To all our customers
Regarding the change of names mentioned in the document, such as Mitsubishi
Electric and Mitsubishi XX, to Renesas Technology Corp.
The semiconductor operations of Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric were transferred to Renesas
Technology Corporation on April 1st 2003. These operations include microcomputer, logic, analog
and discrete devices, and memory chips other than DRAMs (flash memory, SRAMs etc.)
Accordingly, although Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Mitsubishi
Semiconductors, and other Mitsubishi brand names are mentioned in the document, these names
have in fact all been changed to Renesas Technology Corp. Thank you for your understanding.
Except for our corporate trademark, logo and corporate statement, no changes whatsoever have been
made to the contents of the document, and these changes do not constitute any alteration to the
contents of the document itself.
Note : Mitsubishi Electric will continue the business operations of high frequency & optical devices
and power devices.
Renesas Technology Corp.
Customer Support Dept.
April 1, 2003
APPLICATION NOTE
M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
1. Abstract
The following article introduces and shows an example of how to access external memory using the
expanded memory mode of the M16C/62 series of microcontrollers.
2. Introduction
The Mitsubishi M16C/62 series of microcontrollers is a 16-bit family of MCUs, based on Mitsubishi’s
popular M16C CPU core. These parts provide high memory efficiency, power-saving ability, low noise
emission, and improved noise immunity. The M16C/62 part series can be used in many applications such
as office equipment, PC peripherals, portable devices, automotive, cameras, audio, and so on.
This application note shows how to configure and use the expanded memory mode on the M16C/62
series of microcontrollers.
3. Memory Expansion Mode
There are three processor modes used with the M16C/62 series of microcontrollers. For each processor
mode, the memory map functions of some pins and external access space differ. The three processor
modes are as follows:
•
•
•
Single-chip mode—Only internal memory space can be accessed.
Memory Expansion mode—External memory can be accessed in addition to all the internal memory.
Microprocessor mode—External memory along with internal SFR and RAM areas can be accessed.
Internal ROM cannot be used.
For this application note, memory expansion mode is demonstrated. This allows use of all the internal
memory areas (SFR, RAM, ROM) and some external memory. In this mode, some of the pins need to
function as the address bus, data bus, and control signals for accessing the external memory. The
number of pins affected depends on the bus and register settings. Once expanded memory mode and
the control settings are selected, the affected pins become dedicated to external memory and can no
longer be used for other I/O.
The desired processor mode is set by the processor mode bits in the processor mode register (PM0) and
the CNVss pin. To select memory expansion mode, the CNVss pin is tied to Vss and the processor mode
bits are set to “012”. When programming in C, the processor mode is set in the startup file (ncrt0.a30).
Figure 1 is an example for setting the processor mode bits.
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
Figure 1. Setting the Processor Mode Bits in ncrt0.a30
The bus settings and control signals can also be customized for different configurations. The external bus
width can be set to either 8 bits or 16 bits by connecting the BYTE pin to Vcc or Vss respectively. This
does not affect the internal bus, which is always fixed to 16 bits.
The read/write signal configurations are set in the processor mode register (PM0). There are two
combinations of R/W signals. For a 16-bit data bus, select between the RD, WR, and BHE signals or the
RD, WRL, and WRH signals. When using an 8-bit bus, always use the RD, WR, and BHE signals.
The chip select area used for the external memory must be enabled in the chip select register (CSR).
The chip select register determines if pins P44 to P47 output the chip select or if they are used as GPIO.
The chip select register also has bits that determine if a wait state should to be added to each individual
chip select area. See the specification for each specific microcontroller for exact chip select memory
ranges. Figure 2 is an example of a memory map for a microcontroller in expanded memory.
Figure 2. Example Memory Map with Chip Selects for Expanded Memory Mode
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
Other control signals used are the RDY and Hold signals. The RDY signal is used for any external device
that requires a long access time. The Hold signal is used to transfer the bus privileges from the CPU to
an external device.
Note: If the RDY and/or Hold signals are not used, they must be connected to Vcc or the CPU could be
permanently stuck in a wait state.
More detailed information on expanded memory, processor modes, and bus settings can be found in the
M16C/62 specification and user’s manual.
4. Using Expanded Memory with the PC4701 Emulation System
Some special considerations are required when using expanded memory with the PC4701 emulator. To
access any external memory with the emulator, the external memory area must first be mapped using the
emulator/debugger software PD30. When PD30 is first started, all memory except for the SFR area is
mapped as internal memory.
First, determine the external memory range that will be used according to the chip select that is being
used. This external memory area must be mapped to external. Open a script window in PD30 and use
the map command to change the memory range that is being used to "External". Command example:
“map 8000, 9000, ext”. This maps the memory range 8000h to 9000h as external memory. To check that
the changes have been set, type “map” in the command line and a list of the current memory map is
displayed.
There is one precaution to observe when using the emulator and the chip select two-memory space. The
memory addresses, 0FFFCh to 0FFFFh, are used by the emulator as a stack area. These addresses
must remain mapped as internal memory or the program will not reset properly. See the Emulation
System manual for more information on this precaution. Figure 3 shows an example of mapping the chip
select two-memory area around the emulator stack.
Figure 3. Mapping External Memory in PD30
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
5. Implementation
A sample program is included to demonstrate the use of expanded memory mode. This program is
written to run on Mitsubishi’s MDECE0620 evaluation board. This board allows easy evaluation for any
M16C/62 microcontroller. More information on this evaluation board can be found at www.mdece.com.
The example program samples the voltage of a potentiometer on the evaluation board and stores this
data into the external SRAM on the board. The potentiometer is connected to channel 0 of the A/D
converter on the M16C. When the push button S2 is pushed, the A/D value is sampled about every
100 ms and written to the SRAM one byte at a time. An LED (D6) blinks to indicate when the A/D is
sampling. When the push button is pressed again, the A/D sampling will stop, all of the A/D data stored in
memory is read back, and an average A/D value is calculated. Each time the A/D sampling is started, it
returns to the beginning of memory and starts storing data. For simplicity, the sample program is limited
to storing a total of 8 kbytes of data.
The memory window in PD30 is used to view the A/D data stored in the external memory. Figure 4 is an
example of A/D data stored in the external SRAM on the evaluation board. A/D data storage starts at
memory address 8000h. The average A/D value (after sampling is stopped) is also found in the memory
window at the average variable address or by using a C watch window.
Figure 4. PD30 Memory Window
The external memory connections used on the evaluation board and for the sample program are shown
in Figure 5. The memory is connected using the 16-bit data bus; the lower byte is connected to one
memory chip and the upper byte is connected to the second memory chip. The R/W mode is set to use
RD, WRL, and WRH. WRL is connected to the lower byte and WRH to the upper byte. With this
configuration, address line A0 is not connected to the external memory because WRL and WRH
effectively take its place. It is important to make sure that any unused control signals are tied off properly.
[Not shown: The RDY and Hold pins are connected to Vcc.]
The sample program accesses the memory in both 8-bit and 16-bit modes. Although the memory chips
are configured for a 16-bit data bus, the A/D results are 8-bit and writes to the external memory are done
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
September 2001
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
8 bits at a time. When A/D sampling stops, the results are read from external memory using 16-bit mode.
The data are split into two bytes and added together to calculate the average A/D value.
Chip select 2 is used to address the memory. The effective address range using CS2 is 8000h to
27FFFh; this is a total of 128 Kbytes. Each memory chip in our demo contains 32k x 8 bits or 64 Kbytes
total memory (8000h – 17FFFh).
Figure 5. External Memory Connections
The potentiometer on the evaluation board is connected to A/D input AN0 on the M16C/62. The A/D is
set up for 8-bit conversion, one-shot mode, software triggered, with sample and hold enabled.
The push button (S2) used to start and stop the A/D sampling is connected to an external interrupt on the
M16/62. The interrupt used is INT0. Each time the push button is pressed, an INT0 interrupt is generated.
A flag monitors the A/D sampling when it is on or off.
The LCD supplied on the evaluation board views the A/D values as they are sampled and the average
A/D value when sampling is stopped. Because some of the LCD connections on the board are used for
control signals in expanded memory mode, some circuit modifications are needed for the LCD to work
with external memory. Figure 6 shows the LCD connections used in the sample program. This
configuration allows the LCD to be accessed similar to any external memory. Chip select 1 addresses the
LCD, thus writing to any even address (low byte in 16-bit address bus) in the CS1 memory area writes
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
September 2001
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
data to the LCD. Writing to an even address causes the WRL signal to go to a logic low level. Writing to
an odd address causes WRH to go to a logic low, and does not enable the LCD. In the sample program
the address 28000h is used.
Figure 6. MDECE0620 LCD Connections When Using External Memory
The sample program is just one way of using expanded memory mode on the M16C/62 series of
microcontrollers.
The sample program code shown in this application note can be downloaded from www.mdece.com.
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
6. Software Code
The software supplied by Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. is intended and supplied for use on Mitsubishi
Electric products. This software is owned by Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. or Mitsubishi Electric
Corporation and is protected under applicable copyright laws. All rights are reserved.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. NO WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE APPLY TO THIS SOFTWARE. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC.
AND MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION RESERVE THE RIGHT, WITHOUT NOTICE, TO MAKE CHANGES
TO THIS SOFTWARE. NEITHER MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC. NOR MITSUBISHI
ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHALL, IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR ANY REASON WHATSOEVER ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
APPLICATION OF THIS SOFTWARE.
/*****************************************************************************
*
*
File Name: main.c
*
*
Content:
This program demonstrates using expanded memory on the
*
MDECE0620 evaluation bd. When S2 is pressed, A/D measurements
*
are taken from R11 (pot.) at 100ms intervals and stored in
*
external memory. When S2 is pressed again, the A/D sampling
*
stops, the data is read from memory and an average A/D value
*
is calculated.
*
*
Date:
9-28-2001
*
*
Copyright 2001 Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics US
*
All rights reserved
*
*=============================================================================
*
$Log:$
*===========================================================================*/
#include "sfr62.h"
#include "lcd_exp.h"
/* include 620 header file */
/* lcd include file */
/* Setup interrupt routine for INT0
This must also be setup in the vector table in SECT30.INC */
#pragma INTERRUPT /BINT0_ISR
/* Prototypes */
void Get_Avg (void);
void LCD_write (_far char *, int);
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
/* Global variables */
unsigned int mem_start = 0x8000; /* declare expanded memory start address */
unsigned char *mem_ptr;
/* declare memory pointer */
unsigned int *word_ptr;
/* declare word memory pointer */
unsigned char ad_on = 0;
/* A/D sampling flag */
unsigned int sample_cnt = 0;
/* sample counter */
union word_define {
struct{
char
low;
char
high;
}byte;
unsigned int word;
} memory;
/* define word structure */
/* low 8 bit */
/* high 8 bit */
/* String Messages */
const char msg_text1[] = "Expanded Memory";
const char msg_text2[] = "Demo Program";
const char msg_ad[] = "A/D Value";
const char msg_avg[] = "A/D Average";
/* LCD messages */
/*****************************************************************************
Name:
Main
Parameters:
Returns:
Description: This is the main program
*****************************************************************************/
void main() {
int temp;
unsigned int delay;
unsigned char ad_data;
mem_ptr = (unsigned char *) mem_start;
/* Initialize Ports */
pd7 = 0xFF;
p7 |= 0x80;
pd8 = 0x02;
p8_1 = 0;
pd10 = 0;
/* Use
adcon0
adcon1
adcon2
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
Configure port 7 as all outputs */
Initialize port7_4 to 7_7, LEDs off */
port 8_1 output */
Initialize p8_1 (LCD RS) */
A/D input */
A/D for reading pot. value
= 0x00;
/* AN0
= 0x20;
/* Set up
= 0x01;
/* Set
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
*/
,one shot mode,software trigger,freq /4*/
8 bit conversion & Vref connected
*/
up sample and hold */
September 2001
8
M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
/* Initialize Timer A4 for S2 switch debounce */
ta4ic = 0x00;
/* make sure that the interrupt is not active */
ta4mr = 0x82;
/* set for one shot timer mode */
ta4 = 0xffff;
/* Debounce time delay */
ta4s = 1;
/* get ready */
ta4os = 1;
/* start timer once */
LCD_init();
/* Initialize LCD display */
int0ic = 0x05;
asm("FSET I");
/* Enable INT0 interrupt */
/* Enable all interrupts */
LCD_write( msg_text1, 1 ); /* Intial LCD message */
LCD_write( msg_text2, 2 );
/**************** PROGRAM LOOP **************************/
while (1){
if (ad_on == 1){
p7_7 = ~p7_7;
L2homeLCD();
/* blink LED to indicate A/D sampling */
/* Home LCD on line 2 */
adst = 1;
while(adst == 1);
return to 0 */
/* Start A/D conversion */
/* wait for A/D conversion start bit to
ad_data = ad0;
*mem_ptr = ad_data;
mem_ptr++;
sample_cnt++;
/*
/*
/*
/*
LCD_DisplayHex(ad_data);
/* Output data to LCD */
if (sample_cnt >= 0x2000){
ad_on = 0;
p7_7 = 1;
Get_Avg ();
}
/* limit samples to 8k bytes */
/* stop sampling */
/* stop LED blinking */
/* calculate average A/D value */
read value from A/D register */
save A/D data to memory */
increment memory pointer */
increment sample counter */
}
for (delay=0x2aff; delay>0; delay--);
/* sampling delay ~100ms */
}
}
/******************** END OF MAIN *******************************************/
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
September 2001
9
M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
/*****************************************************************************
Name:
INT0_ISR
Parameters:
Returns:
Description: INT0 interrupt routine, S2 is connected to INT0
S2 controls when A/D sampling starts and stops
*****************************************************************************/
void INT0_ISR(void)
{
if (ir_ta4ic == 0)
/* Switch Debounce timer timeout?
*/
return;
/* If not return, do
nothing */
int0ic = 0x00;
/* disable INT0 interrupt */
/* Start A/D sampling */
if(ad_on == 0){
/* A/D sampling currently off?*/
ad_on = 1;
mem_ptr = (unsigned char *) mem_start;
/*
turn on */
/* Reset memory to begining
sample_cnt = 0;
clrLCD ();
LCD_write( msg_ad, 1 );
/* Reset sample counter */
/* clear LCD */
/* change LCD display */
*/
}
/* Stop A/D sampling */
else if (ad_on == 1){
ad_on = 0;
p7_7 = 1;
Get_Avg ();
}
/* A/D sampling currently on ? */
/*
turn off */
/* stop LED blinking */
/* calculate average A/D value */
ir_ta4ic = 0;
ta4os = 1;
int0ic = 0x05;
/* reset debounce timer */
/* start debounce timer */
/* Enable INT0 interrupt */
}
/*****************************************************************************
Name:
Get_Avg
Parameters:
Returns:
Description:
Read A/D data from external memory and calculate average
*****************************************************************************/
void Get_Avg (void)
{
unsigned long int total = 0;
/* declare variables */
unsigned int avg = 0;
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
September 2001
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M16C/62
Using the Expanded Memory Mode with the M16C/62
int count;
clrLCD ();
LCD_write( msg_avg, 1 );
L2homeLCD();
/* clear LCD */
/* change LCD display */
/* Home LCD on line 2 */
count = sample_cnt;
word_ptr = (unsigned int *) mem_start;
for
/* get number of samples */
/* Reset memory to begining */
(total = 0; count > 1; count -= 2){
memory.word = *word_ptr;
/* read word from memory */
total += memory.byte.low;
/* add lower byte to total */
total += memory.byte.high;
/* add upper byte to total */
word_ptr ++;
/* increment word memory pointer */
}
if(count == 1){
/*if odd number of data,get last one*/
memory.word = *word_ptr;
total += memory.byte.low;
count --;
/* read word from memory */
/* add lower byte to total */
}
avg = total / sample_cnt;
/* calculate average value */
LCD_DisplayHex(avg);
/* Output average to LCD */
}
/*****************************************************************************
Name:
LCD_write
Parameters:
Returns:
Description: This routine outputs some text to the LCD display
*****************************************************************************/
void LCD_write ( _far char * data_string, int line )
{
int p;
if(line == 1)
L1homeLCD();
else
L2homeLCD();
/* home display on line 1*/
/* home display on line 2*/
for (p=0; data_string[p]; p++){ /* This loop reads in the text string */
SendChar(data_string[p]);
}
}
AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
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11
Keep safety first in your circuit designs!
•
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation puts the maximum effort into making semiconductor products better and
more reliable, but there is always a possibility of trouble occurring. Trouble with semiconductors may
lead to personal injury, fire, or property damage. Remember to give due consideration to safety when
making your circuit designs, with appropriate measures such as (i) placement of backup, auxiliary
circuits, (ii) use of non-flammable material, or (iii) prevention against any malfunction or mishap.
Notes regarding this information
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semiconductor product best suited to the customer’s application; it does not convey any license under
any intellectual property rights, or any other rights, belonging to Mitsubishi Electric Corporation or a third
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circuit application examples contained in these materials.
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AN-DECE-MCU-18-A
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13