MIC22705 1MHz, 7A Integrated Switch High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator General Description Features The Micrel MIC22705 is a high-efficiency, 7A integrated switch synchronous buck (step-down) regulator. The MIC22705 is optimized for highest efficiency, achieving more than 95% efficiency while still switching at 1MHz. The ultra-high speed control loop keeps the output voltage within regulation even under the extreme transient load swings commonly found in FPGAs and low-voltage ASICs. The output voltage is pre-bias safe and can be adjusted down to 0.7V to address all low-voltage power needs. The MIC22705 offers a full range of sequencing and tracking options. The Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) pin, combined with the Power Good (PG) pin, allows multiple outputs to be sequenced in any way during turn-on and turn-off. The Ramp Control™ (RC) pin allows the device to be connected to another product in the MIC22xxx and/or MIC68xxx family, to keep the output voltages within a certain ∆V on start-up. ® The MIC22705 is available in a 24-pin 4mm x 4mm MLF with a junction operating range from –40°C to +125°C. Data sheets and support documentation can be found on Micrel’s web site at: www.micrel.com. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Input voltage range: 2.9V to 5.5V Output voltage adjustable down to 0.7V Output load current up to 7A Safe start-up into a pre-biased output load Full sequencing and tracking capability Power Good output Efficiency >95% across a broad load range Ultra-fast transient response Easy RC compensation 100% maximum duty cycle Fully-integrated MOSFET switches Thermal-shutdown and current-limit protection 24-pin 4mm x 4mm MLF® –40°C to +125°C junction temperature range Applications • • • • • High power density point-of-load conversion Servers, routers, and base stations DVD recorders / Blu-ray players Computing peripherals FPGAs, DSP and low-voltage ASIC power _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Typical Application Efficiency (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 100 3.3V 95 EFFICIENCY (%) 90 2.5V 85 80 75 70 65 VIN = 5.0V 60 55 50 0 MIC22705 7A 1MHz Synchronous Output Converter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Ramp Control is a trademark of Micrel, Inc MLF and MicroLeadFrame are registered trademarks of Amkor Technology, Inc. Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com March 2011 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Ordering Information Part Number Voltage MIC22705YML Adjustable Junction Temperature Range –40°C to +125°C Package 24-Pin 4mm x 4mm MLF Lead Finish ® Pb-Free Note: MLF is a GREEN RoHs-compliant package. Lead finish is NiPdAu. Mold component is Halogen free. Pin Configuration 24-Pin 4mm × 4mm MLF® (ML) Pin Description Pin Number Pin Name Description PVIN Power Supply Voltage (Input): The PVIN pins are the input supply to the internal P-Channel Power MOSFET. A 22µF ceramic is recommended for bypassing at each PVIN pin. The SVIN pin must be connected to a PVIN pin. 2 EN/DLY Enable/Delay (Input): This pin is internally fed with a 1µA current source from SVIN. A delayed turn on is implemented by adding a capacitor to this pin. The delay is proportional to the capacitor value. The internal circuits are held off until EN/DLY reaches the enable threshold of 1.24V. This pin is pulled low when the input voltage is lower than the UVLO threshold. 3 NC 4 RC 5 PG PG (Output): This is an open drain output that indicates when the output voltage is below 90% of its nominal voltage. The PG flag is asserted without delay when the enable is set low or when the output goes below the 90% threshold. 14 FB Feedback: Input to the error amplifier. The FB pin is regulated to 0.7V. A resistor divider connecting the feedback to the output is used to adjust the desired output voltage. 1, 6, 13, 18 March 2011 No Connect: Leave this pin open. Do not connect to ground or route other signals through this pin. Ramp Control: A capacitor from the RC pin-to-ground determines slew rate of output voltage during start-up. The RC pin is internally fed with a 1µA current source. The output voltage tracks the RC pin voltage. The slew rate is proportional by the internal 1µA source and RC pin capacitor. This feature can be used for tracking capability as well as soft start. 2 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Pin Description (Continued) Pin Number Pin Name Description 15 COMP Compensation Pin (Input): The MIC22705 uses an internal compensation network containing a fixed-frequency zero (phase lead response) and pole (phase lag response) which allows the external compensation network to be much simplified for stability. The addition of a single capacitor and resistor to the COMP pin will add the necessary pole and zero for voltage mode loop stability using low-value, low-ESR ceramic capacitors. 16 SGND Signal Ground: Internal signal ground for all low power circuits. 17 SVIN Signal Power Supply Voltage (Input): This pin is connected externally to the PVIN pin. A 2.2µF ceramic capacitor from the SVIN pin to SGND must be placed next to the IC. 7, 12, 19, 24 PGND Power Ground: Internal ground connection to the source of the internal N-Channel MOSFETs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23 SW Switch (Output): This is the connection to the drain of the internal P-Channel MOSFET and drain of the N-Channel MOSFET. This is a high-frequency, high-power connection; therefore traces should be kept as short and as wide as practical. EP GND Exposed Pad (Power): Must be connected to the GND plane for full output power to be realized. March 2011 3 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Absolute Maximum Ratings(1, 2) Operating Ratings(3) PVIN to PGND.................................................... –0.3V to 6V SVIN to PGND..................................................–0.3V to PVIN VSW to PGND...................................................–0.3V to PVIN VEN/DLY to PGND .............................................. -0.3V to PVIN VPG to PGND ...................................................–0.3V to PVIN Junction Temperature ................................................ 150°C PGND to SGND ............................................. –0.3V to 0.3V Storage Temperature Range ....................–65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s)............................ 260°C Supply Voltage ................................................. 2.9V to 5.5V Power Good Voltage (VPG)...................................0V to PVIN Enable Input (VEN/DLY)...........................................0V to PVIN Junction Temperature (TJ) ..................–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C Package Thermal Resistance 4mm x 4mm MLF®-24 (θJC)................................14°C/W 4mm x 4mm MLF®-24 (θJA)................................40°C/W Electrical Characteristics(4) SVIN = PVIN = VEN/DLY = 3.3V, VOUT = 1.8V, TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate –40°C< TJ < +125°C. Parameter Condition Min. PVIN Rising 2.9 2.55 Typ. Max. Units 5.5 2.9 V V mV mA µA Power Input Supply Input Voltage Range (PVIN) Undervoltage Lockout Trip Level UVLO Hysteresis Quiescent Supply Current Shutdown Current Reference Feedback Reference Voltage Load Regulation Line Regulation FB Bias Current Enable Control EN/DLY Threshold Voltage EN Hysteresis EN/DLY Bias Current RC Ramp Control RC Pin Source Current Oscillator Switching Frequency Maximum Duty Cycle Short-Current Protection Current Limit VFB = 0.9V (not switching) VEN/DLY = 0V 2.75 420 0.85 5 1.3 10 0.686 0.7 0.2 0.2 10 0.714 V % % nA 1.14 1.34 1.3 V mV µA IOUT = 100mA to 7A VIN = 2.9V to 5.5V; IOUT = 100mA VFB = 0.5V VEN/DLY = 0.5V; VIN = 2.9V and VIN = 5.5V 0.7 1.24 10 1.0 VRC = 0.35V 0.7 1.0 1.3 µA 1.0 1.2 VFB ≤ 0.5V 0.8 100 MHz % VFB = 0.5V 7 11 21 A Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. 3. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 4. Specification for packaged product only. March 2011 4 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Electrical Characteristics(4) (Continued) VIN = PVIN = VEN/DLY = 3.3V, VOUT = 1.8V, TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate –40°C< TJ < +125°C. Parameter Internal FETs Condition Min. Typ. Max. Top MOSFET RDS(ON) VFB = 0.5V, ISW = 1A 30 Bottom MOSFET RDS(ON) VFB = 0.9V, ISW = -1A 25 SW Leakage Current PVIN = 5.5V, VSW = 5.5V, VEN = 0V 60 VIN Leakage Current PVIN = 5.5V, VSW = 0V, VEN = 0V 25 Units mΩ mΩ µA Power Good (PG) PG Threshold Threshold % of VFB from VREF Hysteresis −7.5 −10 −12.5 % 2.0 % mV PG Output Low Voltage IPG = 5mA (sinking), VEN/DLY = 0V 144 PG Leakage Current VPG = 5.5V; VFB = 0.9V 1.0 TJ Rising 160 °C 20 °C Thermal Protection Over-temperature Shutdown Over-temperature Shutdown Hysteresis March 2011 5 2.0 μA M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Typical Characteristics 10 V OUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 0.707 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 15 5 16 12 8 4 0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.5 IOUT = 0A to 7A 0.6% 0.4% 5 VOUT = 1.8V 0 4.5 5.0 2.5 5.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) March 2011 900 800 3.0 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Power Good Threshold/VREF Ratio vs. Input Voltage 4 100% 3 2 1 95% 90% 85% VREF = 0.7V VEN/DLY = 0V 0 2.5 5.5 1000 2.5 VPG THRESHOLD/VREF (%) ENABLE INPUT CURRENT (µA) RISING 1.3 5.0 IOUT = 0A Enable Input Current vs. Input Voltage Enable Threshold vs. Input Voltage 1.4 4.5 VOUT = 1.8V 1100 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.5 4.0 1200 10 0.0% 3.5 Switching Frequency vs. Input Voltage 15 0.2% 4.0 3.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) VOUT = 1.8V CURRENT LIMIT (A) TOTAL REGULATION (%) 3.5 20 3.5 VOUT = 1.8V Current Limit vs. Input Voltage 1.0% 3.0 0.697 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Load Regulation vs. Input Voltage 2.5 0.700 0.693 2.5 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.8% 0.704 VEN/DLY = 0V 0 ENABLE THRESHOLD (V) Feedback Voltage vs. Input Voltage 20 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) 20 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) VIN Shutdown Current vs. Input Voltage VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Input Voltage 80% 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 6 5.0 5.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Typical Characteristics (Continued) VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Temperature 15.0 10.0 V IN = 5.0V V OUT = 1.8V 5.0 IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 15 10 VIN = 5.0V 5 IOUT = 0A 10 40 70 100 130 -50 -20 TEMPERATURE (°C) 70 100 130 -50 VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A 0.700 0.697 0.693 -20 10 40 70 100 0.8% VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A to 7A 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% -20 Switching Frequency vs. Temperature 10 40 70 100 1000 900 800 10 40 70 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) March 2011 0.1% -20 130 10 40 70 100 130 TEMPERATURE (°C) Current Limit vs. Temperature 20 VIN = 5.0V 1.4 RISING 1.3 1.2 1.1 VOUT = 1.8V 15 10 5 V IN = 5V 1.0 -20 0.2% -50 CURRENT LIMIT (A) ENABLE THRESHOLD (V) IOUT = 0A -50 IOUT = 0A 0.3% 130 1.5 1100 130 V OUT = 1.8V Enable Threshold vs. Temperature VOUT = 1.8V 100 V IN = 2.9V to 5.0V 0.4% TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) VIN = 5.0V 70 0.0% -50 1200 40 0.5% VIN = 5.0V 130 10 Line Regulation vs. Temperature 0.0% -50 -20 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1.0% LOAD REGULATION (%) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 40 Load Regulation vs. Temperature VIN = 5.0V 0.704 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) Feedback Voltage vs. Temperature 0.707 2.4 2.2 LINE REGULATION (%) -20 RISING 2.6 FALLING 0 -50 2.8 VEN/DLY = 0V 0.0 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 3.0 VIN THRESHOLD (V) 20 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 20.0 VIN UVLO Threshold vs. Temperature VIN Shutdown Current vs. Temperature 0 -50 -20 10 40 70 TEMPERATURE (°C) 7 100 130 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 TEMPERATURE (°C) M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Typical Characteristics (Continued) Feedback Voltage vs. Output Current Efficiency vs. Output Current 0.5% 0.707 3.3VIN 95 5.0VIN 90 85 V OUT = 1.8V V IN = 2.9V to 5.5V LINE REGULATION (%) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) EFFICIENCY (%) 100 Line Regulation vs. Output Current 0.704 0.700 0.697 V IN = 5.0V 0.4% V OUT = 1.8V 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% V OUT = 1.8V 80 0.0% 0.693 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3 4 5 6 V IN = 5.0V V OUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A 800 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.8V 1.5V 80 V IN = 3.3V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 75 70 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) March 2011 4.8 4.7 0 1 8 3 4 5 6 7 100 V OUT = 0.8V, 1.0V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V 1.5 1 0.5 0 9 2 Case Temperature* (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current CASE TEMPERATURE (°C) POWER DISSIPATION (W) 2.5V 85 1 4.9 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) V IN = 3.3V 0 5.0 7 2 90 7 VIN = 5.0V IC Power Dissipation vs. Output Current (VIN = 3.3V) Efficiency (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current 95 6 VFB < 0.7V OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 100 5 4.6 0 7 4 5.1 V FB < 0.7V OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1000 3 5.2 V IN = 3.3V 3.3 1100 2 Output Voltage (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 3.4 900 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Output Voltage (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current 1200 EFFICIENCY (%) 0 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Switching Frequency vs. Output Current SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 2 80 60 40 V IN = 3.3V 20 V OUT = 1.8V 0 0 2 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 8 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Typical Characteristics (Continued) IC Power Dissipation vs. Output Current (VIN = 5V) Efficiency (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 2 100 100 90 3.3V 2.5V 85 1.8V 1.5V 80 1.2V VIN = 5.0V 75 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 8 1.5 1 0.5 0 70 0 V OUT = 0.8V, 1.0V, 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V 9 CASE TEMPERATURE (°C) POWER DISSIPATION (W) V IN = 5V 95 EFFICIENCY (%) Case Temperature* (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 80 60 40 VIN = 5V 20 VOUT = 1.8V 0 0 2 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Die Temperature* : The temperature measurement was taken at the hottest point on the MIC22705 case and mounted on a fivesquare inch PCB (see Thermal Measurements section). Actual results will depend upon the size of the PCB, ambient temperature, and proximity to other heat-emitting components. March 2011 9 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Functional Characteristics March 2011 10 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Functional Characteristics (Continued) March 2011 11 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Functional Characteristics (Continued) March 2011 12 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Functional Diagram Figure 1. MIC22705 Functional Diagram March 2011 13 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Inductor Selection Inductor selection will be determined by the following (not necessarily in the order of importance): Application Information The MIC22705 is a 7A synchronous step-down regulator IC with a fixed 1MHz, voltage-mode PWM control scheme. The other features include tracking and sequencing control for controlling multiple output power systems, and power-on-reset (POR). The MIC22705 is a voltage mode, pulse-width modulation (PWM) regulator. By controlling the ratio of the on-to-off time, or duty cycle, a regulated DC output voltage is achieved. As load or supply voltage changes, so does the duty cycle to maintain a constant output voltage. In cases where the input supply runs into a dropout condition, the MIC22705 will run at 100% duty cycle. The MIC22705 provides constant switching at 1MHz with synchronous internal MOSFETs. The internal MOSFETs include a high-side P-Channel MOSFET from the input supply to the switch pin and an N-Channel MOSFET from the switch pin-to-ground. Since the low-side NChannel MOSFET provides the current during the off cycle, very-low amount of power is dissipated during the off period. The PWM control provides fixed-frequency operation. By maintaining a constant switching frequency, predictable fundamental and harmonic frequencies are achieved. Other methods of regulation, such as burst and skip modes, have frequency spectrums that change with load that can interfere with sensitive communication equipment. Inductance • Rated current value • Size requirements • DC resistance (DCR) The MIC22705 is designed for use with a 0.47µH to 4.7µH inductor. Maximum current ratings of the inductor are generally given in two methods: permissible DC current and saturation current. Permissible DC current can be rated either for a 40°C temperature rise or a 10% loss in inductance. Ensure the inductor selected can handle the maximum operating current. When saturation current is specified, make sure that there is enough margin that the peak current will not saturate the inductor. The ripple current can add as much as 1.2A to the output current level. The RMS rating should be chosen to be equal or greater than the current limit of the MIC22705 to prevent overheating in a fault condition. For best electrical performance, the inductor should be placed very close to the SW nodes of the IC. For this reason, the heat of the inductor is somewhat coupled to the IC (in such cases, the case temperature is not the real dissipation in the regulator), so it offers some level of protection if the inductor gets too hot. It is important to test all operating limits before settling on the final inductor choice. The size requirements refer to the area and height requirements that are necessary to fit a particular design. Please refer to the inductor dimensions on their datasheet. DC resistance is also important. While DCR is inversely proportional to size, DCR can represent a significant efficiency loss. Refer to the “Efficiency Considerations” sub-section for a more detailed description. Component Selection Input Capacitor A 22µF X5R or X7R dielectrics ceramic capacitor is recommended on each of the PVIN pins for bypassing. A Y5V dielectrics capacitor should not be used. Aside from losing most of their capacitance over temperature, they also become resistive at high frequencies. This reduces their ability to filter out high-frequency noise. Output Capacitor The MIC22705 was designed specifically for the use of ceramic output capacitors. The 100µF output capacitor can be increased to improve transient performance. Since the MIC22705 is in voltage mode, the control loop relies on the inductor and output capacitor for compensation. For this reason, do not use excessively large output capacitors. The output capacitor requires either an X7R or X5R dielectric. Y5V and Z5U dielectric capacitors, aside from the undesirable effect of their wide variation in capacitance over temperature, become resistive at high frequencies. Using Y5V or Z5U capacitors can cause instability in the MIC22705. March 2011 • Efficiency Considerations Efficiency is defined as the amount of useful output power, divided by the amount of power consumed. ⎛V ×I Efficiency % = ⎜⎜ OUT OUT ⎝ VIN × IIN ⎞ ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎠ Maintaining high efficiency serves two purposes. First, it decreases power dissipation in the power supply, reducing the need for heat sinks and thermal design considerations and it decreases consumption of current for battery powered applications. 14 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Reduced current demand from a battery increases the devices operating time, critical in hand held devices. There are mainly two loss terms in switching converters: static losses and switching losses. Static losses are simply the power losses due to VI or I2R. For example, power is dissipated in the high-side switch during the on cycle. Power loss is equal to the high-side MOSFET RDS(ON) multiplied by the RMS switch current squared (ISW2). During the off-cycle, the low-side N-channel MOSFET conducts, also dissipating power. Similarly, the inductor’s DCR and capacitor’s ESR also contribute to the I2R losses. Device operating current also reduces efficiency by the product of the quiescent (operating) current and the supply voltage. The current required to drive the gates on and off at a constant 1MHz frequency and the switching transitions make up the switching losses. Figure 2 illustrates an efficiency curve. The portion, from 0A to 0.4A, efficiency losses are dominated by quiescent current losses, gate drive, transition and core losses. In this case, lower supply voltages yield greater efficiency in that they require less current to drive the MOSFETs and have reduced input power consumption. The DCR losses can be calculated as follows: LPD = IOUT2 × DCR From that, the loss in efficiency due to inductor resistance can be calculated as follows: ⎡ ⎛ VOUT × IOUT Efficiency Loss = ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ V ( ⎣⎢ ⎝ OUT × IOUT ) + L PD Efficiency loss due to DCR is minimal at light loads and gains significance as the load is increased. Inductor selection becomes a trade-off between efficiency and size in this case. Alternatively, under lighter loads, the ripple current due to the inductance becomes a significant factor. When light load efficiencies become more critical, a larger inductor value maybe desired. Larger inductances reduce the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current, which minimize losses. Efficiency (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current Compensation The MIC22705 has a combination of internal and external stability compensation to simplify the circuit for small, high-efficiency designs. In such designs, voltage mode conversion is often the optimum solution. Voltage mode is achieved by creating an internal 1MHz ramp signal and using the output of the error amplifier to modulate the pulse width of the switch node, thereby maintaining output voltage regulation. With a typical gain bandwidth of 100kHz − 200kHz, the MIC22705 is capable of extremely fast transient responses. The MIC22705 is designed to be stable with a typical application using a 1µH inductor and a 100µF ceramic (X5R) output capacitor. These values can be varied dependent upon the tradeoff between size, cost and efficiency, keeping the LC natural frequency ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎟ ideally less than 26 kHz to ensure ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ 2× π × L ×C ⎠ stability can be achieved. The minimum recommended inductor value is 0.47µH and minimum recommended output capacitor value is 22µF. The tradeoff between changing these values is that with a larger inductor, there is a reduced peak-to-peak current which yields a greater efficiency at lighter loads. A larger output capacitor will improve transient response by providing a larger hold up reservoir of energy to the output. 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 95 90 85 80 VIN = 3.3V 75 IOUT = 1.8V 70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Figure 2. Efficiency Curve The region, 1A to 7A, efficiency loss is dominated by MOSFET RDS(ON) and inductor DC losses. Higher input supply voltages will increase the gate-to-source voltage on the internal MOSFETs, thereby reducing the internal RDS(ON). This improves efficiency by decreasing DC losses in the device. All but the inductor losses are inherent to the device. In which case, inductor selection becomes increasingly critical in efficiency calculations. As the inductors are reduced in size, the DC resistance (DCR) can become quite significant. March 2011 ⎞⎤ ⎟⎥ × 100 ⎟ ⎠⎦⎥ 15 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 The integration of one pole-zero pair within the control loop greatly simplifies compensation. The optimum values for CCOMP (in series with a 20k resistor) are shown below. CÆ LÈ 22µF ̶ 47µF 47µF ̶ 100µF 100µF ̶ 470µF 0* ̶ 10pF 22pF 33pF 0.47µH † 1µH 0 ̶ 15pF 15 ̶ 22pF 33pF 2.2µH 15 ̶ 33pF 33 ̶ 47pF 100 ̶ 220pF RC Pin (Soft-Start) The RC pin provides a trimmed 1µA current source/sink for accurate ramp up (soft-start). This allows the MIC22705 to be used in systems requiring voltage tracking or ratio-metric voltage tracking at startup. There are two ways of using the RC pin: 1. Externally driven from a voltage source 2. Externally attached capacitor sets output ramp up/down rate In the first case, driving RC with a voltage from 0V to VREF will program the output voltage between 0 and 100% of the nominal set voltage (as shown in Figure 3). In the second case, the external capacitor sets the ramp up and ramp down time of the output voltage. The time 0.7 × C RC where tRAMP is the time is given by t RAMP = 1× 10 − 6 from 0 to 100% nominal output voltage. During start-up, a light load condition (IOUT <1.25A) can lead to negative inductor current. Under these conditions, the maximum ramp up time should not exceed the critical ramp up time period to keep regulator in continuous mode operation when VFB reaches 90% of reference voltage. Beyond the critical ramp up time, the regulator is in discontinuous mode which leads to prolonged N-channel FET conduction, which in turn causes negative inductor current. The maximum CRC value is calculated as follows: † * VOUT > 1.2V, VOUT > 1V Feedback The MIC22705 provides a feedback pin to adjust the output voltage to the desired level. This pin connects internally to an error amplifier. The error amplifier then compares the voltage at the feedback to the internal 0.7V reference voltage and adjusts the output voltage to maintain regulation. The resistor divider network for a desired VOUT is given by: R2 = R1 ⎞ ⎛ VOUT ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎟ ⎜V ⎠ ⎝ REF where VREF is 0.7V and VOUT is the desired output voltage. A 10kΩ or lower resistor value from the output to the feedback (R1) is recommended since large feedback resistor values increase the impedance at the feedback pin, making the feedback node more susceptible to noise pick-up. A small capacitor (50pF – 100pF) across the lower resistor can reduce noise pickup by providing a low impedance path to ground. C RC < 2.86 × C OUT × L × FSW × 10 −6 ⎛ VOUT ⎜⎜1 − VIN ⎝ ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠ Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) Pin Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) sources 1µA out of the IC to allow a startup delay to be implemented. The delay time is simply the time it takes 1µA to charge CEN/DLY to 1.25V. Therefore: t EN/DLY = March 2011 1.24 × C EN/DLY 1× 10 − 6 16 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Pre-Bias Start-Up The MIC22705 is designed to start-up into a pre-biased output. This prevents large negative inductor currents and excessive output voltage oscillations. The MIC22705 starts with the low-side MOSFET turned off, preventing reverse inductor current flow. The synchronous MOSFET stays off until the Power Good (PG) goes high after the VFB is above 90% of VREF. A pre-bias condition can occur if the input is turned off then immediately turned back on before the output capacitor is discharged to ground. It is also possible that the output of the MIC22705 could be pulled up or prebiased through parasitic conduction paths from one supply rail to another in multiple voltage (VOUT) level ICs such as a FPGA. Figure 3 shows a normal start-up waveform. A 1µA current source charges the soft-start capacitor CRC. The CRC capacitor forces the VRC voltage to come up slowly (VRC trace), thereby providing a soft-start ramp. This ramp is used to control the internal reference (VREF). The error amplifier forces the output voltage to follow the VREF ramp from zero to the final value. Figure 4. EN Turn-On at 1V Pre-Bias When the MIC22705 is turned off, the low-side MOSFET will be disabled and the output voltage will decay to zero. During this time, the ramp control voltage (VRC) will still control the output voltage fall-time with the high-side MOSFET if the output voltage falls faster than the VRC voltage. Figure 5 shows this operating condition. Here a 7A load pulls the output down fast enough to force the high-side MOSFET on (VSW trace). Figure 3. EN Turn-On Time − Normal Start-Up Figure 5. EN Turn-OFF − 7A Load If the output is pre-biased to a voltage above the expected value, as shown in Figure 4, then neither MOSFET will turn on until the ramp control voltage (VRC) is above the reference voltage (VREF). Then, the highside MOSFET starts switching, forcing the output to follow the VRC ramp. Once the feedback voltage is above 90% of the reference voltage, the low-side MOSFET will begin switching. March 2011 If the output voltage falls slower than the VRC voltage, then the both MOSFETs will be off and the output will decay to zero as shown in the VOUT trace in Figure 6. With both MOSFETs off, any resistive load connected to the output will help pull down the output voltage. This will occur at a rate determined by the resistance of the load and the output capacitance. 17 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Thermal Considerations The MIC22705 is packaged in a MLF® 4mm x 4mm – a package that has excellent thermal-performance equaling that of the larger TSSOP packages. This maximizes heat transfer from the junction to the exposed pad (ePad) which connects to the ground plane. The size of the ground plane attached to the exposed pad determines the overall thermal resistance from the junction to the ambient air surrounding the printed circuit board. The junction temperature for a given ambient temperature can be calculated using: TJ = TAMB + PDISS × RθJA Figure 6. EN Turn-Off − 200mA Load where: Current Limit The MIC22705 is protected against overload in two stages. The first is to limit the current in the P-channel switch; the second is over temperature shutdown. Current is limited by measuring the current through the high-side MOSFET during its power stroke and immediately switching off the driver when the preset limit is exceeded. The circuit in Figure 7 describes the operation of the current limit circuit. Since the actual RDSON of the Pchannel MOSFET varies part-to-part, over temperature and with input voltage, simple IR voltage detection is not employed. Instead, a smaller copy of the Power MOSFET (Reference FET) is fed with a constant current which is a directly proportional to the factory set current limit. This sets the current limit as a current ratio and thus, is not dependant upon the RDSON value. Current limit is set to nominal value. Variations in the scale factor K between the power PFET and the reference PFET used to generate the limit threshold account for a relatively small inaccuracy. • PDISS is the power dissipated within the MLF® package and is at 7A load. RθJA is a combination of junction-to-case thermal resistance (RθJC) and Case-to-Ambient thermal resistance (RθCA), since thermal resistance of the solder connection from the ePAD to the PCB is negligible; RθCA is the thermal resistance of the ground plane-to-ambient, so RθJA = RθJC + RθCA. • TAMB is the operating ambient temperature. Example: The evaluation board has two copper planes contributing to an RθJA of approximately 25°C/W. The worst case RθJC of the MLF® 4mm x 4mm is 14oC/W. RθJA = RθJC + RθCA RθJA = 14 + 25 = 39°C/W To calculate the junction temperature for a 50°C ambient: TJ = TAMB + PDISS × RθJA TJ + 50 + (1.8 × 39) TJ = 120°C Figure 7. Current-Limit Detail March 2011 18 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Thermal Measurements Measuring the IC’s case temperature is recommended to ensure it is within its operating limits. Although this might seem like a very elementary task, it is easy to get erroneous results. The most common mistake is to use the standard thermal couple that comes with a thermal meter. This thermal couple wire gauge is large, typically 22 gauge, and behaves like a heatsink, resulting in a lower case measurement. Two methods of temperature measurement are using a smaller thermal couple wire or an infrared thermometer. If a thermal couple wire is used, it must be constructed of 36 gauge wire or higher then (smaller wire size) to minimize the wire heat-sinking effect. In addition, the thermal couple tip must be covered in either thermal grease or thermal glue to make sure that the thermal couple junction is making good contact with the case of the IC. Omega brand thermal couple (5SC-TT-K-36-36) is adequate for most applications. Whenever possible, an infrared thermometer is recommended. The measurement spot size of most infrared thermometers is too large for an accurate reading on a small form factor ICs. However, a IR thermometer from Optris has a 1mm spot size, which makes it a good choice for measuring the hottest point on the case. An optional stand makes it easy to hold the beam on the IC for long periods of time. March 2011 Sequencing and Tracking There are four variations which are easily implemented using the MIC22705. The two sequencing variations are Delayed and Windowed. The two tracking variants are Normal and Ratio Metric. The following diagrams illustrate methods for connecting two MIC22705’s to achieve these requirements. 19 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Window Sequencing: Delayed Sequencing: Time (4.0ms/div) Time (4.0ms/div) March 2011 20 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Ratio Metric Tracking: Normal Tracking: Time (4.0ms/div) Time (4.0ms/div) March 2011 21 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Inductor PCB Layout Guidelines Warning!!! To minimize EMI and output noise, follow these layout recommendations. PCB Layout is critical to achieve reliable, stable and efficient performance. A ground plane is required to control EMI and minimize the inductance in power, signal and return paths. The following guidelines should be followed to insure proper operation of the MIC22705 converter: • Keep the inductor connection to the switch node (SW) short. • Do not route any digital lines underneath or close to the inductor. • Keep the switch node (SW) away from the feedback (FB) pin. • To minimize noise, place a ground plane underneath the inductor. • The inductor can be placed on the opposite side of the PCB with respect to the IC. It does not matter whether the IC or inductor is on the top or bottom as long as there is enough air flow to keep the power components within their temperature limits. The input and output capacitors must be placed on the same side of the board as the IC. IC • The 2.2µF ceramic capacitor, which is connected to the SVIN pin, must be located right at the IC. The SVIN pin is very noise sensitive and placement of the capacitor is very critical. Use wide traces to connect to the SVIN and SGND pins. • The signal ground pin (SGND) must be connected directly to the ground planes. Do not route the SGND pin to the PGND Pad on the top layer. • Place the IC close to the point of load (POL). • Use fat traces to route the input and output power lines. • Signal and power grounds should be kept separate and connected at only one location. Output Capacitor Input Capacitor • A 22µF X5R or X7R dielectrics ceramic capacitor is recommended on each of the PVIN pins for bypassing. • Place the input capacitors on the same side of the board and as close to the IC as possible. • Keep both the PVIN pin and PGND connections short. • Place several vias to the ground plane close to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Use either X7R or X5R dielectric input capacitors. Do not use Y5V or Z5U type capacitors. • Do not replace the ceramic input capacitor with any other type of capacitor. Any type of capacitor can be placed in parallel with the input capacitor. • If a Tantalum input capacitor is placed in parallel with the input capacitor, it must be recommended for switching regulator applications and the operating voltage must be derated by 50%. • In “Hot-Plug” applications, a Tantalum or Electrolytic bypass capacitor must be used to limit the overvoltage spike seen on the input supply with power is suddenly applied. March 2011 • Use a wide trace to connect the output capacitor ground terminal to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Phase margin will change as the output capacitor value and ESR changes. Contact the factory if the output capacitor is different from what is shown in the BOM. • The feedback divider network must be place close to the IC with the bottom of R2 connected to SGND. • The feedback trace should be separate from the power trace and connected as close as possible to the output capacitor. Sensing a long high-current load trace can degrade the DC load regulation. RC Snubber • 22 Place the RC snubber on either side of the board and as close to the SW pin as possible. M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Evaluation Board Schematic Bill of Materials Item C1, C2, C3, C4 Part Number TDK 08056D226MAT AVX(2) GRM21BR60J226ME39L GRM188R7160J225M C1608X5R0J225M C13 GRM188R71H103KA01D Open(06035C102KAT2A) C6 Open(GRM188R71H102KA01D) Open(C1608C0G1H102J) 06035C471KAT2A C7 GRM188R71H471KA01D C1608X7RH471K C9 C10, C11 GRM1555C1H390JZ01D 22µF/6.3V, 0805, Ceramic Capacitor 5 2.2µF/6.3V, Ceramic Capacitor, X5R, Size 0805 1 10nF, 0603, Ceramic Capacitor 1 Murata AVX(2) Murata(3) TDK (1) Murata(3) (2) AVX 1nF/50V, X7R, 0603, Ceramic Capacitor Murata(3) TDK (1) 1 1nF/50V, COG, 0603, Ceramic Capacitor (2) AVX Murata(3) TDK 470pF/50V, X7R, 0603, Ceramic Capacitor (1) Murata(3) TDK (1) 39pF/50V, COG, 0402, Ceramic Capacitor C3216X5R0J476M TDK(1) 47µF/6.3V, X5R, 1206, Ceramic Capacitor GRM31CR60J476ME19 Qty. (3) C1005COG1H390J GRM31CC80G476ME19L March 2011 Description (1) C2012X5R0J226M 06036D225TAAT2A C5 Manufacturer (3) 47µF/6.3V, X5R, 1206, Ceramic Capacitor (3) 47µF/4V, X6S, 1206, Ceramic Capacitor Murata Murata 23 1 2 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Bill of Materials (Continued) Item C12 L1 CIN Part Number C1608C0G1H101J GRM1555C1H101JZ01D SPM6530T-1R0M120 Manufacturer TDK Description Qty. (1) 100pF/50V, COG, 0402, Ceramic Capacitor Murata(3) TDK(1) HCP0704-1R0-R Coiltronics BA1851A3477M Epcos(6) 1 1µH, 12A, size 7x6.5x3mm (5) 1 1µH, 12A, size 6.8x6.8x4.2mm (4) 470µF/10V, Elect., 8×11.5 1 R1 CRCW06031101FKEYE3 Vishay Resistor, 1.1k, 0603, 1% 1 R2 CRCW04026980FKEYE3 Vishay(4) Resistor, 698Ω, 0603, 1% 1 CRCW06034752FKEYE3 (4) Resistor, 47.5k, 0603, 1% 1 (4) Resistor, 20k, 0402, 1% 1 R3 R4 CRCW04022002FKEYE3 Vishay Vishay (4) R5 Open(CRCW06031003FRT1) Vishay Resistor, 100k, 0603, 1% 1 R6 CRCW060349R9FKEA Vishay(4) 49.9Ω Resistor, 1%, Size 0603 1 CRCW06032R20FKEA (4) 2.2Ω Resistor, 1%, Size 0603 1 Signal MOSFET − SOT23-6 1 1MHz, 7A Integrated Switch High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator 1 R7 Open(2N7002E) Q1 U1 Open(CMDPM7002A) MIC22705YML Vishay (4) Vishay Central Semiconductor(7) Micrel, Inc.(8) Notes: 1. TDK: www.tdk.com. 2. AVX.: www.avx.com. 3. Murata: www.murata.com. 4. Vishay Tel: www.vishay.com. 5. Coiltronics: www.coiltronics.com. 6. Epcos: www.epcos.com. 7. Central Semiconductor: www.centralsemi.com. 8. Micrel, Inc.: www.micrel.com. March 2011 24 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 PCB Layout Recommendations MIC22705 Evaluation Board Top Layer MIC22705 Evaluation Board Top Silk March 2011 25 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 PCB Layout Recommendations (Continued) MIC22705 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 1 (Ground Plane) MIC22705 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 2 March 2011 26 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 PCB Layout Recommendations (Continued) MIC22705 Evaluation Board Bottom Layer MIC22705 Evaluation Board Bottom Silk March 2011 27 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Package Information 24-Pin 4mm × 4mm MLF® (ML) March 2011 28 M9999-033111-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22705 Recommended Landing Pattern Red circle indicates Thermal Via. Size should be .300mm − .350mm in diameter, 1.00mm pitch, and it should be connected to GND plane for maximum thermal performance. Green rectangle (with shaded area) indicates Solder Stencil Opening on exposed pad area. Size should be 1.00mm × 1.00mm in size, 1.20mm pitch. MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http://www.micrel.com Micrel makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information furnished in this data sheet. This information is not intended as a warranty and Micrel does not assume responsibility for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry, specifications and descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Micrel’s terms and conditions of sale for such products, Micrel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Micrel disclaims any express or implied warranty relating to the sale and/or use of Micrel products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2010 Micrel, Incorporated. March 2011 29 M9999-033111-A