Intersil ISL6217CV-T Precision multi-phase buck pwm precision multi-phase buck pwm positioning imvp-ivâ ¢ and imvp-iv Datasheet

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ISL6217
®
December 2006
Precision Multi-Phase Buck PWM
Controller for Intel‚ Mobile Voltage
Positioning IMVP-IV™and IMVP-IV+™
FN9089.3
Features
• IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ Compliant CORE Regulator
• Single and/or Two-phase Power Conversion
• “Loss-less” Current sensing for improved efficiency and
reduced board area
The ISL6217 Multi-Phase Buck PWM control IC, with
integrated half bridge gate drivers, provides a precision
voltage regulation system for advanced Pentium“ IV
microprocessors in notebook computers. Two-phase
operation eases the thermal management issues and load
demand of Intel’s latest high performance processors. This
control IC also features both input voltage feed-forward and
average current mode control for excellent dynamic
response, “Loss-less” current sensing using MOSFET
RDS(ON) and user selectable switching frequencies from
250kHz to 1MHz per phase.
− Optional Discrete Precision Current Sense Resistor
• Internal Gate-Drive and Boot-Strap Diodes
• Precision CORE Voltage Regulation
− 0.8% system accuracy over temperature
• 6-Bit Microprocessor Voltage Identification Input
• Programmable “Droop” and CORE Voltage Slew Rate to
comply with IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ specification
The ISL6217 includes a 6-bit digital-to-analog converter
(DAC) that dynamically adjusts the CORE PWM output
voltage from 0.700V to 1.708V in 16mV steps and conforms
to the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ mobile VID
specification. The ISL6217 also has logic inputs to select
Active, Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep modes of operation.
A precision reference, remote sensing and proprietary
architecture, with integrated processor-mode compensated
“Droop”, provide excellent static and dynamic CORE voltage
regulation.
• Direct Interface with System Logic (STP_CPU# and
DPRSLPVR) for Deep and Deeper Sleep modes of
operation
To improve efficiency at light loading, the ISL6217 can be
configured to run in single phase PWM in ACTIVE, DEEP or
DEEPER SLEEP modes of operation.
• Power-Good Output with internal blanking during VID and
mode changes
Another feature of this IC controller is the PGOOD monitor
circuit that is held low until CORE voltage increases, during
its soft-start sequence, to within 12% of the “Boot” voltage.
This PGOOD signal is masked during VID changes. Output
Overcurrent, Overvoltage and Undervoltage are monitored
and result in the converter latching off and PGOOD signal
being held low.
• Easily Programmable voltage setpoints for Initial “Boot”,
Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep Modes
• Excellent Dynamic Response
− Combined Voltage Feed-Forward and Average
Current Mode Control
• Overvoltage, Undervoltage and Overcurrent Protection
• User programmable Switching Frequency of 250kHz 1MHz per phase
• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
The Overvoltage and Undervoltage thresholds are 112%
and 84% of the VID, Deep or Deeper Sleep setpoint,
respectively. Overcurrent protection features a 32 cycle
Overcurrent shutdown. PGOOD, Overvoltage, Undervoltage
and Overcurrent provide monitoring and protection for the
microprocessor and power system. The ISL6217 IC is
available in a 38 lead TSSOP.
ISL6217CV
ISL6217CV-T
ISL6217CVZ
TEMP (°C)
-10 to 85
PACKAGE
38 Ld TSSOP
38 Ld TSSOP Tape and Reel
-10 to 85
(Note 1)
38 Ld TSSOP
M38.173
M38.173
M38.173
(Pb-free)
ISL6217CVZ-T
38 Ld TSSOP Tape and Reel
(Note 1)
(Pb-free)
ISL6217CVZA
PKG.
DWG. #
-10 to 85
38 Ld TSSOP
M38.173
M38.173
(Pb-free)
(Note 1)
ISL6217CVZA-T
38 Ld TSSOP Tape and Reel
(Note 1)
(Pb-free)
M38.173
NOTES:
1. Intersil Pb-free plus anneal products employ special Pb-free
material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100%
matte tin plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and
compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil
Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow
temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of
IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143|Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2006. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners
ISL6217
Pinout
ISL6217 (38 LEAD TSSOP)
TOP VIEW
VDD 1
38 VBAT
DACOUT 2
37 ISEN1
DSV 3
36 PHASE1
FSET 4
35 UG1
PWRCH 5
34 BOOT1
EN 6
33 VSSP1
DRSEN 7
32 LG1
DSEN# 8
31 VDDP
VID0 9
VID1 10
VID2 11
30 LG2
ISL6217
TSSOP
29 VSSP2
28 BOOT2
VID3 12
27 UG2
VID4 13
26 PHASE2
VID5 14
25 ISEN2
PGOOD 15
24 VSEN
EA+ 16
23 DRSV
COMP 17
22 STV
FB 18
21 OCSET
SOFT 19
20 VSS
2
ISL6217
Block Diagram
VSEN
PGOOD
VDD
EN
1.3V
+
POWER-ON
-
RESET(POR)
+
CONTROL
AND
FAULT LOGIC
OVP
-
VBAT
CLOCK AND
SAWTOOTH
GENERATOR
1.75V
FS
HIGH-IMPEDANCE STATE
+
112% RISING
102% FALLING
+
PWM1
PWM
-
-
88% RISING
84% FALLING
+
Σ
HIGH-IMPEDANCE STATE
UV
+
Σ
PWM2
PWM
-
32 COUNT
CLOCK
CYCLE
PWRCH
+
-
BOOT1
VDDP
UG1
DACOUT
SOFT
VSOFT
PWM1
SOFT
START
PHASE
LOGIC
PHASE1
VDDP
EA+
LG1
VID0
PWM2
VID1
VID2
VID3
VSSP1
PHASE
LOGIC
VDDP
+
VID
D/A
BOOT2
E/A
-
VID4
UG2
CHANNEL
CURRENT
BALANCE
VID5
PWRCH
PHASE2
COMP
VDDP
FB
1.75V
+
OCSET
IDROOP
Σ
IOCSET
+
STV
DSV
MUX
DRSV
VCORE
REF
1
2N
3
Σ
OC
-2μA
VSSP2
Σ
SAMPLE
&
HOLD
8μA
ISEN1
CHANNEL
CURRENT
SENSE
32 COUNT
CLOCK
CYCLE
ISEN2
VSS
DSEN# DRSEN
LG2
0.435
PWRCH
ISL6217
Typical Application - 2-Phase Converter
Figure 1 shows a 2-Phase Synchronous Buck Converter
circuit used to provide “CORE” voltage regulation for the
Intel Pentium“ IV mobile processor using IMVP-IV™ and
IMVP-IV+™ voltage positioning.
The ISL6217 PWM controller can be configured for two or
one channel operation, and the ISL6217 can change the
number of power channels in operation, dynamically. The
number of channels of operation can be changed through
the PWRCH pin. The ISL6217 can be configured for two
+5VDC
+5VDC
VDD
PHASE1
FSET
UG1
PWRCH
BOOT1
VR_ON
DPRSLPVR
EN
VSSP1
DRSEN
LG1
STP_CPU#
DSEN#
VDDP
VID2
VID
PWRGD
ISL6217
TSSOP
LG2
VSSP2
BOOT2
VID3
UG2
VID4
PHASE2
VID5
ISEN2
PGOOD
VSEN
EA+
DRSV
COMP
FB
SOFT
Vbattery
ISEN1
DSV
VID1
The circuit shows pin connections for the ISL6217 PWM
controller in the 38 lead TSSOP package.
VBAT
DACOUT
VID0
channel operation in “Active” mode and one channel
operation in “Deep” and “Deeper Sleep” modes through
logic connections to the PWRCH pin. The following
configuration uses two channel operation in “Active” mode
and one channel operation in “Deep” and “Deeper Sleep”
modes.
STV
OCSET
VSS
+Vcc_core
FIGURE 1.
TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT FOR ISL6217 MULTIPHASE PWM CONTROLLER
4
ISL6217
Absolute Voltage Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VDD, VDDP .....................................-0.3-+7V
Battery Voltage, VBAT.................................................... +30V
Boot1,2 and UGATE1,2 .................................................. +35V
Phase1,2 and ISEN1,2 ................................................... +30V
Boot1,2 with respect to Phase1,2 .................................. +6.5V
UGATE1,2 ................... (Phase1,2 - 0.3V) to (Boot1,2 + 0.3V)
PHASE 1,2 Voltage..............GND- 0.3V (DC) to VBOOT + 0.3V
...........GND - 5V (<100ns Pulse Width, 10µJ) to VBOOT + 0.3V
ALL OTHER PINS ............................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1)
θJA ( C/W)
TSSOP Package (Note 1) ................................................ 72°
o
Maximum Operating Junction Temperature ..................125 C
o
o
Maximum Storage Temperature Range ..........-65 C to 150 C
o
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) ...............300 C
o
Recommended Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VDD, VDDP ....................................+5V ±5%
Battery Voltage, VBAT........................................+5.6V to 25V
Ambient Temperature ....................................... -10°C to 85°C
Junction Temperature..................................... -10°C to 125°C
CAUTION: Stress above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1)
θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air.
Electrical Specifications
Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to 85°C, Unless Otherwise Specified
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
EN = 3.3V, DSEN# = 0, DRSEN = 0, PWRCH = 0
-
1.4
-
mA
EN = 0V
-
1
-
µA
VDD Rising
4.35
4.45
4.5
V
VDD Falling
4.05
4.20
4.40
V
System Accuracy
Percent system deviation from programmed VID Codes @ 1.356
-0.8
-
0.8
%
DAC (VID0 - VID5) Input Low
Voltage
DAC Programming Input Low Threshold Voltage
-
-
0.3
V
DAC (VID0 - VID5) Input High
Voltage
DAC Programming Input High Threshold Voltage
0.7
-
-
V
Maximum Output Voltage
-
1.708
-
V
Minimum Output Voltage
-
0.70
-
V
225
250
275
kHz
0.25
-
1.0
MHz
-
100
-
dB
INPUT POWER SUPPLY
Input Supply Current, I(VDD)
POR (Power-On Reset) Threshold
REFERENCE AND DAC
CHANNEL GENERATOR
Frequency, FSW
RFset = 243K, ±1%
Adjustment Range
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
CL = 20pF
-
18
-
MHz
Slew Rate
CL = 20pF
-
4.0
-
V/µs
-
32
-
µA
-
64
-
µA
ISEN
Full Scale Input Current
Overcurrent Threshold
ROCSET =124K
Soft Start Current
SOFT = 0V
Droop Current
ISEN = 32µA
GATE DRIVER
5
-
31
-
µA
26.5
28
29.5
µA
ISL6217
Electrical Specifications
Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to 85°C, Unless Otherwise Specified
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
UGATE Source Resistance
500mA Source Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
UGATE Source Current
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
UGATE Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
UGATE Sink Current
VUGATE-PHASE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
LGATE Source Resistance
500mA Source Current
-
1
1.5
Ω
LGATE Source Current
VLGATE = 2.5V
-
2
-
A
LGATE Sink Resistance
500mA Sink Current
-
0.5
0.8
Ω
LGATE Sink Current
VLGATE = 2.5V
-
4
-
A
0.58
0.68
0.76
V
2.43
-
-
mA
56
63
82
Ω
BOOTSTRAP DIODE
Forward Voltage
VDDP = 5V, Forward Bias Current = 10mA
POWER GOOD MONITOR
PGOOD Sense Current
PGOOD pull down MOSFET
rDSON
(See Figure 10)
Undervoltage Threshold
(Vsen/Vref)
VSEN Rising
-
85.0
-
%
Undervoltage Threshold
(Vsen/Vref)
VSEN Falling
-
84.0
-
%
PGOOD Low Output Voltage
IPGOOD = 4mA
-
0.26
0.4
V
EN, DSEN#, DRSEN Low
-
-
1
V
EN, DSEN#, DRSEN High
2
-
-
V
-
112.0
-
%
LOGIC THRESHOLD
PROTECTION
Overvoltage Threshold (Vsen/Vref)
6
VSEN Rising
ISL6217
COMP - This pin provides connection to the error amplifier
output.
Functional Pin Description
1
38 VBAT
DACOUT 2
VDD
37 ISEN1
DSV
3
36 PHASE1
FSET 4
35 UG1
PWRCH 5
EN
34 BOOT1
33 VSSP1
6
DRSEN 7
32 LG1
DSEN# 8
31 VDDP
VID0 9
VID1 10
VID2 11
30 LG2
ISL6217
TSSOP
29 VSSP2
28 BOOT2
VID3 12
27 UG2
VID4 13
26 PHASE2
VID5 14
25 ISEN2
PGOOD 15
24 VSEN
EA+ 16
23 DRSV
COMP 17
22 STV
FB 18
21 OCSET
SOFT 19
20 VSS
FB - This pin is connected to the inverting input of the error
amplifier.
EA+ - This pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the
error amplifier and is used for setting the “Droop” voltage.
STV - The voltage on this pin sets the initial start-up or
“Boot” voltage.
SOFT - This pin programs the slew rate of VID changes,
Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep transitions and soft-start
after initializing. This pin is connected to ground via a
capacitor, and to EA+ through an external “Droop” resistor.
DSEN# - This pin connects to system logic “STP_CPU#”
and enables Deep Sleep mode of operation. Deep Sleep is
enabled when a logic LOW signal is detected on this pin.
DRSEN - This pin connects to system logic “DPRSLPVR”
and enables Deeper Sleep mode of operation when a logic
HIGH is detected on this pin.
VBAT - Voltage on this pin provides feed-forward battery
information which adjusts the oscillator ramp amplitude.
FSET - A resistor from this pin to ground programs the
switching frequency.
VDD - This pin is used to connect +5V to the IC to supply
all power necessary to operate the chip. The IC starts to
operate when the voltage on this pin exceeds the rising
POR threshold and shuts down when the voltage on this
pin drops below the falling POR threshold.
DACOUT - This pin provides access to the output of the
Digital-to-Analog Converter.
VDDP - This pin provides a low-esr bypass connection to
the internal gate drivers for the +5V source.
DSV - The voltage on this pin provides the setpoint for
output voltage during Deep Sleep Mode of operation.
PGOOD - This pin is used as an input and an output and is
tied to the Vccp and Vcc_mch PGOOD signals. During
start-up, this pin is recognized as an input and prevents
further slewing of the output voltage from the “Boot” level
until PGOOD from Vccp and Vcc_mch is enabled High.
After start-up, this pin has an open drain output used to
indicate the status of the CORE output voltage. This pin is
pulled low when the system output is outside of the
regulation limits. PGOOD includes a timer for power-on
delay.
DRSV – The voltage on this pin provides the setpoint for
output voltage during Deeper Sleep Mode of operation.
EN - This pin is connected to the system signal VR_ON
and provides the enable/disable function for the PWM
controller.
PWRCH - This pin selects the number of power channels.
A HIGH logic level on this pin enables 2 channel operation,
and a LOW logic signal enables single channel operation.
OCSET - A resistor from this pin to ground sets the
overcurrent protection threshold.
VSEN - This pin is used for remote sensing of the
microprocessor CORE voltage.
7
ISEN1, ISEN2 - These pins are used as current sense
inputs from the individual converter channel phase nodes.
VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3, VID4, VID5 - These pins are used
as inputs to the 6-bit Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC).
VID0 is the least significant bit and VID5 is the most
significant bit.
UG1, UG2 - These pins are the gate-drive outputs to the
high side MOSFETs for channels 1 and 2, respectively.
LG1, LG2 - These pins are the gate-drive outputs to the
low side MOSFETs for channels 1 and 2, respectively.
BOOT1, BOOT2 - These pins are connected to the
bootstrap capacitors, for upper gate-drive, for channels 1
and 2, respectively.
PHASE1, PHASE2 - These pins are connected to the
phase nodes of channels 1 and 2, respectively.
VSSP1, VSSP2 - These pins are connected to the power
ground of channels 1 and 2, respectively.
VSS - This pin provides connection for signal ground.
ISL6217
VID
Capture VID Code
< 3ms
VR_ON / EN
V BOOT
>10us
-12%
V CC-CORE
V VID
t2
t1
PGOOD
PGOOD
Vccp / Vcc_mch
3ms to 12ms
Vcc_core
FIGURE 2.
TIMING DIAGRAM SHOWING VR_ON, VCC_CORE AND PGOOD FOR VCC_CORE, VCCP AND VCC_MCH
Operation
Initialization
Once the +5VDC supply voltage, as connected to the
ISL6217 VDD pin, reaches the Power-On Reset (POR)
rising threshold, the PWM drive signals are held in “highimpedance state” or high impedance mode. This results in
both high and low side MOSFETs being held low. Once the
supply voltage exceeds the POR rising threshold, the
controller will respond to a logic level high on the EN pin
and initiate the soft-start interval. If the supply voltage
drops below the POR falling threshold, POR shutdown is
triggered and the PWM signals are again driven to “highimpedance state”.
The system signal, VR_ON is directly connected to the EN
pin of the ISL6217. Once the voltage on the EN pin rises
above 2.0V, the chip is enabled and soft-start begins. The
EN pin of the ISL6217 is also used to reset the ISL6217, for
cases when an undervoltage or overcurrent fault condition
has latched the IC off. A toggling of the state of this pin to a
level below 1.0V will re-enable the IC. For the case of an
overvoltage fault, the VDD pin must be reset.
During start-up, the ISL6217 regulates to the voltage on the
STV pin. This is referred to as the “Boot” voltage and is
labeled VBOOT in Figure 2. Once power good signals are
received from the Vccp and Vcc_mch regulators, the
ISL6217 will capture the VID code and regulate to this
command voltage within 3ms to 12ms. The PGOOD pin of
the ISL6217 is both an input and an output and is further
described in the “Fault Protection” section of this document.
Soft-Start Interval
Once VDD rises above the POR rising threshold and the
8
EN pin voltage is above the threshold of 2.0V, a soft-start
interval is initiated (Refer to Figures 2 and 3).
The voltage on the EA+ pin is the reference voltage for the
regulator. The voltage on the EA+ pin is equal to the
voltage on the SOFT pin minus the “Droop” resistor
voltage, VDROOP. During start-up, when the voltage on
SOFT is less than the “Boot” voltage VBOOT, a small 30µA
current source, I1, is used to slowly ramp up the voltage on
the soft-start Capacitor CSOFT. This slowly ramps up the
reference voltage for the controller, and therefore, controls
the slew rate of the output voltage. The STV pin is
externally programmable and sets the start-up, or “Boot”
voltage, VBOOT. The programming of this voltage level is
explained in the “STV, DSV and DRSV” section of this
document.
The ISL6217 PGOOD pin is both an input and an output.
The system signal, IMVP4_PWRGD, is connected to power
good signals from the Vccp and Vcc_mch supplies. The
Intersil ISL6227, Dual Voltage Regulator is an ideal choice
for the Vccp and Vcc_mch supplies.
Once the output voltage is within the “Boot” level regulation
limits and a logic high PGOOD signal from the Vccp and
Vccp_mch regulators is received, the ISL6217 is enabled to
capture the VID code and regulate to that command
voltage (Refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3). A second current
source, I2, is added to I1, after the initial start-up transition.
I2 is approximately 100µA, and raises the total SOFT pin
sinking and sourcing current to 130µA. This increased
current is used to increase the slew rate of the reference to
meet all Active, Deep and Deeper Sleep slew rate
requirements of the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™
specification.
ISL6217
250
I
I
1
FSET Resistor Value (kOhms)
ISL6217
2
Error
Amplifier
IDROOP
+
SOFT
R DROOP
EA+
150
100
50
0
250
+ V DROOP
C SOFT
FIGURE 3.
200
500
750
1000
Channel Switching Frequency, Fsw,
(
)
SOFT-START TRACKING CIRCUITRY SHOWING
INTERNAL CURRENT SOURCES AND "DROOP"
FOR ACTIVE, DEEP AND DEEPER SLEEP
MODES OF OPERATION
The “Droop” current source, IDROOP, is proportional to
load current. This current source is used to reduce the
reference voltage on EA+ by the voltage drop across the
“Droop” resistor. A more in-depth explanation of “Droop”,
and the sizing of this resistor, can be found in the “Droop
Compensation” section of this document.
The choice of value for soft start capacitor is determined by
the maximum slew rate required for the application. An
example calculation is shown below. Using the combined I1
and I2 current sources on the SOFT pin as 130mA, and the
worst case slew rate of (10mV/µs), the SOFT capacitor is
calculated as follows:
I
1µs
CSOFT = SOURCE = 130µA ×
= 0.013µF ≈ 0.012µF
SlewRate
10mV
(EQ. 1)
Gate-Drive Signals
The ISL6217 provides internal gate-drive for a two channel,
Synchronous Buck, Core Regulator. During two channel
mode of operation, the PWM drive signals are switched
180° out of phase to reduce ripple current delivered from
the DC rail and to the load.
The ISL6217 was designed with a 4 amp, low-side gate
current sinkability, and a 2 amp low-side gate current
source ability, to efficiently drive the latest, highperformance MOSFETs. This feature will provide the
system designer with flexibility in MOSFET selection, as
well as optimum efficiency during Active mode of operation.
9
FIGURE 4.
CHANNEL SWITCHING FREQUENCY VS. RFSET
PWRCH pin
A HIGH logic level on this pin enables two channel
operation and a LOW logic signal enables single channel
operation. By tying this pin to the STP_CPU# system
signal, (DSEN# pin on ISL6217) single channel operation
will be invoked during the light loading of both Deep and
Deeper Sleep. If single channel operation is desired only
during Deeper Sleep, the inversion of system signal
DPRSLPVR can be connected to this pin.
The aggressive gate-drive capability of ISL6217, coupled
with the single channel operation feature results in superior
efficiency performance over both light and heavy loads.
Frequency Setting
Both channel switching frequencies are set up by a resistor
from the FSET pin to ground. The choice of FSET
resistance for a desired switching frequency can be
approximated using Figure 4. The switching frequency is
designed to operate between 250kHz and 1MHz per
phase.
CORE Voltage Programming
The voltage identification pins (VID0, VID1, VID2, VID3,
VID4 and VID5) set the DAC output voltage. These pins do
not have internal pull-up or pull-down capability. These pins
will recognize 1.0V, 3.3V, or 5.0V CMOS logic. Table 1
shows the command voltage, VDAC for the 6 bit VID
codes.
The IC responds to VID code changes as shown in
Figure 5. PGOOD is masked between these transitions.
ISL6217
Table 1.
IMPV-IV VID CODES
Table 1.
IMPV-IV VID CODES
VID5
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VDAC
VID5
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VDAC
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.708
1
0
1
0
1
0
1.036
0
0
0
0
0
1
1.692
1
0
1
0
1
1
1.020
0
0
0
0
1
0
1.676
1
0
1
1
0
0
1.004
0
0
0
0
1
1
1.660
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.988
0
0
0
1
0
0
1.644
1
0
1
1
1
0
0.972
0
0
0
1
0
1
1.628
1
0
1
1
1
1
0.956
0
0
0
1
1
0
1.612
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.940
0
0
0
1
1
1
1.596
1
1
0
0
0
1
0.924
0
0
1
0
0
0
1.580
1
1
0
0
1
0
0.908
0
0
1
0
0
1
1.564
1
1
0
0
1
1
0.892
0
0
1
0
1
0
1.548
1
1
0
1
0
0
0.876
0
0
1
0
1
1
1.532
1
1
0
1
0
1
0.860
0
0
1
1
0
0
1.516
1
1
0
1
1
0
0.844
0
0
1
1
0
1
1.500
1
1
0
1
1
1
0.828
0
0
1
1
1
0
1.484
1
1
1
0
0
0
0.812
0
0
1
1
1
1
1.468
1
1
1
0
0
1
0.796
0
1
0
0
0
0
1.452
1
1
1
0
1
0
0.780
0
1
0
0
0
1
1.436
1
1
1
0
1
1
0.764
0
1
0
0
1
0
1.420
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.748
0
1
0
0
1
1
1.404
1
1
1
1
0
1
0.732
0
1
0
1
0
0
1.388
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.716
0
1
0
1
0
1
1.372
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.700
0
1
0
1
1
0
1.356
0
1
0
1
1
1
1.340
0
1
1
0
0
0
1.324
0
1
1
0
0
1
1.308
0
1
1
0
1
0
1.292
0
1
1
0
1
1
1.276
0
1
1
1
0
0
1.260
0
1
1
1
0
1
1.244
0
1
1
1
1
0
1.228
0
1
1
1
1
1
1.212
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.196
1
0
0
0
0
1
1.180
1
0
0
0
1
0
1.164
1
0
0
0
1
1
1.148
1
0
0
1
0
0
1.132
1
0
0
1
0
1
1.116
1
0
0
1
1
0
1.100
1
0
0
1
1
1
1.084
1
0
1
0
0
0
1.068
1
0
1
0
0
1
1.052
10
Active, Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep Modes
The ISL6217 Multi-Phase Controller is designed to control
the CORE output voltage as per the IMVP-IV™ and and
IMVP-IV+™ specifications for Active, Deep Sleep, and
Deeper Sleep Modes of Operation.
After initial start-up, a logic high signal on DSEN# and a
logic low signal on DRSEN signals the ISL6217 to operate
in Active mode (Refer to Table 2). This mode will recognize
VID code changes and regulate the output voltage to these
command voltages
Table 2.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE AS A FUNCTION OF DSEN# AND
DRSEN LOGIC STATES
DSEN# STP_CPU#
DRSEN DPRSLPVR
MODE OF
OPERATION
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
1
0
Active
VID
0
0
Deep Sleep
DSV
0
1
Deeper Sleep
DRSV
1
1
Deeper Sleep
DRSV
ISL6217
Current VID Code
VID[0..5]
New VID Code
< 600ns
V CC_CORE
PGOOD
Current Voltage Level
New Voltage Level
HIGH
FIGURE 5.
PLOT SHOWING TIMING OF VID CODE CHANGES AND CORE VOLTAGE SLEWING AS WELL AS PGOOD MASKING
VID[0..5]
VID Code remains the same
STP_CPU#
(DSEN#)
<30us
VID Command Voltage
V CC_CORE
VDeep Sleep
FIGURE 6.
CORE VOLTAGE SLEWING TO 98.8% OF PROGRAMMED VID VOLTAGE FOR A LOGIC LEVEL LOW ON DSEN
VID Code remains the same
VID[0..5]
STP_CPU#
(DSEN#)
Deeper Sleep Mode
DPRSLPVR
(DRSEN)
Short DPRSLP causes
VCC-CORE to ramp up
V CC_CORE
V Deep Sleep
V Deeper Sleep
FIGURE 7.
VCORE RESPONSE FOR DEEPER SLEEP COMMAND
A logic low signal present on STPCPU# (pin DSEN#), with
a logic low signal on DPRSLPVR (pin DRSEN), signals the
ISL6217 to reduce the CORE output voltage to the Deep
Sleep level, the voltage on the DSV pin.
A logic high on DPRSLPVR, (pin DRSEN) with a logic low
signal on STPCPU# (pin DSEN#), signals the ISL6217
controller to further reduce the CORE output voltage to the
Deeper Sleep level, which is the voltage on the DRSV pin.
Deep Sleep and Deeper Sleep voltage levels are
programmable and are explained in the “STV, DSV and
DRSV” section of this document.
Deep Sleep Enable-DSEN# and Deeper Sleep
Enable - DRSEN
Table 2 shows logic states controlling modes of operation.
Figure 6 and Figure 7 shows the timing for transitions
11
entering and exiting Deep Sleep Mode and Deeper Sleep
Mode. This is controlled by the system signals STPCPU#
and DPRSLPVR. ISL6217 pins DSEN#, (Deep Sleep
Enable #) and DRSEN, (Deeper Sleep Enable), are
connected to these 2 signals, respectively.
When DSEN# is logic high, and DRSEN is logic low, the
controller will operate in Active Mode and regulate the
output voltage to the VID commanded DAC voltage, minus
the voltage “Droop” as determined by the load current.
Voltage “Droop” is the reduction of output voltage
proportional to output current.
When a logic low is detected at the DSEN# and DRSEN
pins, the controller will regulate the output voltage to the
voltage seen on the DSV pin minus “Droop”. If the PWRCH
pin is connected to the DSEN# pin then the controller will
also switch to single channel operation.
ISL6217
When DSEN# is logic low and DRSEN is logic high the
controller will operate in Deeper Sleep mode. The ISL6217
will then regulate to the voltage at the DRSV pin minus
“Droop”. If the PWRCH pin is connected to the DSEN# pin,
then the controller will also automatically switch to single
channel operation.
If the PWRCH pin is connected to an inverted DPRSLPVR
system signal, then the controller will automatically switch
to single channel operation during Deeper Sleep mode
only. Deep and Deeper Sleep voltage levels are
programmable and explained in the “STV, DSV and DRSV”
section of this document.
STV, DSV and DRSV
The start-up or “Boot” voltage is programmed by an
external resistor divider network from the OCSET pin
(Refer to Figure 8). Internally, a 1.75V reference voltage is
output on the OCSET pin. The start-up voltage is set
through a voltage divider from the 1.75V reference at the
OCSET pin. The voltage on the STV pin will be the voltage
the controller will regulate to during the start-up sequence.
Once the PGOOD pin of the ISL6217 controller is
externally enabled high by the Vccp and Vcc_mch
controllers, the ISL6217 will then ramp, after a 10ms delay,
to the voltage commanded by the VID setting minus
“Droop”.
BATTERY
R1
OCSET
R2
VID COMMAND
VOLTAGE
STV
30.1K
DACOUT
1.21K
0.750V
R3
49.9K
The IC enters Deeper Sleep mode when DRSEN is high
and DSEN# is low, as shown in Figure 7.
DRSV
SOFT
GND
DSV
The ISL6217 overcurrent protection essentially compares a
user-selectable overcurrent threshold to the scaled and
sampled output current. An overcurrent condition is defined
when the sampled current is equal to or greater than the
threshold current. A step by step process to design for the
user-desired overcurrent set point is detailed next.
STEP 1: SETTING THE OVERCURRENT THRESHOLD
The overcurrent threshold is represented by the DC current
flowing out of the OCSET pin (See Figure 8). Since the
OCSET pin is held at a constant 1.75V, the user need only
populate a resistor from this pin to ground to set the
desired overcurrent threshold, IOCSET. The user should pick
a value of IOCSET between 10µA and 15µA. Once this is
done, use Ohm’s Law to determine the necessary resistor
to place from OCSET to ground
98.8%
DACOUT
98.8K
CONFIGURATIONS FOR BATTERY INPUT,
OVERCURRENT SETTING AND START, DEEP
SLEEP AND DEEPER SLEEP VOLTAGE
DIVIDERS
Deep Sleep Voltage - DSV
The Deep Sleep voltage is programmed by an external
voltage divider network from the DACOUT pin (Refer to
Figure 8). The DACOUT pin is the output of the VID digitalto-analog converter. By having the Deep Sleep voltage
setup from a resistor divider from DAC, the Deep Sleep
voltage will be a constant percentage of the VID. Through
the voltage divider network, Deep Sleep voltage is set to
98.8% of the programmed VID voltage, as per the IMVPIV™ and IMVP-IV+™ specification.
The IC enters the Deep Sleep mode when the DSEN# is
12
(EQ. 2)
STEP 2: SELECTING ISEN RESISTANCE FOR DESIRED
OVERCURRENT LEVEL
After choosing the IOCSET level, the user must then decide
what level of total output current is desired for overcurrent.
Typically, this number is between 150% and 200% of the
maximum operating current of the application. For
example, if the max operating current is 46A, and the user
chooses 150% overcurrent, the ISL6217 will shut down if
the output current exceeds 46A*1.5 or 69A. According to
the Block Diagram, the equation below should be used to
determine RISEN once the overcurrent level, IOC, is chosen.
0.012μF
FIGURE 8.
1.75 V
= R1 + R2 + R3
IOCSET
For example, if the desired overcurrent threshold is 15µA,
the total resistance from OCSET must equal 117kΩ.
VBAT
36.5K
1.200V
The Deeper Sleep voltage, DRSV, is programmed by an
external voltage divider network from the 1.75V reference
on the OCSET pin (Refer to Figure 8). In Deeper Sleep
mode the ISL6217 controller will regulate the output voltage
to the voltage present on the DRSV pin minus “Droop”.
ROCSET =
ISL6217
IOCSET
Deeper Sleep Voltage - DRSV
Overcurrent Setting - OCSET
Start-up “Boot” Voltage - STV
VREF = 1.75V
low and the DRSEN pin is low as shown in Figure 6 and
Figure 7. Once in Deep Sleep Mode, the controller will
regulate to the voltage seen on the DSV pin minus “Droop”.
RISEN =
IOC ⋅
r(DSON)
⋅ 0.2175
M
(IOCSET + 2μA ) ⋅ N − 4μA
(EQ. 3)
In Equation 3, M represents the number of Low-Side
MOSFETs in one channel, and N represents the number of
channels. Using the examples above (IOC = 69A, IOCSET =
15µA) and substituting the values M = 2, N=2, rDS(ON) =
6mΩ, RISEN is calculated to be 1.5KΩ.
STEP 3: THERMAL COMPENSATION FOR RDS(ON) (IF
DESIRED)
If PTCs are used for thermal compensation, then RISEN is
found using the room temperature value of rDS(ON). If
standard resistors are used for RISEN, then the “HOT”
value of rDS(ON) should be used for this calculation.
MOSFET rDS(ON) sensing provides advantages in cost,
efficiency, and board area. However, if more precise
ISL6217
current feedback is desired, a discrete Precision Current
Sense Resistor, RPOWER, may be inserted between the
SOURCE of each channel’s lower MOSFET and ground.
The small RISEN resistor, as described above, is then
replaced with a standard 1% resistor and connected from
the ISEN pin of the ISL6217 controller to the SOURCE of
the lower MOSFET.
Fault Protection
Battery Feed-Forward Compensation - VBAT
Output Voltage Monitoring
The ISL6217 incorporates Battery Voltage Feed-Forward
Compensation, as shown in Figure 9. This compensation
provides a constant Pulse Width Modulator Gain
independent of battery voltage. An understanding of this
gain is required for proper loop compensation. The Battery
Voltage is connected directly to the ISL6217 by way of the
VBAT pin, and the gain of the system ramp modulator is a
constant 6.0.
VSEN is connected to the local CORE output voltage and
is used for PGOOD, Under-Voltage and overvoltage
sensing only. (Refer to “Block Diagram”) .
R2
The voltage on VSEN is compared with two voltage levels
which indicate an overvoltage or undervoltage condition of
the output. Violating either of these conditions results in the
PGOOD pin toggling low to indicate a problem with the
output voltage.
CDCPL
R1
C2
FB
The ISL6217 protects the CPU from damaging stress
levels. The overcurrent trip point is integral in preventing
output shorts of varying degrees from causing current
spikes that would damage a CPU. The output overvoltage
and Undervoltage detection features insure a safe window
of operation for the CPU.
C1
COMP
VIN
ERROR
AMPLIFIER
_
EA+
VDROOP RDROOP
+
SOFT
CSOFT
+
Q1
UG1
PWM 1
CIRCUIT
BALANCE
-
Σ
+
-
VERROR1
+
-
IDROOP
IL1
Q2
COMPARATOR
+
Σ
LG1
CURRENT
SENSING
L01
PHASE
ISEN1
RISEN1
-
IMVP-IV_
IMVP-IV+_
REFERENCE
IAVERAGE
CURRENT
AVERAGING
VCORE
+
Σ
CURRENT
SENSING
ISEN2
COUT
RISEN2
+V
rdson
RLOAD
VIN
PHASE
+
-
VERROR2
Σ
BALANCE
+
-
Q3
UG2
PWM 2
CIRCUIT
COMPARATOR
LG2
Q4
L02
Vrdson IL2
+
ISL6217
FIGURE 9.
SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE ISL6217 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONTROL LOOPS FOR A TWO CHANNEL
REGULATOR. THE 38 LEAD TSSOP PACKAGE IS SHOWN.
13
ISL6217
PGOOD
As previously described, the ISL6217 PGOOD pin operates
as both an input and an output. During start-up, the PGOOD
pin operates as an input (Refer to Figure 10).
ISL6217
RST#
EN
IPGT
START
SQ
RQ
CLR
t
ISL6227
3.3V
3.3V
PGOOD
Vccp
10K
1.2K
3.3V
START
PGOOD
10K
PGOOD
Vcc_mch
~ 100ns
t
3ms-12ms
CPU-UP# =
UV# and OV#
CLK_ENABLE#
IMVP4_PWRGD
FIGURE 10. INTERNAL PGOOD CIRCUITRY FOR THE ISL6217
CORE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
As per the IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ specification, once
the ISL6217 CORE regulator regulates to the “Boot” voltage,
it waits for the PGOOD logic HIGH signals from the Vccp
and Vcc_mch regulators. The Intersil ISL6227 is a perfect
choice for these two supplies, as it is a dual regulator and
has independent PGOOD functions for each supply. Once
these two supplies are within regulation, PGOODVccp and
PGOODVcc_mch will be high impedance, and will allow the
PGOOD of the ISL6217 to sink approximately 2.6mA to
ground through the internal MOSFET, shown in Figure 10.
The ISL6217 detects this current and starts an internal
PGOOD timer.
The current sourced into the PGOOD pin is critical for proper
start-up operation. The pullup resistor, Rpullup is sized to
give a minimum of 2.6mA of current sourced into the
PGOOD pin when the system is enabled and the Vccp and
Vcc_mch supplies are in regulation.
As given in the electrical specifications of this document, the
PGOOD MOSFET rDSON is given as 82Ω maximum. If 3.3V
is used as the supply, then the pullup resistor is given by the
following equation:
RPullup =
Vsource
3.3 − 0.05(3.3)
− rDSON (max ) =
− 82 ≈ 1.2kΩ
2.6mA
2.6mA
(EQ. 4)
where Vsource is the supply minus 5% for tolerance. This
will insure that approximately 2.6mA will be sourced into the
PGOOD pin for worst case conditions of low supply and
largest MOSFET rDSON.
Once the proper level of PGOOD current is detected, the
ISL6217 then captures the VID and regulates to this value.
The PGOOD timer is a function of the internal clock and
switching frequency. The internal PGOOD delay can be
calculated as follows:
Timer Delay = 3072 / FSW
(EQ. 5)
The ISL6217 controller regulates the CORE output voltage
to the VID command, and once the timer has expired, the
PGOOD output is allowed to go high.
NOTE: the PGOOD functions of the VCC_CORE, Vccp and
Vcc_mch regulators are wire OR’d together to create the
system signal “IMVP4_PWRGD”. If any of the supplies fall
outside the regulation window, their respective PGOOD pins
14
are pulled low, which forces IMVP4_PWRGD low. PGOOD
of the ISL6217 is internally disabled during all VID and
Mode transitions.
Overvoltage
The VSEN voltage is compared with an internal
overvoltage protection (OVP) reference, set to 112% of the
VID voltage. If the VSEN voltage exceeds the OVP
reference, a comparator simultaneously sets the OV latch,
and pulls the PWM signal low. The drivers turn on the lower
MOSFETs, shunting the converter output to ground. Once
the output voltage falls below 102% of the set point, the
high side and low side MOSFETs are held off. This
prevents dumping of the output capacitors back through the
output inductors and lower MOSFETs, which would cause
a negative voltage on the CORE output.
This architecture eliminates the need of a high current,
Schottky diode on the output. If the overvoltage condition
persists, the outputs are cycled between output low and
output “off”, similar to a hysteretic regulator. The OV latch is
reset by cycling the VDD supply voltage to initiate a POR.
Depending on the mode of operation, the overvoltage
setpoint is 112% of the VID, Deep or Deeper Sleep
setpoint.
Undervoltage
The VSEN pin is also compared to an undervoltage (UV)
reference which is set to 84% of the VID, Deep or Deeper
Sleep set point, depending on the mode of operation. If the
VSEN voltage is below the UV reference for more than 32
consecutive phase clock cycles, the power good monitor
triggers the PGOOD pin to go low, and latches the chip off
until power is reset to the chip, or the EN pin is toggled.
Overcurrent
The RISEN resistor scales the voltage sampled across the
lower MOSFET and provides current feedback proportional
to the output current of each active channel (Refer to
Figure 9). The ISEN currents from all the active channels
are averaged together to form a scaled version of the total
output current, IAVERAGE. IAVERAGE is compared with
an internally generated overcurrent trip threshold, which is
proportional to the current sourced from the OCSET pin,
IOCSET. The overcurrent trip current source is
programmable and described in the “Overcurrent Setting OCSET” section of this document.
If IAVERAGE exceeds the IOCSET level, an up/down
counter in enabled. If IAVERAGE does not fall below
IOCSET within 32 phase cycle counts, the PGOOD pin
transitions low and latches the chip off. If normal operation
resumes within the 32 phase cycle count window, the
controller will continue to operate normally (Refer to the
“Block Diagram” ).
NOTE: due to “DROOP” there is inherent current limit, since load
current cannot exceed the amount that would command an
output voltage lower than 84% of the VID voltage. This
would result in an undervoltage shutdown, and would also
cause the PGOOD pin to transition low and latch the chip
off.
ISL6217
Control Loops
Droop Compensation
The “Block Diagram” and Figure 9 shows a simplified
diagram of the voltage regulation and current control loops
for a two-phase converter. Both voltage and current
feedback are used to precisely regulate voltage and tightly
control output currents, IL1 and IL2, of the two power
channels. The voltage loop is comprised of the Error
Amplifier, Comparators, Internal Gate Drivers, and
MOSFETs. The Error Amplifier drives the modulator to force
the FB pin to the IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ reference
minus “Droop”.
Microprocessors and other peripherals tend to change their
load current demands from near no-load to full load often
during operation. These same devices require minimal
output voltage deviation during a load step.
Voltage Loop
The output CORE voltage feedback is applied to the Error
Amplifier through the compensation network. The signal
seen on the FB pin will drive the Error Amplifier output either
high or low, depending on the CORE voltage. A CORE
voltage level that is lower than the IMVP-IV™ and
IMVP-IV+™ reference, as output from the 6 bit DAC, makes
the amplifier output move towards a higher output voltage
level. The amplifier output voltage is applied to the positive
inputs of the comparators by the BALANCE summing
networks. Out-of-phase sawtooth signals are applied to the
two comparators’ inverting inputs. Increasing Error Amplifier
voltage results in increased Comparator output duty cycle.
This increased duty cycle signal is passed through the PWM
circuit to the internal gate-drive circuitry. The output of the
internal gate-drive is directly connected to the gate of the
MOSFETs. Increased duty cycle or ON-time for the high side
MOSFET transistors results in increased output voltage,
VCORE, to compensate for the low output voltage sensed.
Current Loop
The current control loop keeps the channel currents in
balance. During the PWM off-time of each channel, the
voltage VrDS(ON), developed across the lower MOSFET is
sampled. Internally, the ISEN pin is held at virtual ground
during this interval, and VrDS(ON) is impressed across the
RISEN resistor. This provides current feedback proportional
to the output current of each channel. The scaled output
currents from all active channels are combined to create an
average current reference IAVERAGE, proportional to the
converter total output current. This signal is then subtracted
from the individual channel scaled output currents to
produce a current correction signal for each channel. The
current correction signal keeps each channel output current
contribution balanced relative to the other active channels.
Each current correction signal is subtracted from the error
amplifier output and fed to the individual channel PWM
circuits. For example, assume the voltage sampled across
Q4 in Figure 9 is higher than that sampled across Q2. The
ISEN2 current would be higher than ISEN1. When the two
reference currents are averaged, they accurately represent
the total output current of the converter. The reference
current IAVERAGE is then subtracted from the ISEN
currents. This results in a positive offset for Channel 2 and a
negative offset for Channel 1. These offsets are subtracted
from the error amplifier signal and perform phase balance
correction. The VERROR2 signal is reduced, while
VERROR1 would be increased. The PWM circuit would then
reduce the pulse width to lower the output current
contribution by Channel 2, while doing the opposite to
Channel 1, thereby balancing channel currents.
A high di/dt load step will cause an output voltage spike.
The amplitude of the spike is dictated by the output
capacitor ESR, multiplied by the load step magnitude, plus
the output capacitor ESL, times the load step di/dt. A
positive load step produces a negative output voltage spike
and vice versa. A large number of low-series-impedance
capacitors are often used to prevent the output voltage
deviation from exceeding the tolerance of some devices.
One widely accepted solution to this problem is output
voltage “Droop”, or active voltage positioning.
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 9, the average channel
current is used to control the “Droop” current source,
IDROOP. The “Droop” current source is a controlled current
source and is proportional to output current. This current
source is approximately 87% of the averaged ISEN
currents. The Droop current is sourced out of the SOFT pin
through the Droop resistor and returns through the EA+ pin.
This creates a “Droop” voltage VDROOP, which subtracts
from the IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ reference voltage on
SOFT to generate the voltage setpoint for the CORE
regulator.
Full load current for the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™
specification is 25 amps. ISEN currents are designed to be
32µA for this load. Knowing that the Droop Current,
sourced out of the SOFT pin, will be 87% of the ISEN
averaged currents, a “Droop” resistor RDROOP, can be
selected to provide the amount of voltage “Droop” required
at full load. The selection of this resistor is explained in the
following section.
A choice of RISEN and rDS(ON) giving a sense current
value other than 32µA at full load, will require proportional
adjustments in RDROOP and ROCSET. This may happen,
as the PTC is not found in every possible resistance value.
Selection of RDROOP
Figure 11 shows a static “Droop” load line for the 1.484V
Active Mode. The ISL6217, as previously mentioned,
allows the programming of the load line slope by the
selection of the RDROOP resistor.
V OUT,HI
VOUT,NOM
VOUT,LO
(0A,1.506V)
(0A,1.484V)
(0A,1.462V)
(25A,1.431V)
(25A,1.409V)
(25A,1.387V)
-3 m_
load line
IOUT,NL
IOUT,MID
STATIC TOLERANCE BANDS
NOMINAL "DROOP" LOAD LINE
FIGURE 11. IMVP-IV™ AND IMVP-IV+™ ACTIVE MODE
STATIC LOAD LINE
15
IOUT,MAX
ISL6217
TM
TM
As per the Intel IMVP-IV and IMVP-IV+ specification,
Droop = 0.003 (Ω). Therefore, 25A of full load current
equates to a 0.075V Droop output voltage from the VID
setpoint (Refer to Figure 3 and Figure 9), RDROOP can be
selected based on RISEN which is calculated through
Equation 3, R(DSON), and Droop as per the Block Diagram or
the following equation:
R
R DROOP = 2.3 ⋅ (Droop ) ⋅ ISEN ( Ω)
r(DSON)
(EQ. 6)
M
Component Selection Guidelines
OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION
Output capacitors are required to filter the output inductor
current ripple and supply the transient load current. The
filtering requirements are a function of the channel switching
frequency and the output ripple current. The load transient
requirements are a function of the slew rate (di/dt) and the
magnitude of the transient load current.
levels must be supplied by the output capacitance.
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The channel ripple can be reasonably approximated by the
following equation:
V − VOUT VOUT
•
ΔICH = IN
FSW • L
VIN
(EQ. 7)
The total output ripple current can be approximated from
the curves in Figure 12.
They provide the total ripple current as a function of duty
cycle and number of active channels, normalized to the
parameter KNORM at zero duty cycle,
K NORM =
VOUT
L • FSW
(EQ. 8)
Where L is the channel inductor value.
The microprocessor used for IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™
will produce transient load rates as high as 30A/ns. High
frequency, ceramic capacitors are used to supply the initial
transient current and slow the rate-of-change seen by the
bulk capacitors. Bulk filter capacitor values are generally
determined by the ESR (Effective Series Resistance) and
voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance
requirements. To meet the stringent requirements of
IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™, (15) 2.2mF, 0612 “Flip Chip”
high frequency, ceramic capacitors are placed very close to
the Processor power pins, with care being taken not to add
inductance in the circuit board traces that could cancel the
usefulness of these low inductance components.
Specialized low-ESR capacitors, intended for switching
regulator applications, are recommended for the bulk
capacitors. The bulk capacitors ESR and ESL determine the
output ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop following a
high slew-rate transient edge. Recommended are at least
(4) 4V, 220mF Sanyo Sp-Cap capacitors in parallel, or (5)
330mF SP-Cap style capacitors. These capacitors provide
an equivalent ESR of less than 3mOhms. These
components should be laid out very close to the load.
As the sense trace for VSEN may be long and routed close
to switching nodes, a 1.0mF ceramic decoupling capacitor is
located between VSEN and ground at the ISL6217.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the voltage ripple
requirements and minimize the converter response time to a
load transient. In a multi-phase converter topology, the ripple
current of one active channel partially cancels with the other
active channels to reduce the overall ripple current. The
reduction in total output ripple current results in a lower
overall output voltage ripple.
The inductor selected for the power channels determines the
channel ripple current. Increasing the value of inductance
reduces the total output ripple current and total output
voltage ripple; however, increasing the inductance value will
slow the converter response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter response time
to a load transient is the time required to slew the inductor
current from its initial current level to the transient current
level. During this interval, the difference between the two
16
FIGURE 12. OUTPUT RIPPLE CURRENT MULTIPLIER VS
DUTY CYCLE
Find the intersection of the active channel curve and duty
cycle for your particular application. The resulting ripple
current multiplier from the y-axis is then multiplied by the
normalization factor KNORM, to determine the total output
ripple current for the given application.
ΔI TOTAL = K NORM • K CM
(EQ. 9)
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use ceramic capacitors
for the high frequency decoupling, and bulk capacitors to
supply the RMS current. Small ceramic capacitors must be
placed very close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the
voltage induced in the parasitic circuit impedances.
Two important parameters to consider when selecting the
bulk input capacitor are the voltage rating and the RMS
current rating. For reliable operation, select a bulk capacitor
with voltage, and current ratings above the maximum input
voltage and the largest RMS current required by the circuit.
The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.25 times
greater than the maximum input voltage and a voltage
rating of 1.5 times is a conservative guideline. The RMS
current requirement for a converter design can be
approximated with the aid of Figure 13.
Follow the curve for the number of active channels in the
converter design. Next determine the worst case duty cycle
ISL6217
for the converter and find the intersection of this value and
the active channel curve. The worst case duty cycle is
defined as the maximum operating CORE output voltage
divided by the minimum operating battery voltage. Find the
corresponding y-axis value, which is the current multiplier.
Multiply the total full load output current, not the channel
value, by the current multiplier value found, and the result is
the RMS input current which must be supported by the input
capacitors.
FIGURE 13. INPUT RMS RIPPLE CURRENT MULTIPLIER
MOSFET Selection and Considerations
For the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™ application, which
requires up to 25 amps of current, it is suggested that 2
channel operation with (3) MOSFETs per channel be
implemented. This configuration would be: (1) High
Switching Frequency, Low Gate Charge MOSFET for the
Upper, and (2) Low rDSON MOSFETs for the Lowers.
In high-current PWM applications, the MOSFET power
dissipation, package selection and heatsink are the
dominant design factors. The power dissipation includes
two loss components: conduction loss and switching loss.
These losses are distributed between the upper and lower
MOSFETs according to duty cycle of the converter. Refer
to the PUPPER and PLOWER equations below. The
conduction losses are the main component of power
dissipation for the lower MOSFETs. Only the upper
MOSFETs have significant switching losses, since the
lower devices turn on and off into near zero voltage. The
following equations assume linear voltage-current
transitions and do not model power loss due to the reverserecovery of the lower MOSFETs body diode. The gatecharge losses are dissipated in the ISL6217 drivers and do
not heat the MOSFETs; however, large gate-charge
increases the switching time tSW, which increases the
upper MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both
MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature,
at high ambient temperature, by calculating the
temperature rise according to package thermal-resistance
specifications.
PLOWER =
PUPPER =
IO2 × rDS(ON) × (VIN − VOUT )
VIN
IO2 × rDS(ON) × VOUT
VIN
(EQ. 10)
I ×V ×t
×F
+ O IN SW SW
2
(EQ. 11)
17
ISL6217
25A steady state current, and has a 250kHz channel
switching frequency. This circuit also switches to single
channel operation for Deep and Deeper Sleep modes of
operation. For thermal compensation, PTC resistors are
used as sense resistors. The output capacitance is less
than 3mΩ of ESR, and are (4) 220µF, 4V Sp-Cap parts in
parallel with (35) high frequency, 10µF ceramic capacitors.
Typical Application - 2 Phase Converter
Using ISL6217 PWM Controller - 38 Lead
TSSOP
Figure 14 shows the ISL6217, Synchronous Buck
Converter circuit used to provide the CORE voltage
regulation for the Intel IMVP-IV™ and IMVP-IV+™
application. The circuit uses 2 channels for delivering up to
Vbattery
+5VDC
+5VDC
4 x 10 µF
1 x IRF7811W
98.8K_1%
1µF
10_1%
0.8µH
BAT54
0.027μF
1.5K_1%PTC
243K_1%
VR_ON
DPRSLPVR
DPSLP#
VID
MVP4_PGOOD
3.40K_1%
VDD
VBAT
1.20K_1%
DACOUT
ISEN1
DSV
PHASE1
UG1
FSET
BOOT1
PWRCH
EN
VSSP1
DRSEN
LG1
DSEN#
VDDP
VID0 ISL6217
LG2
VID1 TSSOP VSSP2
VID2
BOOT2
VID3
UG2
VID4
PHASE2
VID5
ISEN2
PGOOD
VSEN
EA+
DRSV
COMP
STV
FB
OCSET
SOFT
VSS
ETQ-P3H0R8BA
2 x SI4404DY
0.33μF
1R5_5%
4.7µF
4 x 10 µF
1R5_5%
0.33μF
1 x IRF7811W
2200pF
0.8µH
10_1%
0.012μF
1.5K_1%PTC
13K_1%
36.5K_1%
No-Pop
30.1K_1%
1800pF
BAT54
2 x SI4404DY
+Vcc_core
ETQ-P3H0R8BA
4 x 220µF &
35 x 10µF
49.9K_1%
No-Pop
560pF
3.57K_1%
Analog GND
Power GND
FIGURE 14. TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT FOR THE IMVP-IV™ AND IMVP-IV+™ CORE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
18
ISL6217
Thin Shrink Small Outline Plastic
Packages (TSSOP)
M38.173
38 LEAD THIN SHRINK SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
(COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-153-BD-1 ISSUE F)
N
INDEX
AREA
0.25(0.010) M
E
E1
GAUGE
PLANE
-B1
2
3
0.05(0.002)
-A-
INCHES
B M
0.25
0.010
SEATING PLANE
L
A
D
-C-
e
α
A1
b
A2
c
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
A
-
0.047
-
A1
0.002
0.006
A2
0.031
b
B S
NOTES:
1. These package dimensions are within allowable dimensions of
JEDEC MO-153-BD-1, Issue F.
MAX
NOTES
1.20
-
0.05
0.15
-
0.051
0.80
1.05
-
0.0075
0.0106
0.17
0.27
9
c
0.0035
0.0079
0.09
0.20
-
D
0.378
0.386
9.60
9.80
3
E1
0.169
0.177
4.30
4.50
4
e
0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004) M C A M
MILLIMETERS
0.0197 BSC
0.500 BSC
-
E
0.246
0.256
6.25
6.50
-
L
0.0177
0.0295
0.45
0.75
6
N
α
38
0
o
38
8
o
0
o
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm
(0.006 inch) per side.
7
8
o
Rev. 01/03
4. Dimension “E1” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Inter
lead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per
side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual inde
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. Dimension “b” does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable damba
protrusion shall be 0.08mm (0.003 inch) total in excess of “b” dimen
sion at maximum material condition. Minimum space between protru
sion and adjacent lead is 0.07mm (0.0027 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact. (Angles in degrees)
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality.
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the
reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by
Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any
patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
19
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