basic performance features and the increased power
capability of the new TOPSwitch-GX family. It was designed to allow testing within the
enclosure of a commercial laptop power adapter. This enclosure was used for the
thermal testing in section 9.
This document contains the power supply specification, schematic, bill of materials and
transformer documentation. Typical operating characteristics are presented at the rear of
the report and consist of performance curves and scope waveforms
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 4 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
Figure 1 - EP11 Inside Commercial Laptop Enclosure
(4.25 x 2.5 x 1.2" / 108 x 64 x 30mm – external diemonsions)
Height=1.06” / 26.9 mm
2.25” / 57mm
4.1” / 104.1mm
Figure 2 - EP11 Populated Circuit Board (dimensions include heat spreader not shown)
Page 5 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
2 Power Supply Specification
Description
Symbol
Input
Input Voltage
VIN
Input Frequency
f
No-load Input Power (115 VAC)
No-load Input Power (230 VAC)
Output
Output Voltage
VOUT
Output Ripple Voltage
VRIPPLE
Output Current
IOUT
Continuous Output Power
POUT
Min
Typ
Max
Units
85
47
115/230
50/60
370
520
265
64
VAC
Hz
mW
mW
19.2
19.7
120
3.66
70
VDC
mVp-p
ADC
W
At output terminals
+2
%
0 – 100% load,
85 – 265 VAC
%
At full load
18.7
Total Regulation ‡
Efficiency (85 VAC)
Efficiency (230 VAC)
Environmental
Conducted EMI
Safety
External Ambient Temperature
†
‡
η
T AMB
0
0
-2
84
89
0
25
40
†
o
C
Comment
See fig 7
See fig 7
20 MHz BW
Meets CISPR22 B
Designed to meet IEC950
In enclosure with natural
convection (see section 9)
Output voltage tolerance may be improved through choice of feedback components.
Nominal output voltage for purposes of determining regulation limits is measured at 115 VAC input and 3.66 A output current.
Table 1 - Power supply specification
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 6 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
3 Schematic
Figure 3 - 70W TOP249Y Power Supply Schematic
3.1 Description
The EP11 is a low-cost flyback switching power supply using the TOP249Y integrated
circuit from the TOPSwitch-GX family. The circuit shown in Figure 3 details a 19 V,
70 W supply that operates from an input range of 85 to 265 VAC, suitable for applications
requiring either an open frame supply or an enclosed adapter.
AC power is rectified and filtered by BR1 and C7 to create the high voltage DC bus
applied to the primary winding of transformer (T1). Only a 150µF capacitor is required
(2.1 µF/W) due to the wider DCMAX of TOPSwitch-GX and the line feed forward function
provided by the LINE SENSE Pin. The other side of the primary is driven by the
integrated high-voltage MOSFET within the TOP249Y. Diodes, D4 and D2 clamp the
DRAIN voltage spike caused by transformer leakage inductance to a safe value below
the 700 V maximum. Capacitor C6 is added in parallel with D2 to reduce zener clamp
dissipation.
The TOPSwitch-GX family provides new operating features and extended specifications.
The EP11 power supply is designed using several of these features. Resistors R14 and
R15 connected to the LINE SENSE pin (L) of TOPSwitch-GX (U1) are used to implement
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 7 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
an under-voltage detect (100V), over-voltage shutdown (450V) and line feed forward with
DCMAX reduction features. Two resistors are used in series to allow low cost ¼ W
resistors which have a lower voltage rating.
The under-voltage detect ensures that the output is glitch free at start-up and shutdown.
With the combined value of R14 and R15 as shown, the power supply does not start
operating until the DC rail voltage reaches 100 VDC. On removal of the AC input the UV
sense prevents the output glitching as C7 discharges turning off the TOPSwitch-GX when
output regulation is lost or when the input voltage falls to 40 V, whichever occurs first.
The over-voltage feature shuts down the supply if the rectified input voltage exceeds
approximately 450V. If exceeded this protects the TOPSwitch-GX from excessive drain
voltages providing an extended AC surge withstand to 700 VDC (BVDSS rating), ideal for
countries with poor power quality.
Finally the line feed forward feature reduces output line frequency ripple by modulating
the control loop with the line frequency ripple on the DC rail, ideal when using a relatively
small input capacitor.
Resistors R5, R6, and R12 connect to the EXTERNAL CURRENT LIMIT pin (X) and are
used to externally program the current limit level of the device to just above the operating
peak current at full load and low line. This allows use of a smaller transformer core and /
or higher transformer primary inductance for a given output power. Reducing transformer
size and TOPSwitch-GX power dissipation, while at the same time avoiding transformer
core saturation during start-up or output load transient. This resistor network also
reduces the current limit with increasing line voltage. This limits the maximum available
power during overload conditions at high line (see Figure 10) removing the need for any
protection circuitry on the secondary.
The secondary windings are rectified and filtered by D1, D5, C1, and create the 19 V
output voltage. Two windings are used, with separate dual rectifiers (for equal current
sharing), to lower winding losses and maximise efficiency. Inductor L1 provided
additional filtering in conjunction with C4 and C14.
The 19 V output is directly sensed by the series combination of R4 and R13 that form a
divider with R10. These resistors together with the reference node voltage of U3 set the
output voltage. Other output voltages are also possible by adjusting the transformer turns
ratios and value of R4 and R13. Resistor R2 sets the overall DC gain of the control loop
and R7 provides bias for voltage reference U3. Capacitor C11 is the main compensation
capacitor and together with R11, C9, R8 and C10 ensure stability of the control loop.
The TOPSwitch-GX control circuit allows the switching frequency to reduce at light or
zero load conditions, eliminating the need for a pre-load resistor to control the output
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 8 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
voltage at zero load. By lowering the switching frequency, no-load power consumption is
also greatly reduced.
The bias winding is rectified and filtered by D3, R3 and C8 to create a bias voltage to
power the TOP249Y. A 1µF capacitor is required for C8 to maintain sufficient voltage
during zero to full load transients. Resistor R8 provides leakage inductance filtering to
prevent peak charging. A ceramic capacitor is shown for C8 however for lower cost an
electrolytic type can be used.
Common mode choke L3 and capacitor C12 attenuate common-mode emission currents
caused by high-voltage switching waveforms on the drain side of the primary winding and
the primary to secondary capacitance. Inductor L2 in conjunction with C5, C15 and C16
attenuate differential-mode emission currents caused by the fundamental and harmonics
of the primary current waveform.
Capacitor C16 provides a high frequency bypass of C7 which shortens the loop formed
by these high frequencies passing through the transformer primary and thus reduces
both the differential and common mode conducted noise.
Frequency jitter is employed by the TOPSwitch-GX family to reduce the conducted noise
as measured for both the CISPR and EN standards (see section 12)
Capacitor C17 filters internal MOSFET gate-drive charge current spikes on the
CONTROL pin and together with R11 and C11 determines the auto-restart frequency.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 9 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
4 PCB Layout
Figure 4 - PCB layout (not to scale)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 10 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
5 Bill of Materials
EP11 - 19.2V, 3.66A Universal Input Flyback
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Qty.
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Reference
BR1
C1, C2, C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10, C14, C17
C11
C12
C15
C16
D5, D1
D2
D3
D4
F1
J1
J2
L1
L2
L3
RT1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14, R15
T1
U1
U2
U3
HS1
HS2
Part
Comment
RS805
820uF 25V
0.1uF
X2 Safety 250VAC
0.01uF 400V
150uF 400V
1.0uF 50V
0.0047uF 50V
0.1uF 50V
47uF 16V
.0022uF
Y1 Safety 250VAC
0.33uF 400V
0.02uF 500V
MBR20100
P6KE200A
1N4148
UF4006
3.15A, 250V
Molex Header
Molex Header
200uH
(custom –see appendix)
75uH
(custom –see appendix)
CM Choke
820uH 2.0A
10 Ohm 1.7A
In-rush limiter (Keystone CL 120)
270 1/8W
4.7 1/8W
31.6K 1/8W 1%
7.5M 1/4W
5.6M 1/4W
1.0K 1/8W
56K 1/8W
4.75K 1/8W 1%
6.8 1/8W
20.5K 1/8W
562 1/8W 1%
1M 1/4W
PQ26/20 Core Transformer - revision F (custom – see appendix)
TOP249Y
PC817A
TL431CLP
Copper Heat Sink EP11-HS1D
Copper Heat Sink EP11-HS2D
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 11 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
6 Transformer Documentation
Transformer, T1 (rev. F)
CORE CONTACT
12
SHIELD
WDG #2
1 TURN OF FOIL
3T# 26AWG x 3 T.I.
1
9
WDG #3
9T # 26AWG x 2
WDG #1
11
3T# 26AWG x 3 T.I.
2
WDG #5
8
9T # 26AWG x 2
3
5
WDG #4
2 TURNS OF FOIL
6
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Electrical strength
Primary Inductance
Resonant Frequency
Primary leakage
inductance
60 Hz 1 minute, from Pins 2-6
to Pins 8-12
Pins 1-3; all windings open.
Measure at 130kHz
Pins 1-3; all windings open.
Pins 1-3; Pins 8,9,11, 12
shorted. Measure at 130kHz.
3000 VAC
273µH +/-10%
1.3 MHz (Min.)
3µH (Max)
MATERIALS:
Item
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Description
Core: FPQ26/20-A, TDK PC40 (or equivalent); gapped for ALG=843nH/T2
Lower loss ferrite can be substituted to obtain lower core temperatures.
Bobbin: TDK BPQ26/20-1112CP (or equivalent)
Magnet Wire: # 26 AWG Solderable Double Coated
Triple Insulated Wire: # 26AWG
Copper foil; 8mm wide Thickness=0.051mm (.002”)
Copper foil tape; 3M 1181 (or equivalent)
11mm wide
Tape: 3M 74 Polyester Film (or equivalent)
12mm wide
Tape: 3M 74 Polyester Film (or equivalent)
9.2mm wide
Varnish
Tape: 3M 1298 Polyester Film (or equivalent) 19.5mm wide
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 12 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
TRANSFORMER DIAGRAM:
Tape [6]
Pin Side
2
1/2 Primary [3]
3
Tape [6]
5
6
Bias [5]
8
11
9
Secondary [4]
11
12
Tape [3]
1
Shield [5]
1
1/2 Primary [3]
2
SHIELD and BIAS Winding PREPARATION:
A
#26 copper wire
(only one required for shield)
Copper Foil
Tape
B
20.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
2.0
65 for Shield and 120 for Bias Winding
Figure 1-A
(Top View before folding tape)
Figure 1-B
(Top View after folding tape)
Copper
Tape
Figure 1-C
(Cross Section)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 13 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
Due to proximity of
secondary components
(R4, R13), wrap one
layer of tape [10] around
core.
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION:
1/2 Primary Winding
Shield Band (*see diagram)
Secondary Winding
Foil Band (*see diagram)
Basic Insulation
1/2 Primary Winding
Basic Insulation
Core
Final Assembly and Core Contact
Apply Tape to outside of Core
Impregnation
Start at pin 2. Wind 9 turns of 2 parallel strands of item [3]
from left to right. Wind a single layer and finish at pin 1.
Prepare cuffed foil [5]. Start at unterminated end of foil and
wind one (1) complete turn of foil around bobbin. Terminate
at pin 1 and cover with tape [8].
Attach Tri-filar item [4] to pin 12. Attach Tri-filar item [4] to
pin 11. Interleaving windings, wind across the bobbin.
From pin 12, wind 3 turns and finish at pin 9. From pin
11,wind 3 turns and finish at pin 8.
Prepare cuffed foil [5]. Start at pin 6 and wind 2 complete
turns of foil around bobbin and terminate at pin 5.
1 layer of tape [8] for insulation.
Start at pin 3. Wind 9 turns of 2 parallel strands of item [3]
from left to right. Wind a single layer and finish at pin 2.
1 layer of tape [8] for insulation.
Affix center gapped core to bobbin.
Wrap core with copper foil tape [6] Attach wire to pin 1 and
to copper tape.
Wrap one layer of tape [10] around core. (see figure above)
Varnish Impregnate using [9]
6.1 Transformer Sources
For information on the vendors used to source the transformer, please visit our website at
the address below and select Engineering Prototype Boards
http://www.powerint.com/componentsuppliers.htm
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 14 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
7 Transformer Spreadsheet
ACDC_TOPGX_Rev0.2_090100
 Power Integrations Inc. 2000
ENTER APPLICATION
VARIABLES
VACMIN
VACMAX
fL
VO
PO
n
Z
VB
tC
CIN
ENTER TOPSWITCH-FX
VARIABLES
TOP-FX
Chosen Device
KI
INPUT
INFO
OUTPUT UNIT
Customer
85
265
50
19.2
70
0.85
0.5
12
3
150
Volts
Volts
Hertz
Volts
Watts
Volts
mSeconds
uFarads
Universal
135W
top249
TOP249 Pout
0.55
ILIMITMIN
ILIMITMAX
Frequency - (F)=130kHz,
(H)=65kHz
2.67 Amps
3.18 Amps
f
132000 Hertz
fSmin
fSmax
VOR
VDS
VD
VDB
120
8
0.7
0.7
124000 Hertz
140000 Hertz
Volts
Volts
Volts
Volts
KP
0.60
ENTER TRANSFORMER
CORE/CONSTRUCTION VARIABLES
PQ26/2
Core Type
0
Core
Bobbin
AE
LE
AL
BW
M
L
NS
Minimum AC Input Voltage
Maximum AC Input Voltage
AC Mains Frequency
Output Voltage
Output Power
Efficiency Estimate
Loss Allocation Factor
Bias Voltage
Bridge Rectifier Conduction Time Estimate
Input Filter Capacitor
115 Doubled/230V
300W
External Ilimit reduction factor (KI=1.0 for default ILIMIT,
KI <1.0 for
lower ILIMIT)
Use 1% resistor in setting external ILIMIT
Use 1% resistor in setting external ILIMIT
Full (F) frequency option - 130kHz
132000
fS
TOP_GX_090100.xls: TOPSwitch-GX
Continuous/Discontinuous, Flyback Transformer
Design Spreadsheet
#N/A
#N/A
1.19
0.463
6170
9.2
1.19
0.463
6170
9.2
0
1.4
3
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
P/N:
P/N:
cm^2
cm
nH/T^2
mm
mm
TOPSwitch-FX Switching Frequency: Choose between
132 kHz and 66 kHz
TOPSwitch-FX Minimum Switching Frequency
TOPSwitch-FX Maximum Switching Frequency
Reflected Output Voltage
TOPSwitch on-state Drain to Source Voltage
Output Winding Diode Forward Voltage Drop
Bias Winding Diode Forward Voltage Drop
Ripple to Peak Current Ratio (0.4 < KRP < 1.0 : 1.0<
KDP<6.0)
#N/A
#N/A
Core Effective Cross Sectional Area
Core Effective Path Length
Ungapped Core Effective Inductance
Bobbin Physical Winding Width
Safety Margin Width (Half the Primary to Secondary
Creepage
Distance)
Number of Primary Layers
Number of Secondary Turns
Page 15 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
DC INPUT VOLTAGE
PARAMETERS
VMIN
VMAX
82 Volts
375 Volts
Minimum DC Input Voltage
Maximum DC Input Voltage
CURRENT WAVEFORM SHAPE
PARAMETERS
DMAX
IAVG
IP
IR
IRMS
0.62
1.00
2.32
1.39
1.31
Maximum Duty Cycle
Average Primary Current
Peak Primary Current
Primary Ripple Current
Primary RMS Current
TRANSFORMER PRIMARY DESIGN
PARAMETERS
LP
NP
NB
ALG
BM
BP
BAC
ur
LG
BWE
OD
INS
DIA
AWG
CM
CMA
273
18
2
834
2934
4140
880
191
0.16
12.88
0.71
0.07
0.64
23
512
Amps
Amps
Amps
Amps
uHenries
nH/T^2
Gauss
Gauss
Gauss
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
AWG
Cmils
Cmils/Am
Primary Winding Current Capacity (200 < CMA < 500)
390
p
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY DESIGN
PARAMETERS (SINGLE OUTPUT / SINGLE
OUTPUT EQUIVALENT)
Lumped parameters
ISP
ISRMS
IO
IRIPPLE
13.96
6.22
3.65
5.05
CMS
1245 Cmils
AWGS
Amps
Amps
Amps
Amps
19 AWG
DIAS
Primary Inductance
Primary Winding Number of Turns
Bias Winding Number of Turns
Gapped Core Effective Inductance
Maximum Flux Density at PO, VMIN (BM<3000)
Peak Flux Density (BP<4200)
AC Flux Density for Core Loss Curves (0.5 X Peak to Peak)
Relative Permeability of Ungapped Core
Gap Length (Lg > 0.1 mm)
Effective Bobbin Width
Maximum Primary Wire Diameter including insulation
Estimated Total Insulation Thickness (= 2 * film thickness)
Bare conductor diameter
Primary Wire Gauge (Rounded to next smaller standard AWG value)
Bare conductor effective area in circular mils
0.91 mm
ODS
3.07 mm
INSS
1.08 mm
Peak Secondary Current
Secondary RMS Current
Power Supply Output Current
Output Capacitor RMS Ripple Current
Secondary Bare Conductor minimum circular mils
Secondary Wire Gauge (Rounded up to next larger standard AWG
value)
Secondary Minimum Bare Conductor Diameter
Secondary Maximum Outside Diameter for Triple Insulated
Wire
Maximum Secondary Insulation Wall Thickness
VOLTAGE STRESS
PARAMETERS
VDRAIN
647 Volts
PIVS
PIVB
81 Volts
52 Volts
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Maximum Drain Voltage Estimate (Includes Effect
of Leakage Inductance)
Output Rectifier Maximum Peak Inverse Voltage
Bias Rectifier Maximum Peak Inverse Voltage
Page 16 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
8 Performance Data
Efficiency
Efficiency vs Input Line Voltage
100
TAMB=25 C
60 W Output
70 W Output
95
Output Efficiency (%)
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
50
100
150
200
250
300
Input Voltage (VAC 60Hz)
Figure 5 - Efficiency vs. Line Voltage
Efficiency vs Output Power
100
TAMB=25 C
90
80
Output Efficiency (%)
8.1
Vin = 265 VAC
Vin = 85 VAC
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Output Power (W)
Figure 6 - Efficiency vs. Output Power (Min. and Max. Line Voltages 60 Hz)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 17 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
8.2
22-Jan-01
No-load input power
No-load Input Power vs. Line Voltage
0.7
TAMB=25 C
Unit 1
Unit 2
Input Power (Watts)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Input Line Voltage (VAC 60Hz)
Figure 7 - No-load Input Power vs. Line Voltage
Regulation / Power Limiting
Line Regulation (70 Watts)
20
19.8
Io=3.66A
19.6
Output Voltage (V DC)
8.3
19.4
19.2
19
18.8
18.6
18.4
18.2
18
50
100
150
200
250
300
Input Line Voltage (VAC 60Hz)
Figure 8 - Regulation vs. Input Voltage
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 18 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
Load Regulation
20
85 VAC
265 VAC
Output Voltage(VDC)
19.5
19
18.5
18
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Output Current (ADC)
Figure 9 - Load Regulation
Overload Output Current vs Vin
7
Max. Overload Output Current (ADC)
TAMB=25 C
R12=24.3K
R12=20.5K
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
50
100
150
200
250
300
Input Line Voltage (VAC 60 Hz)
Figure 10 - Maximum Overload Current (auto-restart threshold) vs Line Voltage
(2 values of R12)
Note: User can program resistor R12 to give desired overload characteristic.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 19 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
9 Thermal Performance
The EP11 printed circuit board was designed to allow testing within the enclosure of a
commercial laptop computer adapter. This adapter has an enclosure made of plastic and
incorporates copper heat spreaders with a plastic shroud to insulate them from the board
components. See Figure 12.
Thermal testing was done in still air. This was achieved by placing the board into a
sealed cardboard box which is 11” long, 8.5” wide and 7” high. The adapter was placed
on a 6” × 4” piece of single sided copper clad board (copper side down) which was taped
to the bottom center of the box. The box had small openings for the thermal couple wires
and the input and output cables. It was taped shut and placed in an environmental
chamber. The measurements were made by attaching “T” type thermocouples to the
following components using a thermally conductive glue (Loctite 384) with the wires
dressed out of the enclosure in alignment with the output cable.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
TOP249 tab:
Bridge:
CM Choke:
Bulk / X cap:
Opto:
Enc. Top:
Enc. Side:
Snubber:
Transformer:
Output Diode 1:
Output Diode 2:
Ambient 1:
Ambient 2:
The metal tab of the TO-220 package of the TOP249Y.
The junction of the plastic input rectifier bridge’s package (BR1) and the
copper heat sink HS1.
The coil of the input choke L3.
The narrow space between C5 and C7.
The top of the package of U2.
The outside of the enclosure centered on the top surface.
The outside of the enclosure on its side (near the fuse F1).
The package of the zener diode D2.
The top of the windings nearest the center.
The metal tab of the rectifier D5.
The metal tab of the rectifier D1.
This is suspended in the air approximately 3.5” above the center of the
enclosure within the cardboard box.
This is suspended in the air approximately 1” above and 0.5” to the side of
the enclosure about 1” from the input cable end.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 20 of 46
9
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
2
11
8
3
1
4
10
9
5
Figure 11 - Location of board mounted thermocouples
The tests were run at an input line voltage of 90 Volts (60Hz). The load was adjusted to
provide a nominal output power at the end of a cable of first 60 Watts, then 65 Watts, 70
Watts, and finally 72.5 Watts. Power at the power supply output connector (J2) was
approximately; 61.2 Watts, 66.2 Watts, 70.6 Watts and 73.8 Watts respectively.
The maximum case surface temperature was < 75°C in a 40°C ambient, 90 VAC, 70W
(see figure 14 for thermal image)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 21 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
Figure 12 - Schematic cross-section of enclosure
Note: The diagram above shows an exploded view. In actual construction,
there are no air gaps between the board, copper heat spreader and case.
The main path for heat dissipation is via conduction therefore air gaps,
even small, greatly increase the thermal impedance from the heatsinks to
ambient.
Air gaps will reduce power capability and increase the
temperature of components.
Thermal Results in Enclosure
140
65 W
60 W
70 W
72.5 W
Temperature (deg. C)
120
100
80
60
40
Top249 tab
Enc. Top
D1 tab
20
Bridge
Enc. Side
Ambient 1
CM Choke
Snubber
Ambient 2
Bulk/Xcap
T-former
Opto
D5 tab
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Elapsed Time (Hours)
Figure 13 - Thermal results in enclosure at elevated ambient with 60, 65,70, and 72.5 Watt loads – 90 VAC
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 22 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
22-Jan-01
Ambient thermocouple location
(above case in free air)
Cardboard box
ambient
Case surface
measurement
locations
Chamber
ambient
Figure 14 - Thermal image of case at 45°C ambient, 70 W output and 90 VAC input
Measurement taken with unit inside a sealed cardboard box in environmental chamber, 8
second delay between opening door and box and taking thermal image looking into
bottom of cardboard box.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 523 9200 Fax: +1 408 523 9300
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 23 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
10 Waveform Scope Plots
All scope plots were recorded with either a Yokogawa Model DL1540L or a Lecroy Model
9350AM, as noted.
10.1 Drain Voltage and Current During Normal Operation
Both waveforms were captured using a Yokogawa Oscilloscope. Upper trace is DRAIN
voltage and lower trace is DRAIN current, timebase is 2uS/div.
VDRAIN
IDRAIN
Figure 15 - VDRAIN & IDRAIN (100 V & 1 A /div) at
70 Watt load, 85VAC input. (2 µs/div)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Figure 16 - VDRAIN & IDRAIN (100 V & 1 A /div) at
70 Watt load, 265VAC input. (2 µs/div)
Page 24 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
08-Dec-00
10.2 Output Voltage During Power-up
Both waveforms were captured using a Yokogawa Oscilloscope. Upper trace is VOUT, the
output voltage and the lower trace is VC7, the voltage across the input capacitor (C7).
Timebase is 50 ms/div.
In all cases the output voltage reaches regulation with no output overshoot.
operation at 85 VAC the ripple present on the DC rail voltage can be clearly seen.
During
VOUT
VC7
Figure 17 - Start-up, 5.25 Ω load, 85 VAC
VOUT & VC7 (10 & 100 V/div, 50ms/div)
Figure 18 - Start-up, 5.25 Ω load, 265 VAC
VOUT & VC7 (10 & 200 V/div, 50ms/div)
VOUT
VC7
Figure 19 - Start-up, No load, 265 VAC
VOUT & VC7 (10 & 100 V/div, 50ms/div)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 25 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
10.3 Output Voltage During Power-down
Both waveforms were captured using a Yokogawa Oscilloscope. Upper trace is VOUT, the
output voltage and the lower trace is VC7, the voltage across the input capacitor (C7).
Timebase is 50 ms/div.
During power down the output voltage falls to zero with no ‘glitching’ due to line under
voltage sensing.
VOUT
VC7
Figure 20 - Shut-down, 5.25 Ω load, 85 VAC
VOUT & VC7 (10 & 100V/div,50ms/div)
Figure 21 - Shut-down, No-load, 85 VAC
VOUT & VC7 (10 & 100V/div,50ms/div)
10.4 Drain Voltage and Current during Power-Up (265 VAC)
The waveform was captured using a Yokogawa oscilloscope.
VDRAIN
IDRAIN
Figure 22 – Start-up, 5.25 Ω load, 265 VAC
VDRAIN & IDRAIN (200 V & 1 A/div, 1µs/div)
Peak DRAIN voltage is acceptable at < 600 V, well below the recommended maximum of
650 Vpk. DRAIN current waveform shows no sign of core saturation.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 26 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
08-Dec-00
10.5 DRAIN Current During Power-Up and Power-Down
The waveforms were captured using a Lecroy oscilloscope. Upper trace is VC7, the
voltage across the input bulk capacitor (C7) and the lower trace is IDRAIN, the current
through the DRAIN pin. Timebase is 50 ms/div.
VC7
IDRAIN
Figure 23 - Start-up, 5.25 Ω load, 265 VAC
VC7 & IDRAIN (200 V & 1A/div, 50ms/div)
Figure 24 - Shut-down, 5.25 Ω load, 265 VAC
VC7 & IDRAIN (200 V & 1A/div, 50ms/div)
VC7
IDRAIN
Figure 25 - Start-up, 5.25 Ω load, 85 VAC
VC7 & IDRAIN (50 V & 1A/div, 50ms/div)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Figure 26 - Shut-down, 5.25 Ω load, 85 VAC
VC7 & IDRAIN (50 V & 1A/div, 50ms/div)
Page 27 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
08-Dec-00
10.6 Load Transient response (15 to 100% load change)
10.6.1 15 to 100% load change, 85 VAC
The waveforms were captured using a Yokogawa oscilloscope. Upper trace is VOUT_AC,
the output voltage AC coupled and the lower trace is IOUT, the output current. Timebase
is 5 ms/div.
600 mVpk-pk
VOUT_AC
IOUT
Figure 27 - Transient Response 85 VAC 50 Hz, IOUT: 3.66A to 0.5A
VOUT & IOUT (200 mV & 2A/div, 5ms/div)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 28 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W adapter
08-Dec-00
10.7 Load Transient response (0 to 50% load change)
The 0 to 50% load variation shows no appreciable degradation in ripple response due to
operation at a lower switching frequency at zero load (see bode response plots also).
The waveforms were captured using a Lecroy oscilloscope. Upper trace is VOUT_AC, the
output voltage AC coupled, 200 mV/div. Timebase is 5 ms/div.
10.7.1 0 to 50% load change, 85 VAC
VOUT_AC
1.8 Vpk-pk
Figure 28 - Transient Response 85 VAC 50 Hz, IOUT: 0 A to 1.83 A
VOUT (200 mV, 5ms/div)
10.7.2 0 to 50% load change, 130 VAC
1.5 Vpk-pk
Figure 29 - Transient Response 130 VAC 50 Hz, IOUT: 0 A to 1.83 A
VOUT (200 mV, 5ms/div)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 29 of 46
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
08-Dec-00
10.7.3 0 to 50% load change, 130 VAC
1.4 Vpk-pk
Figure 30 - Transient Response 265 VAC 50 Hz, IOUT: 0 A to 1.83 A
VOUT (200 mV, 5ms/div)
10.8 Ripple Measurements
10.8.1 DC Ripple Measurement Technique
Details of output ripple probe are provided below. Decoupling capacitors are included to
minimize the effects of high frequency probe coupling and ensure a consistent
measurement set-up.
Probe RTN
Probe Tip
Figure 31 - Tektronix P6105A Oscilloscope Probe with Probe Master 5125BA BNC
adapter, modified with wires for Probe Ground for ripple measurement. Two parallel
decoupling capacitors have been added (1.0 µF/50 V aluminium electrolytic and a
0.1 µF/50 V ceramic)
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 30 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
10.8.2 Ripple Measurement Results
The results below show very good ripple results (<0.25%) even with a small input
capacitor (2.1 uF/W). This is due to the line feed forward function implemented via the L
pin, R14 and R15.
The waveforms were captured using a Yokogawa oscilloscope. Trace is VOUT_AC, the
output voltage AC coupled into the ‘scope input at 20 mV per division. Timebase is
5 ms/div.
Figure 32 - Output ripple 85 VAC 50Hz, IOUT=3.6 A
VRIPPLE (20 mV / div, 5 ms / div)
Page 31 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
11 Control Loop Characteristics
The control loop characteristics were measured with a Venable measurement system,
which breaks the control loop between the emitter of the opto-isolator (U2) and the
control pin of the TOP249Y (U1) and its associated components; C11, R11, and C17.
The results are tabulated below, followed by graphs of the last five table entries:
Result #
VIN
(VAC)
IOUT
(ADC)
Crossover
Freq.
Phase
Margin
1
2
3
4
5
130
85
85
265
265
3.16
3.16
0.71
0.70
3.16
1000 Hz
1220 Hz
435 Hz
556 Hz
1000 Hz
53 deg.
55 deg.
45 deg.
50 deg.
50 deg.
85
1.0
800 Hz
52 deg.
85
3.66
1600 Hz
62 deg.
265
3.66
1000 Hz
56 deg.
265
115
115
0
1.0
0
530 Hz
380 Hz
500 Hz
95 deg.
45 deg.
120 deg
6
7
8
9
10
11
Note results for 9, 10 and 11 are shown without adding a 180 deg offset for the
secondary error amplifier. Therefore phase margin is referenced to –180 deg.
Measurements were made at zero load to confirm stability during the lower switching
frequency operation at no-load.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 32 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
Table 2 - Summary of Gain/Phase Measurements
11.1 Gain Phase Results
Gain (dB)
Phase (deg.)
Phase Margin
Figure 33 - Gain Phase Plot 6: VIN: 85 VAC, IOUT: 1 A, Crossover=800 Hz, Phase Margin=52°
Page 33 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
Gain (dB)
Phase (deg.)
Phase Margin
Figure 34 - Gain Phase Plot 7: VIN: 85 VAC, IOUT: 3.66 A, Crossover=1.6 kHz, Phase Margin=62°
Gain (dB)
Phase Margin
Phase (deg.)
Phase Margin
Figure 35 - Gain Phase Plot 8: VIN: 265 VAC, IOUT: 3.66 A, Crossover=1 kHz, Phase Margin=56°
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 34 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
Gain (dB)
Phase (deg.)
Phase Margin
Figure 36 - Gain Phase Plot 9: VIN: 265 VAC, IOUT: 0 A, Crossover=530 Hz, Phase Margin=95°
Gain (dB) 1 A load
Gain (dB) 0 A load
Phase (deg.)
0 A load
Phase (deg.)
1 A load
Phase Margin 0 A load
Phase Margin 1 A load
Figure 37 - Gain Phase Plot 10/11: VIN: 115 VAC, IOUT: 1A & 0 A, Crossover=380 & 500 Hz,
Phase Margin=45° & 120°
Page 35 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
12 Conducted EMI Scans
The attached plots show EMI performance for the EP11 as compared to the CISPR22B
conducted emissions limits. Both input AC lines were essentially identical. This worst
case scan was taken with an input of 230VAC and a 70W resistive load. The output
return was connected to the LISN’s artificial hand connection to simulate a worst case
condition.
QP Limit
AV Limit
QP
AV
EN55022B
CISPR22B
Figure 38 – Highest Measured Conducted Emissions Scan (230 VAC, 70 W, with artificial hand)
Note: EMI measurements without artificial hand grounding will be significantly lower than
shown above.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 36 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
13 Appendix A - Thermal considerations:
The TOPSwitch-GX family significantly extends the power capability over the
TOPSwitch-II family of devices. The higher power capability is a result of a lower
internal high voltage MOSFET RDS(ON) over that of any previous TOPSwitch-II. This lower
RDS(ON) enables compact high power adapters such as the EP11.
The output powers of higher power adapter supplies like EP11 are all thermally limited to
some degree. One of the important design considerations is often compact size which
together with efficiency limitations combine to limit the maximum continuous power of the
design. This adapter is no exception. The maximum continuous power is rated at 70
Watts in an enclosure at a 40 °C ambient temperature (see Figure 13). This rating is
very “packaging” dependent.
The power dissipated by the high voltage MOSFET within the TOP249Y is a significant
source of heat. Together with the heat generated in the transformer, output diodes, input
rectifier and filter, as well as the output filter must be managed to keep the maximum
component temperatures within limits. Layout and heat sinking and the complete
package must be designed to manage the heat generated by the board components.
Adapters are generally completely enclosed external power sources that provide little or
no ventilation for the internal converter components. They are also generally small in
size which creates high power densities and necessitates very tight packaging of
components. The first and most fundamental performance element to optimise for a
successful high power adapter is its efficiency. Other key considerations include; heat
sink design, “hot spots”, and maximum component temperatures.
Page 37 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
13.1 Efficiency:
Items to consider for maximising efficiency:
• Transformer:
- Minimise leakage inductance and conduction losses
- Use highest possible duty factor and operate in continuous mode for reduced
peak currents (the copper window of the transformer bobbin may limit this)
• Output Diodes:
- Use low forward drop, higher current rated diodes
- Use Schottky-barrier diodes when possible
- Parallel diodes to reduce forward drop. Take care to make sure that paralleled
diodes share current equally (the EP11 uses dual secondary windings and a
common heat sink to achieve this).
- Allow diodes to run as hot as possible (consistent with maximum board
temperature and component life constraints). This will minimize the forward
drop.
• Power Switch (TOPSwitch-GX):
- Use a lower RDS(ON) part (the TOP249 used in the EP11 is capable of over
250 Watts in an open frame design)
- Use the highest possible maximum operating duty cycle to reduce conduction
losses (this must be balanced against increased leakage and transformer
losses).
• Line Filter:
- Use as few turns as possible for inductor windings
- Increase capacitor value (rather than inductor value) where practical, to
minimize differential choke size down.
13.2 Heat Sinking:
Heat sinking power devices such as the TOPSwitch-GX, input diodes, and output diodes
will be more critical in an adapter application than in open frame designs. This is largely
because all of the generated heat must be CONDUCTED through the enclosure walls.
The heat sinks used in EP11 are made of copper. Copper has high thermal conductivity
(~3.94 W/cm oC), but it is heavy. Aluminum may be used instead. It is lighter, but it has
somewhat lower thermal conductivity (~2.18 W/cm oC). The net thermal conductivity
from the heat generating components to the outside air of the adapter’s enclosure
together with the overall efficiency of the supply determines the maximum continuous
power output for a given environment.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 38 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
13.3 Heat Spreading and Enclosure Surface Temperature:
The enclosures of adapters are generally limited to an absolute maximum external
surface temperature (defined by safety approval agencies such as U.L.). For higher
power adapters, it is often necessary to use an internal heat spreader to evenly
distribute the internally generated heat across the inside of the enclosure’s outside walls.
This will help eliminate “hot spots”. The “heat spreader” is generally nothing more than
an additional foil wrap (or sheets of copper or aluminum) between the converter and the
outside enclosure walls. The caveat is that these heat spreaders must generally be
electrically insulated from the heat sinks to provide safety isolation. This electrical
insulation invariably contributes significant thermal impedance.
Even with heat
spreaders, care must be taken to avoid crowding the heat generating components
together more than is necessary.
13.4 Component Temperature:
The maximum operating temperature of the power devices within the converter may be
limited by various considerations depending on the type of component.
-
TOPSwitch-GX :
The TOPSwitch-GX is thermally protected by its internal thermal shutdown
feature. This feature prohibits the device from operation when the internal junction
o
temperature (TJ ) exceeds 140 C (typ.). This junction temperature will be higher
than the package tab temperature (TC) depending on the amount of power being
dissipated. It is good design practice to keep this junction temperature below
o
120 C to guarantee continuous operation with adequate margin. For the EP11,
thermal shutdown occurs at a TOP249 tab temperature (TC) of approximately
o
120 C (depending somewhat on the output power level). At 65 Watts output, the
EP11’s TOP249 tab stabilises at TC=103.6 oC in an ambient of approximately 40oC
(while in the enclosure with a 90VAC input). At 70Watts this tab temperature
stabilises at TC=111.9 oC. Care must be taken with any package design to make
sure that adequate margin remains at the maximum output power and ambient
temperature. One way to test this is to stabilise the supply at maximum power in
the desired environment and subsequently increase either the power or the
ambient temperature in small increments (waiting for the internal temperatures to
stabilise each time) until shutdown occurs. This allows the designer to determine
how much margin there is for thermal shutdown.
Page 39 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
-
Input and Output Diodes:
For the power diodes the maximum junction temperature is generally 150oC.
Depending on the required product life expectancy and the maximum lead
temperature of the PC board material chosen, the actual allowed maximum
junction temperature (TJ ) may be significantly less. Also the junction temperature
(TJ ) will be significantly higher than the tab temperature (TC) and must be
computed from the measured tab temperature and the estimated power
dissipation in the device using the thermal impedance junction to case (θJC) of the
device given in its data sheet.
-
Magnetic Components:
If the transformer and the other magnetic components use 130 oC magnet wire in
their construction, then the maximum hot spot temperature is limited to 105 oC.
Higher operating temperatures are possible with higher temperature rated wire.
o
Generally, however, the ferrite core temperatures should be limited to near 100 C
to maintain the saturation flux density.
13.5 Conclusion:
Careful design and rigorous testing are required to ensure that a design will perform
adequately under high load and high temperature conditions.
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 40 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
14 Appendix B - Custom Component Documentation:
14.1 Toroid Filter Inductor (L2):
FL1
FL2
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Inductance
70.0 µH min.
Measured at 100KHz
MATERIALS:
Item
[1]
[2]
Description
Core: Powder Iron Toroid, Micrometals T50-26 or equivalent
Epoxy coated
Magnet Wire: #25 AWG Solderable Double coated
COIL WINDING INSTRUCTION:
Use item [2]. Wind 48 turns; spread evenly around circumference of the core
as illustrated below.
ILLUSTRATION:
Wire Item # 2
Toroid Item # 1
0.05" Not Tinned
0.40" Tinned
FL 1
Page 41 of 46
FL2
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
14.2 Output Inductor (L1)
10T # 23AWG (RED)
FL1
FL3
FL2
FL4
10T # 23AWG (GREEN)
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Inductance(LCM)
Inductance (LL)
Pin1-3 or 2-4 Measure at 100KHz
1-2 with pin 3-4 shorted Measure at
100KHz
200 uH min.
1.6 uH (ref.)
MATERIALS:
Item
[1]
[2]
[3]
Description
Core: Ferrite Torrid TDK T10 x2.5 x5 Material H5B2 Epoxy
coated
Magnet Wire: # 23 AWG Solderable Double coated (RED)
Magnet Wire: # 23 AWG Solderable Double coated (GREEN)
COIL WINDING INSTRUCTION:
Start at pin FL1 wind 10 turns (Item #2) on one half of Toroid. End at pin FL3 ,
Start at pin FL2 wind 10 turns (Item #3) in the same direction on other half of
Toroid. End at pin FL4.
Spread the wire evenly around each half of the core circumference,
as illustrated below.
ILLUSTRATION:
Red wire Item # 2
Green wire Item # 3
Core
0.05" Not Tinned
0.40" Tinned
FL4
FL1
FL2
FL3
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 42 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
14.3 Heat sink #1 (TOPSwitch-GX and Input Bridge)
14.4 Heat sink #2 (Output Diodes)
Page 43 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
15 Revision History
Date
10/16/00
11/15/00
11/17/00
Author
DJK
PV
PV
Revision
0.1
1.0
1.1
12/06/00
PV
1.2
12/08/00
01/22/01
PV
PV
1.3
1.4
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Description & changes
Original draft
First Release
Update – added photo of thermocouple
location plus removed typographical
errors
Added power levels to temp chart, low
load efficiency, bode plots at zero load,
0 to 50% load transient, power density,
enclosure internal dimensions.
Thermal image added
Appendix B, Materials, Item [1]
changed from T50-26C to T50-26 to
reflect correct part number
Page 44 of 46
22-Jan-01
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
NOTES
Page 45 of 46
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
EPR-00011 - 70 W Adapter
22-Jan-01
For the latest updates, visit our website: www.powerint.com
Power Integrations reserves the right to make changes to its products at any time to improve reliability or
manufacturability. Power Integrations does not assume any liability arising from the use of any device or
circuit described herein, nor does it convey any license under its patent rights or the rights of others.
PI Logo and TOPSwitch are registered trademarks of Power Integrations, Inc.
©Copyright 2000, Power Integrations, Inc.
WORLD HEADQUARTERS
NORTH AMERICA - WEST
Power Integrations, Inc.
5245 Hellyer Avenue
San Jose, CA 95138 USA.
Main:
+1•408•414•9200
Customer Service:
Phone: +1•408•414•9665
Fax:
+1•408•414•9765
NORTH AMERICA - EAST
& SOUTH AMERICA
Power Integrations, Inc.
Eastern Area Sales Office
1343 Canton Road, Suite C1
Marietta, GA 30066 USA
Phone: +1•770•424•5152
Fax:
+1•770•424•6567
EUROPE & AFRICA
Power Integrations (Europe)
Ltd.
Centennial Court
Easthampstead Road
Bracknell
Berkshire RG12 1YQ,
United Kingdom
Phone: +44•1344•462•300
Fax:
+44•1344•311•732
TAIWAN
Power Integrations International
Holdings, Inc.
2F, #508, Chung Hsiao E. Rd.,
Sec. 5,
Taipei 105, Taiwan
Phone: +886•2•2727•1221
Fax:
+886•2•2727•1223
CHINA
Power Integrations, China
Rm# 1705, Bao Hua Bldg.
1016 Hua Qiang Bei Lu
Shenzhen Guangdong, 518031
Phone: +86•755•377•9485
Fax:
+86•755•377•9610
KOREA
Power Integrations International
Holdings, Inc.
Rm# 402, Handuk Building,
649-4 Yeoksam-Dong,
Kangnam-Gu,
Seoul, Korea
Phone: +82•2•568•7520
Fax:
+82•2•568•7474
JAPAN
Power Integrations, K.K.
Keihin-Tatemono 1st Bldg.
12-20 Shin-Yokohama 2Chome,
Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi,
Kanagawa 222, Japan
Phone: +81•45•471•1021
Fax:
+81•45•471•371
INDIA (Technical Support)
Innovatech
#1, 8th Main Road
Vasanthnagar
Bangalore 560052, India
Phone: +91•80•226•6023
Fax:
+91•80•228•9727
APPLICATIONS HOTLINE
World Wide +1•408•414•9660
APPLICATIONS FAX
World Wide +1•408•414•9760
Power Integrations Inc
Tel: +1 408 414 9200 Fax: +1 408 414 9201
www: http://www.powerint.com
Page 46 of 46
Similar pages