Intersil ISL9441 Triple, 180â° out-of-phase, step-down pwm and single linear controller Datasheet

ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
®
Data Sheet
December 5, 2007
Triple, 180° Out-of-Phase, Step-Down
PWM and Single Linear Controller
Features
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 are quad-output
synchronous buck controllers that integrate 3 PWM
controllers and 1 low drop-out linear regulator controller, which
are full featured and designed to provide multi-rail power for
use in products such as cable and satellite set-top boxes,
VoIP gateways, cable modems, and other home connectivity
products as well as a variety of industrial and general purpose
applications. Each output is adjustable down to 0.8V. The
PWMs are synchronized at 180° out of phase thus reducing
the RMS input current and ripple voltage.
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 offer internal soft-start,
independent enable inputs for ease of supply rail
sequencing, and integrated UV/OV/OC/OT protections in a
space conscious 5mmx5mm QFN package. The ISL9440
and ISL9440A offer an early warning function to output a
logic signal to warn the system to back up data when input
voltage falls below a certain level.
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 utilize internal loop
compensation to keep minimum peripheral components for
compact design and a low total solution cost. These devices
are implemented with current mode control with feed forward
to cover various applications even with fixed internal
compensations.
The table below shows the difference in terms of ISL9440,
ISL9440A and ISL9441 features.
PART
NUMBER
FN6383.1
• Three Integrated Synchronous Buck PWM Controllers
- Internal Bootstrap Diodes
- Internal Compensation
- Internal Soft-Start
• Independent Control for Each Regulator and
Programmable Output Voltages; Independent
Enable/Shutdown
• Fixed Switching Frequency: 300kHz (ISL9440, ISL9441);
600kHz (ISL9440A)
• Adaptive Shoot Through Protection on all Synchronous
Buck Controllers
• Independently Programmable Voltage Outputs
• Out-of-Phase Switching to Reduce Input Capacitance
(0°/180°/0°)
• No External Current Sense Resistor
- Uses Lower MOSFET’s rDS(ON)
• Current Mode Controller with Voltage Feed Forward
• Complete Protection
- Overcurrent, Overvoltage, Undervoltage Lockout,
Over-Temperature
• Cycle by Cycle Current Limiting
• Wide Input Voltage Range
- Input Rail Powers VIN Pin: 5.6V to 24V
- Input Rail Powers VCC_5V Pin (VIN tied to VCC_5V, for
5V input applications): 4.5V to 5.6V
EARLY
WARNING
SWITCHING FREQUENCY
(kHz)
ISL9440
YES
300
• Early Warning (ISL9440, ISL9440A) on Input Voltage
Failure
ISL9440A
YES
600
• Integrated Reset Function (ISL9440, ISL9440A)
ISL9441
NO
300
• Pb-free (RoHS compliant)
Applications
• Satellite and Cable Set-Top Boxes
• Cable Modems
• VoX Gateway Devices
• NAS/SAN Devices
Related Literature
• Technical Brief TB389 “PCB Land Pattern Design and
Surface Mount Guidelines for QFN (MLFP) Packages”
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2007. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Pinout
Ordering Information
ISL9440AIRZ* 9440AIRZ
-40 to +85 32 Ld 5x5 QFN L32.5x5B
LGATE1
LGATE2
UGATE2
BOOT2
PHASE2
PKG.
DWG. #
UGATE1
PACKAGE
(Pb-Free)
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
(32 LD 5X5 QFN)
TOP VIEW
BOOT1
PART
MARKING
TEMP.
RANGE
(°C)
PHASE1
PART
NUMBER
(Note)
ISL9441IRZ*
-40 to +85 32 Ld 5x5 QFN L32.5x5B
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
2
2
23 PGND
VCC_5V
3
22 LGATE3
VIN
4
21 UGATE3
EN1
5
20 BOOT3
FB1
6
19 PHASE3
OCSET1
7
18 ISEN3
RST
8
17 EN3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
FB3
PGOOD
OCSET3
24 ISEN2
EN2
1
FB2
ISEN1
OCSET2
*Add “-T” for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel
specifications.
NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ
special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials
and 100% matte tin plate PLUS ANNEAL - e3 termination finish, which
is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free
soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at
Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free
requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
SGND
ISL9441IRZ
-40 to +85 32 Ld 5x5 QFN L32.5x5B
LDOFB
ISL9440IRZ
G4
ISL9440IRZ*
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
Block Diagram
BOOT1
PGOOD
RST
VCC_5V VIN PGND
EN1
EN2
EN3
BOOT2
VCC_5V
VCC_5V
UGATE1
UGATE2
PHASE1
PHASE2
ADAPTIVE DEAD-TIME
VCC_5V
ADAPTIVE DEAD-TIME
V/I SAMPLE TIMING
VCC_5V
V/I SAMPLE TIMING
LGATE1
LGATE2
POR
3
ENABLE
PGND
PGND
BIAS SUPPLIES
BOOT3
0.8V REFERENCE
+
G4
UGATE3
+
VE
FAULT LATCH
-
gm*VE
PHASE3
FB4
18.5pF
1400kΩ
180kΩ
FB1
VCC_5V
REFERENCE
SOFT-START
ADAPTIVE DEAD-TIME
EARLY WARNING
(see note 6)
V/I SAMPLE TIMING
LGATE3
PGOOD
OCP
VCC_5V
PGND
16kΩ
+
ERROR AMP 1
+ 0.8V
REF
-
PWM1
OC1 OC2 OC3
UV
UV/OV
PWM3
FB3
+
FB1 FB2 FB3 FB4
VIN
ISEN3
OCSET3
OC3
DUTY CYCLE RAMP GENERATOR
PWM CHANNEL PHASE CONTROL
ISEN1
CURRENT
SAMPLE
+
CHANNEL 3
PWM2
CURRENT
SAMPLE
FB2
OCSET1
+
1.75V REFERENCE
ISEN2
+
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
CHANNEL 1
OC2
OC1
SAME STATE FOR
2 CLOCK CYCLES
REQUIRED TO LATCH
OVERCURRENT FAULT
OCSET2
CHANNEL 2
VIN
SGND
VCC_5V
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Typical Application - ISL9440, ISL9441
+12V
+
C1
56µF
C2
4.7µF
C16
1µF VIN
VCC_5V
4
C3
10µF
BOOT1
C7
0.1µF
VOUT1
+2.5V, 6A
+
C9
330µF
+
C14
330µF
31
26
UGATE1 30
27
PHASE1 32
25
L1
R3
3.3µH
8.45k
ISEN1
1
24
13
FB1
R12
100
VOUT4
Q4
IRF7404
2.2µH
VOUT2
+ C15
+ C10
330µF
330µF
R5
4.02k
Q2
IRF7907
FB2
+1.5V, 6A
R6
4.53k
ISL9440/ISL9441
G4
20
19
LDOFB
C61
1µF
BOOT3
9
+3.3V, 500mA
C12 +
68µF
L2
ISEN2 R4
+12V
21
R10
15k
PHASE2
6
C11
0.01µF
VOUT3
+5V
C8
0.1µF
UGATE2
28 LGATE2
29
IRF7907
R2
4.75k
C6
10µF
BOOT2
8.45k
LGATE1
Q1
R1
10.2k
3
10
18
C81
0.1µF
UGATE3
PHASE3
L3
ISEN3 R41
15µH
2.8k
R11
4.75k
22 LGATE3
R71
301k
OCSET1
R72
301k
R73
261k
OCSET2
16
7
Q3
IRF7907
FB3
VOUT3
+ C13
330µF
R51
24.3k
+5V, 2A
R52
100
C52
2.2nF
V VCC_5V
12
R61
4.53k
R91
10k
OCSET3
15
8
RST
RST
V VCC_5V
R9
10K
2
5
14
17
23
PGOOD
PGOOD
11
EN1 EN2 EN3
PGND SGND
4
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Typical Application - ISL9440A
+12V
+
C1
56µF
C2
4.7µF
C16
1µF VIN
VCC_5V
4
C3
10µF
BOOT1
C7
0.1µF
VOUT1
+2.5V, 6A
+
C9
330µF
+
C14
330µF
31
26
UGATE1 30
27
PHASE1 32
25
L1
R3
1.8µH
8.45k
ISEN1 1
24
13
FB1
R12
100
VOUT4
Q4
IRF7404
1.2µH
VOUT2
+ C15
+ C10
330µF
330µF
R5
4.02k
Q2
IRF7907
FB2
+1.5V, 6A
R6
4.53k
ISL9440A
G4
20
19
LDOFB
C61
1µF
BOOT3
9
+3.3V, 500mA
C12 +
68µF
L2
ISEN2 R4
+12V
21
R10
15k
PHASE2
6
C11
0.01µF
VOUT3
+5V
C8
0.1µF
UGATE2
28 LGATE2
29
IRF7907
R2
4.75k
C6
10µF
BOOT2
8.45k
LGATE1
Q1
R1
10.2k
3
10
18
C81
0.1µF
UGATE3
PHASE3
L3
ISEN3 R41
8.2µH
2.8k
R11
4.75k
22 LGATE3
R71
301k
OCSET1
R72
301k
R73
261k
OCSET2
16
7
Q3
IRF7907
FB3
VOUT3
+5V, 2A
+ C13
330µF
R51
24.3k
V VCC_5V
12
R61
4.53k
R91
10k
OCSET3
15
8
RST
RST
V VCC_5V
R9
10K
2
5
14
17
23
PGOOD
PGOOD
11
EN1 EN2 EN3
PGND SGND
5
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
VCC_5V to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6V
VCC_5V Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mA
VIN to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +28V
BOOT/UGATE to PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to VCC_5V + 0.3V
PHASE1,2,3 and ISEN1, 2,3, to GND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-5V (<100ns, 10µJ)/-0.3V (DC) to +28V
EN1,EN2, EN3, FB1, FB2, FB3, to GND . . -0.3V to VCC_5V + 0.3V
LDOFB, OCSET1, OCSET2, OCSET3,
LGATE1, LGATE2, LGATE3, to GND. . . -0.3V to VCC_5V + 0.3V
PGOOD, RST, G4 to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +6V
ESD Rating
Human Body Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2000V
Machine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200V
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
θJA(oC/W)
θJC(oC/W)
32 Ld QFN Package (Note 1). . . . . . . .
34
3.5
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-55°C to +150°C
Maximum Operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C
Maximum Storage Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-free reflow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and
result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech
Brief TB379.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended operating conditions unless otherwise noted. Refer to Block Diagram and Typical Application
Schematic. VIN = 5.6V to 24V, or VCC_5V = 5V ±10%, C_VCC_5V = 4.7µF, TA = -40°C to +85°C (Note 5),
Typical values are at TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
5.6
12.0
24.0
V
4.5
5.0
5.6
V
4.5
5.0
5.6
V
5.0
5.5
V
VIN SUPPLY
Input Voltage Range
VIN = VCC_5V (Note 6)
Input Voltage Range
VCC_5V SUPPLY (Note 2)
Operation Voltage
Internal LDO Output Voltage
VIN > 5.6V, IL = 60mA
4.5
Maximum Supply Current of Internal LDO
VIN = 12V
60
mA
VIN SUPPLY CURRENT
EN = EN2 = EN3 = 0, VIN =12V
Shutdown Current (Note 3)
Operating Current (Note 4)
50
100
µA
3
5
mA
REFERENCE SECTION
Internal Reference Voltage
Across specified temperature range
Reference Voltage Accuracy
Across specified temperature range
0.8
-1
V
+1
%
PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIERS
DC Gain (Note 5)
88
dB
Gain-BW Product (Note 5)
15
MHz
Slew Rate (Note 5)
2.0
V/µs
PWM REGULATOR
Switching Frequency (ISL9440, ISL9441)
260
300
340
kHz
Maximum Duty Cycle (ISL9440, ISL9441)
93
%
Minimum Duty Cycle (ISL9440, ISL9441)
3
%
Switching Frequency (ISL9440A)
Maximum Duty Cycle (ISL9440A)
6
522
600
86
678
kHz
%
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Electrical Specifications
Recommended operating conditions unless otherwise noted. Refer to Block Diagram and Typical Application
Schematic. VIN = 5.6V to 24V, or VCC_5V = 5V ±10%, C_VCC_5V = 4.7µF, TA = -40°C to +85°C (Note 5),
Typical values are at TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified. (Continued)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
Minimum Duty Cycle (ISL9440A)
TYP
MAX
6
FB Bias Current (Note 5)
%
50
Peak-to-Peak Saw-tooth Amplitude (Note 5)
UNITS
nA
VIN = 12V
1.6
V
VIN = 5.5V
0.667
V
1
V
Ramp Offset
Soft-start Period
1.1
1.7
2.3
ms
PWM GATE DRIVER CHANNEL 1, 2 (UGATE1, 2; LGATE 1, 2) (Note 5)
Source Current
800
mA
Sink Current
2000
mA
Upper Drive Pull-Up
VCC_5V = 5.0V
4
8
Ω
Upper Drive Pull-Down
VCC_5V = 5.0V
1.6
3
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Up
VCC_5V = 5.0V
4
8
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Down
VCC_5V = 5.0V
0.9
2
Ω
Rise Time
COUT = 1000pF
18
ns
Fall Time
COUT = 1000pF
18
ns
400
mA
PWM GATE DRIVER CHANNEL 3 (UGATE3; LGATE 3) (Note 5)
Sink/Source Current
Upper Drive Pull-Up
VCC_5V = 5.0V
8.0
12
Ω
Upper Drive Pull-Down
VCC_5V = 5.0V
3.2
6.0
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Up
VCC_5V = 5.0V
8
12
Ω
Lower Drive Pull-Down
VCC_5V = 5.0V
1.8
3.5
Ω
Rise Time
COUT = 1000pF
18
ns
Fall Time
COUT = 1000pF
18
ns
LOW DROP OUT CONTROLLER
Drive Sink Current
LDOFB = 0.76V
FB Threshold Voltage
IG4 = 21mA
50
Amplifier Trans-conductance
LDOFB Input Leakage Current (Note 5)
mA
0.800
V
2
A/V
LDOFB = 0.8V
50
nA
0.8
V
ENABLE1, ENABLE2, ENABLE3 THRESHOLD
Enable Pin Logic Input Low
Enable Pin Logic Input High
2.0
V
POWER GOOD MONITORS
PGOOD Upper Threshold, PWM 1, 2 and 3
105.5
111
115.5
%
PGOOD Lower Threshold, PWM 1, 2 and 3
87
91
96
%
PGOOD for Linear Controller
70
75
80
%
0.4
V
1
µA
PGOOD Low Level Voltage
I_SINK = 4mA
PGOOD Leakage Current
PGOOD = 5V
7
0.025
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Electrical Specifications
Recommended operating conditions unless otherwise noted. Refer to Block Diagram and Typical Application
Schematic. VIN = 5.6V to 24V, or VCC_5V = 5V ±10%, C_VCC_5V = 4.7µF, TA = -40°C to +85°C (Note 5),
Typical values are at TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified. (Continued)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
PGOOD Rise Time
RPULLUP = 10k to 3.3V
0.05
µs
PGOOD Fall Time
RPULLUP = 10k to 3.3V
0.05
µs
EARLY WARNING FUNCTIONS
Undervoltage Lockout Rising (VCC_5V Pin)
4.25
4.45
4.50
V
Undervoltage Lockout Falling (VCC_5V Pin)
3.95
4.20
4.40
V
5.75
5.90
V
Early Warning Voltage Rising (VIN Pin; ISL9440, ISL9440A only)
Early Warning Voltage Falling (VIN Pin; ISL9440, ISL9440A only)
5.30
5.55
V
RST
RST Voltage Low
I_SINK = 4mA
0.4
V
RST Leakage Current
RST = 5V
0.025
1
µA
RST Rise Time
RPULLUP = 10k to 3.3V
0.05
µs
RST Fall Time
RPULLUP = 10k to 3.3V
0.05
µs
PGOOD/RST TIMING RISING
VIN/VOUT Rising Threshold to PGOOD High Rising
100
200
300
1.0
PGOOD Rising to RST Rising
ms
µs
PGOOD/RST TIMING FALLING
VIN/VOUT Falling Threshold to PGOOD Falling
40
70
100
µs
PGOOD Falling to RST Falling
4.5
5.5
6.5
µs
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
OV Trip Point
118
%
32
µA
15
µA
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
Overcurrent Threshold (OCSET_) (Note 5)
ROCSET = 55kΩ
Full Scale Input Current (ISEN_) (Note 5)
Overcurrent Set Voltage (OCSET_)
1.70
1.75
1.80
V
OVER-TEMPERATURE
Over-Temperature Shutdown
150
°C
Over-Temperature Hysteresis
20
°C
NOTES:
2. In normal operation, where the device is supplied with voltage on the VIN pin, the VCC_5V pin provides a 5V output capable of 60mA (min).
When the VCC_5V pin is used as a 5V supply input, the internal LDO regulator is disabled and the VIN input pin must be connected to the
VCC_5V pin. (Refer to the Pin Descriptions section for more details.)
3. This is the total shutdown current with VIN = 5.6 and 24V.
4. Operating current is the supply current consumed when the device is active but not switching. It does not include gate drive current.
5. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
6. Check Note 2 for VCC_5V and VIN configurations at 5V ±10% input applications. ISL9440, ISL9440A’s PGOOD signal will fall LOW when VIN
pin voltage drops below 5.55V (TYP), which results from the early warning detection on VIN pin voltage. ISL9441 doesn’t have an early warning
function, so when VIN pin voltage is below 5.55V, PGOOD will not be pulled LOW; ISL9441’s PGOOD only shows the output voltage regulation
status.
8
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Pin Descriptions
VIN (Pin 4)
BOOT3, BOOT2, BOOT1 (Pin 20, 26, 31)
These pins are bootstrap pins to provide bias for high side
driver. The bootstrap diodes are integrated to help reduce
total cost and reduce layout complexity.
UGATE3, UGATE2, UGATE1 (Pin 21, 27, 30)
These pins provide the gate drive for the upper MOSFETs.
PHASE3, PHASE2, PHASE1 (Pin 19, 25, 32)
These pins are connected to the junction of the upper
MOSFET’s source, output filter inductor, and lower MOSFET’s
drain.
LGATE3, LGATE2, LGATE1 (Pin 22, 28, 29)
These pins provide the gate drive for the lower MOSFETs.
PGND (Pin 23)
This pin provides the power ground connection for the lower
gate drivers for all PWM1, PWM2 and PWM3. This pin
should be connected to the sources of the lower MOSFETs
and the (-) terminals of the external input capacitors.
FB3, FB2, FB1, LDOFB (Pin 16, 13, 6, 10)
These pins are connected to the feedback resistor divider
and provide the voltage feedback signals for the respective
controller. They set the output voltage of the converter. In
addition, the PGOOD circuit uses these inputs to monitor the
output voltage status.
ISEN3, ISEN2, ISEN1 (Pin 18, 24, 1)
These pins are used to monitor the voltage drop across the
lower MOSFET for current loop feedback and overcurrent
protection.
PGOOD (Pin 2)
This is an open drain logic output used to indicate the status
of the output voltages AND input voltage (voltage on VIN pin;
early warning for ISL9440 and ISL9440A). This pin is pulled
low when either of the three PWM outputs is not within 10%
of the respective nominal voltage, or if the linear controller
output is less than 75% of it’s nominal value, or VIN pin
voltage drops below 5.55V.
ISL9440 and ISL9440A’s PGOOD pin also indicates the VIN
pin status for early warning function. If the voltage on VIN pin
drops below 5.55V, this pin will be pulled low.
Use this pin to power the device with an external supply
voltage with a range of 5.6V to 24V. For 5V ±10% operation,
connect this pin to VCC_5V.
For ISL9440 and ISL9440A, the voltage on this pin is
monitored for early warning function. If the voltage on this
pin drop below 5.55V, the PGOOD will be pulled low. RST
will be low after PGOOD toggles to low for 5.5µs (TYP).
Refer to Figure 1 for detailed time sequence.
ISL9441 doesn’t have early warning functions, which means
the VIN pin voltage is not monitored.
VCC_5V (Pin 3)
This pin is the output of the internal 5V linear regulator. This
output supplies the bias for the IC, the low side gate drivers,
and the external boot circuitry for the high side gate drivers.
The IC may be powered directly from a single 5V (±10%)
supply at this pin. When used as a 5V supply input, this pin
must be externally connected to VIN. The VCC_5V pin must
be always decoupled to power ground with a minimum of
4.7μF ceramic capacitor, placed very close to the pin.
EN3, EN2, EN1 (Pin 17, 14, 5)
These pins provide an enable/disable function for their
respective PWM output. The output is enabled when this pin
is floating or pulled HIGH, and disabled when the pin is
pulled LOW.
G4 (Pin 9)
This pin is the open drain output of the linear regulator
controller.
OCSET3, OCSET2, OCSET1 (Pin 15, 12, 7)
A resistor from this pin to ground sets the overcurrent
threshold for the respective PWM.
RST (Pin 8)
Reset pulse output. This pin outputs a logic LOW signal after
PGOOD toggles to low for 5.5µs (TYP). It can be used to
reset system.
Refer to Figure 1 for detailed time sequence of ISL9440 and
ISL9440A with early warning function.
ISL9441 doesn’t have early warning functions, which means
the VIN pin voltage is not monitored. But RST still output
LOW signal following PGOOD LOW.
SGND (Pin 11)
This is the small-signal ground, common to all 4 controllers,
and are suggested to be routed separately from the high
current ground (PGND). In case of one whole solid ground
and no noisy current going through around chip, SGND and
PGND can be tied to the same ground copper plane. All
voltage levels are measured with respect to this pin. A small
ceramic capacitor should be connected right next to this pin
for noise decoupling.
9
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
8
VIN = 5.5V FALLING/
VOUT 1-4 OUT OF
REGULATION
7
VIN/VOUT
VOLTAGE (V)
6
VVININ==5.5V
5.5VRISING/
RISING/
VVOUT 1-4
IN REGULATION
OUT 1-4 IN REGULATION
5
TYP = 200ms
PGOOD
4
RST
3
MAX = 100µs
2
2.4V
MAX = 2µs
1
0
0.4V
0
5
10
15
20
25
MAX = 6.5µs
TIME (NOT TO SCALE)
FIGURE 1. PGOOD AND RST TIMING
Typical Performance Curves
(Oscilloscope Plots are Taken Using the ISL9440EVAL1Z Evaluation Board, VIN = 12V Unless Otherwise Noted.)
2.55
95
2.53
90
2.52
85
EFFICIENCY (%)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
2.54
2.51
2.50
2.49
2.48
80
75
70
2.47
65
2.46
2.45
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
60
0.0
7.0
1.0
2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 2. PWM1 LOAD REGULATION
FIGURE 3. PWM1 EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (VO = 2.5V),
VIN = 12V, 1 DUAL SO-8 MOSFET (IRF7907) FOR
UPPER AND LOWER MOSFETS
1.55
90
85
1.53
1.52
EFFICIENCY (%)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.54
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
80
75
70
65
1.46
1.45
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 4. PWM2 LOAD REGULATION
10
7.0
60
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 5. PWM2 EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (VO = 1.5V),
VIN = 12V, 1 DUAL SO-8 MOSFET (IRF7907) FOR
UPPER AND LOWER MOSFETS
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
5.10
100
5.10
95
5.09
90
5.09
EFFICIENCY (%)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
(Oscilloscope Plots are Taken Using the ISL9440EVAL1Z Evaluation Board, VIN = 12V Unless Otherwise Noted.)
5.08
5.08
5.07
5.07
85
80
75
70
5.06
65
5.06
5.05
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
60
0. 0
4.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4. 0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 6. PWM3 LOAD REGULATION
FIGURE 7. PWM3 EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (VO = 5V), VIN = 12V,
1 DUAL SO-8 MOSFET (IRF7907) FOR UPPER
AND LOWER MOSFETS
VOUT1 50mV/DIV, AC COUPLED
VOUT3 1V/DIV
VOUT2 50mV/DIV, AC COUPLED
VOUT4 (LDO) 1V/DIV
VOUT3 50mV/DIV, AC COUPLED
VOUT1 1V/DIV
VOUT2 1V/DIV
VOUT4 50mV/DIV, AC COUPLED
5µs/DIV
0.2ms/DIV
FIGURE 8. PWM SOFT-START WAVEFORMS
FIGURE 9. OUTPUT RIPPLE UNDER MAXIMUM LOAD
(IO1 = IO1 = 6A, IO3 = 2A, IO4 = 0.5A)
VIN, 1V/DIV, CH1
VIN, 1V/DIV, CH1
RST, 5V/DIV, CH3
CH1
CH3
RST, 5V/DIV, CH3
CH3
PGOOD, 5V/DIV, CH4
PGOOD, 5V/DIV, CH4
CH4
CH1
CH4
10µs/DIV
100µs/DIV
FIGURE 10. VIN FALLING TO PGOOD FALLING DELAY TIME
11
FIGURE 11. PGOOD FALLING TO RST FALLING
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
(Oscilloscope Plots are Taken Using the ISL9440EVAL1Z Evaluation Board, VIN = 12V Unless Otherwise Noted.)
VOUT1, 100mV/DIV, 0A to 6A, 1.6A/µs
VIN, 1V/DIV, CH1
VOUT2, 100mV/DIV, 0A to 6A, 1.6A/µs
RST, 1V/DIV, CH3
CH3
VOUT3, 100mV/DIV, 0A to 2A, 1A/µs
PGOOD, 5V/DIV, CH4
VOUT4 (LDO), 100mV/DIV, 0A to 0.5A, 1A/µs
CH4
CH1
500µs/DIV
500ns/DIV
FIGURE 12. PGOOD RISING TO RST RISING
FIGURE 13. OUTPUT RIPPLE UNDER TRANSIENT LOAD
PWM1, 5V/DIV
Vo1, 1V/DIV
PWM2, 5V/DIV
Vo2, 1V/DIV
Vo3, 1V/DIV
PWM3, 5V/DIV
1µs/DIV
5ms/DIV
FIGURE 14. THREE CHANNEL HARD-SHORT OCP AT THE
SAME TIME
12
FIGURE 15. PHASE NODE PWM WAVEFORMS, VIN = 24V
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Functional Description
General Description
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 integrate control
circuits for three synchronous buck converters and one
linear controller. The three synchronous bucks operate out of
phase to substantially reduce the input ripple and thus
reduce the input filter requirements. The chip has 3 control
lines (EN1, EN2 and EN3), which provide independent
control for each of the synchronous buck outputs.
start is done and all the four outputs are up and in
regulations.
Output Voltage Programming
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 use a precision
internal reference voltage to set the output voltage. Based
on this internal reference, the output voltage can thus be set
from 0.8V up to a level determined by the input voltage, the
maximum duty cycle, and the conversion efficiency of the
circuit.
The buck PWM controllers employ free-running frequency of
300kHz (ISL9440 and ISL9441) and 600kHz (ISL9440A).
The current mode control scheme with an input voltage feedforward ramp input to the modulator provides an excellent
rejection of input voltage variations and provides simplified
loop compensations.
A resistive divider from the output to ground sets the output
voltage of either PWM channel. The center point of the
divider shall be connected to FBx pin. The output voltage
value is determined by Equation 1.
The linear controller can drive either a PNP or PFET to provide
ultra low-dropout regulation with programmable voltages.
where R1 is the top resistor of the feedback divider network
and R2 is the resistor connected from FBx to ground.
Internal 5V Linear Regulator (VCC_5V)
Out-of-Phase Operation
All ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 functions are internally
powered from an on-chip, low dropout 5V regulator. The
maximum regulator input voltage is 24V. Bypass the
regulator’s output (VCC_5V) with a 4.7µF capacitor to
ground. The dropout voltage for this LDO is typically 600mV,
so when VIN is greater than 5.6V, VCC_5V is typically 5V.
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 also employ an
undervoltage lockout circuit that disables both regulators
when VCC_5V falls below 4.4V.
To reduce input ripple current, Channel 1 and Channel 2
operate 180° out-of-phase, Channel 3 keeps 0 phase degree
with Channel 1. Channel 1 and Channel 2 typically output
higher load compared to Channel 3 because of their stronger
drivers. This reduces the input capacitor ripple current
requirements, reduces power supply-induced noise, and
improves EMI. This effectively helps to lower component cost,
save board space and reduce EMI.
The internal LDO can source over 60mA to supply the IC,
power the low side gate drivers and charge the external boot
capacitor. When driving large FETs especially at 300kHz
(ISL9440, ISL9441)/600kHz (ISL9440A) frequency, little or
no regulator current may be available for external loads.
For example, a single large FET with 15nC total gate charge
requires 15nC x 300kHz = 4.5mA (15nC x 600kHz = 9mA).
Also, at higher input voltages with larger FETs, the power
dissipation across the internal 5V will increase. Excessive
dissipation across this regulator must be avoided to prevent
junction temperature rise. Larger FETs can be used with 5V
±10% input applications. The thermal overload protection
circuit will be triggered, if the VCC_5V output is short-circuit.
Connect VCC_5V to VIN for 5V ±10% input applications.
Digital Enable Signals
The typical applications for the ISL9440, ISL9440A and
ISL9441 are using digital sequencing controllers for the
power rails. Using a digital enable rather than an analog softstart provides a well controlled method for sequencing up
and down on the power rails.
Soft-Start Operation
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 have a fixed soft-start
time, 1.7ms (TYP). PGOOD will not toggle to high until soft-
13
R1 + R2
V OUTx = 0.8V ⎛ ----------------------⎞
⎝ R2 ⎠
(EQ. 1)
Triple PWMs typically operate in-phase and turn on both upper
FETs at the same time. The input capacitor must then support
the instantaneous current requirements of the three switching
regulators simultaneously, resulting in increased ripple voltage
and current. The higher RMS ripple current lowers the
efficiency due to the power loss associated with the ESR of the
input capacitor. This typically requires more low-ESR capacitors
in parallel to minimize the input voltage ripple and ESR-related
losses, or to meet the required ripple current rating.
With synchronized out-of-phase operation, the high-side
MOSFETs turn on 180° out-of-phase. The instantaneous input
current peaks of both regulators no longer overlap, resulting in
reduced RMS ripple current and input voltage ripple. This
reduces the required input capacitor ripple current rating,
allowing fewer or less expensive capacitors, and reducing the
shielding requirements for EMI. The typical operating curves
show the synchronized 180° out-of-phase operation.
Input Voltage Range
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 are designed to
operate from input supplies ranging from 4.5V to 24V.
For 5V ±10% input applications, ISL9441 is suggested. The
reason is that VIN and VCC_5V Pin should be tied together
for this input application. The early warning function will pull
PGOOD and RST low for ISL9440 and ISL9440A. ISL9441
has not been implemented with early warning function.
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
The input voltage range can be effectively limited by the
available maximum duty cycle (DMAX = 93% for ISL9440 and
ISL9441, DMAX = 86% for ISL9440A).
V OUT + V d1
V IN ( min ) = ⎛ --------------------------------⎞ + V d2 – V d1
⎝
⎠
0.93
VIN
VCC_5V
(EQ. 2)
BOOT
where,
Vd1 = Sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor
discharge path, including the lower FET, inductor and PC
board.
Vd2 = Sum of the voltage drops in the charging path,
including the upper FET, inductor and PC board resistances.
UGATE
PHASE
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
The maximum input voltage and minimum output voltage is
limited by the minimum on-time (tON(min)).
V OUT
V IN ( max ) ≤ ---------------------------------------------------t ON ( min ) × 300kHz
(EQ. 3)
where, tON(min) = 30ns
Gate Control Logic
The gate control logic translates generated PWM signals into
gate drive signals providing amplification, level shifting and
shoot-through protection. The gate drivers have some circuitry
that helps optimize the IC performance over a wide range of
operational conditions. As MOSFET switching times can vary
dramatically from type to type and with input voltage, the gate
control logic provides adaptive dead time by monitoring real
gate waveforms of both the upper and the lower MOSFETs.
Shoot-through control logic provides a 20ns dead-time to
ensure that both the upper and lower MOSFETs will not turn on
simultaneously and cause a shoot-through condition.
Gate Drivers
The low-side gate driver is supplied from VCC_5V and
provides a peak sink current of 2A/2A/200mA and source
current of 800mA/800mA/400mA for Channels 1/2/3
respectively. The high-side gate driver is also capable of
delivering the same current as those in low-side gate driver.
Gate-drive voltages for the upper N-Channel MOSFET are
generated by the flying capacitor boot circuit. A boot capacitor
connected from the BOOT pin to the PHASE node provides
power to the high side MOSFET driver. To limit the peak
current in the IC, an external resistor may be placed between
the UGATE pin and the gate of the external MOSFET. This
small series resistor also damps any oscillations caused by
the resonant tank of the parasitic inductances in the traces of
the board and the FET’s input capacitance.
FIGURE 16.
At start-up, the low-side MOSFET turns on and forces
PHASE to ground in order to charge the BOOT capacitor to
5V. After the low-side MOSFET turns off, the high-side
MOSFET is turned on by closing an internal switch between
BOOT and UGATE. This provides the necessary gate-tosource voltage to turn on the upper MOSFET, an action that
boosts the 5V gate drive signal above VIN. The current
required to drive the upper MOSFET is drawn from the
internal 5V regulator.
Adaptive Dead Time
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 incorporate an
adaptive dead time algorithm on the synchronous buck
PWM controllers that optimizes operation with varying
MOSFET conditions. This algorithm provides an
approximately 20ns of dead time between switching the
upper and lower MOSFET’s. This dead time is adaptive and
allows operation with different MOSFET’s without having to
externally adjust the dead time using a resistor or capacitor.
During turn-off of the lower MOSFET, the LGATE voltage is
monitored until it reaches a 1V threshold, at which time the
UGATE is released to rise. Adaptive dead time circuitry
monitors the upper MOSFET gate voltage during UGATE
turn-off. Once the upper MOSFET gate-to-source voltage
has dropped below a threshold of 1V, the LGATE is allowed
to rise.
Internal Bootstrap Diode
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 have integrated
bootstrap diodes to help reduce total cost and reduce layout
complexity. Simply adding an external capacitor across the
BOOT and PHASE pins completes the bootstrap circuit. The
bootstrap capacitor must have a maximum voltage rating
above the maximum battery voltage plus 5V. The bootstrap
capacitor can be chosen from Equation 4.
Q GATE
C BOOT ≥ -----------------------ΔV BOOT
14
(EQ. 4)
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Where QGATE is the amount of gate charge required to fully
charge the gate of the upper MOSFET. The ΔVBOOT term is
defined as the allowable droop in the rail of the upper drive.
As an example, suppose an upper MOSFET has a gate
charge (QGATE) of 25nC at 5V and also assume the droop
in the drive voltage over a PWM cycle is 200mV. One will
find that a bootstrap capacitance of at least 0.125µF is
required. The next larger standard value capacitance is
0.22µF. A good quality ceramic capacitor is recommended.
Protection Circuits
The converter output is monitored and protected against
overload, short circuit and undervoltage conditions. A
sustained overload on the output sets the PGOOD low and
initiates hiccup mode.
Undervoltage Lockout
The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 include UVLO
protection that will keep the devices in a reset condition until
a proper operating voltage is applied and that will also shut
down the ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 if the operating
voltage drops below a pre-defined value. All controllers are
disabled when UVLO is asserted. When UVLO is asserted,
PGOOD will be valid and de-asserted.
Overcurrent Protection
All the PWM controllers use the lower MOSFET’s
on-resistance, rDS(ON) , to monitor the current in the
converter. The sensed voltage drop is compared with a
threshold set by a resistor connected from the OCSETx pin
to ground.
( 7 ) ( R CS )
R OCSET = ------------------------------------------( I OC ) ( r DS ( ON ) )
(EQ. 5)
where, IOC is the desired overcurrent protection threshold,
and RCS is a value of the current sense resistor connected to
the ISENx pin. If an overcurrent is detected for 2 consecutive
clock cycles then the IC enters a hiccup mode by turning off
the gate drivers and entering into soft-start. The IC will cycle
4 times through soft-start before trying to restart. The IC will
continue to cycle through soft-start until the overcurrent
condition is removed. Hiccup mode is active during soft-start
so care must be taken to ensure that the peak inductor
current does not exceed the overcurrent threshold during
soft-start.
Because of the nature of this current sensing technique, and
to accommodate a wide range of rDS(ON) variations, the
value of the overcurrent threshold should represent an
overload current about 150% to 180% of the maximum
operating current. If more accurate current protection is
desired, place a current sense resistor in series with the
lower MOSFET source.
15
Overvoltage Protection
All switching controllers within the ISL9440, ISL9440A and
ISL9441 have fixed overvoltage set points. The overvoltage
set point is set at 118% of the output voltage set by the
feedback resistors. In the case of an overvoltage event, the
IC will attempt to bring the output voltage back into
regulation by keeping the upper MOSFET turned off and
modulating the lower MOSFET for 2 consecutive PWM
cycles. If the overvoltage condition has not been corrected in
2 cycles, the ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441 will turn on
the lower MOSFET until the overvoltage has been cleared,
or the power path is interrupted by opening a fuse.
Over-Temperature Protection
The IC incorporates an over-temperature protection circuit
that shuts the IC down when a die temperature of +150°C
is reached. Normal operation resumes when the die
temperatures drops below +130°C through the initiation of
a full soft-start cycle.
Feedback Loop Compensation
To reduce the number of external components and to simplify
the process of determining compensation components, all
PWM controllers have internally compensated error
amplifiers. To make internal compensation possible several
design measures were taken.
First, the ramp signal applied to the PWM comparator is
proportional to the input voltage provided via the VIN pin.
This keeps the modulator gain constant with variation in the
input voltage. Second, the load current proportional signal is
derived from the voltage drop across the lower MOSFET
during the PWM time interval and is subtracted from the
amplified error signal on the comparator input. This creates
an internal current control loop. The resistor connected to
the ISEN pin sets the gain in the current feedback loop. The
following expression estimates the required value of the
current sense resistor depending on the maximum operating
load current and the value of the MOSFET’s rDS(ON).
( I MAX ) ( r DS ( ON ) )
R CS ≥ ----------------------------------------------15μA
(EQ. 6)
Choosing RCS to provide 15µA of current to the current
sample and hold circuitry is recommended but values down
to 2µA and up to 100µA can be used. The higher sampling
current will help to stabilize the loop.
Due to the current loop feedback, the modulator has a single
pole response with -20dB slope at a frequency determined
by the load.
1
F PO = --------------------------------2π ⋅ R O ⋅ C O
(EQ. 7)
where RO is load resistance and CO is load capacitance. For
this type of modulator, a Type 2 compensation circuit is
usually sufficient.
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Figure 17 shows a Type 2 amplifier and its response along
with the responses of the current mode modulator and the
converter. The Type 2 amplifier, in addition to the pole at
origin, has a zero-pole pair that causes a flat gain region at
frequencies in between the zero and the pole.
1
F Z = ------------------------------- = 6kHz
2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1
(EQ. 8)
1
F P = ------------------------------- = 600kHz
2π ⋅ R 1 ⋅ C 2
(EQ. 9)
C2
R2
C1
CONVERTER
R1
input, the controller sinks 21mA of current. An external PNP
transistor or PFET pass element can be used. The dominant
pole for the loop can be placed at the base of the PNP (or
gate of the PFET), as a capacitor from emitter to base
(source to gate of a PFET). Better load transient response is
achieved however, if the dominant pole is placed at the
output, with a capacitor to ground at the output of the
regulator.
Under no-load conditions, leakage currents from the pass
transistors supply the output capacitors, even when the
transistor is off. Generally this is not a problem since the
feedback resistor drains the excess charge. However,
charge may build up on the output capacitor making VLDO
rise above its set point. Care must be taken to insure that the
feedback resistor’s current exceeds the pass transistors
leakage current over the entire temperature range.
EA
TYPE 2 EA
GM = 17.5dB
GEA = 18dB
MODULATOR
FZ
FPO
FP
FC
The linear regulator output can be supplied by the output of
one of the PWMs. When using a PFET, the output of the
linear regulator will track the PWM supply after the PWM
output rises to a voltage greater than the threshold of the
PFET pass device. The voltage differential between the
PWM and the linear output will be the load current times the
rDS(ON).
FIGURE 17. FEEDBACK LOOP COMPENSATION
The zero frequency, the amplifier high-frequency gain, and
the modulator gain are chosen to satisfy most typical
applications. The crossover frequency will appear at the
point where the modulator attenuation equals the amplifier
high frequency gain. The only task that the system designer
has to complete is to specify the output filter capacitors to
position the load main pole somewhere within one decade
lower than the amplifier zero frequency. With this type of
compensation plenty of phase margin is easily achieved due
to zero-pole pair phase ‘boost’.
Conditional stability may occur only when the main load pole
is positioned too much to the left side on the frequency axis
due to excessive output filter capacitance. In this case, the
ESR zero placed within the 1.2kHz to 30kHz range gives
some additional phase ‘boost’. Some phase boost can also
be achieved by connecting capacitor CZ in parallel with the
upper resistor R1 of the divider that sets the output voltage
value. Please refer to “Output Inductor Selection” on
page 18 and “Input Capacitor Selection” on page 19 for
further details.
Linear Regulator
The linear regulator controller is a trans-conductance
amplifier with a nominal gain of 2A/V. The N-channel
MOSFET output device can sink a minimum of 50mA. The
reference voltage is 0.8V. With zero volts differential at it’s
16
ERROR AMPLIFIER SINK
CURRENT (mA)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.79
0.8
0.82
0.83
0.81
FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V)
0.84
0.85
FIGURE 18. LINEAR CONTROLLER GAIN
Base-Drive Noise Reduction
The high-impedance base driver is susceptible to system
noise, especially when the linear regulator is lightly loaded.
Capacitively coupled switching noise or inductively coupled
EMI onto the base drive causes fluctuations in the base
current, which appear as noise on the linear regulator’s
output. Keep the base drive traces away from the step-down
converter, and as short as possible, to minimize noise
coupling. A resistor in series with the gate drivers reduces
the switching noise generated by PWM. Additionally, a
bypass capacitor may be placed across the base-to-emitter
resistor. This bypass capacitor, in addition to the transistor’s
input capacitor, could bring in a second pole that will destabilize the linear regulator. Therefore, the stability
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
requirements determine the maximum base-to-emitter
capacitance.
Layout Guidelines
Careful attention to layout requirements is necessary for
successful implementation of an ISL9440, ISL9440A and
ISL9441 based DC/DC converter. The ISL9440, ISL9440A
and ISL9441 switch at a very high frequency and therefore
the switching times are very short. At these switching
frequencies, even the shortest trace has significant
impedance. Also, the peak gate drive current rises
significantly in extremely short time. Transition speed of the
current from one device to another causes voltage spikes
across the interconnecting impedances and parasitic circuit
elements. These voltage spikes can degrade efficiency,
generate EMI, increase device overvoltage stress and
ringing. Careful component selection and proper PC board
layout minimizes the magnitude of these voltage spikes.
There are three sets of critical components in a DC/DC
converter using the ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441: The
controller, the switching power components and the small
signal components. The switching power components are
the most critical from a layout point of view because they
switch a large amount of energy so they tend to generate a
large amount of noise. The critical small signal components
are those connected to sensitive nodes or those supplying
critical bias currents. A multi-layer printed circuit board is
recommended.
Layout Considerations
1. The Input capacitors, Upper FET, Lower FET, Inductor
and Output capacitor should be placed first. Isolate these
power components on the topside of the board with their
ground terminals adjacent to one another. Place the input
high frequency decoupling ceramic capacitor very close
to the MOSFETs.
2. Use separate ground planes for power ground and small
signal ground. Connect the SGND and PGND together
close to the IC. Do not connect them together anywhere
else.
3. The loop formed by Input capacitor, the top FET and the
bottom FET must be kept as small as possible.
4. Ensure the current paths from the input capacitor to the
MOSFET, to the output inductor and output capacitor are
as short as possible with maximum allowable trace
widths.
5. Place The PWM controller IC close to lower FET. The
LGATE connection should be short and wide. The IC can
be best placed over a quiet ground area. Avoid switching
ground loop current in this area.
6. Place VCC_5V bypass capacitor very close to VCC_5V
pin of the IC and connect its ground to the PGND plane.
7. Place the gate drive components BOOT diode and BOOT
capacitors together near controller IC
17
8. The output capacitors should be placed as close to the
load as possible. Use short wide copper regions to
connect output capacitors to load to avoid inductance and
resistances.
9. Use copper filled polygons or wide but short trace to
connect the junction of upper FET, Lower FET and output
inductor. Also keep the PHASE node connection to the IC
short. Do not unnecessarily oversize the copper islands
for PHASE node. Since the phase nodes are subjected to
very high dv/dt voltages, the stray capacitor formed
between these islands and the surrounding circuitry will
tend to couple switching noise.
10. Route all high speed switching nodes away from the
control circuitry.
11. Create a separate small analog ground plane near the IC.
Connect the SGND pin to this plane. All small signal
grounding paths including feedback resistors, current
limit setting resistors and ENx pull-down resistors should
be connected to this SGND plane.
12. Ensure the feedback connection to the output capacitor is
short and direct.
Component Selection Guidelines
MOSFET Considerations
The logic level MOSFETs are chosen for optimum efficiency
given the potentially wide input voltage range and output
power requirements. Two N-Channel MOSFETs are used in
each of the synchronous-rectified buck converters for the 3
PWM outputs. These MOSFETs should be selected based
upon rDS(ON), gate supply requirements, and thermal
management considerations.
The power dissipation includes two loss components;
conduction loss and switching loss. These losses are
distributed between the upper and lower MOSFETs
according to duty cycle (see the following equations). The
conduction losses are the main component of power
dissipation for the lower MOSFETs. Only the upper MOSFET
has significant switching losses, since the lower device turns
on and off into near zero voltage. The equations assume
linear voltage-current transitions and do not model power
loss due to the reverse-recovery of the lower MOSFET’s
body diode.
2
( I O ) ( r DS ( ON ) ) ( V OUT ) ( I O ) ( V IN ) ( t SW ) ( F SW )
P UPPER = --------------------------------------------------------------- + -----------------------------------------------------------V IN
2
(EQ. 10)
2
( I O ) ( r DS ( ON ) ) ( V IN – V OUT )
P LOWER = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------V IN
(EQ. 11)
A large gate-charge increases the switching time, tSW, which
increases the upper MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that
both MOSFETs are within their maximum junction
temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the
temperature rise according to package thermal-resistance
specifications.
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Output Capacitor Selection
The output capacitors for each output have unique
requirements. In general, the output capacitors should be
selected to meet the dynamic regulation requirements
including ripple voltage and load transients. Selection of
output capacitors is also dependent on the output inductor,
so some inductor analysis is required to select the output
capacitors.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required for the inductor current to
slew to it’s new level. The ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441
will provide either 0% or maximum duty cycle in response to
a load transient.
The response time is the time interval required to slew the
inductor current from an initial current value to the load
current level. During this interval the difference between the
inductor current and the transient current level must be
supplied by the output capacitor(s). Minimizing the response
time can minimize the output capacitance required. Also, if
the load transient rise time is slower than the inductor
response time, as in a hard drive or CD drive, it reduces the
requirement on the output capacitor.
The maximum capacitor value required to provide the full,
rising step, transient load current during the response time of
the inductor is:
2
( L O ) ( I TRAN )
C OUT = ----------------------------------------------------------2 ( V IN – V O ) ( DV OUT )
(EQ. 12)
where, COUT is the output capacitor(s) required, LO is the
output inductor, ITRAN is the transient load current step, VIN
is the input voltage, VO is output voltage, and DVOUT is the
drop in output voltage allowed during the load transient.
High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient
current and slow the load rate-of-change seen by the bulk
capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally
determined by the ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) and
voltage rating requirements as well as actual capacitance
requirements.
The output voltage ripple is due to the inductor ripple current
and the ESR of the output capacitors as defined by:
V RIPPLE = ΔI L ( ESR )
(EQ. 13)
where, IL is calculated in the “Output Inductor Selection” on
page 18.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load
circuitry for specific decoupling requirements.
(ISL9440/ISL9441)/600kHz (ISL9440A) for the bulk
capacitors. In most cases, multiple small-case electrolytic
capacitors perform better than a single large-case capacitor.
The stability requirement on the selection of the output
capacitor is that the ‘ESR zero’ (f Z) be between 1.2kHz and
30kHz. This range is set by an internal, single compensation
zero at 6kHz. The ESR zero can be a factor of five on either
side of the internal zero and still contribute to increased
phase margin of the control loop. Therefore:
1
C OUT = ------------------------------------2Π ( ESR ) ( f Z )
(EQ. 14)
In conclusion, the output capacitors must meet three criteria:
1. They must have sufficient bulk capacitance to sustain the
output voltage during a load transient while the output
inductor current is slewing to the value of the load
transient.
2. The ESR must be sufficiently low to meet the desired
output voltage ripple due to the output inductor current.
3. The ESR zero should be placed, in a rather large range,
to provide additional phase margin.
The recommended output capacitor value for the ISL9440,
ISL9440A and ISL9441 is between 150μF to 680μF, to meet
stability criteria with external compensation. Use of
aluminum electrolytic (POSCAP) or tantalum type capacitors
is recommended. Use of low ESR ceramic capacitors is
possible but would take more rigorous loop analysis to
ensure stability.
Output Inductor Selection
The PWM converters require output inductors. The output
inductor is selected to meet the output voltage ripple
requirements. The inductor value determines the converter’s
ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function of the ripple
current and output capacitor(s) ESR. The ripple voltage
expression is given in the capacitor selection section and the
ripple current is approximated by Equation 15:
( V IN – V OUT ) ( V OUT )
ΔI L = ---------------------------------------------------------( f S ) ( L ) ( V IN )
(EQ. 15)
For the ISL9440, ISL9440A and ISL9441, inductor values
between 1.2µH to 10µH are recommended when using the
Typical Application Schematic. Other values can be used but
a thorough stability study should be done. A smaller volume
cap in combination with big inductor will be more prone to
stability issues. One way to get more phase margin is to add
a small cap (typically 1nF to 10nF) in parallel with the upper
resistor of the voltage sense resistor divider. For example, in
ISL9440, ISL9440A Application Schematic, the 5V output
has a 15µH inductor with which the system phase margin is
less than 45°. An resistor and capacitor are added with the
upper resistor of the divider to get more phase margin.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications at 300kHz
18
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Input Capacitor Selection
I RMS =
4.5
4.0
IN PHASE
3.5
3.0
2.5
OUT OF PHASE
2.0
1.5
(EQ. 16)
0.5
0
2
DC – DC ⋅ I O
5V
3.3V
1.0
2
2
I RMS1 + I RMS2
where,
I RMSx =
5.0
INPUT RMS CURRENT
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor(s) are
the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select bulk input capacitors with voltage and
current ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest
RMS current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage
rating should be at least 1.25 times greater than the
maximum input voltage and 1.5 times is a conservative
guideline. The AC RMS Input current varies with the load.
The total RMS current supplied by the input capacitance is:
0
1
2
3
3.3V AND 5V LOAD CURRENT
4
5
(EQ. 17)
FIGURE 19. INPUT RMS CURRENT vs LOAD
DC is duty cycle of the respective PWM.
Depending on the specifics of the input power and its
impedance, most (or all) of this current is supplied by the
input capacitor(s). Figure 19 shows the advantage of having
the PWM converters operating out of phase. If the
converters were operating in phase, the combined RMS
current would be the algebraic sum, which is a much larger
value as shown. The combined out-of-phase current is the
square root of the sum of the square of the individual
reflected currents and is significantly less than the combined
in-phase current.
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
ripple across the MOSFETs. Use ceramic capacitors for the
high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to supply the
RMS current. Small ceramic capacitors can be placed very
close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the voltage induced
in the parasitic circuit impedances.
For board designs that allow through-hole components, the
Sanyo OS-CON® series offer low ESR and good
temperature performance. For surface mount designs, solid
tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be
exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating.
These capacitors must be capable of handling the surgecurrent at power-up. The TPS series available from AVX is
surge current tested.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
19
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
ISL9440, ISL9440A, ISL9441
Package Outline Drawing
L32.5x5B
32 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 2, 11/07
4X 3.5
5.00
28X 0.50
A
B
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN #1 INDEX AREA
32
25
1
5.00
24
3 .30 ± 0 . 15
17
(4X)
8
0.15
9
16
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
+ 0.07
32X 0.40 ± 0.10
4 32X 0.23 - 0.05
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
0 . 90 ± 0.1
C
BASE PLANE
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
( 4. 80 TYP )
(
( 28X 0 . 5 )
SIDE VIEW
3. 30 )
(32X 0 . 23 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
( 32X 0 . 60)
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
DETAIL "X"
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
20
FN6383.1
December 5, 2007
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