LINEAR LTC4060

LTC4060
Standalone Linear NiMH/NiCd
Fast Battery Charger
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FEATURES
DESCRIPTIO
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The LTC®4060 is a complete fast charging system for NiMH
or NiCd batteries. Just a few external components are
needed to design a standalone linear charging system.
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Complete Fast Charger Controller for Single,
2-, 3- or 4-Series Cell NiMH/NiCd Batteries
No Firmware or Microcontroller Required
Termination by –∆V, Maximum Voltage or
Maximum Time
No Sense Resistor or Blocking Diode Required
Automatic Recharge Keeps Batteries Charged
Programmable Fast Charge Current: 0.4A to 2A
Accurate Charge Current: ±5% at 2A
Fast Charge Current Programmable Beyond 2A with
External Sense Resistor
Automatic Detection of Battery
Precharge for Heavily Discharged Batteries
Optional Temperature Qualified Charging
Charge and AC Present Status Outputs Can Drive LED
Automatic Sleep Mode with Input Supply Removal
Negligible Battery Drain in Sleep Mode: <1µA
Manual Shutdown
Input Supply Range: 4.5V to 10V
Available in 16-Lead DFN and TSSOP Packages
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APPLICATIO S
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The IC automatically senses the DC input supply and battery insertion or removal. Heavily discharged batteries are
initially charged at a C/5 rate before a fast charge is applied.
Fast charge is terminated using the –∆V detection method.
Backup termination consists of a programmable timer and
battery overvoltage detector. An optional external NTC thermistor can be used for temperature-based qualification of
charging. An optional programmable recharge feature automatically recharges batteries after discharge.
Manual shutdown is accomplished with the SHDN pin, while
removing input power automatically puts the LTC4060 into
sleep mode. During shutdown or sleep mode, battery drain
is <1µA.
The LTC4060 is available in both low profile (0.75mm) 16pin 5mm × 3mm DFN and 16-lead TSSOP packages. Both
feature exposed metal die mount pads for optimum thermal performance.
Portable Computers, Cellular Phones and PDAs
Medical Equipment
Charging Docks and Cradles
Portable Consumer Electronics
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
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An external PNP transistor provides charge current that is
user programmable with a resistor. A small external capacitor sets the maximum charge time. No external current
sense resistor is needed, and no blocking diode is required.
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
2-Cell, 2A Standalone NiMH Fast Charger with
Optional Thermistor and Charge Indicator
2-Cell NiMH Charging Profile
3.40
VIN = 5V
VCC
SHDN
ACP
CHRG
SENSE
DRIVE
NTC
LTC4060
BAT
PROG
NTC
698Ω
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
330Ω
“CHARGE”
–∆V
TERMINATION
ARCT
+
TIMER
SEL0
CHEM
SEL1
PAUSE
GND
1.5nF
3.30
3.20
NiMH
BATTERY
3.10
0
4060 TA01
10
50
20
30
40
CHARGE TIME (MINUTES)
60
4060 TA01b
4060f
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LTC4060
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Note 1)
VCC to GND ............................................... –0.3V to 11V
Input Voltage
SHDN, NTC, SEL0, SEL1, PROG, ARCT,
BAT, CHEM, TIMER, PAUSE ...... –0.3V to VCC + 0.3V
Output Voltage
CHRG, ACP, DRIVE ................... –0.3V to VCC + 0.3V
Output Current (SENSE) ...................................... –2.2A
Short-Circuit Duration (DRIVE) ...................... Indefinite
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
(Note 2) ............................................. – 40°C to 85°C
Operating Junction Temperature (Note 3) ........... 125°C
Storage Temperature Range
TSSOP Package ............................... – 65°C to 150°C
DFN Package .................................... –65°C to 125°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
TSSOP Package ................................................ 300°C
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PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION
TOP VIEW
ORDER PART
NUMBER
DRIVE
1
16 GND
BAT
2
15 CHRG
14 VCC
SENSE
3
14 VCC
DRIVE
1
16 GND
BAT
2
15 CHRG
LTC4060EDHC
SENSE
3
TIMER
4
13 ACP
TIMER
4
SHDN
5
12 CHEM
SHDN
5
12 CHEM
PAUSE
6
11 NTC
PAUSE
6
11 NTC
PROG
7
10 SEL1
PROG
7
10 SEL1
ARCT
8
9
ARCT
8
9
17
SEL0
DHC PART
MARKING
DHC16 PACKAGE
16-LEAD (5mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
ORDER PART
NUMBER
TOP VIEW
13 ACP
17
FE PART
MARKING
SEL0
FE PACKAGE
16-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP
4060
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 37°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND
MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN
θJA = 37°C/W OTHERWISE θJA = 140°C
LTC4060EFE
4060EFE
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 37°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND
MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN
θJA = 37°C/W OTHERWISE θJA = 135°C
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● indicates specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 5V, VBAT = 2.8V, GND = 0V unless otherwise specified. All
currents into the device pins are positive and all currents out of the device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to GND
unless otherwise specified.
SYMBOL PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VCC Supply
●
VCC
Operating Voltage Range (Note 4)
ICC
VCC Supply Current (Note 9)
IPROG = 2mA (RPROG = 698Ω),
PAUSE = VCC
ISD
VCC Supply Shutdown Current
SHDN = 0V
IBSD
Battery Pin Leakage Current in Shutdown (Note 5) VBAT = 2.8V, SHDN = 0V
IBSL
Battery Pin Leakage Current in Sleep (Note 6)
VCC = 0V, VBAT = 5.6V
VUVI1
Undervoltage Lockout Exit Threshold
SEL0 = 0, SEL1 = 0 and SEL0 = VCC,
SEL1 = 0, VCC Increasing
VUVD1
Undervoltage Lockout Entry Threshold
SEL0 = 0, SEL1 = 0 and SEL0 = VCC,
SEL1 = 0, VCC Decreasing
4.50
10
V
2.9
4.3
mA
250
325
µA
–1
0
1
µA
–1
0
1
µA
●
4.25
4.36
4.47
V
●
4.15
4.26
4.37
V
4060f
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LTC4060
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● indicates specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 5V, VBAT = 2.8V, GND = 0V unless otherwise specified. All
currents into the device pins are positive and all currents out of the device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to GND
unless otherwise specified.
SYMBOL PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VUVI2
Undervoltage Lockout Exit Threshold
SEL0 = 0, SEL1 = VCC, VCC Increasing
●
6.67
6.81
6.95
V
VUVD2
Undervoltage Lockout Entry Threshold
SEL0 = 0, SEL1 = VCC, VCC Decreasing
●
6.57
6.71
6.85
V
VUVI3
Undervoltage Lockout Exit Threshold
SEL0 = VCC, SEL1 = VCC, VCC Increasing
●
8.28
8.47
8.65
V
VUVD3
Undervoltage Lockout Entry Threshold
SEL0 = VCC, SEL1 = VCC, VCC Decreasing ●
8.18
8.37
8.55
V
VUVH
Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis
For All SEL0, SEL1 Options
100
mV
Charging Performance
IFCH
High Fast Charge Current (Notes 7, 10)
RPROG = 698Ω, 5V < VCC < 10V
●
1.9
2
2.1
A
IFCL
Low Fast Charge Current (Note 7)
RPROG = 3480Ω, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
0.35
0.4
0.45
A
IPCH
High Precharge Current (Note 7)
RPROG = 698Ω, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
320
400
480
mA
IPCL
Low Precharge Current (Note 7)
RPROG = 3480Ω, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
40
80
120
mA
IBRD
Battery Removal Detection Bias Current
4.5V < VCC < 10V, VBAT = VCC – 0.4V
●
–450
–300
–160
µA
VBR
Battery Removal Threshold Voltage (Note 8)
VCELL Increasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
1.95
2.05
2.15
VBRH
Battery Removal Threshold Hysteresis Voltage
(Note 8)
VCELL Decreasing
VBOV
Battery Overvoltage Threshold (Note 8)
VCELL Increasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
VBOVH
Battery Overvoltage Threshold Hysteresis (Note 8) VCELL Decreasing
Fast Charge Qualification Threshold Voltage
VCELL Increasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
(Note 8)
VFCQ
50
●
1.85
1.95
2.05
50
840
900
V
mV
V
mV
960
50
mV
VFCQH
Fast Charge Qualification Threshold Hysteresis
Voltage (Note 8)
VCELL Decreasing
VIDT
Initial Delay Hold-Off Threshold Voltage (Note 8)
VCELL Increasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
VIDTH
Initial Delay Hold-Off Threshold Hysteresis Voltage VCELL Decreasing
(Note 8)
VMDV
–∆V Termination (Note 8)
CHEM = VCC (NiCd)
CHEM = 0V (NiMH)
●
●
11
5
16
8
21
14
VPROG
Program Pin Voltage
4.5V < VCC < 10V, RPROG = 635Ω
and 3480Ω
●
1.45
1.5
1.54
V
VART
Automatic Recharge Programmed Threshold
Voltage Accuracy (Note 8)
VCELL Decreasing, VARCT = 1.1V,
4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
1.065
1.1
1.135
V
VARDT
Automatic Recharge Default Threshold Voltage
Accuracy (Note 8)
VCELL Decreasing, VARCT = VCC,
4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
1.235
1.3
1.365
V
VARH
Automatic Recharge Threshold Voltage Hysteresis VCELL Increasing
(Note 8)
VARDEF
Automatic Recharge Pin Default Enable Threshold
Voltage
VCC
– 0.8
VCC
– 0.2
VARDIS
Automatic Recharge Pin Disable Threshold
Voltage
250
650
mV
IARL
Automatic Recharge Pin Pull-Down Current
VARCT = 1.3V
●
0.15
1.5
µA
VCLD
NTC Pin Cold Threshold Voltage
VNTC Decreasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
0.83 •
VCC
0.86 •
VCC
0.89 •
VCC
V
VCLDH
NTC Pin Cold Threshold Hysteresis Voltage
VNTC Increasing
VHTI
NTC Pin Hot Charge Initiation Threshold Voltage
VNTC Decreasing, 4.5V < VCC < 10V
●
0.47 •
VCC
0.5 •
VCC
1.24
1.3
mV
1.36
50
V
mV
50
mV
mV
mV
150
V
mV
0.53 •
VCC
V
4060f
3
LTC4060
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● indicates specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 5V, VBAT = 2.8V, GND = 0V unless otherwise specified. All
currents into the device pins are positive and all currents out of the device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to GND
unless otherwise specified.
SYMBOL PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
VHTIH
NTC Pin Hot Charge Initiation Hysteresis Voltage
VNTC Increasing
MIN
VHTC
NTC Pin Hot Charge Cutoff Threshold Voltage
VNTC Decreasing, 4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 10V
VHTCH
NTC Pin Hot Charge Cutoff Hysteresis Voltage
VNTC Increasing
VNDIS
NTC Pin Disable Threshold Voltage
INL
NTC Pin Pull-Down Current
VNTC = 2.5V
tACC
Timer Accuracy
RPROG = 698Ω, CTIMER = 1.2nF and
RPROG = 3480Ω, CTIMER = 470pF
TYP
MAX
100
●
0.37 •
VCC
0.4 •
VCC
mV
0.43 •
VCC
100
25
●
0.15
UNITS
V
mV
250
mV
1.5
µA
–15
0
15
%
40
70
120
mA
Output Drivers
●
IDRV
Drive Pin Sink Current
VDRIVE = 4V
RDRV
Drive Pin Resistance to VCC
VDRIVE = 4V, Not Charging
VOL
ACP, CHRG Output Pins Low Voltage
IACP = ICHRG = 10mA
0.8
V
IOH
ACP, CHRG Output Pins High Leakage Current
Outputs Inactive, VCHRG = VACP = VCC
–2
2
µA
VCC = 10V
350
650
mV
4700
Ω
Control Inputs
VIT
SHDN, SEL0, SEL1, CHEM, PAUSE Pins Digital
Input Threshold Voltage
VITH
SHDN, SEL0, SEL1, CHEM, PAUSE Pins Digital
Input Hysteresis Voltage
IIPD
SHDN, SEL0, SEL1, CHEM Pins Digital Input
Pull-Down Current
VCC = 10V, VIN = VCC
0.4
2
µA
IIPU
PAUSE Pin Digital Input Pull-Up Current
VIN = GND
–2
–0.4
µA
50
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings only indicate limits for survivability.
Operating the device beyond these limits may result in permanent damage.
Continuous or extended application of these maximum levels may
adversely affect device reliability.
Note 2: The LTC4060 is guaranteed to meet performance specifications
from 0°C to 70°C ambient temperature range and 0°C to 85°C junction
temperature range. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C operating
ambient temperature range are assured by design, characterization and
correlation with statistical process controls.
Note 3: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to
protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Overtemperature protection is activated at a temperature of approximately 145°C,
which is above the specified maximum operating junction temperature.
Continuous operation above the specified maximum operation temperature
may result in device degradation or failure. Operating junction temperature
TJ (in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature TA and the average
power dissipation PD (in watts) by the formula:
TJ = TA + θJA • PD
Note 4: Short duration drops below the minimum VCC specification of
several microseconds or less are ignored by the undervoltage detection
circuit.
mV
Note 5: Assumes that the external PNP pass transistor has negligible B-C
reverse leakage current when the collector is biased at 2.8V (VBAT for two
charged cells in series) and the base is biased at VCC.
Note 6: Assumes that the external PNP pass transistor has negligible B-E
reverse leakage current when the emitter is biased at 0V (VCC) and the
base is biased at 5.6V (VBAT for four charged cells in series).
Note 7: The charge current specified is the regulated current through the
internal current sense resistor that flows into the external PNP pass
transistor’s emitter. Actual battery charging current is slightly less and
depends upon PNP alpha.
Note 8: Given as a per cell voltage (VBAT/Number of Cells).
Note 9: Supply current includes the current programming resistor current
of 2mA. The charger is paused and not charging the battery.
Note 10: The minimum VCC supply is set at 5V during this test to
compensate for voltage drops due to test socket contact resistance and 2A
of current. This ensures that the supply voltage delivered to the device
under test does not fall below the UVLO entry threshold. Specification at
the minimum VCC of 4.5V is assured by design and characterization.
4060f
4
LTC4060
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TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
NiMH Battery Charging
Characteristics at 1C Rate
1.70
NiCd Battery Charging
Characteristics at 1C Rate
1.7
TA = 25°C
NiMH Battery Charging
Characteristics at C/2 Rate
1.60
TA = 25°C
–∆V TERMINATION
–∆V TERMINATION
1.55
1.65
1.60
CELL VOTLAGE (V)
CELL VOLTAGE (V)
–∆V TERMINATION
CELL VOLTAGE (V)
TA = 25°C
1.6
1.5
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.55
1.35
1.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
CHARGE TIME (MINUTES)
0
60
10
20
30
40
50
CHARGE TIME (MINUTES)
4060 G01
0
60
1.65
IFCL vs Temperature and
Supply Voltage
402
2.010
401
2.005
VCC = 10V
VCC = 10V
IFCL (mA)
IFCH (A)
CELL VOTLAGE (V)
1.60
–∆V TERMINATION
140
4060 G03
IFCH vs Temperature and
Supply Voltage
1.50
80
60
40
100 120
CHARGE TIME (MINUTES)
4060 G02
NiCd Battery Charging
Characteristics at C/2 Rate
1.55
20
2.000
VCC = 4.5V
400
VCC = 4.5V
399
1.995
1.45
1.40
20
140
80
60
40
100 120
CHARGE TIME (MINUTES)
1.990
–50
–25
75
0
25
50
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4060 G04
VMDV (mV)
14
–25
75
0
25
50
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
4060 G07
VCC = 10V
1.0
NiMH
4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 10V
0.5
VCC = 4.5V
0
8
–0.5
RPROG = 3480Ω
CTIMER = 470pF
6
–1.0
RPROG = 698Ω
CTIMER = 1.2nF
4
–50 –25
125
1.5
NiCd
4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 10V
12
10
100
1.7
16
VCC = 10V
VCC = 4.5V
75
0
25
50
TEMPERATURE (°C)
tACC vs Temperature and
Supply Voltage
18
–300
–25
4060 G06
VMDV vs Temperature and
Supply Voltage
–260
IBRD (µA)
398
–50
125
4060 G05
IBRD vs Temperature and
Supply Voltage
–340
–50
100
ERROR (%)
0
50
25
75
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
4060 G08
–1.5
–50 –25
50
25
75
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
4060 G09
4060f
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LTC4060
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PI FU CTIO S
DRIVE (Pin 1): Base Drive Output for the External PNP
Pass Transistor. Provides a controlled sink current that
drives the base of the PNP. This pin has current limit
protection for the LTC4060.
BAT (Pin 2): Battery Voltage Sense Input Pin. The LTC4060
uses the voltage on this pin to monitor battery voltage and
control the battery current during charging. An internal
resistor divider is connected to this pin which is disconnected when in shutdown or when no power is applied to
VCC.
SENSE (Pin 3): Charge Current Sense Node Input. Current
from VCC passes through the internal current sense resistor and reappears at the SENSE pin to supply current to the
external PNP emitter. The PNP collector provides charge
current directly to the battery.
TIMER (Pin 4): Charge Timer Input. A capacitor connected
between TIMER and GND along with a resistor connected
from PROG to GND programs the charge cycle timing
limits.
SHDN (Pin 5): Active Low Shutdown Control Logic Input.
When pulled low, charging stops and the LTC4060 supply
current is minimized.
PAUSE (Pin 6): Pause Enable Logic Input. The charger can
be paused, turning off the charge current, disabling termination and stopping the timer when this pin is high. A low
level will resume the charging process.
PROG (Pin 7): Charge Current Programming Input. Provides a virtual reference of 1.5V for an external resistor
(RPROG) tied between this pin and GND that programs the
battery charge current. The fast charge current will be 930
times the current through this resistor. This voltage is also
usable as system voltage reference.
SEL0, SEL1 (Pins 9, 10): Number of Cells Selection Logic
Input. For single cell, connect both pins to GND. For two
cells, connect SEL1 to GND and SEL0 to VCC. For three
cells, SEL1 connects to VCC and SEL0 to GND. For four
cells, connect both pins to VCC.
NTC (Pin 11): Battery Temperature Input. An external NTC
thermistor network may be connected to NTC to provide
temperature-based charge qualification. Connecting NTC
to GND inhibits this function.
CHEM (Pin 12): Battery Chemistry Selection Logic Input.
When connected to a high level NiCd fast charge –∆V
termination parameters are used. A low level selects NiMH
parameters.
ACP (Pin 13): Open-Drain Power Supply Status Output.
When VCC is greater than the undervoltage lockout threshold, the ACP pin will pull to ground. Otherwise the pin is
high impedance. This output is capable of driving an LED.
VCC (Pin 14): Power Input. This pin can be bypassed to
ground with a capacitance of 1µF.
CHRG (Pin 15): Open-Drain Charge Indicator Status Output. The LTC4060 indicates it is providing charge to the
battery by driving this pin to GND. If charging is paused or
suspended due to abnormal battery temperature, the pin
remains pulled to GND. Otherwise the pin is high impedance. This output can drive an LED.
GND (Pin 16): Ground. This pin provides a ground for the
internal voltage reference and other circuits. All voltage
thresholds are referenced to this pin.
Exposed Pad (Pin 17): Thermal Connection. Internally
connected to GND. Solder to PCB ground for optimum
thermal performance.
ARCT (Pin 8): Autorecharge Threshold Programming
Input. When the average cell voltage falls below this
threshold, charging is reinitiated. The voltage on this pin
is conveniently derived by using two series PROG pin
resistors and connecting to their common. Connecting
ARCT to VCC invokes a default threshold of 1.3V. Connecting ARCT to GND inhibits autorecharge.
4060f
6
LTC4060
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BLOCK DIAGRA
14
VCC
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
UVLO
R1
31.5Ω
I
I/5
IOSC
1.5V
CURRENT
DIVIDER
SEL0
SEL1
R2
0.03Ω
SENSE
3
+
–
A2
+
A1
–
7
VCC
PROG
SUPPLY GOOD
RPROG
COLD
11
NTC
OUTPUT DRIVER
AND
CURRENT LIMIT
HOT
THERMISTOR
INTERFACE
BAT
CUTOFF
I
15
13
5
6
DRIVE
IC
OVERTEMPERATURE
DETECT
I/5
1
2
+
CHRG
ACP
A/D
CONVERTER
CHARGER STATE
CONTROL LOGIC
SHDN
PAUSE
BATTERY
DETECTOR
IOSC
IBRD
OSCILLATOR
GND
16, 17
CHEM
12
SEL1
10
SEL0
9
AUTORECHARGE
DETECTOR
ARCT
TIMER
4
8
4060 BD
CTIMER
4060f
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LTC4060
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OPERATIO
The LTC4060 is a complete linear fast charging system for
NiMH or NiCd batteries. Operation can be understood by
referring to the Block Diagram, State Diagram (Figure 1)
and application circuit (Figure 2). While in the unpowered
sleep mode, the battery is disconnected from any internal
loading. The sleep mode is exited and the shutdown mode
is entered when VCC rises above the UVLO (Undervoltage
Lock Out) exit threshold. The UVLO thresholds are dependent upon the number of series cells programmed by the
SEL0 and SEL1 pins. When shutdown occurs the ACP pin
goes from a high to low impedance state. The shutdown
mode is exited and the charge qualification mode entered
when all of the following conditions are met: 1) there is no
manual shutdown command from SHDN, 2) the battery
overvoltage detector does not detect a battery overvoltage, 3) the battery removal detector detects a battery in
place, 4) pause is inactive and 5) the IC’s junction temperature is normal. Once in the charge qualification mode the
thermistor interface monitors an optional thermistor network to determine if the battery temperature is within
charging limits. If the temperature is found within limits
charging can begin. While charging, the CHRG pin pulls to
GND which can drive an LED.
MANUAL
SHUTDOWN
(SHDN = 0)
LOW OR NO
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
GOOD
(ACP = 0)
SLEEP
SHUTDOWN
BATTERY REMOVED,
BATTERY OVERVOLTAGE,
CHARGE PERIOD TIMED
OUT OR IC TOO HOT
ADEQUATE SUPPLY
AND CHARGER ENABLED
CHARGE
QUALIFICATION
BATTERY PRESENT AND
TEMPERATURE GOOD
(OPTIONAL)
VCELL < AUTORECHARGE
THRESHOLD
PRECHARGE
(IMAX/5)
ADEQUATE VCELL AND
TEMPERATURE GOOD
(OPTIONAL)
–∆V TERMINATION
AUTOMATIC
RECHARGE
FAST CHARGE
(IMAX)
4060 F01
Figure 1. LTC4060 Basic State Diagram
4060f
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LTC4060
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OPERATIO
The charge current is set with an external current programming resistor connected between the PROG pin and
GND. In the Block Diagram, amplifier A1 will cause a virtual
1.5V to appear on the PROG pin and thus, all of the programming resistor’s current will flow through the N-channel
FET to the current divider. The current divider is controlled
by the charger state control logic to produce a voltage
across R1, appropriate either for precharge (I/5) or for fast
charge (I), depending on the cell voltage. The current divider also produces a constant current IOSC, that along
with an external capacitor tied to the TIMER pin, sets the
Oscillator’s clock frequency. During charging, the external
PNP transistor’s collector will provide the battery charge
current. The PNP’s emitter current flows into the SENSE
pin and through the internal current sense resistor R2
(0.03Ω). This current is slightly more than the collector
current since it includes the base current. Amplifier A2 and
the output driver will drive the base of the external PNP
through the DRIVE pin to force the same reference voltage
that appears across R1 to appear across the R2. The precision ratio between R1 and R2, along with the current
programming resistor, accurately determines the charge
current.
When charging begins, the charger state control logic will
enable precharge of the battery. When the cell voltage
exceeds the fast charge qualification threshold, fast charge
begins. If the cell voltage exceeds the initial delay hold off
threshold voltage just prior to precharge, then the A/D
converter immediately monitors for a –∆V event to
terminate charging while in fast charge. Otherwise, the
fast charge voltage stabilization hold off period must
expire before the A/D converter monitors for a –∆V event
from which to terminate charging. The –∆V magnitude for
termination is selected for either NiMH or NiCd by the
CHEM pin. Should the battery temperature become too hot
or too cold, charging will be suspended by the charger
state control logic until the temperature enters normal
limits. A termination timer puts the charger into shutdown
mode if the programmed time has expired. After charging
has ended, the optional autorecharge detector function
monitors for the battery voltage to drop to either a default
or externally programmed cell voltage before automatically restarting a charge cycle.
The SHDN pin can be used to return the charger to a
shutdown and reset state. The PAUSE pin can be used to
pause the charge current and internal clocks for any
interval desired.
Fault conditions, such as overheating of the IC due to
excessive PNP base current drive, are monitored and
limited by the IC overtemperature detection and output
driver and current limit blocks.
When either VCC is removed or manual shutdown is
entered, the charger will draw only tiny leakage currents
from the battery, thus maximizing standby time. With VCC
removed, the external PNP’s base is connected to the
battery by the charger. In manual shutdown, the base is
connected to VCC by the charger.
Undervoltage Lockout
An internal undervoltage lockout circuit (UVLO) monitors
the input voltage and keeps the charger in the inactive
sleep mode until VCC rises above the undervoltage exit
threshold. The ACP pin is high impedance while in the
sleep mode and becomes low impedance to ground when
in the active mode. The threshold is dependent upon the
number of series cells selected by the SEL0 and SEL1 pins
(see VUVI1-3 and VUVD1-3 in the Electrical Characteristics
table). The UVLO circuit has a built-in hysteresis of 100mV.
The thresholds are chosen to provide a minimum voltage
drop of approximately 600mV between minimum VCC and
BAT at a battery cell voltage of 1.8V. This helps to protect
against excessive saturation in the external power PNP
when the supply voltage is near its minimum. While
inactive the LTC4060 reduces battery current to just a
negligible leakage current (IBSL).
Manual Shutdown Control
The LTC4060 can be forced into a low quiescent current
shutdown while VCC is present by applying a low level to
the SHDN pin. In manual shutdown, charging is inhibited,
the internal timer is reset and oscillator disabled, CHRG
status output is high impedance and ACP continues to
provide the correct status. The LTC4060 will draw low current from the supply (ISD), and only a negligible leakage
current is applied to the battery (IBSD). If a high level is
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applied to the SHDN pin, shutdown ends and charge qualification is entered.
If the internal die temperature becomes excessive, charging stops and the part enters the shutdown state. Once in
the shutdown state charge qualification can be reinitiated
only when the die temperature drops to normal and then
by removing and replacing the battery or toggling the
SHDN pin low to high or removing and reapplying power
to the charger.
Charge Qualification
After exiting the sleep or shutdown modes the LTC4060
will check for the presence of a battery and for proper
battery temperature (if a thermistor is used) before initiating charging.
Precharge
When VCELL (VBAT/Number of Cells) is below 2.05V (VBR),
a battery is assumed to be present. Should VCELL rise
above 1.95V (VBOV) for a time greater than the battery
overvoltage event delay shown in the far right column of
Table 1, then a battery overvoltage condition is detected
and charging stops. Once stopped in this way, qualification can be reinitiated after VCELL has fallen below 1.9V
(VBOV – VBOVH) only by removing and replacing the battery
(or replacing the battery if the overvoltage condition is a
result of battery removal), toggling the SHDN pin low to
high or removing and reapplying power to the charger.
The state that is entered when qualified charging begins is
precharge. The CHRG status output is set low and remains
low during both precharge and fast charge. If the voltage
on VCELL is below the 900mV (VFCQ) fast charge qualification voltage, the LTC4060 charges using one-fifth the
maximum programmed charge current. The cell voltage is
continuously checked to determine when the battery is
ready to accept a fast charge. Until this voltage reaches
VFCQ, the LTC4060 remains in precharge.
If an external thermistor indicates that the sensed temperature is beyond a range of 5°C to 45°C charging is
suspended, the charge timer is paused and the CHRG
status output remains low. Normal charging resumes
from the previous state when the sensed temperature
rises above 5°C or falls below 45°C.
If the NTC pin voltage is above the temperature disable
threshold (VNDIS), the LTC4060 verifies that the thermistor temperature is between 5°C and 45°C. Charging
will not initiate until these temperature limits are met.
The LTC4060 continues to qualify important voltage and
temperature parameters during all charging states. If VCC
drops below the undervoltage lockout threshold, sleep
mode is entered.
Fast Charge
When the average cell voltage exceeds VFCQ, the LTC4060
transitions from the precharge to the fast charge state and
Table 1. LTC4060 Time Limit Programming Examples
FAST
CHARGE
CURRENT
RPROG
CTIMER
TYPICAL
FAST
CHARGE
RATE
(C)
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
STABILIZATION
HOLD OFF
(MINUTES)
CHARGE
TIME
LIMIT
(tMAX)
(HOURS)
4.6 to 5.7
1.1
BATTERY AUTOMATIC
VOLTAGE
RECHARGE
SAMPLING
ENTRY
INTERVAL
DELAY
(SECONDS) (SECONDS)
2A
698Ω
1nF
1.5
2A
698Ω
1.5nF
1
6.9 to 8.4
1.6
23
23 to 46
260 to 390
2A
698Ω
1.8nF
0.75
8.4 to 10.3
2
28
28 to 56
320 to 480
2A
698Ω
2.7nF
0.5
12.6 to 15.4
3
42
42 to 84
480 to 720
400mA
3480Ω
180pF
1.5
4.2 to 5.2
1
14
14 to 28
160 to 240
400mA
3480Ω
270pF
1
6.3 to 7.7
1.5
21
21 to 42
240 to 360
400mA
3480Ω
390pF
0.75
8.9 to 11
2.1
30
30 to 60
340 to 510
400mA
3480Ω
560pF
0.5
12.6 to 15.4
3
42
42 to 84
480 to 720
15
15 to 31
UVLO EXIT, BATTERY
INSERTION/REMOVAL/OVERVOLTAGE,
FAST CHARGE ENTRY AND
THERMISTOR EVENT DELAYS (ms)
175 to 260
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charging begins at the maximum current set by the
external programming resistor connected between the
PROG pin and GND.
If an external thermistor indicates sensed temperature is
beyond a range of 5°C to 55°C charging is suspended, the
charge timer is paused and the CHRG status output
remains low. Normal charging resumes from the previous
state when the sensed temperature rises above 5°C or falls
below 45°C. Voltage-based termination (–∆V) is then
reset and immediately enabled. If voltage-based termination was imminent when the temperature limits were
exceeded, charge termination will occur.
Charge Termination
Once fast charge begins and after an initial battery voltage
stabilization hold-off period shown in Table 1, voltagebased termination (–∆V) is enabled. This period is used to
prevent falsely terminating on a –∆V event that can occur
almost immediately after initiating charging on some
heavily discharged or stored batteries. However, if VCELL
was measured to be above 1.3V (VIDT) immediately prior
to the precharge cycle, then a mostly charged battery is
assumed and voltage-based termination (–∆V) is enabled
without delay.
An internal 1.5mV resolution A/D converter measures the
cell voltage after each battery voltage sampling interval
indicated in Table 1. The peak cell voltage is stored and
compared to the current cell voltage. When the cell voltage
has dropped by at least VMDV (magnitude selected by the
CHEM pin) from the peak for four consecutive battery
voltage sampling intervals, charging is terminated.
Back-up termination is provided by the charge time limiter,
whose time limit is indicated in Table 1, and by a battery
overvoltage detector. Once terminated by back-up termination, charge qualification can be reinitiated only by removing and replacing the battery or toggling the SHDN pin low
to high or removing and reapplying power to the charger.
Automatic Recharge
Once charging is complete, the optional programmable
automatic recharge state can be entered. This state, if
enabled, will automatically restart the charger from the
charge qualification state without user intervention whenever the battery cell voltage drops below a set level. With
the advent of low memory effect NiMH and improved NiCd
cells an automatic recharge feature is practical and eliminates the need for very slow trickle charging.
The CHRG status output is high impedance in the automatic recharge state until charging begins. If the VCELL
voltage drops below the voltage set on the ARCT pin for at
least the automatic recharge entry delay time as shown in
Table 1, the charge qualification state is entered and
charging will begin anew in fast charge. An easy way of
setting the voltage on the ARCT pin is by using two series
current programming resistors and connecting their common to the ARCT pin as shown in Figure 2. The PROG pin
will provide a constant 1.5V (VPROG). The programmable
voltage range of the ARCT pin is approximately 0.8V to
1.6V. A preprogrammed recharge threshold of 1.3V (VARDT)
is selected when the ARCT pin is connected to VCC
(VARDEF). Automatic recharge is disabled when the ARCT
pin is connected to ground (VARDIS).
Pause
After charging is initiated, the PAUSE pin may be used to
pause operation at any time. Whenever the voltage on the
PAUSE pin is a logic high, the charge timer and all other
timers pause, charging is stopped and the fast charge termination algorithm is inhibited. The CHRG status output
remains at GND. If voltage-based termination was imminent before pause, charge termination will occur. Otherwise,
when pause ends, the charge timer and all other timers
resume timing, charging restarts and voltage-based termination (–∆V) is reset and immediately enabled. If the battery is removed while the PAUSE pin is a logic high, then
battery removal is detected and shutdown is entered. If the
battery is replaced while the PAUSE pin is a logic high, it
will not be detected until pause is turned off.
For pause periods or a series of periods where the battery
capacity could be significantly depleted, consider using
shutdown instead of pause to avoid having the safety timer
expire before the battery can be fully charged. Shutdown
resets the safety timer.
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Battery Chemistry Selection
Insertion and Removal of Batteries
The desired battery chemistry is selected by programming
the CHEM pin to the proper voltage. When wired to GND,
a set of parameters specific to charging NiMH cells is
selected. When CHEM is connected to VCC, charging is
optimized for NiCd cells. The various charging parameters
are detailed in Table 2.
The LTC4060 automatically senses the insertion or removal of a battery by monitoring the VCELL pin voltage.
Either the charge current, or if not charging then an
internal pull-up current (IBRD), will pull VCELL up when the
battery is removed. When this voltage rises above 2.05V
(VBR) for a time greater than the battery removal event
delay shown in Table 1, the LTC4060 considers the battery
to be absent. Inserting a battery, causing VCELL to fall
below both VBR and 1.95V (VBOV) for a period longer than
the battery insertion event delay shown in Table 1, results
in the LTC4060 recognizing a battery present and initiates
a completely new charge cycle beginning with charge
qualification. All battery currents are inhibited while in
shutdown.
Cell Selection
The number of series cells is selected using the SEL0 and
SEL1 pins. For one cell, both pins connect to GND. For two
cells, SEL0 connects to VCC and SEL1 to GND. For three
cells, SEL0 connects to GND and SEL1 to VCC. For four
cells, both connect to VCC.
Table 2. LTC4060 Charging Parameters
STATE
CHEM
CHARGE TIME LIMIT
TMIN
TMAX
ICHRG
TYPICAL TERMINATION CONDITION
VCELL ≥ 0.9V
Precharge
Both
tMAX
5°C
45°C
IMAX/5
Fast Charge
NiCd
tMAX
5°C
55°C
IMAX
–16mV Per Cell After Initial tMAX/12 Delay
NiMH
tMAX
5°C
55°C
IMAX
–8mV Per Cell After Initial tMAX/12 Delay
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Programming Charge Current
The battery charge current is set with an external program
resistor connected from the PROG pin to GND. The formula for the battery fast charge current or IMAX is:
⎛ 1.5V ⎞
IMAX = (IPROG ) • 930 = ⎜
⎟ • 930
⎝ RPROG ⎠
or
1395
RPROG =
IMAX
where RPROG is the total resistance from the PROG pin to
ground. For example, if 1A of fast charge current is
required:
RPROG =
1395
= 1.4k 1% Resistor
1A
Under precharge conditions, the current is reduced to
20% of the fast charge value (IMAX).The LTC4060 is
designed for a maximum current of 2A. This translates to
a maximum PROG pin current of 2.15mA and a minimum
program resistor of 698Ω. Reduced accuracy at low
current limits the useful fast charge current to a minimum
of approximately 200mA. Errors in the charge current can
be statistically approximated as follows:
One Sigma Error ≅ 7mA
For best stability over temperature and time, 1% metalfilm resistors are recommended. Capacitance on the PROG
pin should be limited to about 75pF to insure adequate AC
phase margin for its amplifier.
Different charge currents can be programmed by various
means such as by switching in different program resistors. A voltage DAC connected through a resistor to the
PROG pin or a current DAC connected in parallel with a
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resistor to the PROG pin can also be used to program
current. Note that this will alter the timer periods unless
alternate TIMER pin capacitors are also programmed
through an analog switch.
The PROG pin provides a reference voltage of 1.5V (VPROG)
that may be tapped for system use. Current loading on
PROG is multiplied by 930 and appears as increased IMAX.
This may be compensated by adjustment of RPROG. Total
PROG pin current must be limited to 2.3mA otherwise
absolute maximum ratings will be exceeded. When the
LTC4060 is in the shutdown mode, the PROG pin is forced
to ground potential to save power.
Programming the Timer
All LTC4060 internal timing is derived from the internal
oscillator that is programmed with an external capacitor at
the TIMER pin. The time periods shown in Table 1 scale
directly with the timer period. The programmable safety
timer is used to put a time limit on the entire charge cycle
for the case when charging has not otherwise terminated.
The time limit is programmed by an external capacitor at
the TIMER pin and is also dependent on the current set by
the programming resistor connected to the PROG pin. The
time limit is determined by the following equation:
tMAX (Hours) = 1.567 • 106 • RPROG (Ω) • CTIMER (F)
CTIMER (F) =
tMAX (Hours)
1.567 • 106 • RPROG (Ω)
Some typical timing values are detailed in Table 1. The
timer begins at the start of a charge cycle. After the timeout occurs, the charge current stops and the CHRG output
assumes a high impedance state to indicate that the
charging has stopped.
Excessively short time-out periods may not allow enough
time for the battery to receive full charge or may result in
premature –∆V termination due to too short a battery
voltage stabilization hold-off period. Excessively long timeout periods may indicate too low a charge current which
may not allow voltage-based termination (–∆V) to work
properly. Time-out limits of less than 0.75 hour for faster
2C charge rates, or more than 3.5 hours for slower C/2
charge rates, are generally not recommended. Consult the
battery manufacturer for recommended periods.
An external timing source can also be used to drive the
TIMER pin for precise or programmed control. The high
level must be between 2.5V and VCC and the low level must
be between 0V and 0.25V. Also, the driving source must be
able to overdrive the internal current source and sink
which is 5% of the current through RPROG.
Battery Temperature Sensing
Temperature sensing is optional in LTC4060 applications.
To disable temperature qualification of all charging operations, the NTC pin must be wired to ground. A circuit for
temperature sensing using a thermistor with a negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) is shown in Figure 2. Internally derived VCC proportional voltages (VCLD, VHTI, VHTC)
are compared to the voltage on the NTC input pin to test the
temperature thresholds. The battery temperature is measured by placing the thermistor close to the battery pack.
In Figure 2, a common 10k NTC thermistor such as a
Murata NTH4G series NTH4G39A103F can be used. RHOT
should be a 1% resistor with a value equal to the value of
the chosen NTC thermistor at 45°C (VNTC = VHTI = 0.5 • VCC
typ). Another temperature may be chosen to suit the
battery requirements. The LTC4060 will not initiate a
charge cycle or continue with a precharge if the value of the
thermistor falls below 4.42k which is a temperature rising
to approximately 45°C. However, once fast charging is in
progress, it will not be stopped until the thermistor drops
below 3k which is a temperature rising to approximately
55°C (VNTC = VHTC = 0.4 • VCC typ). Once reaching this
charge cutoff threshold, charging is suspended until the
value of the thermistor rises above approximately 4.8k
(falling temperature) or approximately 43°C (45°C – 2°C
hysteresis at VCC = 5V) and then charging is resumed.
Hysteresis avoids possible oscillation about the trip points.
Note that the comparator hysteresis voltages are constant
and when VCC increases the signal level from the thermistor increases thus making the temperature hysteresis
look smaller.
During suspension the charge current is turned off and the
safety timer is frozen. The LTC4060 is also designed to
suspend when the thermistor rises above 34k (falling
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temperature) at approximately 0°C (5°C – 5°C hysteresis
at VCC = 5V) and then resume when the thermistor falls
below 27k (rising temperature) which will be approximately 5°C (VNTC = VCLD = 0.86 • VCC typ).
Many thermistors with an RCOLD to RHOT ratio of approximately 7 will work. For lower power dissipation higher
values of thermistor resistance can be used. The Murata
NTH4G series offers resistances of up to 100k at 25°C.
It is important that the thermistor be placed in close
contact with the battery and away from the external PNP
pass transistor to avoid excessive temperature errors on
the sensed battery temperature. Furthermore, since VCC is
a high current path into the LTC4060, it is essential to
minimize voltage drops between the VCC supply pin and
the top of RHOT by Kelvin connecting RHOT directly to the
VCC pin.
Power Requirements
The DC power input to the VCC pin must always be within
proper limits while charging a battery. Voltages beyond
the absolute maximum ratings may damage the charger
and voltages falling below the UVLO entry thresholds, as
programmed by the SEL0 and SEL1 pins, will likely cause
the charger to enter the shutdown state (when the UVLO
exit threshold is exceeded charging will begin anew). While
the LTC4060 is designed to reject 60Hz or 120Hz supply
ripple, certain precautions are required. The instantaneous
ripple voltage must always be within the above mentioned
limits. Ripple voltage seen across the collector-base junction of the external PNP pass transistor will slightly modulate its beta and hence its base current. Since the emitter
current is precisely regulated by the LTC4060, any modulation of base current will appear at the collector. This
slightly modulated battery charge current into a battery
will usually produce an insignificant modulation voltage at
the battery. However, if excessive wire impedance to the
battery from the PNP exists, then it may be helpful to Kelvin
connect the BAT pin to a convenient point closest to the
battery to reduce ripple magnitude entering the LTC4060’s
battery monitoring circuits. The battery ground impedance should also be managed to limit ripple voltage at the
BAT pin. Excessive ripple into the BAT pin may cause the
charger to deviate from specified performance.
VCC Bypass Capacitor
A 1µF capacitor located close to the LTC4060 will usually
provide adequate input bypassing. However, caution must
be exercised when using multilayer ceramic capacitors.
Because of the self-resonance and high Q characteristics
of some types of ceramic capacitors, along with wiring
inductance, high voltage transients can be generated
under some conditions such as connecting or disconnecting a supply input to a hot power source. To reduce the Q
and prevent these transients from exceeding the absolute
maximum voltage rating, consider adding about 1Ω of
resistance in series with the ceramic input capacitor.
BAT Bypass Capacitor
This optional capacitor, connected between BAT and GND,
can be used to help filter excessive contact bounce during
the battery monitoring or charging process. The value will
depend upon the contact bounce open duration, but is typically 10µF. Another purpose of this capacitor is to bypass
transient battery load events that might otherwise disrupt
monitoring or charging. Should the battery connections not
be subject to excessive contact bounce or excessive battery voltage transients, then no BAT pin capacitor is required. The same caution mentioned above for the VCC bypass capacitor applies.
External PNP Transistor
The external PNP pass transistor must have adequate beta
and breakdown voltages, low saturation voltage and sufficient power dissipation capability that may include heat
sinking.
To provide 2A of charge current with the minimum available base current drive of 40mA (IDRV min) requires a
minimum PNP beta of 50.
The transistor’s collector to emitter breakdown voltage
must be high enough to withstand the difference between
the maximum supply voltage and minimum battery voltage. Almost any transistor will meet this requirement.
Additionally, when no power is supplied to the charger
(VIN = 0V and VSENSE = 0V), the transistor’s emitter to base
breakdown voltage must be high enough to prevent a
leakage path at the maximum battery voltage while not
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charging (the DRIVE pin is internally switched to the BAT
pin). Most transistors will meet this requirement as well.
With low supply voltages, the PNP saturation voltage
(VCESAT) becomes important. The VCESAT must be less
than the minimum supply voltage minus the maximum
voltage drop across the internal current sense resistor and
bond wires (approximately 0.08Ω) and maximum battery
voltage presented to the charger accounting for wire I • R
drops.
VCESAT (V) < VDD(MIN) – (IBAT(MAX) • 0.08Ω + VBAT(MAX))
For example, if it were desired to have a programmed
charge current of 2A with a minimum supply voltage of
4.75V and a maximum battery voltage of 3.6V (2 series
cells at 1.8V each), then the minimum operating VCESAT is:
VCESAT (V) = 4.75 – (2 • 0.08 + 3.6) = 0.99V
If the PNP transistor cannot achieve the saturation voltage
required, base current will dramatically increase. This is to
be avoided for a number of reasons: DRIVE pin current
may reach current limit resulting in the LTC4060 characteristics going out of specifications, excessive power
dissipation may force the IC into thermal shutdown, or the
battery could discharge because some of the current from
the DRIVE pin could be pulled from the battery through the
forward biased PNP collector base junction.
The actual battery fast charge current (IBAT) is slightly less
than the regulated charge current because the charger
senses the emitter current and the battery charge current
will be reduced by the base current. In terms of β (IC/IB)
IBAT can be calculated as follows:
⎛ β ⎞
IBAT ( A) = 930 • IPROG ⎜
⎟
⎝ β + 1⎠
If β = 100 then IBAT is 1% low. The 1% loss can be easily
compensated for by increasing IPROG by 1%.
Another important factor to consider when choosing the
PNP pass transistor is its power handling capability. The
transistor’s data sheet will usually give the maximum rated
power dissipation at a given ambient temperature with a
power derating for elevated temperature operation. The
maximum power dissipation of the PNP when charging is:
PD(MAX) (W) = IMAX(VDD(MAX) – VBAT(MIN))
VDD(MAX) is the maximum supply voltage and VBAT(MIN) is
the minimum battery voltage when discharged, but not
less than 0.9V/cell since less than 0.9V/cell invokes
precharge current levels.
Thermal Considerations
Internal overtemperature protection is provided to prevent
excessive LTC4060 die temperature during a fault condition. If the internal die temperature exceeds approximately
145°C, charging stops and the part enters the shutdown
state. The faults can be generated from insuffient heat
sinking, a shorted DRIVE pin or from excessive DRIVE pin
current to the base of an external PNP transistor if it’s in
deep saturation from a very low VCE. Once in the shutdown
state, charge qualification can be reinitiated only by removing and replacing the battery or toggling the SHDN pin
low to high or removing and reapplying power to the
charger. This protection is not designed to prevent overheating of the PNP pass transistor. Indirectly though, selfheating of the PNP thermally conducting to the LTC4060
can result in the IC’s junction temperature rising above
145°C, thus cutting off the PNP’s base current. This action
will limit the PNP’s junction temperature to some temperature well above 145°C. The user should insure that the
maximum rated junction temperature is not exceeded
under any normal operating condition. See Package/Order
Information for the θJA of the LTC4060 Exposed Pad
packages. The actual thermal resistance in the application
will vary depending on forced air cooling, use of the
Exposed Pad and other heat sinking means, especially the
amount of copper on the PCB to which the LTC4060 is
attached. The majority of the power dissipated within the
LTC4060 is in the current sense resitor and DRIVE pin
driver as given below:
PD = (IBAT)2 • 0.08 + IDRIVE (VCC – VEB)
TJ = TA + θJA • PD
VEB is the emitter to base voltage of the external PNP.
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Full Featured 2A Charger Application
Power Path Control
Figure 2 shows an application that utilizes the optional
temperature sensing and optional externally programmable automatic recharge features. It also has LEDs to
indicate charging status and the presence of sufficient
input supply voltage.
Proper power path control is an important consideration
when fast charging nickel cells. This control ensures the
system load remains powered at all times, but that normal
system operation and associated load transients do not
adversely affect the charging procedure. Figure 3 illustrates a 1A charger with power path control. When VIN is
applied the forward biased Schottky diode will power the
load while the P-channel FET will disconnect the battery
from the load. When VIN is removed, the FET will turn-on
to provide a low loss switch from the battery to the load,
and the diode will isolate VIN. The ACP output signals the
presense of VIN.
The PROG pin has a total resistance of 691Ω to ground
that programs the fast-charge current at the PNP’s emitter
to 2.02A (2A at the collector for beta of 100). The ARCT pin
voltage is programmed to 1.25V. When the battery cell
voltage falls below this automatic recharge will begin.
Optional capacitor CBAT filters excessive contact bounce.
This circuit can be modified to charge a 4A-Hr battery at a
C/2 rate simply by doubling the CTIMER capacitance.
VIN = 5V
RHOT
4.42k
RLED
330Ω
14
RLED
330Ω
5
“CHARGE”
15
VCC
SHDN
ACP
CHRG
SENSE
13
3
1
DRIVE
NTC
LTC4060
2
7
BAT
PROG
4
8
TIMER
ARCT
12
9
CHEM
SEL0
6
10
PAUSE
SEL1
GND
16
11
RNTC
10k
RPROG
115Ω
RARCT
576Ω
“AC”
MJD210
CBAT
10µF
+ 2-CELL
NiMH
BATTERY
CTIMER
1.5nF
4060 F02
Figure 2. Full Featured 2A Charger Application
VIN = 5V
RLED
330Ω
“CHARGE”
5
15
VCC
SHDN
ACP
CHRG
SENSE
13
RAC
10k
ACP
3
1
DRIVE
NTC
LTC4060
2
7
BAT
PROG
4
8
TIMER
ARCT
12
9
CHEM
SEL0
6
10
PAUSE
SEL1
GND
11
RPROG
1400Ω
B220A
FDG312P
FZT948
TO LOAD
+ 2-CELL
NiMH
BATTERY
CLOAD
10µF
*
4060 F03
CTIMER
820pF
*DRAIN SOURCE DIODE OF MOSFET
16
Figure 3. 1A Charger Application with Power Path Control
4060f
16
LTC4060
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO S
Trickle Charge
resistance and mismatches in the two sense resistor’s
value will cause charge current variability to increase in
proportion to the extension in current. Resistor RISET
should be connected directly to the LTC4060 to reduce
errors. The total current sense resistor, bond wire and lead
frame resistance is approximately 0.08Ω (T.C. ≅ 3500ppm/
°C). The formula for extended fast charge current is:
The trickle charge function is normally not required due to
the automatic recharge feature. However, the LTC4060
does provide a modest pull-up current (IBRD) as part of its
battery removal detection method. If additional current is
required for trickle charge or to support battery removal
detection with current loads greater than IBRD, then the
simple circuit of Figure 4 will facilitate that. The diode
insures no reverse discharge current when VIN is removed
and the resistor sets the trickle current.
⎛
0.08 ⎞
IMAX(EXT) = IMAX • ⎜ 1 +
⎟
⎝ RISET ⎠
= 2A • 1.5 = 3A
Extending Charge Current
for RISET = 0.16Ω and RPROG = 698Ω.
Extending the charge current beyond 2A can be accomplished by paralleling an external current sense resistor,
RISET, with the internal current sense resistor as shown in
Figure 5. Bond wire, lead frame and PCB interconnect
Adequate PNP beta is required to meet the DRIVE pin
capability and the increased PNP power dissipation will
require additional heat sinking.
VIN
1N4001
14
VCC
LTC4060
SENSE
DRIVE
BAT
3.3k
3
1
2
+ 2-CELL
NiMH
BATTERY
4060 F04
Figure 4. Adding Trickle Charge
VIN
14
VCC
RISET
0.16Ω
0.08Ω
3
SENSE
DRIVE
BAT
LTC4060
1
2
+ 2-CELL
NiMH
BATTERY
4060 F05
Figure 5. Extended Charge Current Operation
4060f
17
LTC4060
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO S
Reverse Input Voltage Protection
In some applications protection from reverse supply voltage is desired. If the supply voltage is high enough, a
series blocking diode can be used. In other cases, where
the voltage drop must be kept very low, a P-channel FET
as shown in Figure 6 can be used.
*
VIN
14
LTC4060
VCC
4060 F06
*DRAIN BULK DIODE OF MOSFET
Figure 6. Low Loss Reverse Input Voltage Protection
4060f
18
LTC4060
U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
DHC Package
16-Lead Plastic DFN (5mm × 3mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1706)
0.65 ±0.05
3.50 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05
2.20 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)
PACKAGE
OUTLINE
0.25 ± 0.05
0.50 BSC
4.40 ±0.05
(2 SIDES)
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
R = 0.115
TYP
5.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
R = 0.20
TYP
3.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
9
0.40 ± 0.10
16
1.65 ± 0.10
(2 SIDES)
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(SEE NOTE 6)
PIN 1
NOTCH
(DHC16) DFN 1103
8
0.200 REF
1
0.25 ± 0.05
0.50 BSC
0.75 ±0.05
4.40 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
NOTE:
1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE VARIATION OF VERSION (WJED-1) IN JEDEC
PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-229
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE
TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
4060f
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
19
LTC4060
U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
FE Package
16-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1663)
Exposed Pad Variation BC
4.90 – 5.10*
(.193 – .201)
3.58
(.141)
3.58
(.141)
16 1514 13 12 1110
6.60 ±0.10
9
2.94
(.116)
4.50 ±0.10
6.40
2.94
(.252)
(.116)
BSC
SEE NOTE 4
0.45 ±0.05
1.05 ±0.10
0.65 BSC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
4.30 – 4.50*
(.169 – .177)
0.09 – 0.20
(.0035 – .0079)
0.25
REF
1.10
(.0433)
MAX
0° – 8°
0.65
(.0256)
BSC
0.50 – 0.75
(.020 – .030)
NOTE:
1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS
MILLIMETERS
2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN
(INCHES)
3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
0.195 – 0.30
(.0077 – .0118)
TYP
0.05 – 0.15
(.002 – .006)
FE16 (BC) TSSOP 0204
4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE
FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT
*DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH
SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER
LTC1732
DESCRIPTION
Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger Controller
LTC1733
LTC1734
LTC1734L
LTC1998
LTC4006/LTC4007
Monolithic Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger
Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger in ThinSOTTM
Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger in ThinSOT
Lithium-Ion Low Battery Detector
4A Multicell Li-Ion Battery Chargers
LTC4008
LTC4052
LTC4053
LTC4054
4A Multichemistry Battery Charger
Monolithic Lithium-Ion Battery Pulse Charger
USB Compatible Monolithic Li-Ion Battery Charger
Standalone Linear Li-Ion Battery Charger
in ThinSOT
USB Power Controller and Li-Ion Battery Charger
LTC4055
LTC4058
Standalone Li-Ion Linear Charger in DFN
LTC4058X
LTC4411
Low Loss PowerPathTM Controller in ThinSOT
LTC4412
ThinSOT and PowerPath are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
COMMENTS
Simple Charger uses External FET, Features Preset Voltages, C/10
Charger Detection and Programmable Timer, Input Power Good Indication
Standalone Charger with Programmable Timer, Up to 1.5A Charge Current
Simple ThinSOT Charger, No Blocking Diode, No Sense Resistor Needed
Low Current Version of LTC1734; 50mA ≤ ICHRG ≤ 180mA
1% Accurate 2.5µA Quiescent Current, SOT-23
Standalone Charger, 6V ≤ VIN ≤ 28V, Up to 96% Efficiency,
±0.8% Charging Voltage Accuracy
Synchronous Operation for High Efficiency, AC Adapter Current Limit
No Blocking Diode or External Power FET Required, ≤1.5A Charge Current
Standalone Charger with Programmable Timer, Up to 1.25A Charge Current
Thermal Regulation Prevents Overheating, C/10 Termination,
C/10 Indicator, Up to 800mA Charge Current
Charges Directly from USB or Wall Adapter, New Topology Charges Faster and
More Efficiently
Up to 950mA Charge Current, Kelvin Sense for High Accuracy,
C/10 Charge Termination
Automatic Switching Between DC Sources, Load Sharing,
Replaces ORing Diodes
4060f
20
Linear Technology Corporation
LT/TP 0904 1K • PRINTED IN THE USA
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
●
www.linear.com
© LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2004