YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet The Products: Y-Series Features Applications Intermediate Bus Architectures Telecommunications Data communications Distributed Power Architectures Servers, workstations Benefits High efficiency– no heat sink required Cost effective Reduces Total Solution Board Area RoHS lead-free solder and lead-solder-exempted products are available Delivers up to 25 A Input range 10 - 14 V Small size and low profile: 1.25” x 2.00” x 0.335” (31.7 x 50.8 x 8.50 mm) Start-up into pre-biased output No minimum load required Operating ambient temperature: -40 °C to 85 °C Remote output sense Remote ON/OFF Fixed frequency operation (500 kHz) Auto-reset output overcurrent protection High reliability, MTBF = 23 Million Hours All materials meet UL94, V-0 flammability rating UL60950 recognition in U.S. & Canada, and certification per IEC/EN60950 Description Power-One’s point-of-load converters are recommended for use with regulated bus converters in an Intermediate Bus Architecture (IBA). The YV-Series of non-isolated dc-dc converters deliver up to 25 Amps of output current in a through-hole (SIP) package. Operating from a 10 - 14 VDC input, the YV12T25 converter is an ideal choice for Intermediate Bus Architectures where Point-of-Load (POL) power delivery is a requirement. The converter provides an extremely tight regulated programmable output voltage of 0.80 V to 5.5 V. The YV-Series of converters provide exceptional thermal performance, even in high temperature environments with minimal airflow. This performance is accomplished through the use of advanced circuitry, packaging and processing techniques to achieve a design possessing ultra-high efficiency, excellent thermal management, and a very low body profile. The low body profile minimizes impedance to system airflow, thus enhancing cooling for both upstream and downstream devices. The use of automation for assembly, coupled with advanced power electronics and thermal design, results in a product with extremely high reliability. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 1 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Electrical Specifications Conditions: TA = 25 ºC, Airflow = 300 LFM (1.5 m/s), Vin = 12.0 VDC, Vout = 0.8 – 5.5 V, unless otherwise specified. Parameters Notes Min Typ Max Units 14 VDC Absolute Maximum Ratings Input Voltage Continuous -0.3 Operating Ambient Temperature - 40 85 °C Storage Temperature -55 125 °C 5.5 kHz VDC 0.5 VDC Feature Characteristics Switching Frequency 500 1 Output Voltage Trim Range By external resistor, See Trim Table 1 0.7887 Remote Sense Compensation1 2 Turn-On Delay Time With Vin = (Converter Enabled, then Vin applied) Full resistive load From Vin = Vin(min) to Vo = 0.1* Vo(nom) With Enable (Vin = Vin(nom) applied, then enabled) From enable to Vo = 0.1*Vo(nom) Rise time2 (Full resistive load; No external output capacitors) From 10%Vo(set) to 90%Vo(set) Vin=Vin(on) to Vin(max); SEQ/ENA Control Signal3 Open collector or equivalent; (Signal referenced to GND) 0.5 ms 1.0 ms 2.0 ms Logic High (Module OFF) SEQ/ENA Current 0.5 2.33 mA SEQ/ENA Voltage 3.5 14 VDC SEQ/ENA Current 200 μA SEQ/ENA Voltage 0.8 VDC Logic Low (Module ON) Additional Notes: 1 The output voltage should not exceed 5.5 V (taking into account both the programming and remote sense compensation). 2 Note that startup time is the sum of turn-on delay time and rise time. 3 The converter is ON if the SEQ/ENA pin is left open. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 2 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Electrical Specifications (continued) Conditions: TA = 25 ºC, Airflow = 300 LFM (1.5 m/s), Vin = 12.0 VDC, Vout = 0.8 – 5.5 V, unless otherwise specified. Parameter Notes Min Typ Max Units 10 12 14 VDC 9.9 VDC Input Characteristics Operating Input Voltage Range Input Undervoltage Lockout Turn-on Threshold Turn-off Threshold Maximum Input Current Input Standby Current (Converter disabled) Input No Load Current (Converter enabled) 8.1 VDC 25 ADC Output @ 10VDC Input VOUT = 5.0 VDC 13.2 ADC VOUT = 3.3 VDC 8.9 ADC VOUT = 2.5 VDC 6.9 ADC VOUT = 2.0 VDC 5.6 ADC VOUT = 1.8 VDC 5.1 ADC VOUT = 1.5 VDC 4.3 ADC VOUT = 1.2 VDC 3.5 ADC VOUT = 0.8 VDC 2.5 ADC VOUT = 5.0 VDC 113 25 mA mA VOUT = 3.3 VDC 94 mA VOUT = 2.5 VDC 84 mA VOUT = 2.0 VDC 78 mA VOUT = 1.8 VDC 78 mA VOUT = 1.5 VDC 77 mA VOUT = 1.2 VDC 77 mA VOUT = 0.8 VDC 77 mA Input Reflected-Ripple Current - is See Fig. E for setup. (BW = 20 MHz) 30 mAP-P Input Voltage Ripple Rejection 120 Hz 60 dB ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 3 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Electrical Specifications (continued) Conditions: TA = 25 ºC, Airflow = 300 LFM (1.5 m/s), Vin = 12.0 VDC, Vout = 0.8 – 5.5 V, unless otherwise specified. Parameter Notes Min Typ Max Units - 1.2 Vout +1.2 %Vout 0.01 0.1 %Vout 0.1 0.2 %Vout +3.0 %Vout Output Characteristics Output Voltage Set Point (No Load) Output Regulation Over Line Full resistive load Over Load From no load to full load Output Voltage Range (Over all operating input voltage, resistive load and temperature conditions until end of life ) -3.0 Output Ripple and Noise – 20 MHz bandwidth Over line, load and temperature Peak-to-Peak VOUT = 5.0 VDC 40 Output Overvoltage Protection (Non-Latching) All output voltages Overtemperature protection All output voltages External Load Capacitance Plus full load (resistive) 5.7 6.0 125 Min ESR > 1mΩ Min ESR > 10mΩ Min ESR > 10mΩ VOUT = 5.0 VDC 0 Output Current Limit Inception (IOUT) 125 Short = 10 mΩ, continuous V °C 1,000 Output Current Range Output Short-Circuit Current , RMS Value mVP-P 6.3 μF 10,000 μF 6,800 μF 25 A 150 %Iout 3 Arms Dynamic Response Load current change from 12.5 A – 25 A, di/dt = 5 A/μs No external output capacitance 150 mV Settling Time (VOUT < 10% peak deviation) Unloading current change from 25 A – 12.5 A, di/dt = -5 A/μs No external output capacitance 25 Settling Time (VOUT < 10% peak deviation) 25 µs VOUT = 5.5 VDC 94.3 % VOUT = 3.3 VDC 92.2 % VOUT = 2.5 VDC 90.7 % VOUT = 2.0 VDC 88.9 % VOUT = 1.8 VDC 88.0 % VOUT = 1.5 VDC 86.3 % VOUT = 1.2 VDC 83.7 % VOUT = 0.8 VDC 77.7 % Efficiency µs 150 mV Full load (25A) General Specifications Parameter Calculated MTBF Notes 50% Stress, Ta = 40 °C - Weight ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 Min www.power-one.com Page 4 of 12 Typ 23 19 (0.67) Max Units Million Hours - g(oz.) YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Remote Sense (Pins 1 and 2) Operations Input and Output Impedance The YV-Series converter should be connected via a low impedance to the DC power source. In many applications, the inductance associated with the distribution from the power source to the input of the converter can affect the stability of the converter. It is recommended to use low - ESR tantalum, POS or ceramic decoupling capacitors (minimum 150 μF) placed as close as possible to the converter input pins in order to ensure stability of the converter and reduce input ripple voltage. Internally, the converter has 40 μF (low ESR ceramics) of input capacitance. The remote sense feature of the converter compensates for voltage drops occurring between the output pins of the converter and the load. The SENSE(-) (Pin 2) and SENSE(+) (Pin 1) pins should be connected at the load or at the point where regulation is required (see Fig. B). The YV12T25-0 has been designed for stable operation with or without external output capacitance. It is important to keep low resistance and low inductance PCB traces for connecting load to the output pins of the converter in order to maintain good load regulation. SEQ/ENA (Pin 13) The SEQ/ENA pin is used to turn the power converter on or off remotely via a system signal. If not using the remote ON/OFF, leave the pin open (module will be on). The SEQ/ENA signal is referenced to ground. The typical connections are shown in Fig. A. The converter is ON when the SEQ/ENA pin is at a logic low or left open, and OFF when the SEQ/ENA pin is at a logic high (3.5V min) or connected to Vin. The external resistor R1 should be chosen to maintain 3.5V minimum on the SEQ/ENA pin to insure that the unit is OFF when Q1 is turned OFF. Note that the external diode is required for proper operation. Fig. B: Remote sense circuit configuration. Because the sense lead carries minimal current, large trace on the end-user board are not required. However, sense trace should be located close to a ground plane to minimize system noise and ensure the optimum performance. When utilizing the remote sense feature, care must be taken not to exceed the maximum allowable output power capability of the converter, which is equal to the product of the nominal output voltage and the allowable output current for the given conditions. When using remote sense, the output voltage at the converter can be increased up to 0.5 V above the nominal rating in order to maintain the required voltage across the load. Therefore, the designer must, if necessary, decrease the maximum current (originally obtained from the derating curves) by the same percentage to ensure output power remains at or below the maximum allowable output power. Fig. A: Circuit configuration for ON/OFF function. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 5 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Output Voltage Programming The output voltage can be programmed from 0.8 V to 5.5 V by connecting an external resistor (RTRIM) between SENSE(+) pin (Pin 1) and Vout pin (see Fig. C).If the RTRIM is not used and SENSE(+) is shorted to Vout, the output voltage of the module will be 0.7887V. If the SENSE(+) is not connected to the Vout, the output of the module will reach overvoltage shutdown. A 1μF multilayer ceramic capacitor is required from RTRIM to SENSE(-) pin to minimize noise. A trim resistor, RTRIM, for a desired output voltage can be calculated using the following equation: R TRIM VOREQ 775 1 0.7887 V0-REG [V] RTRIM [Ω] 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.3 5.0 Overvoltage Shutdown 11 208 404 699 994 1190 1682 2468 4138 Open Table 1: Trim Resistor Values [ ] Protection Features where, RTRIM Required value of trim resistor [Ω] VOREQ Desired (trimmed) output voltage [V] Input Undervoltage Lockout Input undervoltage lockout is standard with this converter. The converter will shut down when the input voltage drops below a pre-determined voltage; it will start automatically when Vin returns to a specified range. . Output Overcurrent Protection (OCP) The converter is protected against overcurrent and short circuit conditions. Upon sensing an overcurrent condition, the converter will enter hiccup mode. Once over-load or short circuit condition is removed, Vout will return to nominal value. Overtemperature Protection (OTP) Fig. C: Configuration for programming output voltage. Note that the tolerance of a trim resistor directly affects the output voltage tolerance. It is recommended to use standard 1% or 0.5% resistors; for tighter tolerance, two resistors in parallel are recommended rather than one standard value from Table 1. The converter will shut down under an overtemperature condition to protect itself from overheating caused by operation outside the thermal derating curves, or operation in abnormal conditions such as system fan failure. After the converter has cooled to a safe operating temperature, it will automatically restart. Safety Requirements The converter meets North American and International safety regulatory requirements per UL60950 and EN60950. The maximum DC voltage between any two pins is Vin under all operating conditions. Therefore, the unit has ELV (extra low voltage) output; it meets SELV requirements under the condition that all input voltages are ELV. The converter is not internally fused. To comply with safety agencies’ requirements, a recognized fuse with a maximum rating of 30 Amps must be used in series with the input line. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 6 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet airflow during the testing is parallel to the long axis of the converter. Characterization General Information The converter has been characterized for many operational aspects, to include thermal derating (maximum load current as a function of ambient temperature and airflow) for vertical and horizontal mountings, efficiency, startup and shutdown parameters, output ripple and noise, transient response to load step-change, overload, and short circuit. The following pages contain specific plots or waveforms associated with the converter. Additional comments for specific data are provided below. Test Conditions All data presented were taken with the converter soldered to a test board, specifically a 0.060” thick printed wiring board (PWB) with four layers. The top and bottom layers were not metalized. The two inner layers, comprised of two-ounce copper, were used to provide traces for connectivity to the converter. The lack of metalization on the outer layers as well as the limited thermal connection ensured that heat transfer from the converter to the PWB was minimized. This provides a worst-case but consistent scenario for thermal derating purposes. All measurements requiring airflow were made in the vertical and horizontal wind tunnels using Infrared (IR) thermography and thermocouples for thermometry. Ensuring components on the converter do not exceed their ratings is important to maintaining high reliability. If one anticipates operating the converter at or close to the maximum loads specified in the derating curves, it is prudent to check actual operating temperatures in the application. Thermographic imaging is preferable; if this capability is not available, then thermocouples may be used. The use of AWG #40 gauge thermocouples is recommended to ensure measurement accuracy. Careful routing of the thermocouple leads will further minimize measurement error. Refer to Fig. D for the optimum measuring thermocouple location. Fig. D: Location of the thermocouples for thermal testing. For each set of conditions, the maximum load current is defined as the lowest of: (i) The output current at which any MOSFET temperature does not exceed a maximum specified temperature (110 °C) as indicated by the thermographic image, or (ii) The maximum current rating of the converter During normal operation, derating curves with maximum FET temperature less than or equal to 110°C should not be exceeded. Temperature on the MOSFET at the thermocouple location shown in Fig. D should not exceed 110 °C in order to operate inside the derating curves. Efficiency Figures 1 to 6 shows the efficiency vs. load current plot for ambient temperature of 25 ºC and input voltages of 10.8 V, 12 V, and 13.2 V. Ripple and Noise The output voltage ripple waveform is measured at full rated load current. Note that all output voltage waveforms are measured across a 1 μF ceramic capacitor. The output voltage ripple and input reflected ripple current waveforms are obtained using the test setup shown in Fig. E. is 1 uH Source Inductance Vsource Thermal Derating Load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates are given in Figures 13 to 16 for maximum temperature of 110 °C. Ambient temperature was varied between 25 °C and 85 °C, with airflow rates from 30 to 400 LFM (0.15 m/s to 2.0 m/s), and vertical and horizontal converter mountings. The VIN Cin=150uF Tantalum Capacitor VOUT Module GND Fig. E: Test setup for measuring input reflected-ripple currents, is and output voltage ripple. . ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 Cout = 1uF Ceramic VOUT Capacitor www.power-one.com Page 7 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet 97 96 96 94 95 92 Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) 94 93 92 91 90 90 88 86 Vin = 13.2 Vdc Vin = 13.2 Vdc Vin = 12.0 Vdc Vin = 12.0 Vdc 89 Vin = 10.8 Vdc 84 Vin = 10.8 Vdc 88 82 87 0 5 10 15 20 0 25 5 10 15 20 25 Load Current (Adc) Load Current (Adc) Fig. 2: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 3.3 V. Fig. 1: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 5.0 V. 92 94 90 92 88 90 Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) 86 88 86 84 82 80 84 Vin = 13.2 Vdc Vin = 13.2 Vdc 78 Vin = 12.0 Vdc Vin = 12.0 Vdc Vin = 10.8 Vdc Vin = 10.8 Vdc 82 76 74 80 0 5 10 15 20 0 25 5 10 15 20 25 Load Current (Adc) Load Current (Adc) Fig. 3: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 2.5 V. Fig. 4: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 1.8 V. 95 90 90 85 85 Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) 80 80 75 75 70 70 Vin = 13.2 Vdc Vin = 13.2 Vdc Vin = 12.0 Vdc Vin = 12.0 Vdc 65 Vin = 10.8 Vdc 65 60 Vin = 10.8 Vdc 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 Load Current (Adc) 10 15 20 25 Load Current (Adc) Fig. 5: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 1.5 V. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 5 Fig. 6: Efficiency vs. load current and input voltage for Vout = 1.2 V. www.power-one.com Page 8 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A 30 30 25 25 20 20 Load Current (Adc) Load Current (Adc) Data Sheet 15 10 400 LFM 300 LFM 200 LFM 100 LFM 30 LFM 5 15 10 400 LFM 300 LFM 200 LFM 100 LFM 30 LFM 5 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 o Ambient Temperature ( C) Fig. 13: Available load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates for Vout = 5.0 V with Vin = 12 V, and maximum MOSFET temperature ≤ 110 °C. Horizontal Orientation (Airflow from Vin pin to GND pin.) Fig. 14: Available load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates for Vout = 3.3 V with Vin = 12 V, and maximum MOSFET temperature ≤ 110 °C. Horizontal Orientation (Airflow from Vin pin to GND pin.) 30 30 25 25 20 20 Load Current (Adc) Load Current (Adc) o Ambient Temperature ( C) 15 10 400 LFM 300 LFM 200 LFM 100 LFM 30 LFM 5 15 10 400 LFM 300 LFM 200 LFM 100 LFM 30 LFM 5 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 Ambient Temperature ( C) Fig. 15: Available load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates for Vout = 1.8 V with Vin = 12 V, and maximum MOSFET temperature ≤ 110 °C. Horizontal Orientation (Airflow from Vin pin to GND pin.) ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 30 o o Ambient Temperature ( C) Fig. 16: Available load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates for Vout = 1.2 V with Vin = 12 V, and maximum MOSFET temperature ≤ 110 °C. Horizontal Orientation (Airflow from Vin pin to GND pin.) www.power-one.com Page 9 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Fig. 17: Turn-on transient for Vout = 3.3 V with the application of SEQ/ENA signal at full rated load current (resistive) and 1 μF external capacitance at Vin = 12 V. Top Trace: SEQ/ENA Signal (5 V/div.); Bottom Trace: Output Voltage (1 V/div.); Time Scale: 1 ms/div. Fig. 18: Turn-on transient for Vout = 3.3 V and 5.0 V with the application of SEQ/ENA signal at full rated load current (resistive) and 1 μF external capacitance at Vin = 12 V. SEQ/ENA pins are tied together. Top Trace: SEQ/ENA Signal (5 V/div.); Middle Trace: Output Voltage of 5V POL (2V/div.); Bottom Trace: Output Voltage of 3.3V POL (2 V/div.); Time Scale: 2 ms/div. Fig. 19: Turn-on transient for Vout = 3.3 V with the application of the input voltage at full rated load current (resistive) and 1 μF external capacitance at Vin = 12 V. Top Trace: Input Voltage Signal (5 V/div.); Bottom Trace: Output Voltage (1 V/div.); Time Scale: 1 ms/div. Fig. 20: Turn-off transient for Vout = 3.3 V and 5.0 V with the removal of SEQ/ENA signal at full rated load current (resistive) and 1 μF external capacitance at Vin = 12 V. SEQ/ENA pins are tied together. Top Trace: SEQ/ENA Signal (5 V/div.); Middle Trace: Output Voltage of 5V POL (2V/div.); Bottom Trace: Output Voltage of 3.3V POL (2 V/div.); Time Scale: 2 ms/div. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 10 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Fig. 21: Output voltage ripple (20 mV/div.) at full rated load current into a resistive load with external capacitance 1 μF ceramic and Vin = 12 V for Vout = 3.3 V. Time Scale: 1 μs/div. Fig. 22: Output voltage ripple (20 mV/div.) at full rated load current into a resistive load with external capacitance 1 μF ceramic and Vin = 12 V for Vout = 1.2 V. Time Scale: 1 μs/div. Fig. 23: Output voltage response for Vout = 3.3 V to positive load current step change from 12.5 A to 25 A with slew rate of 5 A/μs at Vin = 12 V. Top Trace: Output Voltage (100 mV/div.); Bottom Trace: Load Current (10 A/div.) Co =1 μF ceramic. Time Scale: 10 μs/div. Fig. 24: Output voltage response for Vout = 3.3 V to negative load current step change from 25 A to 12.5 A with slew rate of -5 A/μs at Vin = 12 V. Top Trace: Output Voltage (100 mV/div.); Bottom Trace: Load Current (10 A/div.) Co = 1 μF ceramic. Time Scale: 10 μs/div. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 11 of 12 YV12T25 DC-DC Converter 10 - 14 VDC Input; 0.8 - 5.5 VDC Programmable @ 25 A Data Sheet Physical Information Pad/Pin Connections Pad/Pin # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 Function SENSE+ SENSEVin Ground Vout Vout Ground Ground Vout Vout GROUND Vin SEQ/ENA 14 SHARE YV12T25 Platform Notes Through-hole – SIP All dimensions are in inches [mm] All pins are .032 x .032 Pin Material & Finish: Copper C11000 with Matte Tin over Nickel Tolerances: x.xxx in. +/- .010 [x.xx mm +/- 0.25] x.xx in. +/- .020 [x.x mm +/- 0.5] Converter Part Numbering Scheme Product Series Input Voltage Mounting Scheme Rated Load Current YV 12 T 25 T SIP Through-hole 25 A (0.8 V to 5.5 V) YV-Series 10 – 14 V – Enable Logic Environmental 0 G 0 Standard (Negative Logic) No Suffix RoHS lead-solder exemption compliant G RoHS lead-free solder compliant The example above describes P/N YV12T25-0: 10 – 14 V input, through-hole (SIP), 25 A at 0.8 V to 5.5 V output, standard enable logic, and Eutectic Tin/Lead solder. Please consult factory for the complete list of available options. NUCLEAR AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS - Power-One products are not designed, intended for use in, or authorized for use as critical components in life support systems, equipment used in hazardous environments, or nuclear control systems without the express written consent of the respective divisional president of Power-One, Inc. TECHNICAL REVISIONS - The appearance of products, including safety agency certifications pictured on labels, may change depending on the date manufactured. Specifications are subject to change without notice. ZD-01983 Rev. 2.1, 25-Jun-10 www.power-one.com Page 12 of 12