Intersil ISL6545ACRZ 5v or 12v single synchronous buck pulse-width modulation (pwm) controller Datasheet

ISL6545, ISL6545A
®
Data Sheet
April 29, 2010
5V or 12V Single Synchronous Buck
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Controller
The ISL6545 makes simple work out of implementing a
complete control and protection scheme for a DC/DC stepdown
converter driving N-Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous buck
topology. Since it can work with either 5V or 12V supplies, this
one IC can be used in a wide variety of applications within a
system. The ISL6545 integrates the control, gate drivers, output
adjustment, monitoring and protection functions into a single
8 Ld SOIC or 10 Ld DFN package.
The ISL6545 provides single feedback loop, voltage-mode
control with fast transient response. The output voltage can be
precisely regulated to as low as 0.6V, with a maximum
tolerance of ±1.0% over-temperature and line voltage
variations. A selectable fixed frequency oscillator (ISL6545 for
300kHz; ISL6545A for 600kHz) reduces design complexity,
while balancing typical application cost and efficiency.
The error amplifier features a 20MHz gain-bandwidth
product and 9V/µs slew rate which enables high converter
bandwidth for fast transient performance. The resulting
PWM duty cycles range from 0% to 100%.
Protection from overcurrent conditions is provided by
monitoring the rDS(ON) of the lower MOSFET to inhibit PWM
operation appropriately. This approach simplifies the
implementation and improves efficiency by eliminating the
need for a current sense resistor.
FN6305.5
Features
• Operates from +5V or +12V Supply Voltage (for bias)
- 1.0V to 12V VIN Input Range (up to 20V possible with
restrictions; see Input Voltage Considerations)
- 0.6V to VIN Output Range
- Integrated Gate Drivers use VCC (5V to 12V)
- 0.6V Internal Reference; ±1.0% tolerance
• Simple Single-Loop Control Design
- Voltage-Mode PWM Control
- Drives N-Channel MOSFETs
- Traditional Dual Edge Modulator
• Fast Transient Response
- High-Bandwidth Error Amplifier
- Full 0% to 100% Duty Cycle
• Lossless, Programmable Overcurrent Protection
- Uses Lower MOSFET’s rDS(ON)
• Small Converter Size in 8 Ld SOIC or 10 Ld DFN
- 300kHz or 600kHz Fixed Frequency Oscillator
- Fixed Internal Soft-Start, Capable into a Pre-biased
Load
- Integrated Boot Diode
- Enable/Shutdown Function on COMP/SD Pin
- Output Current Sourcing and Sinking
• Pb-Free (RoHS Compliant)
Applications
Pinout
• Power Supplies for Microprocessors or Peripherals
- PCs, Embedded Controllers, Memory Supplies
- DSP and Core Communications Processor Supplies
ISL6545
(8 LD SOIC)
TOP VIEW
8 PHASE
BOOT 1
7 COMP/SD
UGATE 2
6 FB
GND 3
5 VCC
LGATE/OCSET 4
• Subsystem Power Supplies
- PCI, AGP; Graphics Cards; Digital TV
- SSTL-2 and DDR/DDR2/DDR3 SDRAM Bus
Termination Supply
• Cable Modems, Set Top Boxes, and DSL Modems
ISL6545
(10 LD 3x3 DFN)
TOP VIEW
1
BOOT
UGATE
2
N/C
3
GND
4
LGATE/OCSET
5
• Industrial Power Supplies; General Purpose Supplies
• 5V or 12V-Input DC/DC Regulators
10 PHASE
9 COMP/SD
GND
8
• Low-Voltage Distributed Power Supplies
FB
7
N/C
6 VCC
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2006, 2007, 2010. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Ordering Information
*
PART NUMBER
(Note)
PART MARKING
FIXED FREQUENCY
OSCILLATOR
(kHz)
TEMP. RANGE
(°C)
PACKAGE
(Pb-Free)
PKG.
DWG. #
ISL6545CBZ*
6545 CBZ
300
0 to +70
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ISL6545ACBZ*
6545 ACBZ
600
0 to +70
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ISL6545IBZ*
6545 IBZ
300
-40 to +85
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ISL6545AIBZ*
6545 AIBZ
600
-40 to +85
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ISL6545CRZ*
545Z
300
0 to +70
10 Ld DFN
L10.3x3C
ISL6545ACRZ*
45AZ
600
0 to +70
10 Ld DFN
L10.3x3C
ISL6545IRZ*
45IZ
300
-40 to +85
10 Ld DFN
L10.3x3C
ISL6545AIRZ*
5ARZ
600
-40 to +85
10 Ld DFN
L10.3x3C
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100%
matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations).
Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J
STD-020.
2
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Block Diagram
VCC
DBOOT
+
-
SAMPLE
AND
HOLD
INTERNAL
REGULATOR
POR AND
SOFT-START
OC
COMPARATOR
BOOT
UGATE
5V int.
21.5µA
20kΩ
ERROR
AMP
TO
LGATE/OCSET
0.6V
PWM
COMPARATOR
+
-
PHASE
INHIBIT
GATE
CONTROL
PWM LOGIC
+
-
FB
VCC
DIS
5V int.
0.4V
LGATE/OCSET
DIS
+
-
OSCILLATOR
20μA
COMP/SD
FIXED 300 (or 600)kHz
GND
Typical Application
VCC
5V or 12V
VIN
1V TO 12V
CHF
VCC
CDCPL
COMP/SD
5
1
ISL6545
2
CI
ROFFSET
3
8
7
RF
CF
CBULK
BOOT
CBOOT
PHASE
UGATE
LOUT
+VO
LGATE/OCSET
6
FB
Type II
compensation
shown
4
3
GND
COUT
ROCSET
RS
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 15V
BOOT Voltage, VBOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 36V
UGATE Voltage VUGATE . . . . . . . . VPHASE - 0.3V to VBOOT + 0.3V
LGATE/OCSET Voltage, VLGATE/OCSET GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V
PHASE Voltage, VPHASE . . . . . . . . . .GND - 0.3V to VBOOT + 0.3V
Upper Driver Supply Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . .15V
Clamp Voltage, VBOOT - VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24V
FB, COMP/SD Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 6V
ESD Rating
Human Body Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5kV
Machine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150V
Charged Device Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0kV
Thermal Resistance
θJA (°C/W)
θJC (°C/W)
SOIC Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
N/A
DFN Package (Notes 2, 3) . . . . . . . . . .
44
5.5
Maximum Junction Temperature
(Plastic Package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +150°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . -65°C to +150°C
Pb-free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . +5V ±10%, +12V ±20%, or 6.5V to 14.4V
Ambient Temperature Range
ISL6545C, ISL6545AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +70°C
ISL6545I, ISL6545AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +125°C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and
result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
2. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air, with “direct attach” features. See
Tech Brief TB379 for details.
3. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
4. Limits should be considered typical and are not production tested.
Electrical Specifications
Test Conditions: VCC = 12V, TJ = 0 to +85°C, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits
are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and
are not production tested.
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
4
5.2
7
mA
3.9
4.1
4.3
V
0.30
0.35
0.40
V
ISL6545C
270
300
330
kHz
ISL6545I
240
300
330
kHz
ISL6545AC
540
600
660
kHz
ISL6545AI
510
600
660
kHz
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
Input Bias Supply Current
IVCC
VCC = 12V; disabled
POWER-ON RESET
Rising VCC POR Threshold
VPOR
VCC POR Threshold Hysteresis
OSCILLATOR
Switching Frequency
fOSC
fOSC
ΔVOSC
Ramp Amplitude (Note 4)
1.5
VP-P
REFERENCE
Reference Voltage Tolerance
Nominal Reference Voltage
ISL6545C
-1.0
-
+1.0
%
ISL6545I
-1.5
-
+1.5
%
0.600
VREF
V
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain (Note 4)
Gain-Bandwidth Product (Note 4)
Slew Rate (Note 4)
GAIN
96
dB
GBWP
20
MHz
SR
9
V/µs
3.0
Ω
GATE DRIVERS
Upper Gate Source Impedance
RUG-SRCh
4
VCC = 14.5V; I = 50mA
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Electrical Specifications
Test Conditions: VCC = 12V, TJ = 0 to +85°C, Unless Otherwise Noted. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits
are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and
are not production tested. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Upper Gate Sink Impedance
RUG-SNKh
VCC = 14.5V; I = 50mA
2.7
Ω
Lower Gate Source Impedance
RLG-SRCh
VCC = 14.5V; I = 50mA
2.4
Ω
Lower Gate Sink Impedance
RLG-SNKh
VCC = 14.5V; I = 50mA
2.0
Ω
Upper Gate Source Impedance
RUG-SRCl
VCC = 4.25V; I = 50mA
3.5
Ω
Upper Gate Sink Impedance
RUG-SNKl
VCC = 4.25V; I = 50mA
2.7
Ω
Lower Gate Source Impedance
RLG-SRCl
VCC = 4.25V; I = 50mA
2.75
Ω
Lower Gate Sink Impedance
RLG-SNKl
VCC = 4.25V; I = 50mA
2.1
Ω
PROTECTION/DISABLE
OCSET Current Source
IOCSET
ISL6545C; LGATE/OCSET = 0V
ISL6545I; LGATE/OCSET = 0V
Disable Threshold (COMP/SD pin)
VDISABLE
Functional Pin Description (SOIC, DFN)
VCC (SOIC Pin 5, DFN Pin 6)
This pin provides the bias supply for the ISL6545, as well as
the lower MOSFET’s gate, and the BOOT voltage for the
upper MOSFET’s gate. An internal 5V regulator will supply
bias if VCC rises above 6.5V (but the LGATE/OCSET and
BOOT will still be sourced by VCC). Connect a welldecoupled 5V or 12V supply to this pin.
FB (SOIC Pin 6, DFN Pin 8)
This pin is the inverting input of the internal error amplifier. Use
FB, in combination with the COMP/SD pin, to compensate the
voltage-control feedback loop of the converter. A resistor divider
from the output to GND is used to set the regulation voltage.
GND (SOIC Pin 3, DFN Pin 4)
This pin represents the signal and power ground for the IC.
Tie this pin to the ground island/plane through the lowest
impedance connection available. For the DFN package,
Pin 4 MUST be connected for electrical GND; the metal pad
under the package should also be connected to the GND
plane for thermal conductivity.
PHASE (SOIC Pin 8, DFN Pin 10)
Connect this pin to the source of the upper MOSFET, and
the drain of the lower MOSFET. It is used as the sink for the
UGATE driver, and to monitor the voltage drop across the
lower MOSFET for overcurrent protection. This pin is also
monitored by the adaptive shoot-through protection circuitry
to determine when the upper MOSFET has turned off.
UGATE (SOIC Pin 2, DFN Pin 2)
Connect this pin to the gate of upper MOSFET; it provides
the PWM-controlled gate drive. It is also monitored by the
adaptive shoot-through protection circuitry to determine
when the upper MOSFET has turned off.
5
19.5
21.5
23.5
µA
18.0
21.5
23.5
µA
0.375
0.400
0.425
V
BOOT (SOIC Pin 1, DFN Pin 1)
This pin provides ground referenced bias voltage to the upper
MOSFET driver. A bootstrap circuit is used to create a voltage
suitable to drive an N-channel MOSFET (equal to VCC minus
the on-chip BOOT diode voltage drop), with respect to PHASE.
COMP/SD (SOIC Pin 7, DFN Pin 9)
This is a multiplexed pin. During soft-start and normal converter
operation, this pin represents the output of the error amplifier.
Use COMP/SD, in combination with the FB pin, to compensate
the voltage-control feedback loop of the converter.
Pulling COMP/SD low (VDISABLE = 0.4V nominal) will
shut-down (disable) the controller, which causes the
oscillator to stop, the LGATE and UGATE outputs to be held
low, and the soft-start circuitry to re-arm. The external
pull-down device will initially need to overcome up to 5mA of
COMP/SD output current. However, once the IC is disabled,
the COMP output will also be disabled, so only a 20µA
current source will continue to draw current.
When the pull-down device is released, the COMP/SD pin
will start to rise, at a rate determined by the 20µA charging
up the capacitance on the COMP/SD pin. When the
COMP/SD pin rises above the VDISABLE trip point, the
ISL6545 will begin a new Initialization and soft-start cycle.
LGATE/OCSET (SOIC Pin 4, DFN Pin 5)
Connect this pin to the gate of the lower MOSFET; it provides
the PWM-controlled gate drive (from VCC). This pin is also
monitored by the adaptive shoot-through protection circuitry to
determine when the lower MOSFET has turned off.
During a short period of time following Power-On Reset
(POR) or shut-down release, this pin is also used to
determine the overcurrent threshold of the converter.
Connect a resistor (ROCSET) from this pin to GND. See
“Overcurrent Protection (OCP)” on page 7 for equations. An
overcurrent trip cycles the soft-start function, after two
dummy soft-start time-outs. Some of the text describing the
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
LGATE function may leave off the OCSET part of the name,
when it is not relevant to the discussion.
N/C (DFN only; Pin 3, Pin 7)
These two pins in the DFN package are No Connect.
Functional Description
the higher overcurrent setting). The sample and hold uses a
digital counter and DAC to save the voltage, so the stored value
does not degrade, for as long as the VCC is above VPOR. See
“Overcurrent Protection (OCP)” on page 7 for more details on
the equations and variables. Upon the completion of sample
and hold at t3, the soft-start operation is initiated, and the output
voltage ramps up between t4 and t5.
Initialization (POR and OCP sampling)
Figure 1 shows a simplified timing diagram. The
Power-On-Reset (POR) function continually monitors the bias
voltage at the VCC pin. Once the rising POR threshold is
exceeded (VPOR ~4V nominal), the POR function initiates the
Overcurrent Protection (OCP) sample and hold operation
(while COMP/SD is ~1V). When the sampling is complete,
VOUT begins the soft-start ramp.
LGATE
STARTS
SWITCHING
COMP/SD (0.25V/DIV)
0.4V
If the COMP/SD pin is held low during power-up, that will just
delay the initialization until it is released, and the COMP/SD
voltage is above the VDISABLE trip point.
(0.5V/DIV)
GND>
VCC (2V/DIV)
VOUT
LGATE/OCSET (0.25V/DIV)
3.4ms
t0 t1
3.4ms
0 - 3.4ms
t2
6.8ms
t3 t4
t5
FIGURE 2. LGATE/OCSET AND SOFT-START OPERATION
Soft-Start and Pre-Biased Outputs
~4V POR
VOUT (1V/DIV)
COMP/SD (1V/DIV)
GND>
FIGURE 1. POR AND SOFT-START OPERATION
Figure 2 shows a typical power-up sequence in more detail.
The initialization starts at T0, when either VCC rises above
VPOR, or the COMP/SD pin is released (after POR). The
COMP/SD will be pulled up by an internal 20µA current
source, but the timing will not begin until the COMP/SD
exceeds the VDISABLE trip point (at t1). The external
capacitance of the disabling device, as well as the
compensation capacitors, will determine how quickly the
20µA current source will charge the COMP/SD pin. With
typical values, it should add a small delay compared to the
soft-start times. The COMP/SD will continue to ramp to ~1V.
From t1, there is a nominal 6.8ms delay, which allows the VCC
pin to exceed 6.5V (if rising up towards 12V), so that the
internal bias regulator can turn on cleanly. At the same time, the
LGATE/OCSET pin is initialized, by disabling the LGATE driver
and drawing IOCSET (nominal 21.5µA) through ROCSET. This
sets up a voltage that will represent the OCSET trip point. At
t2, there is a variable time period for the OCP sample and hold
operation (0ms to 3.4ms nominal; the longer time occurs with
6
Functionally, the soft-start internally ramps the reference on the
non-inverting terminal of the error amp from 0V to 0.6V in a
nominal 6.8ms The output voltage will thus follow the ramp,
from zero to final value, in the same 6.8ms (the actual ramp
seen on the VOUT will be less than the nominal time, due to
some initialization timing, between t3 and t4).
The ramp is created digitally, so there will be 64 small discrete
steps. There is no simple way to change this ramp rate
externally, and it is the same for either frequency version of the
IC (300kHz or 600kHz).
After an initialization period (t3 to t4), the error amplifier
(COMP/SD pin) is enabled, and begins to regulate the
converter’s output voltage during soft-start. The oscillator’s
triangular waveform is compared to the ramping error amplifier
voltage. This generates PHASE pulses of increasing width that
charge the output capacitors. When the internally generated
soft-start voltage exceeds the reference voltage (0.6V), the
soft-start is complete, and the output should be in regulation at
the expected voltage. This method provides a rapid and
controlled output voltage rise; there is no large inrush current
charging the output capacitors. The entire start-up sequence
from POR typically takes up to 17ms; up to 10.2ms for the
delay and OCP sample, and 6.8ms for the soft-start ramp.
Figure 3 shows the normal curve in blue; initialization begins
at t0, and the output ramps between t1 and t2. If the output is
pre-biased to a voltage less than the expected value, as
shown by the magenta curve, the ISL6545 will detect that
condition. Neither MOSFET will turn on until the soft-start
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
ramp voltage exceeds the output; VOUT starts seamlessly
ramping from there. If the output is pre-biased to a voltage
above the expected value, as in the red curve, neither
MOSFET will turn on until the end of the soft-start, at which
time it will pull the output voltage down to the final value. Any
resistive load connected to the output will help pull down the
voltage (at the RC rate of the R of the load and the C of the
output capacitance).
VOUT OVERCHARGED
VOUT NORMAL
t0
Following POR (and 6.8ms delay), the ISL6545 initiates the
Overcurrent Protection sample and hold operation. The
LGATE driver is disabled to allow an internal 21.5µA current
source to develop a voltage across ROCSET. The ISL6545
samples this voltage (which is referenced to the GND pin) at
the LGATE/OCSET pin, and holds it in a counter and DAC
combination. This sampled voltage is held internally as the
Overcurrent Set Point, for as long as power is applied, or
until a new sample is taken after coming out of a shut-down.
The actual monitoring of the lower MOSFET’s on-resistance
starts 200ns (nominal) after the edge of the internal PWM
logic signal (that creates the rising external LGATE signal).
This is done to allow the gate transition noise and ringing on
the PHASE pin to settle out before monitoring. The monitoring
ends when the internal PWM edge (and thus LGATE) goes
low. The OCP can be detected anywhere within the above
window.
VOUT PRE-BIASED
GND>
time-outs, then up to one real one) to provide fault protection.
If the shorted condition is not removed, this cycle will continue
indefinitely.
t1
t2
FIGURE 3. SOFT-START WITH PRE-BIAS
If the VIN to the upper MOSFET drain is from a different
supply that comes up after VCC, the soft-start would go
through its cycle, but with no output voltage ramp. When VIN
turns on, the output would follow the ramp of the VIN (at
close to 100% duty cycle, with COMP/SD pin >4V), from
zero up to the final expected voltage. If VIN is too fast, there
may be excessive inrush current charging the output
capacitors (only the beginning of the ramp, from zero to
VOUT matters here). If this is not acceptable, then consider
changing the sequencing of the power supplies, or sharing
the same supply, or adding sequencing logic to the
COMP/SD pin to delay the soft-start until the VIN supply is
ready (see “Input Voltage Considerations” on page 9).
If the IC is disabled after soft-start (by pulling COMP/SD pin
low), and then enabled (by releasing the COMP/SD pin),
then the full initialization (including OCP sample) will take
place. However, that there is no new OCP sampling during
overcurrent retries.
If the regulator is running at high UGATE duty cycles (around
75% for 600kHz or 87% for 300kHz operation), then the
LGATE pulse width may not be wide enough for the OCP to
properly sample the rDS(ON). For those cases, if the LGATE
is too narrow (or not there at all) for 3 consecutive pulses,
then the third pulse will be stretched and/or inserted to the
425ns minimum width. This allows for OCP monitoring every
third pulse under this condition. This can introduce a small
pulse-width error on the output voltage, which will be
corrected on the next pulse; and the output ripple voltage will
have an unusual 3-clock pattern, which may look like jitter.
This is not necessarily a problem; it is more of a compromise
to maintain OCP at the higher duty cycles. If the OCP is
disabled (by choosing a too-high value of ROCSET, or no
resistor at all), then the pulse stretching feature is also
disabled. Figure 4 illustrates the LGATE pulse width
stretching, as the width gets smaller.
> 425 ns
= 425 ns
If the output is shorted to GND during soft-start, the OCP will
handle it, as described in the next section.
Overcurrent Protection (OCP)
The overcurrent function protects the converter from a shorted
output by using the lower MOSFET’s on-resistance, rDS(ON),
to monitor the current. A resistor (ROCSET) programs the
overcurrent trip level (see “Typical Application” on page 3).
This method enhances the converter’s efficiency and reduces
cost by eliminating a current sensing resistor. If overcurrent is
detected, the output immediately shuts off, it cycles the
soft-start function in a hiccup mode (2 dummy soft-start
7
< 425 ns
<< 425 ns
FIGURE 4. LGATE PULSE STRETCHING
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
The overcurrent function will trip at a peak inductor current
(IPEAK) determined by Equation 1:
2 × I OCSET xR OCSET
I PEAK = ---------------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON )
(EQ. 1)
where IOCSET is the internal OCSET current source (21.5µA
typical). The scale factor of 2 doubles the trip point of the
MOSFET voltage drop, compared to the setting on the
ROCSET resistor. The OC trip point varies in a system mainly
due to the MOSFET’s rDS(ON) variations (over process,
current and temperature). To avoid overcurrent tripping in
the normal operating load range, find the ROCSET resistor
from Equation 1 with:
1. The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction
temperature.
2. The minimum IOCSET from the specification table.
( ΔI )
3. Determine IPEAK for I PEAK > I OUT ( MAX ) + ---------- ,
2
where ΔI is the output inductor ripple current.
For an equation for the ripple current see “Output Inductor
Selection” on page 12.
The range of allowable voltages detected
(2*IOCSET*ROCSET) is 0mV to 475mV; but the practical
range for typical MOSFETs is typically in the 20mV to 120mV
ballpark (500Ω to 3000Ω). If the voltage drop across
ROCSET is set too low, that can cause almost continuous
OCP tripping and retry. It would also be very sensitive to
system noise and inrush current spikes, so it should be
avoided. The maximum usable setting is around 0.2V across
ROCSET (0.4V across the MOSFET); values above that
might disable the protection. Any voltage drop across
ROCSET that is greater than 0.3V (0.6V MOSFET trip point)
will disable the OCP. The preferred method to disable OCP
is simply to remove the resistor; that will be detected that as
no OCP.
INTERNAL SOFT-START RAMP
VOUT
(0.5V/DIV)
GND>
6.8ms
t0
6.8ms
t1
0ms to 6.8m
t2
6.8ms
t0
t1
FIGURE 5. OVERCURRENT RETRY OPERATION
Figure 5 shows the output response during a retry of an
output shorted to GND. At time t0, the output has been
turned off, due to sensing an overcurrent condition. There
are two internal soft-start delay cycles (t1 and t2) to allow the
MOSFETs to cool down, to keep the average power
dissipation in retry at an acceptable level. At time t2, the
output starts a normal soft-start cycle, and the output tries to
ramp. If the short is still applied, and the current reaches the
OCSET trip point any time during soft-start ramp period, the
output will shut off, and return to time t0 for another delay
cycle. The retry period is thus two dummy soft-start cycles
plus one variable one (which depends on how long it takes to
trip the sensor each time). Figure 5 shows an example
where the output gets about half-way up before shutting
down; therefore, the retry (or hiccup) time will be around
17ms. The minimum should be nominally 13.6ms and the
maximum 20.4ms. If the short condition is finally removed,
the output should ramp up normally on the next t2 cycle.
Note that conditions during power-up or during a retry may
look different than normal operation. During power-up in a
12V system, the IC starts operation just above 4V; if the
supply ramp is slow, the soft-start ramp might be over well
before 12V is reached. So with lower gate drive voltages, the
rDS(ON) of the MOSFETs will be higher during power-up,
effectively lowering the OCP trip. In addition, the ripple
current will likely be different at lower input voltage.
Starting up into a shorted load looks the same as a retry into
that same shorted load. In both cases, OCP is always
enabled during soft-start; once it trips, it will go into retry
(hiccup) mode. The retry cycle will always have two dummy
time-outs, plus whatever fraction of the real soft-start time
passes before the detection and shutoff; at that point, the
logic immediately starts a new two dummy cycle time-out.
Another factor is the digital nature of the soft-start ramp. On
each discrete voltage step, there is in effect a small load
transient, and a current spike to charge the output
capacitors. The height of the current spike is not controlled; it
is affected by the step size of the output, the value of the
output capacitors, as well as the IC error amp compensation.
So it is possible to trip the overcurrent with inrush current, in
addition to the normal load and ripple considerations.
The output voltage can be programmed to any level between
the 0.6V internal reference, up to the VIN supply. The
ISL6545 can run at near 100% duty cycle at zero load, but
the rDS(ON) of the upper MOSFET will effectively limit it to
something less as the load current increases. In addition, the
OCP (if enabled) will also limit the maximum effective duty
cycle.
8
Output Voltage Selection
An external resistor divider is used to scale the output
voltage relative to the internal reference voltage, and feed it
back to the inverting input of the error amp. See “Typical
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Application” on page 3 for more detail; RS is the upper
resistor; ROFFSET (shortened to RO below) is the lower one.
The recommended value for RS is 1kΩ to 5kΩ (±1% for
accuracy) and then ROFFSET is chosen according to the
equation below. Since RS is part of the compensation circuit
(see Feedback Compensation section), it is often easier to
change ROFFSET to change the output voltage; that way the
compensation calculations do not need to be repeated. If
VOUT = 0.6V, then ROFFSET can be left open. Output
voltages less than 0.6V are not available as shown in
Equation 2.
( RS + RO )
V OUT = 0.6V • --------------------------RO
R S • 0.6V
R O = ---------------------------------V OUT – 0.6V
(EQ. 2)
Input Voltage Considerations
The Typical Application diagram on page 3 shows a
standard configuration where VCC is either 5V (±10%) or
12V (±20%); in each case, the gate drivers use the VCC
voltage for LGATE and BOOT/UGATE. In addition, VCC is
allowed to work anywhere from 6.5V up to the 14.4V
maximum. The VCC range between 5.5V and 6.5V is NOT
allowed for long-term reliability reasons, but transitions
through it to voltages above 6.5V are acceptable.
There is an internal 5V regulator for bias; it turns on between
5.5V and 6.5V; some of the delay after POR is there to allow
a typical power supply to ramp up past 6.5V before the
soft-start ramps begins. This prevents a disturbance on the
output, due to the internal regulator turning on or off. If the
transition is slow (not a step change), the disturbance should
be minimal. So while the recommendation is to not have the
output enabled during the transition through this region, it
may be acceptable. The user should monitor the output for
their application, to see if there is any problem.
The VIN to the upper MOSFET can share the same supply
as VCC, but can also run off a separate supply or other
sources, such as outputs of other regulators. If VCC powers
up first, and the VIN is not present by the time the
initialization is done, then the soft-start will not be able to
ramp the output, and the output will later follow part of the
VIN ramp when it is applied. If this is not desired, then
change the sequencing of the supplies, or use the
COMP/SD pin to disable VOUT until both supplies are ready.
Figure 6 shows a simple sequencer for this situation. If VCC
powers up first, Q1 will be off, and R3 pulling to VCC will turn
Q2 on, keeping the ISL6545 in shut-down. When VIN turns
on, the resistor divider R1 and R2 determines when Q1 turns
on, which will turn off Q2, and release the shut-down. If VIN
powers up first, Q1 will be on, turning Q2 off; so the ISL6545
will start-up as soon as VCC comes up. The VDISABLE trip
point is 0.4V nominal, so a wide variety of NFET’s or NPN’s
or even some logic IC’s can be used as Q1 or Q2; but Q2
must be low leakage when off (open-drain or open-collector)
9
so as not to interfere with the COMP output. Q2 should also
be placed near the COMP/SD pin.
VIN
R1
VCC
R3
R2
to COMP/SD
Q1
Q2
FIGURE 6. SEQUENCER CIRCUIT
The VIN range can be as low as ~1V (for VOUT as low as the
0.6V reference). It can be as high as 20V (for VOUT just
below VIN). There are some restrictions for running high VIN
voltage.
The first consideration for high VIN is the maximum BOOT
voltage of 36V. The VIN (as seen on PHASE) plus VCC (boot
voltage - minus the diode drop), plus any ringing (or other
transients) on the BOOT pin must be less than 36V. If VIN is
20V, that limits VCC plus ringing to 16V.
The second consideration for high VIN is the maximum
(BOOT - VCC) voltage; this must be less than 24V. Since
BOOT = VIN + VCC + ringing, that reduces to (VIN + ringing)
must be <24V. So based on typical circuits, a 20V maximum
VIN is a good starting assumption; the user should verify the
ringing in their particular application.
Another consideration for high VIN is duty cycle. Very low
duty cycles (such as 20V in to 1.0V out, for 5% duty cycle)
require component selection compatible with that choice
(such as low rDS(ON) lower MOSFET, and a good LC output
filter). At the other extreme (for example, 20V in to 12V out),
the upper MOSFET needs to be low rDS(ON). In addition, if
the duty cycle gets too high, it can affect the overcurrent
sample time. In all cases, the input and output capacitors
and both MOSFETs must be rated for the voltages present.
Switching Frequency
The switching frequency is either a fixed 300kHz or 600kHz,
depending on the part number chosen (ISL6545 is 300kHz;
ISL6545A is 600kHz; the generic name “ISL6545” may apply
to either in the rest of this document, except when choosing
the frequency). However, all of the other timing mentioned
(POR delay, OCP sample, soft-start, etc.) is independent of
the clock frequency (unless otherwise noted).
BOOT Refresh
In the event that the UGATE is on for an extended period of
time, the charge on the boot capacitor can start to sag,
raising the rDS(ON) of the upper MOSFET. The ISL6545 has
a circuit that detects a long UGATE on-time (nominal 100µs),
and forces the LGATE to go high for one clock cycle, which
will allow the boot capacitor some time to recharge.
Separately, the OCP circuit has an LGATE pulse stretcher
(to be sure the sample time is long enough), which can also
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
The ISL6545 incorporates a MOSFET shoot-through
protection method which allows a converter to sink current
as well as source current. Care should be exercised when
designing a converter with the ISL6545 when it is known that
the converter may sink current.
When the converter is sinking current, it is behaving as a
boost converter that is regulating its input voltage. This
means that the converter is boosting current into the VCC
rail, which supplies the bias voltage to the ISL6545. If there
is nowhere for this current to go, such as to other distributed
loads on the VCC rail, through a voltage limiting protection
device, or other methods, the capacitance on the VCC bus
will absorb the current. This situation will allow voltage level
of the VCC rail to increase. If the voltage level of the rail is
boosted to a level that exceeds the maximum voltage rating
of the ISL6545, then the IC will experience an irreversible
failure and the converter will no longer be operational.
Ensuring that there is a path for the current to follow other
than the capacitance on the rail will prevent this failure
mode.
Application Guidelines
Layout Considerations
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to another
can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the
interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces. These
interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using
wide, short printed circuit traces. The critical components
should be located as close together as possible, using ground
plane construction or single point grounding.
VIN
ISL6545
Q1
LGATE/OCSET
Q2
LO
CIN
VOUT
CO
LOAD
UGATE
PHASE
+VIN
BOOT
Q1
CBOOT
ISL6545
LO
VOUT
PHASE
VCC
+VCC
LGATE/OCSET
Q2
LOAD
Current Sinking
be located as close together as possible. Please note that the
capacitors CIN and CO may each represent numerous physical
capacitors. For best results, locate the ISL6545 within 1 inch of
the MOSFETs, Q1 and Q2 . The circuit traces for the MOSFET
gate and source connections from the ISL6545 must be sized
to handle up to 1A peak current.
ROCSET
help refresh the boot. But if OCP is disabled (no current
sense resistor), the regular boot refresh circuit will still be
active.
CO
CVCC
GND
FIGURE 8. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
Figure 8 shows the circuit traces that require additional
layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane
construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage
current paths on the COMP/SD pin and locate the resistor,
ROSCET close to the COMP/SD pin because the internal
current source is only 20µA. Provide local VCC decoupling
between VCC and GND pins. Locate the capacitor, CBOOT
as close as practical to the BOOT and PHASE pins. All
components used for feedback compensation (not shown)
should be located as close to the IC as practical.
Feedback Compensation
This section highlights the design consideration for a
voltage-mode controller requiring external compensation. To
address a broad range of applications, a type-3 feedback
network is recommended, as shown in the top part of
Figure 9.
Figure 9 also highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous-rectified buck converter, applicable to the
ISL6545 circuit. The output voltage (VOUT) is regulated to the
reference voltage, VREF. The error amplifier output (COMP pin
voltage) is compared with the oscillator (OSC) modified
sawtooth wave to provide a pulse-width modulated wave with
an amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. The PWM wave is
smoothed by the output filter (L and C). The output filter
capacitor bank’s equivalent series resistance is represented by
the series resistor E.
RETURN
FIGURE 7. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND
GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS
Figure 7 shows the critical power components of the converter.
To minimize the voltage overshoot, the interconnecting wires
indicated by heavy lines should be part of a ground or power
plane in a printed circuit board. The components shown should
10
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
V OSC ⋅ R1 ⋅ F 0
R2 = --------------------------------------------d MAX ⋅ V IN ⋅ F LC
C2
COMP
R2
C3
R3
C1
2. Calculate C1 such that FZ1 is placed at a fraction of the FLC,
at 0.1 to 0.75 of FLC (to adjust, change the 0.5 factor to
desired number). The higher the quality factor of the output
filter and/or the higher the ratio FCE/FLC, the lower the FZ1
frequency (to maximize phase boost at FLC).
E/A
R1
FB
+
Ro
1
C1 = ----------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R2 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ F LC
VREF
VOUT
OSCILLATOR
VIN
PWM
CIRCUIT
VOSC
UGATE
HALF-BRIDGE
DRIVE
L
D
PHASE
LGATE
ISL6545
C
E
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT /VCOMP. This function is dominated by a DC
gain, given by dMAXVIN /VOSC , and shaped by the output
filter, with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a zero at
FCE . For the purpose of this analysis, L and D represent the
channel inductance and its DCR, while C and E represent the
total output capacitance and its equivalent series resistance.
1
F CE = -----------------------2π ⋅ C ⋅ E
(EQ. 3)
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL6545) and the external R1-R3, C1-C3
components. The goal of the compensation network is to
provide a closed loop transfer function with high 0dB crossing
frequency (F0; typically 0.1 to 0.3 of FSW) and adequate phase
margin (better than 45°). Phase margin is the difference
between the closed loop phase at F0dB and 180°. The
equations that follow relate the compensation network’s poles,
zeros and gain to the components (R1, R2, R3, C1, C2, and
C3) in Figure 9. Use the following guidelines for locating the
poles and zeros of the compensation network:
1. Select a value for R1 (1kΩ to 5kΩ, typically). Calculate
value for R2 for desired converter bandwidth (F0). If
setting the output voltage via an offset resistor connected
to the FB pin, Ro in Figure 9, the design procedure can
be followed as presented.
11
(EQ. 5)
3. Calculate C2 such that FP1 is placed at FCE.
C1
C2 = --------------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1 ⋅ F CE – 1
(EQ. 6)
4. Calculate R3 such that FZ2 is placed at FLC. Calculate C3
such that FP2 is placed below FSW (typically, 0.5 to 1.0
times FSW). FSW represents the switching frequency.
Change the numerical factor to reflect desired placement
of this pole. Placement of FP2 lower in frequency helps
reduce the gain of the compensation network at high
frequency, in turn reducing the HF ripple component at
the COMP pin and minimizing resultant duty cycle jitter.
R1
R3 = ---------------------F SW
------------ – 1
F LC
EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
FIGURE 9. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
1
F LC = --------------------------2π ⋅ L ⋅ C
(EQ. 4)
1
C3 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R3 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ F SW
(EQ. 7)
It is recommended a mathematical model is used to plot the
loop response. Check the loop gain against the error
amplifier’s open-loop gain. Verify phase margin results and
adjust as necessary. The equations shown in Equations 8
and 9 describe the frequency response of the modulator
(GMOD), feedback compensation (GFB) and closed-loop
response (GCL):
d MAX ⋅ V IN
1 + s(f) ⋅ E ⋅ C
G MOD ( f ) = ----------------------------- ⋅ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
V OSC
1 + s(f) ⋅ (E + D) ⋅ C + s (f) ⋅ L ⋅ C
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1
G FB ( f ) = ----------------------------------------------------- ⋅
s ( f ) ⋅ R1 ⋅ ( C1 + C2 )
(EQ. 8)
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C3
⋅ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C1 ⋅ C2
( 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R3 ⋅ C3 ) ⋅ ⎛ 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ ⎛ ----------------------⎞ ⎞
⎝
⎝ C1 + C2⎠ ⎠
G CL ( f ) = G MOD ( f ) ⋅ G FB ( f )
where, s ( f ) = 2π ⋅ f ⋅ j
COMPENSATION BREAK FREQUENCY EQUATIONS
1
F Z1 = -------------------------------2π ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1
1
F Z2 = --------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C3
1
F P1 = ---------------------------------------------C1 ⋅ C2
2π ⋅ R2 ⋅ ---------------------C1 + C2
(EQ. 9)
1
F P2 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R3 ⋅ C3
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Figure 10 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s
gain vs frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high gain
peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output filter,
which is not shown. Using the above guidelines should yield a
compensation gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop
error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the
compensation gain at FP2 against the capabilities of the error
amplifier. The closed loop gain, GCL, is constructed on the loglog graph of Figure 10 by adding the modulator gain, GMOD (in
dB), to the feedback compensation gain, GFB (in dB). This is
equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer function and the
compensation transfer function and then plotting the resulting
gain.
FP1
FP2
GAIN
FZ1 FZ2
R2
20 log ⎛ -------⎞
⎝ R1⎠
MODULATOR GAIN
COMPENSATION GAIN
CLOSED LOOP GAIN
OPEN LOOP E/A GAIN
d MAX ⋅ V
IN
20 log --------------------------------V
OSC
0
GFB
LOG
GCL
GMOD
LOG
FLC
FCE
F0
FREQUENCY
FIGURE 10. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
A stable control loop has a gain crossing with close to a
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45°.
Include worst case component variations when determining
phase margin. The mathematical model presented makes a
number of approximations and is generally not accurate at
frequencies approaching or exceeding half the switching
frequency. When designing compensation networks, select
target crossover frequencies in the range of 10% to 30% of
the switching frequency, FSW.
This is just one method to calculate compensation
components; there are variations of the above equations.
The error amp is similar to that on other Intersil regulators,
so existing tools can be used here as well. Special
consideration is needed if the size of a ceramic output
capacitance in parallel with bulk capacitors gets too large;
the calculation needs to model them both separately
(attempting to combine two different capacitors types into
one composite component model may not work properly; a
special tool may be needed; contact your local Intersil
person for assistance).
Component Selection Guidelines
Output Capacitor Selection
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
12
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
Modern components and loads are capable of producing
transient load rates above 1A/ns. High frequency capacitors
initially supply the transient and slow the current load rate
seen by the bulk capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values
are generally determined by the ESR (Effective Series
Resistance) and voltage rating requirements rather than
actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage
and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient. An
aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s ESR value is related to the
case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.
However, the Equivalent Series Inductance (ESL) of these
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient loading.
Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter. Work with
your capacitor supplier and measure the capacitor’s
impedance with frequency to select a suitable component. In
most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size
perform better than a single large case capacitor.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the equations shown in Equation 10:
ΔI =
VIN - VOUT
Fsw x L
x
VOUT
VIN
ΔVOUT = ΔI x ESR
(EQ. 10)
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to
a load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL6545 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current
value to the transient current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the transient
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The equations in
Equation 11 give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
tRISE =
L x ITRAN
VIN - VOUT
tFALL =
L x ITRAN
VOUT
(EQ. 11)
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. The worst case
response time can be either at the application or removal of
load. Be sure to check both of these equations at the
minimum and maximum output levels for the worst case
response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the
small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs
and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2 .
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
should be at least 1.25x greater than the maximum input
voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5x is a conservative
guideline. The RMS current rating requirement for the input
capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately 1/2 the DC
load current.
For a through-hole design, several electrolytic capacitors may
be needed. For surface mount designs, solid tantalum
capacitors can also be used, but caution must be exercised
with regard to the capacitor surge current rating. These
capacitors must be capable of handling the surge current at
power-up. Some capacitor series available from reputable
manufacturers are surge current tested.
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
The ISL6545 requires 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs. These
should be selected based upon rDS(ON) , gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss components;
conduction loss and switching loss. The conduction losses are
the largest component of power dissipation for both the upper
and the lower MOSFETs. These losses are distributed between
the two MOSFETs according to duty factor. The switching
losses seen when sourcing current will be different from the
13
switching losses seen when sinking current. When sourcing
current, the upper MOSFET realizes most of the switching
losses. The lower switch realizes most of the switching
losses when the converter is sinking current (see the
equations in Equation 12). These equations assume linear
voltage-current transitions and do not adequately model
power loss due the reverse-recovery of the upper and lower
MOSFET’s body diode. The gate-charge losses are
dissipated by the ISL6545 and don't heat the MOSFETs.
However, large gate-charge increases the switching interval,
tSW which increases the MOSFET switching losses. Ensure
that both MOSFETs are within their maximum junction
temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the
temperature rise according to package thermal-resistance
specifications. A separate heatsink may be necessary
depending upon MOSFET power, package type, ambient
temperature and air flow.
Losses while Sourcing Current
2
1
P UPPER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × D + -- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S
2
PLOWER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x (1 - D)
Losses while Sinking Current
(EQ. 12)
PUPPER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x D
2
1
P LOWER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × ( 1 – D ) + --- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S
2
Where: D is the duty cycle = VOUT / VIN ,
tSW is the combined switch ON and OFF time, and
FSW is the switching frequency.
When operating with a 12V power supply for VCC (or down to a
minimum supply voltage of 6.5V), a wide variety of
N-MOSFETs can be used. Check the absolute maximum VGS
rating for both MOSFETs; it needs to be above the highest VCC
voltage allowed in the system; that usually means a 20V VGS
rating (which typically correlates with a 30V VDS maximum
rating). Low threshold transistors (around 1V or below) are not
recommended, for the reasons explained in the next
paragraph.
For 5V only operation, given the reduced available gate bias
voltage (5V), logic-level transistors should be used for both
N-MOSFETs. Look for rDS(ON) ratings at 4.5V. Caution
should be exercised with devices exhibiting very low
VGS(ON) characteristics. The shoot-through protection
present aboard the ISL6545 may be circumvented by these
MOSFETs if they have large parasitic impedences and/or
capacitances that would inhibit the gate of the MOSFET from
being discharged below its threshold level before the
complementary MOSFET is turned on. Also avoid MOSFETs
with excessive switching times; the circuitry is expecting
transitions to occur in under 50ns or so.
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
+VIN
+VCC
VCC
+ VD -
BOOT
CBOOT
ISL6545
UGATE
Q1
PHASE
VG-S ≈ VCC - VD
VCC
Q2
-
+
LGATE/OCSET
VG-S ≈ VCC
GND
FIGURE 11. UPPER GATE DRIVE BOOTSTRAP
BOOTSTRAP Considerations
Figure 11 shows the upper gate drive (BOOT pin) supplied by
a bootstrap circuit from VCC . The boot capacitor, CBOOT,
develops a floating supply voltage referenced to the PHASE
pin. The supply is refreshed to a voltage of VCC less the boot
diode drop (VD) each time the lower MOSFET, Q2 , turns on.
Check that the voltage rating of the capacitor is above the
maximum VCC voltage in the system; a 16V rating should be
sufficient for a 12V system. A value of 0.1µF is typical for
many systems driving single MOSFETs.
If VCC is 12V, but VIN is lower (such as 5V), then another
option is to connect the BOOT pin to 12V, and remove the
BOOT cap (although, you may want to add a local cap from
BOOT to GND). This will make the UGATE VGS voltage
equal to (12V - 5V = 7V). That should be high enough to
drive most MOSFETs, and low enough to improve the
efficiency slightly. Do NOT leave the BOOT pin open, and try
to get the same effect by driving BOOT through VCC and the
internal diode; this path is not designed for the high current
pulses that will result.
For low VCC voltage applications where efficiency is very
important, an external BOOT diode (in parallel with the
internal one) may be considered. The external diode drop
has to be lower than the internal one; the resulting higher
VG-S of the upper FET will lower its rDS(ON). The modest
gain in efficiency should be balanced against the extra cost
and area of the external diode.
14
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Dual Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (DFN)
L10.3x3C
2X
0.10 C A
A
10 LEAD DUAL FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
D
MILLIMETERS
2X
0.10 C B
E
MAX
NOTES
A
0.85
0.90
0.95
-
A1
-
-
0.05
-
A
C
SEATING
PLANE
D2
0.10 C
D2
0.08 C
7
8
D2/2
1
0.20
0.25
0.30
5, 8
3.00 BSC
2.33
E
E2
A3
SIDE VIEW
(DATUM B)
0.20 REF
D
B
//
2.38
2.43
7, 8
1.69
7, 8
3.00 BSC
1.59
e
1.64
-
0.50 BSC
-
k
0.20
-
-
-
L
0.35
0.40
0.45
8
N
10
2
Nd
5
3
Rev. 1 4/06
2
NOTES:
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.
NX k
2. N is the number of terminals.
(DATUM A)
3. Nd refers to the number of terminals on D.
E2
E2/2
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
NX L
N
N-1
NX b
e
(Nd-1)Xe
REF.
BOTTOM VIEW
5
0.10 M C A B
(A1)
9 L
5
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
7. Dimensions D2 and E2 are for the exposed pads which provide
improved electrical and thermal performance.
8. Nominal dimensions are provided to assist with PCB Land
Pattern Design efforts, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.
CL
NX (b)
NOMINAL
b
TOP VIEW
8
MIN
A3
6
INDEX
AREA
6
INDEX
AREA
SYMBOL
9. COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-229-WEED-3 except for
dimensions E2 & D2.
e
SECTION "C-C"
C C
TERMINAL TIP
FOR ODD TERMINAL/SIDE
15
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
ISL6545, ISL6545A
Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M8.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AA ISSUE C)
N
INDEX
AREA
8 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
H
0.25(0.010) M
B M
INCHES
E
SYMBOL
-B1
2
3
L
SEATING PLANE
-A-
A
D
h x 45°
-C-
e
A1
B
0.25(0.010) M
C
0.10(0.004)
C A M
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.1890
0.1968
4.80
5.00
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
e
α
B S
0.050 BSC
1.27 BSC
-
H
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
1.27
6
N
a
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
8
0°
8
8°
0°
7
8°
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of
Publication Number 95.
Rev. 1 6/05
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006
inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per
side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater
above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of
0.61mm (0.024 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
16
FN6305.5
April 29, 2010
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