MIC2954 250mA Low-Dropout Regulator General Description Features The MIC2954 is a “bulletproof” efficient voltage regulator with very low dropout voltage (typically 40mV @ light loads and 375mV @ 250mA), and low quiescent current (120µA typical). The quiescent current of the MIC2954 increases only slightly in dropout, thus prolonging battery life. Key MIC2954 features include protection against reversed battery, fold-back current limiting, and automotive load dump protection (60V positive transient). The MIC2954-07/08BM is an adjustable version that includes an error flag output that warns of a low output voltage, which is often due to failing batteries on the input. This may also be used as a power-on reset. A logiccompatible shutdown input is provided which enables the regulator to be switched on and off. This part may be pinstrapped for 5V output, or programmed from 1.24V to 29V with the use of two external resistors. The MIC2954 is available in two voltage tolerances, ±0.5% maximum and ±1% maximum. Both are guaranteed for junction temperatures from –40°C to +125°C. Data sheets and support documentation can be found on Micrel’s web site at www.micrel.com. • • • • • • • • • • • High-accuracy 5V, guaranteed 250mA output Low quiescent current Low dropout voltage Extremely tight load and line regulation Very low temperature coefficient Current and thermal limiting Input can withstand –20V reverse battery and+60V positive transients Error flag warns of low output voltage Logic-controlled electronic shutdown Output programmable from 1.24V to 29V (MIC2954-07/08) Available in TO-220, TO-92, and surface-mount SOT223 and SOIC-8 packages Applications • Battery powered equipment • Cellular telephones • Laptop, notebook, and palmtop computers • PCMCIA VCC and VPP regulation/switching • Bar code scanners • Automotive electronics • SMPS post-regulator/dc-to-dc modules • Voltage reference • High-efficiency linear power supplies ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ordering Information Part Number Pb-Free / Standard RoHS Compliant MIC2954-02BT MIC2954-02WT* MIC2954-03BT MIC2954-03WT* MIC2954-02BS MIC2954-02WS* MIC2954-03BS MIC2954-03WS* MIC2954-02BZ MIC2954-02YZ MIC2954-03BZ MIC2954-03YZ MIC2954-07BM MIC2954-07YM MIC2954-08BM MIC2954-08YM Accuracy 0.5% 1.0% 0.5% 1.0% 0.5% 1.0% 0.5% 1.0% Junction Temp. Range –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C –40° to +125°C Package TO-220-3 TO-220-3 SOT-223-3 SOT-223-3 TO-92-3** TO-92-3** 8-Pin SOIC 8-Pin SOIC * RoHS compliant with ‘high-melting solder’ exemption. ** TO-92 package discontinuance notification issued September 2007. End-of-life-buy offered thru December 31, 2007. Contact factory for additional information. Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com September 2007 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Typical Application 100k VIN VOUT 1.2V to 30V MIC2954 8 3 SHUTDOWN ENABLE VERR IN OUT SHDN ERR 1 FB 7 GND R1 VOUT = VREF ⎛⎜1+ ⎞⎟ ⎝ R2 ⎠ 4 R1 5 VREF 100pF 10µF R2 2, 6 = OPEN 5V Fixed Regulator Adjustable Regulator 5V or 3V Selectable Regulator with Shutdown Wide Input-Voltage-Range Current Limiter September 2007 2 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Pin Configuration OUT 1 8 IN SNS 2 7 FB SHDN 3 6 TAP GND 4 5 ERR 1 IN 3 3-Pin SOT-223 (S) TO-92 3 OUT 2 GND 1 IN TAB 8-Pin SOIC (M) 2 GND OUT 3-Pin TO-92 (Z) 3 OUT 2 GND 1 IN 3-Pin TO-220 (T) Pin Description Pin No. SOIC-8 Pin No. SOT-223 Pin No. TO-92 Pin No. TO-220 Pin Name 8 1 1 1 IN 4 2, TAB 2 2 GND Ground. 1 3 3 3 OUT Regulator Output. 2 SNS Sense (Input): Output-sense-voltage end of internal resistive divider. Connect to OUT (VOUT = 5V) for fixed5V operation; also see TAP. Not used in adjustable configuration. 3 SHDN Shutdown (Input): Active-low input enables regulator. (Low = enable; high = shutdown.) 5 /ERR Error Flag (Output): Open collector (active-low) output. Active state indicates an output (VOUT) undervoltage condition. (Low = error, floating = normal.) 6 TAP Divider Tap (Output): Resistive voltage divider tap. With 5Vapplied to SNS, VTAP is approximately 1.23V. Connect to FB for 5V operation. Not used in adjustable configuration. 7 FB Feedback (Input): Error amplifier input. Compared to internal1.23V reference. Connect to external voltage divider for adjustable operation or internal voltage divider (TAP) for 5V operation (see SNS, TAP). September 2007 Pin Name Supply Input. 3 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Absolute Maximum Ratings(1) Operating Ratings(2) Supply Voltage (VIN) ....................................... –20V to +60V Feedback Voltage (VFB) (14, 15)........................ –1.5V to +26V Shutdown Input Voltage (VSHDN).................... –0.3V to +30V Error Output Voltage (VERR) .......................... –0.3V to +30V Power Dissipation (PD) (4) ..........................Internally Limited Lead Temperature (soldering, 5 sec.)........................ 260°C Storage Temperature (Ts) .........................–65°C to +150°C ESD Rating(3) Supply Voltage (VIN)...................................... +2.0V to +30V Junction Temperature (TJ) ........................ –40°C to +125°C Package Thermal Resistance (θJC, θJA) (5) Electrical Characteristics MIC2954-07/08: VFB = VTAP; VSNS = VOUT; VSHDN ≤ 0.6V. All versions: VIN = 6V; IL = 1mA; CL = 2.2µF; TJ = 25°C, bold values indicate –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C; Note 8; unless noted. Symbol Parameter Condition VOUT Output Voltage MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%) ∆VOUT/∆T ∆VOUT/VOUT ∆VOUT/VOUT VIN – VOUT IGND IGND(DO) Min Typ Max Units 4.975 4.940 5.000 5.025 5.060 V V MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%), 1mA ≤ IL ≤ 250mA 4.930 5.000 5.070 V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%) 4.950 4.900 5.000 5.050 5.100 V V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%), 1mA ≤ IL ≤ 250mA 4.880 5.000 5.120 V Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient, Note 6 MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%) 20 100 ppm/°C MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%) 20 150 ppm/°C Line Regulation, Note 7 MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%), VIN = 6V to 26V 0.03 0.10 0.20 %/V %/V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%), VIN = 6V to 26V 0.03 0.20 0.40 %/V %/V MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%), IL = 1 to 250mA 0.04 0.16 0.20 %/V %/V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%), IL = 1 to 250mA 0.04 0.20 0.30 %/V %/V IL = 1mA 60 100 150 mV mV IL = 50mA 220 250 420 mV mV IL = 100mA 250 300 450 mV mV IL = 250mA 375 450 600 mV mV IL = 1mA 140 200 300 µA µA IL = 50mA 0.5 1 2 mA mA IL = 100mA 1.7 2.5 3.5 mA mA IL = 250mA 5 9 12 mA mA VIN = 4.5V 180 300 µA Load Regulation, Note 8 Dropout Voltage, Note 9 Ground Pin Current, Note 10 Ground Pin Current at Dropout, Note 10 September 2007 4 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Symbol Parameter Condition ILIMIT Current Limit, Note 11 VOUT = 0V ∆VOUT/∆PD Thermal Regulation, Note 12 en Output Noise Voltage (10Hz to 100kHz) IL = 100mA, CL = 2.2µF Reference Voltage MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%) 1.220 1.200 1.235 1.250 1.260 V V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%) 1.210 1.200 1.235 1.260 1.270 V V MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%), Note 13 1.190 1.270 V MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%), Note 13 1.185 Reference Voltage Min 0.05 Max Units 750 800 mA mA 0.2 %/W 400 IL = 100mA, CL = 33µF µVRMS 260 Feedback Pin Bias Current Reference Voltage Temperature Coefficient, Note 12 Typ 20 µVRMS 1.285 V 40 60 nA nA MIC2954-02/-07 (±0.5%) 20 ppm/°C MIC2954-03/-08 (±1%) 50 ppm/°C Feedback Pin Bias Current Temperature Coefficient 0.1 40 nA/°C Error Comparator Output Leakage Current VOH = 30V 0.01 1.00 2.00 µA µA Output Low Voltage VIN = 4.5V, IOL = 400µA 150 250 400 mV mV Upper Threshold Voltage Note 14 60 40 25 mV mV Lower Threshold Voltage Note 14 75 95 140 mV mV Hysteresis Note 14 15 mV mV Shutdown Input Input Logic Voltage low (on) 1.3 high (off) Shutdown Pin Input Current Regular Output Current in Shutdown September 2007 0.7 2.0 V V VSHDN = 2.4V 30 50 100 µA µA VSHDN = 30V 450 600 750 µA µA 3 10 20 µA µA Note 15 5 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 3. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. 4. PD(max) = (TJ(max) – TA) ÷ θJC. Exceeding TJ(max) will cause thermal shutdown. 5. Thermal resistance (θJC) of the TO-220 package is 2.5°C/W, and 15°C/W for the SOT-223. Thermal resistance (θJC) of the TO-92 package is 180°C/W with 0.4" leads and 160°C/W with 0.25" leads. Thermal resistance (θJA) of the SOP-8 is 160°C/W mounted on a printed circuit board (See “Application Information: Thermal Calculation”). 6. Output voltage temperature coefficient is defined as the worst case voltage change divide by the total temperature range. 7. Line regulation for the MIC2954 is tested at 125°C for IL = 1mA. For IL = 100µA and TJ = 125°C, line regulation is guaranteed by design to0.2%. See “Typical Characteristics” for line regulation versus temperature and load current. 8. Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature using low duty cycle pulse testing. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are covered by the thermal regulation specification. 9. Dropout Voltage is defined as the input to output differential at which the output voltage drops 100 mV below its nominal value measured at 1V differential. At very low values of programmed output voltage, the minimum input supply voltage of 2 V (2.3V over temperature) must be taken into account. 10. Ground pin current is the regulator quiescent current. The total current drawn from the source is the sum of the load current plus the ground pin current. 11. The MIC2954 features fold-back current limiting. The short circuit (VOUT = 0V) current limit is less than the maximum current with normal output voltage. 12. Thermal regulation is defined as the change in output voltage at a time t after a change in power dissipation is applied, excluding load or line regulation effects. Specifications are for a 200mA load pulse at VIN = 20V (a 4W pulse) for t = 10ms. 13. VREF ≤ VOUT ≤ (VIN – 1V), 2.3V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V, 100 µA < IL ≤ 250 mA, TJ ≤ TJ(max). 14. Comparator thresholds are expressed in terms of a voltage differential at the FB pin below the nominal reference voltage measured at 6Vinput. To express these thresholds in terms of output voltage change, multiply by the error amplifier gain = VOUT /VREF = (R1 + R2)/R2. For example, at a programmed output voltage of 5V, the error output is guaranteed to go low when the output drops by 95mV × 5V/1.235V = 384mV. Thresholds remain constant as a percent of VOUT as VOUT is varied, with the dropout warning occurring at typically 5% below nominal, 7.5% guaranteed. 15. VSHDN ≥ 2V, VIN ≤ 30 V,VOUT = 0, with the FB pin connected to TAP. 16. When used in dual supply systems where the regulator load is returned to a negative supply, the output voltage must be diode clamped to ground. 17. Maximum positive supply voltage of 60V must be of limited duration (<10ms) and duty cycle (<1%). The maximum continuous supply voltage is 30V. September 2007 6 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Typical Characteristics September 2007 7 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Typical Characteristics September 2007 8 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Functional Diagrams Unregulated DC Supply IN OUT 5V/250mA Output Error Amp. 182k 62k 2.2µF 1.23V REF. GND MIC2954-02/-03 MIC2954-02 and MIC2954-03 MIC2954-07 and MIC2954-08 September 2007 9 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 The error comparator has an open-collector output which requires an external pull-up resistor. Depending on system requirements, this resistor may be returned to the 5V output or some other supply voltage. In determining a value for this resistor, note that while the output is rated to sink 400µA, this sink current adds to battery drain in a low battery condition. Suggested values range from 100k to 1MΩ. The resistor is not required if this output is unused. Application Information External Capacitors A 2.2µF (or greater) capacitor is required between the MIC2954 output and ground to prevent oscillations due to instability. Most types of tantalum or aluminum electrolytics will be adequate; film types will work, but are costly and therefore not recommended. Many aluminum electrolytics have electrolytes that freeze at about –30°C, so solid tantalums are recommended for operation below –25°C. The important parameters of the capacitor are an effective series resistance of about 5Ω or less and a resonant frequency above 500kHz. The value of this capacitor may be increased without limit. At lower values of output current, less output capacitance is required for output stability. The capacitor can be reduced to 0.5µF for current below 10mA or 0.15µF for currents below 1mA. Adjusting the MIC295407/-08 to voltages below 5V runs the error amplifier at lower gains so that more output capacitance is needed. For the worst-case situation of a 250mA load at 1.23V output (output shorted to feedback) a 5µF (or greater) capacitor should be used. The MIC2954 will remain in regulation with a minimum load of 1mA. When setting the output voltage of the MIC2954-07/-08 version with external resistors, the current through these resistors may be included as a portion of the minimum load. A 0.1µF capacitor should be placed from the MIC2954 input to ground if there is more than 10 inches of wire between the input and the ac filter capacitor or if a battery is used as the input. Programming the Output Voltage (MIC2954-07/-08) The MIC2954-07/-08 may be pin-strapped for 5V using its internal voltage divider by tying pin 1 (OUT) to pin 2 (SNS) and pin 7 (FB) to pin 6 (TAP). Alternatively, it may be programmed for any output voltage between its 1.235V reference and its 30V maximum rating. An external pair of resistors is required, as shown in Figure 3. The complete equation for the output voltage is: R1 ⎞ ⎛ VOUT = VREF ⎜1 + ⎟ + IFB R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ where: VREF = nominal 1.235V reference voltage IFB = nominal FB pin bias current (–20nA) The minimum recommended load current of 1µA forces an upper limit of 1.2MΩ on the value of R2, if the regulator must work with no load (a condition often found in CMOS in standby), IFB will produce a 2% typical error in VOUT which may be eliminated at room temperature by trimming R1. For better accuracy, choosing R2 = 100k reduces this error to 0.17% while increasing the resistor program current to 12µA. Since the MIC2954-07/-08 typically draws 60µA at no load with pin 2 (SNS) opencircuited, this is a negligible addition. Error Detection Comparator Output (MIC2954-07/-08) A logic-low output will be produced by the comparator whenever the MIC2954-07/-08 output falls out of regulation by more than approximately 5%. This figure is the comparator’s built-in offset of about 60mV divided by the 1.235V reference voltage. (Refer to the block diagram on page 1). This trip level remains “5% below normal” regardless of the programmed output voltage of the MIC2954-07/-08. For example, the error flag trip level is typically 4.75V for a 5V output or 11.4V for a12V output. The out of regulation condition may be due either to low input voltage, current limiting, or thermal limiting. Figure 1 is a timing diagram depicting the /ERR signal and the regulated output voltage as the MIC2954-07/-08 input is ramped up and down. The /ERR signal becomes valid (low) at about 1.3V input. It goes high at about 5V input (the input voltage at which VOUT = 4.75). Since the MIC2954-07/-08’s dropout voltage is load-dependent (see curve in “Typical Characteristics”), the input voltage trip point (about 5V) will vary with the load current. The output voltage trip point (approximately 4.75V) does not vary with load. September 2007 Reducing Output Noise In reference applications it may be advantageous to reduce the ac noise present at the output. One method is to reduce the regulator bandwidth by increasing the size of the output capacitor. This is relatively inefficient, as increasing the capacitor from 1µF to 220µF only decreases the noise from 430µV to 160µVRMS for a 100kHz bandwidth at 5V output. Noise can be reduced fourfold by a bypass capacitor across R1, since it reduces the high frequency gain from 4 to unity. Pick: C BYPASS ≅ 10 1 2πR1 × 200Hz M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Thermal Calculations Layout Considerations The MIC2954-07BM/-08BM (8-pin surface-mount package) has the following thermal characteristics when mounted on a single layer copper-clad printed circuit board. PC Board Dielectric Material θJA FR4 160°C/W Ceramic 120°C/W Multilayer boards having a ground plane, wide traces near the pads, and large supply bus lines provide better thermal conductivity. Our calculations will use the “worst case” value of 160°C/W, which assumes no ground plane, minimum trace widths, and a FR4 material board. * See Application Information Figure 1. /Error Output Timing or about 0.01µF. When doing this, the output capacitor must be increased to 3.3µF to maintain stability. These changes reduce the output noise from 430µV to 100µVrms for a100kHz bandwidth at 5V output. With the bypass capacitor added, noise no longer scales with output voltage so that improvements are more dramatic at higher output voltages. Pad Layout (minimum recommended geometry) Automotive Applications The MIC2954 is ideally suited for automotive applications for a variety of reasons. It will operate over a wide range of input voltages with very low dropout voltages (40mV at light loads), and very low quiescent currents (75µA typical). These features are necessary for use in battery powered systems, such as automobiles. It is a “bulletproof” device with the ability to survive both reverse battery (negative transients up to 20V below ground), and load dump (positive transients up to 60V) conditions. A wide operating temperature range with low temperature coefficients is yet another reason to use these versatile regulators in automotive designs. September 2007 Nominal Power Dissipation and Die Temperature The MIC2954-07BM/-08BM at a 55°C ambient temperature will operate reliably at up to 440mW power dissipation when mounted in the “worst case” manner described above. This power level is equivalent to a die temperature of 125°C, the recommended maximum temperature for nonmilitary grade silicon integrated circuits. 11 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Schematic Diagram September 2007 12 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 Package Information 8-Pin SOIC (M) 0.090 (2.286) Radius, t yp. 2 3 1 0.145 (3.683) 0.135 (3.429) 0.055 (1.397) 0.045 (1.143) 10° typ. BOTTOM VIEW 0.085 (2.159) Diam. 0.185 (4.699) 0.175 (4.445) 5° typ. 0.185 (4.699) 0.175 (4.445) 0.090 (2.286) typ. 5° typ. Seat ing Plane 0.025 (0.635) Max Uncont rolled Lead Diamet er 0.500 (12.70) Min. 0.016 (0.406) 0.014 (0.356) 0.0155 (0.3937) 0.0145 (0.3683) 0.055 (1.397) 0.045 (1.143) 0.105 (2.667) 0.095 (2.413) 3-Pin TO-92 (Z) September 2007 13 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 3-Pin SOT-223 (S) 3-Pin TO-220 (T) September 2007 14 M9999-090607 Micrel, Inc. MIC2954 MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http://www.micrel.com The information furnished by Micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to the customer. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2001 Micrel, Incorporated. September 2007 15 M9999-090607