SOLID STATE D I V I S I O N PSD (POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTOR) What is PSD? Various methods are available for detecting the position of incident light. These include methods using small discrete detector arrays or multi-element sensors such as CCD sensors. In contrast to these sensors, PSDs (Position Sensitive Detectors) are comprised of a monolithic detector with no discrete elements and provide continuous position data by making use of the surface resistance of the photodiode. PSDs offer advantages such as high position resolution, high-speed response and reliability. n Features of PSD · Excellent position resolution · Wide spectral response range · High-speed response · Detects center-of-gravity position of spot light · Simultaneously detects light intensity and center-of-gravity position of spot light · High reliability n Applications of PSD · Position and angle sensing · Distortion and vibration measurements · Lens reflection and refraction measurements · Laser displacement sensing · Optical remote control · Optical range finders · Optical switches · Camera auto focusing CONTENTS Selection guide ················································································································· 1 Description of terms ········································································································· 4 Characteristic and use ······································································································ 5 1. Basic Principle ············································································································ 5 2. One-dimensional PSD ································································································· 5 3. Two-dimensional PSD ································································································· 5 4. Position detection error ······························································································· 7 5. Position resolution ······································································································· 8 6. Response speed ········································································································· 10 7. Saturation photocurrent ································································································ 11 Selection guide PSD (Position Sensitive Detector) is an optoelectronic position sensor utilizing photodiode surface resistance. Unlike discrete element detectors such as CCD, PSD provides continuous position data (X or Y coordinate data) and features high position resolution and high-speed response. One-dimensional PSD ······························ Hamamatsu provides various types of one-dimensional PSDs designed for high-precision distance measurement such as displacement meters, camera auto focusing and optical switches. Our product line includes a visible-cut type for near infrared detection, a red sensitivity enhanced type for red light detection, a microscopic spot light (LD beam, etc.) detection type, and a long, narrow type with an active area exceeding 30 mm. Type No. S6407 S6515 S4580-04 S4580-06 S4581-04 S4581-06 S3271-05 S4582-04 S4582-06 S3272-05 S4583-04 S4583-06 S3273-05 S7879 S8361 * S4584-04 S4584-06 S3274-05 S7105-04 S7105-06 S7105-05 S5629 S5629-01 S5629-02 S3979 S3931 S3932 S1352 S3270 2 3 6 7 8 Resistance length (mm) 1×1 1 × 1.2 (mm) 1 1.2 Interelectrode resistance Vb=0.1 V (kΩ) 200 140 0.8 × 1.5 1.5 140 1×2 2 140 400 1 × 2.5 2.5 140 400 140 1×3 3 400 110 1 × 3.5 3.5 140 400 1 × 4.2 4.2 140 400 1×6 6 1×3 1×6 1 × 12 2.5 × 34 1 × 37 3 6 12 34 37 Works with microscopic spot light detection. 50 300 140 50 50 20 15 4 5 11 14 15 Active area * High sensitivity in the red region type 1 1 9 12 10 Spectral response range (nm) 760 to 1100 760 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1060 320 to 1060 760 to 1060 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1100 440 to 1100 400 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 320 to 1100 320 to 1100 320 to 1100 700 to 1100 13 Package 1 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 Plastic 5 6 2 3 4 7 8 7 9 10 9 11 TO-5 12 13 14 15 Ceramic Selection guide Two-dimensional PSD ······························ Two-dimensional PSDs are classified by structure into a tetra-lateral type and a duo-lateral type. The tetra-lateral type features high-speed response and low dark current. The duo-lateral type offers small position detection error and high position resolution. A pin-cushion type, which is a tetra-lateral type with improved active area and electrodes, has a position detection error as small as the duo-lateral type while still having the advantages of the tetra-lateral type. 4 7 6 1 2 3 8 5 9 (Typ.) Type No. Active area Resistance length (mm) (mm) Interelectrode resistance Vb=0.1 V (kΩ) 13 × 13 13 × 13 10 12 × 12 22 × 22 14 × 14 26 × 26 10 10 4.7 × 4.7 5.7 × 5.7 S1200 S1300 S1880 S1881 S2044 S5990-01 4×4 4.5 × 4.5 S5991-01 9×9 10 × 10 S7848 2×2 2×2 S7848-01 Works with microscopic spot light detection Spectral response range Structure (nm) 320 to 1060 320 to 1100 Tetra-lateral type Duo-lateral type 1 320 to 1060 Pin-cushion type (improved tetra-lateral type) 3 10 320 to 1060 Pin-cushion type (improved tetra-lateral type) 7 7 320 to 1100 Pin-cushion type (improved tetra-lateral type) 100 760 to 1100 320 to 1100 Tetra-lateral type Package 2 4 Ceramic Ceramic 5 Metal 6 Ceramic chip carrier 7 8 9 Plastic n Examples of position detectability (Ta=25 ˚C, λ=890 nm, spot light size: φ200 µm) lS1200 lS1300 LINE INTERVAL: 1 mm lS5991-01 lS1880 LINE INTERVAL: 1 mm LINE INTERVAL: 1 mm KPSDC0017EA LINE INTERVAL: 1 mm lS7848 KPSDC0015EA KPSDC0020EA LINE INTERVAL: 0.2 mm KPSDC0065EA KPSDC0084EA 128-element PSD array ··························································· S5681 is a 128-element PSD linear array. By scanning a slit-form light beam right and left based on the slit light projection method, S5681 allows measuring a 3-D shape of the object. (Typ.) Type No. S5681 Active area (mm) 0.025 × 6.375/ 128 elements Resistance length Interelectrode resistance Spectral response Vb=0.1 V range (nm) (kΩ) (mm) 6.375 100 320 to 1100 Package Ceramic 2 Selection guide PSD signal processing circuit Features l No complicated adjustments required Position measurements can be made by just connecting to a PSD and power supply (±15 V). l The position (mm) of a spot light from the PSD center is obtained as an output voltage (V). (except C3683-01) l Stable position detection Accurate position data can be detected independent of incident light intensity. l Compact size Head amplifiers, signal addition/subtraction circuits, and analog divider are mounted on a compact PC board. DC signal processing circuit ··············································· Designed specifically for DC light detection. Type No. PSD type C3683-01 C4674 C4757 C4758 1-D PSD Pin-cushion type 2-D PSD Duo-lateral type 2-D PSD Tetra-lateral type 2-D PSD Dimensional outline (mm) 66 × 56 × 15 90 × 65 × 15 92 × 70 × 15 90 × 65 × 15 AC signal processing circuit ··············································· Designed specifically for pulse (AC) signal detection. Has a synchronous circuit, S/H (sample & hold) circuit and LED driver circuit. Use of a pulse-driven LED ensures reliable operation even under background light. Type No. PSD type C5923 1-D PSD C7563 Pin-cushion type 2-D PSD * Can not be modulated. 3 LED repetition frequency * (kHz) 3.3 0.33 Dimensional outline (mm) 110 × 75 × 15 110 × 75 × 15 Description of terms 1. Spectral response 7. Interelectrode resistance: Rie The photocurrent produced by a given level of incident light varies with the wavelength. This relation between the photoelectric sensitivity and wavelength is referred to as the spectral response characteristic and is expressed in terms of photo sensitivity, quantum efficiency, etc. This is the resistance between opposing electrodes in a dark state. The interelectrode resistance is an important factor that determines the response speed, position resolution and saturation photocurrent. The interelectrode resistance is measured with 0.1 V applied across the opposing electrodes and the common electrode left open. When measuring the interelectrode resistance of two-dimensional PSDs, the output electrodes other than the opposing electrodes under measurement are left open. 2. Photo sensitivity: S This measure of sensitivity is the ratio of radiant energy expressed in watts (W) incident on the device, to the resulting photocurrent expressed in amperes (A). It may be represented as either an absolute sensitivity (A/W) or as a relative sensitivity normalized for the sensitivity at the peak wavelength, usually expressed in percent (%) with respect to the peak value. For the purpose of our PSD data sheets (separately available), the photo sensitivity is represented as the absolute sensitivity, and the spectral response range is defined as the region in which the relative sensitivity is higher than 5 % of the peak value. 3. Quantum efficiency: QE The quantum efficiency is the number of electrons or holes that can be detected as a photocurrent divided by the number of the incident photons. This is commonly expressed in percent (%). The quantum efficiency and photo sensitivity S have the following relationship at a given wavelength (nm): QE = S × 1240 × 100 [%] λ λ: Wavelength (nm) S: Photo sensitivity at wavelength λ (A/W) 4. Resistance length: L This is the distance between electrodes on a PSD and is used to calculate the position from the PSD outputs. The resistance length is equivalent to the active area size, except for the pin-cushion type (improved tetra-lateral type) whose resistance length is expressed by the distance actually used to calculate the position. 8. Dark current: ID When a reverse voltage is applied to a PSD, a slight current flows even in a dark state. This is termed the dark current and is a source of noise. The dark current listed in our PSD data sheets (separately available) are the total dark current values measured from all output electrodes. 9. Terminal capacitance: Ct A capacitor is formed at the PN junction of a PSD and its capacitance is called the junction capacitance. The terminal capacitance is the sum of the junction capacitance plus the package stray capacitance, and is a factor in determining the response speed. The terminal capacitance listed in our PSD data sheets are the total capacitance values measured from all output electrodes. 10. Rise time: tr The rise time is defined as the time required for the PSD output to rise from 10 to 90 % of the steady output level, when a step function light is input to the PSD. The rise time depends on the incident light wavelength, load resistance, light incident position and reverse voltage, and is measured under the following conditions. · Light source : λ=890 nm · Incident spot light : φ1 mm · Incident light position: Center point of PSD · Load resistance : 1 kΩ (connected to all output electrodes) 5. Position detection error If a light beam strikes the electrical center of a PSD, the signal currents extracted from the output electrodes are equal. When this electrical center is viewed as the origin, the position detection error is defined as the difference between the position at which the light is actually incident on the PSD and the position calculated from the PSD outputs. Measurement conditions for position detection error are as follows: Light source : λ=890 nm Incident spot light: φ200 µm Photocurrent : 10 µA 6. Position resolution: ∆R This is the minimum detectable displacement of a spot light incident on a PSD, and is expressed as a distance on the PSD surface. Resolution is mainly determined by the S/N and given by “resistance length × noise / signal”. The resolution values listed in our PSD data sheets (separately available) are calculated based on the RMS values for noise measured under the following conditions. · Interelectrode resistance: Typical value (listed in the data sheets) · Photocurrent : 1 µA · Frequency bandwidth : 1 kHz · Equivalent noise input voltage to circuit: 1 µV 11. Saturation photocurrent: Ist This is the maximum photocurrent value obtained from a PSD as long as it still functions as a position sensor. This value depends on the reverse voltage and interelectrode resistance, and is defined as the total photocurrent when the entire active area is illuminated. 12. Maximum reverse voltage: VR Max. Increasing the reverse voltage applied to a PSD can cause it to breakdown at a certain level and result in severe deterioration of PSD performance. To avoid this, the maximum reverse voltage is specified as the absolute maximum rating (this value must not be exceeded even momentarily) at a reverse voltage somewhat lower than the breakdown voltage. 4 Characteristic and use 1. Basic principle A PSD basically consists of a uniform resistive layer formed on one or both surfaces of a high-resistivity semiconductor substrate, and a pair of electrodes formed on both ends of the resistive layer for extracting position signals. The active area, which is also a resistive layer, has a PN junction that generates photocurrent by means of the photovoltaic effect. By finding the difference or ratio of Ix1 to Ix2, the light input position can be obtained by the formulas (1-3), (1-4), (1-7) and (1-8) irrespective of the incident light intensity level and its changes. The light input position obtained here corresponds to the center-of-gravity of the light beam. 2. One-dimensional PSD Figure 2-1 Structure chart, equivalent circuit (one-dimensional PSD) Figure 1-1 PSD sectional view XA OUTPUT IX1 OUTPUT IX2 P INCIDENT LIGHT ELECTRODE X1 Rp ANODE (X1) XB Cj Rsh CATHODE (COMMON) ELECTRODE X2 P LAYER PHOTOCURRENT D ANODE (X2) I LAYER P : CURRENT GENERATOR D : IDEAL DIODE Cj : JUNCTION CAPACITANCE Rsh: SHUNT RESISTANCE Rp : POSITIONING RESISTANCE N LAYER COMMON ELECTRODE KPSDC0006EA RESISTANCE LENGTH LX KPSDC0005EA Figure 2-2 Active area chart (one-dimensional PSD) LX Figure 1-1 shows a sectional view of a PSD using a simple illustration to explain the operating principle. The PSD has a P-type resistive layer formed on an N-type high-resistive silicon substrate. This P-layer serves as an active area for photoelectric conversion and a pair of output electrodes are formed on the both ends of the P-layer. On the backside of the silicon substrate is an N-layer to which a common electrode is connected. Basically, this is the same structure as that of PIN photodiodes except for the P-type resistive layer on the surface. When a spot light strikes the PSD, an electric charge proportional to the light intensity is generated at the incident position. This electric charge is driven through the resistive layer and collected by the output electrodes X1 and X2 as photocurrents, while being divided in inverse proportion to the distance between the incident position and each electrode. The relation between the incident light position and the photocurrents from the output electrodes X1, X2 is given by the following formulas. l When the center point of PSD is set at the origin: LX LX - XA + XA 2 2 ......... (1-1) IX2 = IX1 = × Io × Io ...... (1-2) LX LX IX2 - IX1 2XA IX1 LX - 2XA = ............ (1-3) = .............. (1-4) IX1 + IX2 LX IX2 LX + 2XA l When the end of PSD is set at the origin: IX1 = LX - XB . XB . Io ............. (1-5) IX2 = Io ................. (1-6) LX LX 2XB - LX IX2 - IX1 = ...... (1-7) IX1 + IX2 LX IX1 LX - XB = ................ (1-8) IX2 XB Io : Total photocurrent (IX1 + IX2) IX1: Output current from electrode X1 IX2: Output current from electrode X2 LX : Resistance length (length of the active area) XA: Distance from the electrical center of PSD to the light input position XB: Distance from the electrode X1 to the light input position 5 X1 X2 x ACTIVE AREA KPSDC0010EA l Position conversion formula (See Figure 2-2.) 2x IX2 - IX1 = ........ (2-1) LX IX1 + IX2 In the above formula, IX1 and IX2 are the output currents obtained from the electrodes shown in Figure 2-2. 3. Two-dimensional PSD Two-dimensional PSDs are grouped by structure into duolateral and tetra-lateral types. Among the tetra-lateral type PSDs, a pin-cushion type with an improved active area and electrodes is also provided. (See “3-3”.) The position conversion formulas slightly differ according to the PSD structure. Two-dimensional PSDs have two pairs of output electrodes, X1, X2 and Y1, Y2. 3-1 Duo-lateral type PSD On the duo-lateral type, the N-layer shown in the sectional view of Figure 1-1 is processed to form a resistive layer, and two pair of electrodes are formed on both surfaces as X and Y electrodes arranged at right angles. (See Figure 3-1.) The X position signals are extracted from the X electrodes on the upper surface, while the Y position signals are extracted from the Y electrodes on the bottom surface. As shown in Figure 3-1, a photocurrent with a polarity opposite that of the other surface is on each surface, to produce signal currents twice as large as the tetra-lateral type and achieve a higher position resolution. In addition, when compared to the tetra-lateral type, the duo-lateral type offers excellent position detection characteristics because the electrodes are not in close proximity. The light input position can be calculated from conversion formulas (3-1) and (3-2). Characteristic and use Figure 3-1 Structure chart, equivalent circuit (duo-lateral type PSD) Figure 3-4 Active area chart (tetra-lateral type PSD) LX CATHODE (Y2) Rp ANODE (X1) Y2 P D Cj Rsh ANODE (X2) Rp y X1 X2 LY CATHODE (Y1) x P : CURRENT GENERATOR D : IDEAL DIODE Cj : JUNCTION CAPACITANCE Rsh: SHUNT RESISTANCE Rp : POSITIONING RESISTANCE ACTIVE AREA Y1 KPSDC0007EA Figure 3-2 Active area chart (duo-lateral type PSD) LX KPSDC0011EA l Position conversion formula (See Figure 3-4.) 2x IX2 - IX1 = ........ (3-3) LX IX1 + IX2 Y2 2y IY2 - IY1 = ........ (3-4) LY IY1 + IY2 y LY X1 X2 3-3 Pin-cushion type (improved tetra-lateral type) PSD x ACTIVE AREA Y1 KPSDC0011EA l Position conversion formula (See Figure 3-2.) IX2 - IX1 2x = ........ (3-1) LX IX1 + IX2 This is a variant of the tetra-lateral type PSD with an improved active area and reduced interaction between electrodes. In addition to the advantages of small dark current, high-speed response and easy application of reverse bias that the tetra-lateral type offers, the circumference distortion has been greatly reduced. The light input position of the pin-cushion type shown in Figure 3-6 is calculated from conversion formulas (3-5) and (3-6), which are different from those for the duo-lateral and tetra-lateral types. Figure 3-5 Structure chart, equivalent circuit (pin-cushion type PSD) 2y IY2 - IY1 = ........ (3-2) LY IY1 + IY2 ANODE (Y2) ANODE (X1) Rp ANODE (X2) 3-2 Tetra-lateral type PSD ANODE (Y1) The tetra-lateral type has four electrodes on the upper surface, formed along each of the four edges. Photocurrent is divided into 4 parts through the same resistive layer and extracted as position signals from the four electrodes. Compared to the duo-lateral type, interaction between the electrodes tends to occur near the corners of the active area, making position distortion larger. But the tetra-lateral type features an easy-to-apply reverse bias voltage, small dark current and high-speed response. The light input position for the tetra-lateral type shown in Figure 3-4 is given by conversion formulas (33) and (3-4), which are the same as for the duo-lateral type. P CATHODE P : D : Cj : Rsh: Rp : D Cj Rsh CURRENT GENERATOR IDEAL DIODE JUNCTION CAPACITANCE SHUNT RESISTANCE POSITIONING RESISTANCE KPSDC0009EA Figure 3-6 Active area chart (pin-cushion type PSD) LX Y2 LY Figure 3-3 Structure chart, equivalent circuit (tetra-lateral type PSD) ANODE (X1) X1 X2 y Rp x D Y1 ANODE (Y2) ACTIVE AREA * P ANODE (Y1) ANODE (X2) Cj Rsh * Active area is specified at the inscribed square. CATHODE KPSDC0012EA l Position conversion formula (See Figure 3-6.) P : CURRENT GENERATOR D : IDEAL DIODE Cj : JUNCTION CAPACITANCE Rsh: SHUNT RESISTANCE Rp : POSITIONING RESISTANCE KPSDC0008EA 2x (IX2 + IY1) - (IX1 + IY2) = ........ (3-5) IX1 + IX2 + IY1 + IY2 LX 2y (IX2 + IY2) - (IX1 + IY1) = ........ (3-6) IX1 + IX2 + IY1 + IY2 LY 6 Characteristic and use Position detection capability is the most important characteristic of a PSD. The position of a spot light incident on the PSD surface can be measured by making calculations based on the photocurrent extracted from each electrode. The position obtained here with the PSD is the center-ofgravity of the spot light, and is independent of the spot light size, shape and intensity. However, the calculated position usually varies slightly in each PSD from the actual position of the incident light. This difference is referred to as the “position detection error” and is explained below. If a light beam strikes the electrical center of a PSD, the signal currents extracted from the output electrodes are equal. When this electrical center is viewed as the origin, the position detection error is defined as the difference between the position at which the light is actually incident on the PSD and the position calculated from the PSD outputs. Figure 4-1 Cross section of PSD SPOT LIGHT X1 Figure 4-2 shows the photocurrent output example from electrodes of a one-dimensional PSD with a resistance length of 3 mm (S4583-04, etc.), measured when a light beam is scanned over the active surface. The position detection error estimated from the obtained data is also shown in the lower graph. Figure 4-2 Photocurrent output example of onedimensional PSD (S4583-04, etc.) 1.0 0.5 X2 0 RESISTANCE LENGTH LX ELECTRICAL CENTER B IX2 IX1 RELATIVE PHOTOCURRENT OUTPUT 4. Position detection error 0 -1.5 +1.5 Xi POSITION ON PSD (mm) Xm P-TYPE RESISTIVE LAYER Position detection error example of onedimensional PSD (S4583-04, etc) +50 N LAYER ACTUAL POSITION Xi CALCULATED POSITION Xm COMMON ELECTRODE KPSDC0071EA In Figure 4-1 above, if the actual position of incident light is Xi and the position calculated by the photocurrents (IX1 and IX2) from electrodes X1 and X2 is Xm, then the difference in distance between Xi and Xm is defined as the position detection error as calculated below. Position detection error E = Xi - Xm [µm] ........ (4-1) Xi : Actual position of incident light (µm) Xm: Calculated position of incident light (µm) IX2 - IX1 . LX ........ (4-2) Xm = IX1 + IX2 2 The position detection error is measured under the following conditions. · Light source : λ=890 nm · Spot light size : φ200 µm · Total photocurrent: 10 µA · Reverse voltage : Specified value (listed in data sheets) POSITION DETECTION ERROR (µm) I LAYER 0 -50 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 +0.5 +1.0 POSITION ON PSD (mm) +1.5 KPSDB0005EA Specific area for position detection error The light beam position can be detected over the entire active area of PSD. However, if part of the light beam strikes outside the active area, a positional shift in the center-ofgravity occurs between the entire light beam and the light spot falling within the active area, making the position measurement unreliable. It is therefore necessary to select a PSD whose active area matches the incident spot light. Figure 4-3 Center-of-gravity of incident spot light ACTIVE AREA SPOT LIGHT OUTPUT ELECTRODE X1 CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF SPOT LIGHT FALLING WITHIN ACTIVE AREA CENTER-OF-GRAVITY OF ENTIRE SPOT LIGHT OUTPUT ELECTRODE X2 7 KPSDC0073EA Characteristic and use The position detection error is usually measured with a light beam of φ200 µm, so the specified areas shown in Figures 4-4 to 4-6 are used for position detection error. Figure 4-4 Specific area for one-dimensional PSD position detection error (resistance length ≤ 12 mm) OUTPUT ELECTRODE X1 ACTIVE AREA OUTPUT ELECTRODE X2 5. Position resolution Position resolution is the minimum detectable displacement of a spot light incident on PSD, expressed as a distance on the PSD surface. Resolution is determined by the PSD resistance length and the S/N. Using formula (1-6) as an example, the following equation can be established. XB + ∆x . Io ......... (5-1) LX IX2 + ∆I = ∆x: Small displacement ∆I: Change in output current SPECIFIED RANGE LX × 0.75 RESISTANCE LENGTH LX Then, ∆x can be expressed by the following equation. KPSDC0074EA Figure 4-5 Specific area for one-dimensional PSD position detection error (resistance length > 12 mm) OUTPUT ELECTRODE X1 ACTIVE AREA OUTPUT ELECTRODE X2 ∆I ........................... (5-2) Io ∆x = LX . In cases where the positional displacement is infinitely small, the noise component contained in the output current IX2 clearly determines the position resolution. Generally, if the PSD noise current is In, then the position resolution ∆R is given as follows: In .......................... (5-3) Io ∆R = LX . SPECIFIED RANGE LX × 0.90 RESISTANCE LENGTH LX KPSDC0075EA Figure 4-6 Specific area for two-dimensional PSD position detection error Figure 5-1 shows the basic connection example when using a PSD in conjunction with current-to-voltage amplifiers. The noise model for this circuit is shown in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-1 Basic connection example of one-dimensional PSD and current-to-voltage conversion type operational amplifier ZONE A ZONE B Rf ACTIVE AREA Cf Rf PSD Cf - - + + A KPSDC0063EA Position detection error for two-dimensional PSDs is separately measured in two areas: Zone A and Zone B. Two zones are used because position detection error in the circumference is larger than that in the center of the active area, · Zone A: Within a circle with a diameter equal to 40 % of one side length of the active area. · Zone B: Within a circle with a diameter equal to 80 % of one side length of the active area. A VR KPSDC0076EA Figure 5-2 Noise model Rf Cf PSD IO ID Rie Cj in en ~ A Vo + KPSDC0077EA Io : Photocurrent ID : Dark current Rie: Interelectrode resistance Cj : Junction capacitance Rf : Feedback resistance Cf : Feedback capacitance en : Equivalent noise input voltage of operational amplifier in : Equivalent noise input current of operational amplifier Vo : Output voltage 8 Characteristic and use Noise currents are calculated below, assuming that the feedback resistance Rf of the current-to-voltage conversion circuit is sufficiently greater than the PSD interelectrode resistance Rie. In this case, 1/Rf can be ignored since it is sufficiently small compared to 1/Rie. Position resolution as listed in our PSD data sheets is calculated by this method. 1) Shot noise current Is originating from photocurrent and dark current 2q . (Io + ID) . B [A] ............ (5-4) q : Electron charge (1.60 × 10-19 C) Io: Signal photocurrent (A) ID: Dark current (A) B : Bandwidth (Hz) 2) Thermal noise current (Johnson noise current) Ij generated from interelectrode resistance (This can be ignored as Rsh >> Rie.) Ij = 4 kTB [A] ............ (5-5) Rie k : Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10-23 J/K) T : Absolute temperature (K) Rie: Interelectrode resistance (W) 3) Noise current Ien by equivalent noise input voltage of operational amplifier Ien = en Rie Figure 5-3 Shot noise vs. signal photocurrent (Typ. Ta=25 ˚C) B [A] ............ (5-6) en: Equivalent noise input voltage of operational amplifier (V/Hz1/2) By taking the sum of equations (5-4), (5-5) and (5-6), the PSD noise current can be expressed as an RMS value as follows: In = The position resolution listed in our PSD data sheets is measured under the following conditions. · Photocurrent: 1 µA · Circuit input noise: 1 µV (31.6 nV/Hz1/2) · Frequency bandwidth: 1 kHz Is2 + Ij2 + Ien2 [A] ............ (5-7) If Rf cannot be ignored versus Rie (as a guide, Rie/Rf > 0.1), then the equivalent noise output voltage must be taken into account. In this case, equations (5-4), (5-5) and (5-6) are converted into output voltages as follows: 10 SHOT NOISE CURRENT (A/Hz1/2) Is = Figure 5-3 shows the shot noise current plotted along the signal photocurrent value when Rf >>Rie. Figure 5-4 shows the thermal noise current and the noise current by the equivalent noise input voltage of the operational amplifier, plotted along the interelectrode resistance value. When using a PSD with an interelectrode resistance of about 10 kW, the operational amplifier becomes a crucial factor in determining the noise current, so a low-noisecurrent operational amplifier must be used. When using a PSD with an interelectrode resistance exceeding 100 kW, the thermal noise generated from the interelectrode resistance of the PSD itself will be predominant. As explained above, PSD position resolution is determined by interelectrode resistance and light intensity. This is the point in which the PSD greatly differs from discrete type position detectors. The following methods are effective for increasing the PSD position resolution. · Increase the signal photocurrent Io. · Increase the interelectrode resistance Rie. · Shorten the resistance length L. · Use a low noise operational amplifier. 1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.1 1 10 SIGNAL PHOTOCURRENT (µA) Vs = Rf . 2q . (Io + ID) . B [V] ............ (5-8) KPSDB0083EA Figure 5-4 Noise current vs. interelectrode resistance 4 kTB [V] .............................. (5-9) Rie Ven = 1 + Rf . en . Rie B [V] .............. (5-10) The thermal noise from the feedback resistance and the equivalent noise input current of the operational amplifier are also added as follows: VRf = Rf . Vin = Rf . in . 4 kTB [V] ............................ (5-11) Rf 9 Thermal noise current Ij generated from interelectrode resistance Noise current (en=10 nV) by equivalent noise input voltage of operational amplifier Noise current (en=30 nV) by equivalent noise input voltage of operational amplifier 1 0.1 B [V] ............................ (5-12) The equivalent noise input voltage of the operational amplifier is then expressed as an RMS value by the following equation. Vn = (Typ. Ta=25 ˚C) 10 NOISE CURRENT (pA/Hz1/2) Vj = Rf . Vs2 + Vj2 + Ven2 + VRf2 + Vin2 [V] ............ (5-13) 0.01 10 100 1000 INTERELECTRODE RESISTANCE (kΩ) KPSDB0084EA Characteristic and use As with photodiodes, the response speed of PSD is the time required for the generated carriers to be extracted as current by an external circuit. This is generally expressed as the rise time tr and is an important parameter when detecting a spot light traveling over the active surface at high speeds or using pulse-modulated light for subtracting the background light. The rise time is defined as the time needed for the output signal to rise from 10 to 90 % of its peak value and is chiefly determined by the following two factors. 1) Time constant t1 determined by the interelectrode resistance, load resistance and terminal capacitance The interelectrode resistance Rie of PSD basically acts as load resistance RL, so the time constant t1 is given by the interelectrode resistance Rie and terminal capacitance Ct, as follows: t1 = 2.2 . Ct . (Rie + RL) ......... (6-1) The rise time listed in our PSD datasheets is measured with a spot light striking the center of the active area with the interelectrode resistance Rie distributed between the electrodes. So the time constant t1 is as follows: t1 = 0.5 . Ct . (Rie + RL) ......... (6-2) 2) Diffusion time t2 of carriers generated outside the depletion layer Carriers are also generated outside the depletion layer when light is absorbed in the PSD chip surrounding areas outside the active area or at locations deeper than the depletion layer in the substrate. These carriers diffuse through the substrate and are extracted as an output. The time t2 required for these carriers to diffuse may be more than several microseconds. Figure 6-2 shows the relation between the rise time and reverse voltage measured at different wavelengths. The rise time can be reduced by increasing the reverse voltage and using a light beam of shorter wavelengths. Selecting a PSD with a small Rie is also effective in improving the rise time. Figure 6-2 Rise time vs. reverse voltage (S4583-06) (Typ. Ta=25 ˚C) 10 8 RISE TIME (µs) 6. Response speed 6 l=890 nm 4 2 l=650 nm 0 0.1 1 10 100 REVERSE VOLTAGE (V) KPSDB0110EA A method for integrating position signals can be used when detecting pulsed light having a pulse width shorter than the PSD rise time. The equation below gives the approximate rise time tr of a PSD. Figure 6-1 shows typical output waveforms in response to stepped light input. tr t12 + t22 .................... (6-3) Figure 6-1 Response wavelength example of PSD LIGHT INPUT OUTPUT WAVEFORM (t1>>t2) OUTPUT WAVEFORM (t2>>t1) KPSDC0078EB 10 Characteristic and use Figure 7-3 Saturation photocurrent vs. interelectrode resistance (entire active area fully illuminated) Photocurrent saturation must be taken into account when a PSD is used outdoors, in locations where the background light level is high, or the signal light amount is extremely large. Figure 7-1 shows typical photocurrent output of a PSD in a non-saturated state. This PSD is operating normally with good output linearity over the entire active area. If the background light level is excessively high or the signal light amount is extremely large, the PSD photocurrent will saturate. A typical output from a saturated PSD is shown in Figure 7-2. The output linearity of the PSD is impaired so the correct position cannot be detected in this case. Photocurrent saturation of a PSD depends on the interelectrode resistance and reverse voltage, as shown in Figure 73. The saturated photocurrent is measured as the total photocurrent of a PSD when the entire active area is illuminated. If a small spot light is focused on the active area, the photocurrent that is generated is concentrated only on a localized portion, so saturation occurs at a lower level. To avoid the saturation effect, use the following methods. · Reduce the background light level by using an optical filter. · Use a PSD with a small active area. · Increase the reverse voltage. · Decrease the interelectrode resistance. · Avoid concentrating the light beam on a small area. Figure 7-1 Photocurrent output example of PSD in normal operation (S5629) (Ta=25 ˚C) 120 RELATIVE PHOTOCURRENT (%) IX1 + IX2 100 IX1 IX2 80 60 CENTER OF ELECTRICITY 40 20 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 INCIDENT POSITION (mm) KPSDB0087EA Figure 7-2 Photocurrent output example of saturated PSD (S5629) (Ta=25 ˚C) 120 RELATIVE PHOTOCURRENT (%) IX2 100 IX1 80 IX2 IX1 + IX2 60 40 CENTER OF ELECTRICITY 20 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 INCIDENT POSITION (mm) 11 KPSDB0086EA (Typ. Ta=25 ˚C) 10 SATURATION PHOTOCURRENT (µA) 7. Saturation photocurrent VR=5 V VR=2 V 1 0.1 VR=1 V VR=0 V 0.01 10 100 1000 INTERELECTRODE RESISTANCE (kΩ) KPSDB0085EA Notice · The information contained in this catalog does not represent or create any warranty, express or implied, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The terms and conditions of sale contain complete warranty information and is available upon request from your local HAMAMATSU representative. · The products described in this catalog should be used by persons who are accustomed to the properties of photoelectronics devices, and have expertise in handling and operating them. They should not be used by persons who are not experienced or trained in the necessary precations surrounding their use. · The information in this catalog is subject to change without prior notice. · Information furnished by HAMAMATSU is believed to be reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for possible inaccuracies or ommission. · No patent rights are granted to any of the circuits described herein. HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Solid State Division 1126-1, Ichino-cho, Hamamatsu City, 435-8558, Japan Telephone: (81)53-434-3311, Fax: (81)53-434-5184 Homepage: http://www.hamamatsu.com Main Products Si photodiodes Photo IC PSD InGaAs PIN photodiodes Compound semiconductor photosensors Image sensors Light emitting diodes Application products and modules Optical communication devices High energy particle/X-ray detectors Hamamatsu also supplies: Photoelectric Tubes Imaging Tubes Specially Lamps Imaging and Processing Systems Sales Offices ASIA: HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K. 325-6, Sunayama-cho, Hamamatsu City, 430-8587, Japan Telephone: (81)53-452-2141, Fax: (81)53-456-7889 U.S.A.: HAMAMATSU CORPORATION Main Office 360 Foothill Road, P.O. BOX 6910, Bridgewater, N.J. 08807-0910, U.S.A. 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Telephone: (886)2-2698-1143, Fax: (886)2-2698-1147 Republic of Korea: SANGKI TRADING CO., LTD. Suite 431, World Vision Bldg., 24-2, Yoido-Dong, Youngdeungpo-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea Telephone: (82)2-780-8515 Fax: (82)2-784-6062 Singapore: HAKUTO SINGAPORE PTE LTD. Block 2, Kaki Bukit Avenue 1, #04-01 to #04-04 Kaki Bukit Industrial Estate, Singapore 417938 Telephone: (65)7458910, Fax: (65)7418201 Danish Office: Erantisvej 5 DK-8381 Tilst, Denmark Telephone: (45)4346/6333, Fax: (45)4346/6350 E-mail: [email protected] Quality, technology, and service are part of every product. Cat. No. KPSD0001E01 Jan. 2002 DN Printed in Japan (7,000)