AD AD9877-EB

Mixed-Signal Front End
Set-Top Box, Cable Modem
AD9877
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
FEATURES
COS
Tx DATA
Tx
12
INTERPOLATOR
FILTER
Tx
DAC
3
SIN
PLL
SPORT
PROFILE
DDS
12
4
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
2
8
RxIQ DATA
12
CA
Σ-Δ
SDELTA0
Σ-Δ
SDELTA1
REFCLK
ADC
I IN
ADC
Q IN
ADC
IF IN
Rx
8
12
RxIF DATA
AD9877
02716-001
Low cost 3.3 V CMOS MxFE™ for
MCNS-DOCSIS-, DVB-, DAVIC-compliant
set-top box and cable modem applications
232 MHz quadrature digital upconverter
12-bit direct IF DAC (TxDAC+®)
Up to 65 MHz carrier frequency DDS
Programmable sampling clock rates
Selectable interpolation filter
Analog Tx output level adjust
12-bit, 33 MSPS direct IF ADC
Dual 8-bit, 16.5 MSPS sampling IQ ADCs
Two 12-bit Σ-Δ auxiliary DACs
Direct interface to AD8321/AD8325 or
AD8322/AD8327 PGA cable driver
Figure 1.
APPLICATIONS
Cable modems
Set-top boxes
Wireless modems
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD9877 is a single-supply set-top box and cable modem
mixed-signal front end. The device contains a transmit path
interpolation filter, complete quadrature digital upconverter,
and transmit DAC. The receive path contains a 12-bit ADC and
dual 8-bit ADCs. All internally required clocks and an output
system clock are generated by the phase-locked loop (PLL) from
a single crystal or clock input.
The 12-bit ADC has excellent undersampling performance,
allowing it to typically deliver better than 10 ENOBs with IF
inputs up to 70 MHz. The 12-bit IF ADC can sample at a rate
up to 33 MHz, allowing it to process wideband signal inputs.
Two programmable Σ-Δ DACs are available and can be used to
control external components, such as variable gain amplifiers
(VGAs) or voltage-controlled tuners.
The transmit path interpolation filter provides upsampling
factors of 12× or 16× with an output signal bandwidth as high
as 5.8 MHz. Carrier frequencies up to 65 MHz with 26 bits of
frequency tuning resolution can be generated by the direct
digital synthesizer (DDS). The transmit DAC resolution is 12 bits
and can run at sampling rates as high as 232 MSPS. Analog
output scaling from 0 dB to 7.5 dB in 0.5 dB steps is available to
preserve SNR when reduced output levels are required.
The AD9877 integrates a CA port that enables a host processor
to control the AD8321/AD8325 or AD8322/AD8327
programmable gain amplifier (PGA) cable drivers via the
MxFE SPORT.
The AD9877 is available in a 100-lead MQFP package. It offers
enhanced receive path undersampling performance and lower
cost compared to the pin-compatible AD9873. The AD9877 is
specified over the extended industrial (−40°C to +85°C)
temperature range.
Rev. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.
Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication
or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113
© 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD9877
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Specifications..................................................................................... 4
MSB/LSB Transfers .................................................................... 22
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
Notes on Serial Port Operation ................................................ 23
Explanation of Test Levels ........................................................... 7
Transmit Path (Tx) ......................................................................... 24
Thermal Characteristics .............................................................. 7
Transmit Timing......................................................................... 24
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 7
Data Assembler........................................................................... 24
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 8
Half-Band Filters (HBFs) .......................................................... 24
Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 10
Cascaded Integrator-Comb (CIC) Filter................................. 24
Terminology .................................................................................... 12
Combined Filter Response........................................................ 25
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 13
Tx Signal Level Considerations ................................................ 27
Transmit Section......................................................................... 13
Tx Throughput and Latency ..................................................... 27
Clock and Oscillator Circuitry ................................................. 14
Digital-to-Analog Converter .................................................... 27
Programmable Clock Output REFCLK................................... 15
Programming the AD8321/AD8325 or AD8322/AD8327 Cable
Driver Amplifier Gain Control..................................................... 29
Reset and Transmit Power-Down ............................................ 16
Σ-Δ Outputs ................................................................................ 17
Register Map and Bit Definitions ................................................. 18
Register 0x00—Initialization .................................................... 19
Register 0x01—Clock Configuration....................................... 19
Register 0x02—Power-Down.................................................... 19
Register 0x03–0x06—Σ-Δ Control Words.............................. 19
Register 0x08—ADC Clock Configuration ............................ 20
Register 0x0C—Die Revision.................................................... 20
Register 0x0D—Tx Frequency Tuning Words LSBs.............. 20
Register 0x0E—DAC Gain Control ......................................... 20
Register 0x0F—Tx Path Configuration ................................... 20
Registers 0x10–0x1F—Burst Parameter .................................. 20
Serial Interface for Register Control ............................................ 22
General Operation of the Serial Interface ............................... 22
Receive Path (Rx) ........................................................................... 30
ADC Theory of Operation........................................................ 30
Receive Timing ........................................................................... 30
Driving the Analog Inputs ........................................................ 30
Op Amp Selection Guide .......................................................... 31
ADC Differential Inputs............................................................ 31
ADC Voltage References ........................................................... 32
PCB Design Considerations.......................................................... 33
Component Placement .............................................................. 33
Power Planes and Decoupling .................................................. 33
Ground Planes ............................................................................ 33
Signal Routing............................................................................. 34
Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 35
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 35
Instruction Byte .......................................................................... 22
Serial Interface Port Pin Description....................................... 22
Rev. B | Page 2 of 36
AD9877
REVISION HISTORY
5/05—Rev. A to Rev. B
Updated Format.................................................................. Universal
Changed OSCOUT to REFCLK....................................... Universal
Changed REF CLK to REFCLK........................................ Universal
Changes to Specifications.................................................................4
Changes to Figure 24 ......................................................................23
Updated Outline Dimensions........................................................35
Changes to Ordering Guide...........................................................35
7/02—Rev. 0 to Rev. A
Edits to ORDERING GUIDE ..........................................................5
Edits to RESET AND TRANSMIT POWER-DOWN section..17
Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. B | Page 3 of 36
AD9877
SPECIFICATIONS
VAS = 3.3 V ± 5%, VDS = 3.3 V ± 10%, fOSCIN = 27 MHz, fSYSCLK = 216 MHz, fMCLK = 54 MHz (M = 8 and N = 4). ADC sample frequencies
derived from PLL (fMCLK), RSET = 4.02 kΩ, maximum fine gain, 75 Ω DAC load.
Table 1.
Parameter
SYSTEM CLOCK DAC SAMPLING, fSYSCLK
Frequency Range (N = 4)
Frequency Range (N = 3)
OSCIN and XTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Range
Duty Cycle
Input Impedance
MCLK JITTER
Cycle to Cycle (fMCLK derived from PLL)
Tx DAC CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution
Full-Scale Output Current
Gain Error (using internal reference)
Offset Error
Reference Voltage (REFIO Level)
Differential Nonlinearity (DNL)
Integral Nonlinearity (INL)
Output Capacitance
Phase Noise @ 1 kHz Offset, 42 MHz Carrier
Output Voltage Compliance Range
Wideband SFDR
5 MHz Analog Out, IOUT = 10 mA
65 MHz Analog Out, IOUT = 10 mA
Narrow-Band SFDR (±1 MHz Window)
65 MHz Analog Out, IOUT = 10 mA
Tx MODULATOR CHARACTERISTICS
I/Q Offset
Pass-Band Amplitude Ripple (f < fIQCLK/8)
Pass-Band Amplitude Ripple (f < fIQCLK/4)
Stop-Band Response (f > fIQCLK × 3/4)
Tx GAIN CONTROL
Gain Step Size
Gain Step Error
Settling Time, 1% (Full-Scale Step)
8-BIT ADC CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution
Conversion Rate
Pipeline Delay
Offset Matching Between I and Q ADCs
Gain Matching Between I and Q ADCs
Analog Input
Input Voltage Range
Differential Input Impedance
Full Power Bandwidth
Input Referred Noise
Temp
Test
Level
Full
Full
II
II
Full
25°C
25°C
II
II
III
25°C
III
N/A
Full
Full
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
Full
N/A
II
I
I
I
III
III
III
III
II
−0.5
Full
Full
II
II
48
48
55
51
dBc
dBc
Full
II
53
69
dBc
Full
Full
Full
Full
II
II
II
II
50
55
25°C
25°C
25°C
III
III
III
0.5
0.05
1.8
N/A
Full
N/A
N/A
II
N/A
8
3.5
±8.0
±2.0
Bits
MHz
ADC cycles
LSBs
LSBs
Full
25°C
25°C
25°C
II
III
III
III
1
4||2
90
600
Vppd
kΩ||pF
MHz
μV
Rev. B | Page 4 of 36
Min
3
35
Typ
50
100||3
Max
Unit
232
177
MHz
MHz
33
65
MHz
%
MΩ||pF
6
4
−2.5
1.18
12
10
−1
±1.0
1.23
±2.5
±8
5
−110
ps rms
20
+2.5
1.28
+1.5
±0.1
±0.5
−63
Bits
mA
% FS
% FS
V
LSB
LSB
pF
dBc/Hz
V
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
μs
16.5
AD9877
Parameter
Dynamic Performance (AIN = −0.5 dBFS, f = 5 MHz)
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD)
Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
Reference Voltage Error
REFT8 to REFB8 (0.5 V)
12-BIT ADC CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution
Conversion Rate
Pipeline Delay
Analog Input
Input Voltage Range
Differential Input Impedance
Aperture Delay
Aperture Uncertainty (Jitter)
Full-Power Bandwidth
Input Referred Noise
Reference Voltage Error
REFT12 to REFB12 (1 V)
Dynamic Performance (AIN = −0.5 dBFS, f = 5 MHz)
ADC Sample Clock = OSCIN
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD)
Effective Number of Bits (ENOBs)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
ADC Sample Clock = PLL
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD)
Effective Number of Bits (ENOBs)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
Dynamic Performance (AIN = −0.5 dBFS, f = 50 MHz)
ADC Sample Clock = OSCIN
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD)
Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
Differential Phase
Differential Gain
CHANNEL-TO-CHANNEL ISOLATION
Tx DAC-to-ADC Isolation (5 MHz Analog Output)
Isolation Between Tx and 8-Bit ADCs
Isolation Between Tx and 12-Bit ADCs
ADC-to-ADC Isolation
(AIN = −0.5 dBFS, f = 5 MHz)
Isolation Between I/Q in and IF12
Isolation Between Q and I Inputs
Temp
Test
Level
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
Min
Typ
I
I
I
I
40.8
6.5
52.0
47.3
7.6
−60.1
63.0
25°C
I
−100
±10
N/A
Full
N/A
N/A
II
N/A
Full
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
III
III
III
III
III
III
25°C
I
−200
±16
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
II
II
II
II
II
63.2
10.2
63.7
65.9
10.7
66.2
−79.1
79.3
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
II
II
II
II
II
62.0
10.0
62.5
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
25°C
25°C
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
61.1
9.9
61.5
25°C
25°C
III
III
80
90
dB
dB
25°C
25°C
III
III
70
65
dB
dB
Rev. B | Page 5 of 36
Max
−50.0
71.0
69.9
dB
Bits
dB
dB
+100
mV
33
5.5
Bits
MHz
ADC cycles
2
4||2
2.0
1.2
85
75
Vppd
kΩ||pF
ns
ps rms
MHz
μV
12
72.5
Unit
64.6
10.4
64.8
−78
78.9
63.1
10.2
63.3
−77
79.6
<0.1
<1
±200
−68.3
−67.8
−67.9
mV
dB
Bits
dB
dB
dB
dB
Bits
dB
dB
dB
dB
Bits
dB
dB
dB
Degrees
LSB
AD9877
Parameter
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS (10 pF Load)
Wake-Up Time
Minimum RESET Pulse Width Low (tRL)
Digital Output Rise/Fall Time
Tx/Rx Interface
MCLK Frequency (fMCLK)
TxSYNC/TxIQ Setup Time (tSU)
TxSYNC/TxIQ Hold Time (tHD)
MCLK Rising Edge to RxSYNC/RxIQ/IF Valid Delay (tMD)
REFCLK Rising or Falling Edge to RxSYNC/RxIQ/IF Valid
Delay (tOD)
REFCLK Edge to MCLK Falling Edge (tEE)
Serial Control Bus
Maximum SCLK Frequency (fSCLK)
Minimum Clock Pulse Width High (tPWH)
Minimum Clock Pulse Width Low (tPWL)
Maximum Clock Rise/Fall
Minimum Data/Chip-Select Setup Time (tDS)
Minimum Data Hold Time (tDH)
Maximum Data Valid Time (tDV)
CMOS LOGIC INPUTS
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
Logic 1 Current
Logic 0 Current
Input Capacitance
CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load)
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
POWER SUPPLY
Supply Current, IS (Full Operation)
Analog Supply Current, IAS
Digital Supply Current, IDS
Supply Current, IS
Standby (PWRDN Pin Active)
Full Power-Down (Register 0x02 = 0xF9)
Power-Down Tx Path (Register 0x02 = 0x20)
Power-Down Rx Path (Register 0x02 = 0x19)
Reset (RESET Pin Active)
Power Supply Rejection (Differential Signal)
Tx DAC
8-Bit ADC
12-Bit ADC
Temp
Test
Level
Min
N/A
N/A
Full
N/A
N/A
II
5
2.8
Full
Full
Full
Full
II
II
II
II
3
3
0
1.0
MHz
ns
ns
ns
Full
Full
II
II
TOSC/4 − 2.0
−1.0
TOSC/4 + 3.0
+1.0
ns
ns
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
15
MHz
ns
ns
μs
ns
ns
ns
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
II
II
II
II
III
DRVDD − 0.7
25°C
25°C
II
II
DRVDD − 0.6
25°C
25°C
25°C
II
III
III
233
85
228
272
mA
mA
mA
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
I
III
III
III
III
104
10
60
265
85
113
mA
mA
mA
mA
mA
25°C
25°C
25°C
III
III
III
<0.25
<0.004
<0.0004
Rev. B | Page 6 of 36
Typ
Max
Unit
200
tMCLK cycles
tMCLK cycles
ns
4
66
30
30
1
25
0
30
0.4
12
12
3
0.4
V
V
μA
μA
pF
V
V
% FS
% FS
% FS
AD9877
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 2.
Parameters
Power Supply (VAVDD, VDVDD, VDRVDD)
Digital Output Current
Digital Inputs
Analog Inputs
Operating Temperature
Maximum Junction Temperature
Storage Temperature
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
Ratings
3.9 V
5 mA
−0.3 V to DRVDD + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to AVDD + 0.3 V
−40°C to +85°C
150°C
−65°C to +150°C
300°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
EXPLANATION OF TEST LEVELS
I
Devices are 100% production tested at 25°C and
guaranteed by design and characterization testing for
industrial operating temperature range (−40°C to
+85°C).
II
Parameter is guaranteed by design and/or
characterization testing.
III
Parameter is a typical value only.
N/A
Test level definition is not applicable.
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance
100-Lead MQFP
θJA = 40.5°C/W
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the
human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
Rev. B | Page 7 of 36
AD9877
REFB8
AGND
Q IN+
Q IN–
83
82
81
86
AVDD
REFT8
87
84
AVDD
88
85
NC
AGND
89
AGND
AVDD
NC
REFB12
92
90
REFT12
94
93
91
AGND
AVDD
IF12–
98
97
95
IF12+
99
96
NC
AGND
100
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
AVDD
1
DRGND
2
DRVDD
3
78
I IN–
IF(11)
4
77
AGNDIQ
NC
PIN 1
80
AGNDIQ
79
I IN+
IF(10)
5
76
IF(9)
6
75
NC
IF(8)
7
74
AGNDIQ
AVDDIQ
IF(7)
8
73
IF(6)
9
72
DRVDD
IF(5)
10
71
REFCLK
IF(4)
11
IF(3)
12
70
DRGND
69
IF(2)
13
DGNDSD
68
IF(1)
SDELTA0
14
67
SDELTA1
IF(0)
15
66
DVDDSD
RxIQ(3)
16
65
CA_EN
CA_DATA
AD9877
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
RxIQ(2)
17
64
RxIQ(1)
18
63
CA_CLK
RxIQ(0)
19
62
DVDDOSC
RxSYNC
20
61
OSCIN
DRGND
21
60
XTAL
DRVDD
22
59
DGNDOSC
MCLK
23
58
AGNDPLL
DVDD
24
57
PLLFILT
DGND
25
56
AVDDPLL
48
49
50
REFIO
FSADJ
AGNDTx
47
PWRDN
43
46
42
CS
SDIO
DVDDTx
41
SCLK
44
40
DGND
45
39
DGND
SDO
38
DGNDTx
37
DVDD
Figure 2. Pin Configuration
Table 3. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
1, 84, 87, 92, 95
2, 21, 70
3, 22, 72
25, 34, 39, 40
24, 33, 38
45
46
50
53
54
55
56
58
Mnemonic
AVDD
DRGND
DRVDD
DGND
DVDD
DGNDTx
DVDDTx
AGNDTx
AVDDTx
DGNDPLL
DVDDPLL
AVDDPLL
AGNDPLL
Description
12-Bit ADC Analog 3.3 V Supply.
Pin Driver Digital Ground.
Pin Driver Digital 3.3 V Supply.
Digital Ground.
Digital 3.3 V Supply.
Tx Path Digital Ground.
Tx Path Digital 3.3 V Supply.
Tx Path Analog Ground.
Tx Path Analog 3.3 V Supply.
PLL Digital Ground.
PLL Digital 3.3 V Supply.
PLL Analog 3.3 V Supply.
PLL Analog Ground.
Rev. B | Page 8 of 36
02716-002
NC = NO CONNECT
RESET
Tx–
36
51
PROFILE(0)
30
35
Tx+
TxIQ(2)
PROFILE(1)
AVDDTx
52
34
53
29
33
28
TxIQ(3)
DVDD
TxIQ(4)
DGND
DGNDPLL
32
DVDDPLL
54
31
55
27
TxIQ(1)
26
TxIQ(5)
TxIQ(0)
TxSYNC
AD9877
Pin No.
59
62
66
69
73
74, 77, 80
83, 88, 91, 96, 99
4:15
16:19
20
23
26
27:32
35, 36
37
41
42
43
44
47
48
49
51, 52
57
60
61
63
64
65
67
68
71
75, 76, 89, 90, 100
78, 79
81, 82
85
86
93
94
97, 98
Mnemonic
DGNDOSC
DVDDOSC
DVDDSD
DGNDSD
AVDDIQ
AGNDIQ
AGND
IF[11:0]
RxIQ[3:0]
RxSYNC
MCLK
TxSYNC
TxIQ[5:0]
PROFILE[1:0]
RESET
SCLK
CS
SDIO
SDO
PWRDN
REFIO
FSADJ
Tx−, Tx+
PLLFILT
XTAL
OSCIN
CA_CLK
CA_DATA
CA_EN
SDELTA1
SDELTA0
REFCLK
NC
I IN−, I IN+
Q IN−, Q IN+
REFB8
REFT8
REFB12
REFT12
IF12−, IF12+
Description
Oscillator Digital Ground.
Oscillator Digital 3.3 V Supply.
Σ-Δ Digital 3.3 V Supply.
Σ-Δ Digital Ground.
8-Bit ADC Analog 3.3 V Supply.
8-Bit ADC Analog Ground.
12-Bit ADC Analog Ground.
12-Bit ADC Digital Output.
Muxed I and Q ADC Output.
Sync Output, IF, I, and Q ADCs.
Master Clock Output.
Sync Input for Transmit Port.
Digital Input for Transmit Port.
Profile Selection Inputs.
Chip Reset Input.
SPORT Clock.
SPORT Chip Select.
SPORT Data I/O.
SPORT Data Output.
Power-Down Transmit Path.
TxDAC Decoupling (to AGND).
DAC Output Adjust (External Resistor).
Tx Path Complementary Outputs.
PLL Loop Filter Connection.
Crystal Oscillator Inverse Output.
Oscillator Clock Input.
Serial Clock to Cable Driver.
Serial Data to Cable Driver.
Serial Enable to Cable Driver.
Σ-Δ Output Stream1.
Σ-Δ Output Stream0.
Programmable Reference Clock Output.
No Connect (Leave Floating).
Differential Input to I ADC.
Differential Input to Q ADC.
8-Bit ADC Decoupling Node.
8-Bit ADC Decoupling Node.
12-Bit ADC Decoupling Node.
12-Bit ADC Decoupling Node.
Differential Input to IF ADC.
Rev. B | Page 9 of 36
AD9877
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
VAS = 3.3 V, VDS = 3.3 V, fOSCIN = 27 MHz, fSYSCLK = 216 MHz, fMCLK = 54 MHz (M = 8 and N = 4). ADC sample rate derived directly from
fOSCIN, RSET = 4.02 kΩ (IOUT = 10 mA), and 75 Ω DAC load, unless otherwise noted.
TYPICAL POWER CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS
Transmitted 20 MHz single tone, unless otherwise noted.
340
310
320
300
300
290
POWER
POWER
280
260
280
240
270
220
02716-003
180
120
140
160
180
200
fSYSCLK (MHz)
220
02716-004
260
200
250
0
240
Figure 3. Power Consumption vs. Clock Speed, fSYSCLK
10
20
30
50
60
40
% DUTY CYCLE
70
80
90
100
Figure 4. Power Consumption vs. Transmit Burst Duty Cycle
DUAL SIDEBAND TRANSMIT SPECTRUM
0
–10
–10
–20
–20
–30
–30
–40
–50
–60
–40
–50
–60
–70
–70
–80
–80
–90
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
FREQUENCY (MHz)
16
18
02716-006
MAGNITUDE (dB)
0
02716-005
MAGNITUDE (dB)
See Table 11 for dual-tone generation.
–90
55
20
57
59
61
63
65
67
FREQUENCY (MHz)
69
71
73
75
Figure 6. Dual Sideband Spectral Plot, fC = 65 MHz, f = 1 MHz,
RSET = 4.02 KΩ, (IOUT = 10 mA), RBW = 1 kHz
Figure 5. Dual Sideband Spectral Plot, fC = 5 MHz, f = 1 MHz,
RSET = 4.02 KΩ, DAC Gain = 7.5 dB, RBW = 1 kHz
0
–10
–20
–20
–30
–30
–40
–50
–60
–40
–50
–60
–70
–70
–80
–80
–90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FREQUENCY (MHz)
80
90
100
02716-008
MAGNITUDE (dB)
0
–10
02716-007
MAGNITUDE (dB)
SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSMIT SPECTRUM
–90
110
0
Figure 7. Single Sideband @ 65 MHz, RBW = 2 kHz, fC = 66 MHz,
f = 1 MHz, RSET = 4.02 KΩ, DAC gain = 7.5 dB
10
20
30
50
60
70
40
FREQUENCY (MHz)
80
90
100
110
Figure 8. Single Sideband @ 42 MHz, RBW = 2 kHz, fC = 43 MHz,
f = 1 MHz, RSET = 4.02 KΩ, DAC gain = 7.5 dB
Rev. B | Page 10 of 36
AD9877
90
0
–10
85
fOSCIN
80
–30
–40
(dB)
MAGNITUDE (dB)
–20
75
–50
70
–60
PLL
–70
02716-009
–90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FREQUENCY (MHz)
80
90
100
02716-012
65
–80
60
5
110
25
35
45
55
65
fIN (MHz)
75
85
95
105
95
105
95
105
Figure 12. 12-Bit ADC SFDR vs. Input Frequency
Figure 9. Single Sideband @ 5 MHz, RBW = 2 kHz, fC = 6 MHz,
f = 1 MHz, RSET = 4.02 KΩ, DAC gain = 7.5 dB
0
11.0
–10
10.5
–20
10.0
fOSCIN
9.5
–30
9.0
–40
ENOB
MAGNITUDE (dB)
15
–50
8.5
8.0
–60
PLL
7.5
–70
02716-010
–90
62.5 63.0
63.5 64.0
64.5 65.0 65.5 66.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
66.5 67.0
02716-013
7.0
–80
6.5
6.0
67.5
5
Figure 10. Single Sideband @ 65 MHz, RBW = 500 Hz, fC = 66 MHz,
f = 1 MHz, RSET = 4.02 KΩ, DAC gain = 7.5 dB
15
25
35
45
65
55
fIN (MHz)
75
85
Figure 13. 12-Bit ADC ENOBs vs. Input Frequency
70
–60
–65
60
–70
(dB)
PLL
55
–75
PLL
50
–80
45
fOSCIN
40
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
fIN (MHz)
75
85
95
02716-014
–85
02716-011
(dB)
fOSCIN
65
–90
105
5
Figure 11. 12-Bit ADC SNR vs. Input Frequency
15
25
35
45
55
65
fIN (MHz)
75
85
Figure 14. 12-Bit ADC THD vs. Input Frequency
Rev. B | Page 11 of 36
AD9877
TERMINOLOGY
Aperture Delay
The aperture delay is a measure of the sample-and-hold
amplifier (SHA) performance. It specifies the time delay
between the rising edge of the sampling clock input and when
the input signal is held for conversion.
Aperture Uncertainty (Jitter)
Aperture jitter is the variation in aperture delay for successive
samples. It is manifested as noise on the input to the ADC.
Channel-to-Channel Isolation (Crosstalk)
In an ideal multichannel system, the signal in one channel does
not influence the signal level of another channel. The channelto-channel isolation specification is a measure of the change
that occurs to a grounded channel as a full-scale signal is
applied to another channel.
Differential Nonlinearity Error (DNL, No Missing Codes)
An ideal converter exhibits code transitions that are exactly 1 LSB
apart. DNL is the deviation from this ideal value. Guaranteed
no missing codes to 10-bit resolution indicates that all 1,024
codes, respectively, must be present over all operating ranges.
Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)
For a sine wave, SINAD can be expressed in terms of the
number of bits. Using the formula
Offset Error
First transition should occur for an analog value 1/2 LSB
above −FS. Offset error is defined as the deviation of the actual
transition from that point.
Output Compliance Range
The range of allowable voltage at the output of a current-output
DAC. Operation beyond the maximum compliance limits can
cause either output stage saturation or break down, resulting in
nonlinear performance.
Phase Noise
Single-sideband phase noise power is specified relative to the
carrier (dBc/Hz) at a given frequency offset (1 kHz) from the
carrier. Phase noise can be measured directly in single-tone
transmit mode with a spectrum analyzer that supports noise
marker measurements. It detects the relative power between the
carrier and the offset (1 kHz) sideband noise and takes the
resolution bandwidth (RBW) into account by subtracting
10 log(RBW). It also adds a correction factor that compensates
for the implementation of the resolution bandwidth, log display,
and detector characteristic.
Pipeline Delay (Latency)
Pipeline delay is the number of clock cycles between conversion
initiation and the availability of the associated output data.
N = (SINAD − 1.76 dB/6.02)
it is possible to determine a measure of performance expressed
as N, the effective number of bits. Thus, the effective number of
bits for a device’s sine wave inputs at a given input frequency
can be calculated directly from its measured SINAD.
Gain Error
The first code transition should occur at an analog value
1/2 LSB above full scale. The last transition should occur for an
analog value 1 1/2 LSB below the nominal full scale. Gain error
is the deviation of the actual difference between the first and
last code transitions and the ideal difference between the first
and last code transitions.
Input Referred Noise
The rms output noise is measured using histogram techniques.
The standard deviation of the ADC output code is calculated in
LSB and converted to an equivalent voltage. This results in a
noise figure that can be directly referred to the input of the MxFE.
Integral Nonlinearity Error (INL)
Linearity error refers to the deviation of each individual code
from a line drawn from negative full scale through the positive
full scale. The point used as the negative full scale occurs
1/2 LSB before the first code transition. Positive full scale is
defined as a level 1 1/2 LSB beyond the last code transition. The
deviation is measured from the middle of each code to the true
straight line.
Power Supply Rejection
Power supply rejection specifies the converter’s maximum fullscale change when the supplies are varied from nominal to
minimum and maximum specified voltages.
Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD) Ratio
SINAD is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input
signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below
the Nyquist frequency, including harmonics but excluding dc.
The value for SINAD is expressed in decibels.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
SNR is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input signal to
the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist
frequency, excluding harmonics and dc. The value for SNR is
expressed in decibels.
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
SFDR is the difference, in dB, between the rms amplitude of the
DAC output signal (or the ADC input signal) and the peak
spurious signal over the specified bandwidth (Nyquist
bandwidth, unless otherwise noted).
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
THD is the ratio of the rms sum of the first six harmonic
components to the rms value of the measured input signal and
is expressed as a percentage or in decibels.
Rev. B | Page 12 of 36
AD9877
THEORY OF OPERATION
To gain a general understanding of the AD9877, refer to the
block diagram of the device architecture in Figure 15. The
following is a general description of the device functionality.
Later sections will detail each of the data path building blocks.
The data assembler receives the multiplexed IQ data and creates
two parallel 12-bit paths with I and Q data pairs, which
compose a complex symbol. The rate at which the I and Q dataword pairs appear at the output of the data assembler are
referred to as the IQ sample rate (fIQCLK). Because four 6-bit
reads are required at the TxIQ input to read a full 24-bit
complex symbol, fMCLK is 4 times the IQ sample rate (fMCLK = 4 ×
fIQCLK).
TRANSMIT SECTION
Modulation Mode Operation
The AD9877 accepts 6-bit words that are strobed synchronous
to the master clock, MCLK, into the data assembler. A high
level on TxSYNC signals the start of a transmit symbol. Two
successive 6-bit words form a 12-bit symbol component. The
incoming data is assumed to be complex in that alternating
12-bit words are regarded as the in-phase (I) and quadrature
(Q) components of a symbol. Symbol components are assumed
to be in twos complement format. The rate at which the TxIQ
data is read will be referred to as the master clock rate (fMCLK).
QUADRATURE
MODULATOR
DATA
ASSEMBLER
12
TxIQ
Once through the data assembler, the IQ data streams are fed
through two half-band filters (Half-Band Filters 1 and 2). The
combination of these two filters results in the sample rate
increasing by a factor of 4. Thus, at the output of Half-Band
Filter 2, the sample rate is 4 × fIQCLK. In addition to the sample
rate increase, the half-band filters provide the low-pass filtering
characteristic necessary to suppress the spectral images
produced by the upsampling process.
HALF-BAND
FILTER 1
12
HALF-BAND
FILTER 2
12
COS
I
6
FSADJ
CIC
FILTER
DAC GAIN CONTROL
12
DAC
12
TxSYNC
12
Tx
12
Q
SIN
(fSYSCLK)
DDS
(fIQCLK)
(fMCLK)
÷2
÷2
OSCIN
MULTIPLIER × M
MCLK
R = 2, 3, ..., 63
REFCLK
(fOSCIN)
N = 3, 4
M = 1, 2, ..., 31
÷N
÷R
XTAL
OSCIN
12
CONTROL WORD 0
3
AD832x CTRL
Σ-Δ
SDELTA0
Σ-Δ
SDELTA1
÷8
2
12
BURST PROFILE CTRL
CONTROL WORD 1
4
SERIAL INTERFACE
÷2
÷2
(fOSCIN)
8
ADC
I INPUT
ADC
Q INPUT
ADC
IF12 INPUT
4
MUX
RxIQ
REF8
8
RxIQ
DATA
÷2
RxSYNC
(fOSCIN)
AD9877
REF12
Figure 15. Block Diagram
Rev. B | Page 13 of 36
02716-015
12
12
Rx IF
AD9877
After passing through the half-band filter stages, the IQ data
streams are fed to a cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) filter. This
filter is configured as an interpolating filter, which allows
further upsampling rates of 3 or 4. The CIC filter, like the halfbands, has a built-in low-pass characteristic. Again, this
provides for suppression of the spectral images produced by the
upsampling process.
The digital quadrature modulator stage following the CIC filters
is used to frequency shift (upconvert) the baseband spectrum of
the incoming data stream up to the desired carrier frequency.
The carrier frequency is controlled numerically by a direct
digital synthesizer (DDS). The DDS uses the internal system
clock (fSYSCLK) to generate the desired carrier frequency with a
high degree of precision. The carrier is applied to the I and Q
multipliers in quadrature fashion (90° phase offset) and
summed to yield a data stream that is the modulated carrier.
It should be noted at this point that the incoming data has been
converted from an input sample rate of fMCLK to an output
sample rate of fSYSCLK (see Figure 15). The modulated carrier
becomes the 12-bit samples sent to the DAC.
Single-Tone Output Transmit Operation
The AD9877 can be configured for frequency synthesis
applications by writing the single-tone bit true. In single-tone
mode, the AD9877 disengages the modulator and preceding
data path logic to output a spectrally pure single-frequency sine
wave. The AD9877 provides for a 26-bit frequency tuning word,
which results in a tuning resolution of 3.2 Hz at a fSYSCLK rate of
216 MHz. A good rule when using the AD9877 as a frequency
synthesizer is to limit the fundamental output frequency to 30%
of fSYSCLK. This avoids generating aliases too close to the desired
fundamental output frequency, thus minimizing the cost of
filtering the aliases.
Frequency hopping via the profile inputs and associated tuning
word is also supported in single-tone mode, which allows
frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation.
clock-related spur in the output spectrum of the AD9877.
External loop filter components consisting of a series resistor
(1.3 kΩ) and capacitor (0.01 μF) provide the compensation zero
for the OSCIN multiplier PLL loop. The overall loop
performance has been optimized for these component values.
Receive Section
The AD9877 includes three high speed, high performance
ADCs. Two matched 8-bit ADCs are optimized for analog IQ
demodulated signals and can be sampled at rates up to
16.5 MSPS. A direct IF 12-bit ADC can sample signals at rates
up to 33 MSPS.
The ADC sampling frequency can be derived directly from the
OSCIN signal or from the on-chip OSCIN multiplier. For
highest dynamic performance, it is recommended to choose an
OSCIN frequency that can be directly used as the ADC
sampling clock. Digital 8-bit ADC outputs are multiplexed to
one 4-bit bus, clocked by the master clock (MCLK). The 12-bit
ADC uses a nonmultiplexed 12-bit interface with an output
data rate of half the fMCLK frequency.
CLOCK AND OSCILLATOR CIRCUITRY
The internal oscillator of the AD9877 generates all sampling
clocks from a simple, low cost, parallel resonance, fundamental
frequency quartz crystal. Figure 16 shows how the quartz
crystal is connected between OSCIN (Pin 61) and XTAL
(Pin 60) with parallel resonant load capacitors as specified by
the crystal manufacturer. The internal oscillator circuitry can
also be overdriven by a clock applied to OSCIN with XTAL left
unconnected.
fOSCIN = fMCLK × N/M
An internal phase-locked loop (PLL) generates the DAC
sampling frequency, fSYSCLK, by multiplying OSCIN frequency M
times. The MCLK signal (Pin 23), fMCLK, is derived by dividing
this PLL output frequency by N (Register Address 0x01).
fSYSCLK = fOSCIN × M
fMCLK = fOSCIN × M/N
OSCIN Clock Multiplier
As mentioned earlier, the output data is sampled at the rate of
fSYSCLK. The AD9877 has a built-in programmable clock
multiplier and an oscillator circuit. This allows the use of a
relatively low frequency, and therefore less expensive, crystal or
oscillator to generate the OSCIN signal. The low frequency
OSCIN signal can then be multiplied in frequency by an integer
factor of between 1 and 31, inclusive, to become the fSYSCLK clock.
For DDS applications, the carrier is typically limited to about
30% of fSYSCLK. For a 65 MHz carrier, the system clock required is
above 216 MHz.
The OSCIN multiplier function maintains clock integrity, as
evidenced by the excellent phase noise characteristics and low
An external PLL loop filter (Pin 57) consisting of a series
resistor and ceramic capacitor (Figure 16, R1 = 1.3 kΩ, C12 =
0.01 μF) is required for stability of the PLL. Also, a shield
surrounding these components is recommended to minimize
external noise coupling into the PLL’s voltage-controlled
oscillator input (guard trace connected to AVDDPLL).
Figure 15 shows that ADCs are either sampled directly by a low
jitter clock at OSCIN or by a clock that is derived from the PLL
output. Operating modes can be selected in Register 0x08.
Sampling the ADCs directly with the OSCIN clock requires
MCLK to be programmed at twice the OSCIN frequency.
Rev. B | Page 14 of 36
AD9877
fOSCOUT = fMCLK/R or fOSCIN
PROGRAMMABLE CLOCK OUTPUT REFCLK
The AD9877 provides a frequency-programmable clock output
REFCLK (Pin 71). OSCIN or MCLK (fMCLK) and the master
clock divider ratio R stored in Register Address 0x01 determine
its frequency.
In its default setting (0x00 in Register 0x01), the REFCLK pin
provides a buffered output of fOSCIN.
CP2
10μF
REFB8
AGND
Q IN+
Q IN–
83
82
81
86
AVDD
REFT8
87
84
AVDD
88
C6
0.1μF
85
NC
AGND
89
AGND
AVDD
NC
REFB12
92
90
REFT12
94
93
91
AGND
AVDD
IF12–
98
97
95
IF12+
99
C4
C5
0.1μF 0.1μF
C3
0.1μF
96
NC
AGND
100
C1
C2
0.1μF 0.1μF
AVDD
1
DRGND
2
DRVDD
3
78
I IN–
(MSB) IF(11)
4
77
AGNDIQ
NC
PIN 1
80
AGNDIQ
79
I IN+
IF(10)
5
76
IF(9)
6
75
NC
IF(8)
7
74
AGNDIQ
AVDDIQ
IF(7)
8
73
IF(6)
9
72
DRVDD
IF(5)
10
71
REFCLK
IF(4)
11
IF(3)
12
70
DRGND
69
IF(2)
13
DGNDSD
68
IF(1)
SDELTA0
14
67
SDELTA1
IF(0)
15
66
DVDDSD
(MSB) RxIQ(3)
16
65
CA_EN
AD9877
TOP VIEW
(Pins Down)
RxIQ(2)
17
64
CA_DATA
RxIQ(1)
18
63
CA_CLK
RxIQ(0)
19
62
DVDDOSC
RxSYNC
20
61
OSCIN
DRGND
21
60
XTAL
DRVDD
22
59
DGNDOSC
MCLK
23
58
AGNDPLL
DVDD
24
57
PLLFILT
DGND
25
56
AVDDPLL
Figure 16. Basic Connection Diagram
Rev. B | Page 15 of 36
GUARD TRACE
C12
R1
1.3kΩ 0.01μF
50
48
49
REFIO
FSADJ
C13
0.1μF
C11
20pF
AGNDTx
47
43
PWRDN
42
CS
SDIO
46
41
SCLK
DVDDTx
40
DGND
44
39
DGND
45
38
DVDD
SDO
37
RESET
NC = NO CONNECT
DGNDTx
36
Tx–
PROFILE(0)
51
35
30
PROFILE(1)
Tx+
TxIQ(2)
34
AVDDTx
52
33
53
29
DVDD
28
TxIQ(3)
DGND
TxIQ(4)
32
DVDDPLL
DGNDPLL
31
55
54
TxIQ(1)
26
27
TxIQ(0)
TxSYNC
(MSB) TxIQ(5)
C10
20pF
RSET
2kΩ
02716-016
CP1
10μF
AD9877
A software reset (writing a 1 into Bit 5 of Register 0x00) is
functionally equivalent to the hardware reset but does not force
Register 0x00 to its default value.
Power-Up Sequence
On initial power-up, the RESET pin should be held low until
the power supply is stable.
Once RESET is deasserted, the AD9877 can be programmed
over the serial port. It is recommended that the PWRDN pin be
held low during the reset. Changes to ADC Clock Select
(Register 0x08) or SYS Clock Divider N (Register 0x01) should
be programmed before the rising edge of PWRDN. Changes to
the multiplier (M) will require the PLL to reacquire the new
frequency, which can take up to 1 ms.
Once the PLL is frequency-locked and after the PWRDN pin is
brought high, transmit data can be sent reliably.
If the PWRDN pin cannot be held low throughout the reset and
PLL settling time period, the Power-Down Digital Tx bit or the
PWRDN pin should be pulsed after the PLL has settled. This
will ensure correct transmit filter initialization.
RESET
To initiate a hardware reset, the RESET pin should be held low
for at least 100 ns. All internally generated clocks except
REFCLK stop during reset. The MCLK signal begins
transmission three clock cycles after reset. The rising edge of
RESET reinitializes the programmable registers to their default
values. The same sequence as described in the Power-Up
Sequence section should be followed after a reset or change in M.
PWRDN
RESET
1ms
5 MCLK
PWRDN
Figure 17. Power-Up Sequence for Tx Data Path
Transmit Power-Down
A low level on the PWRDN pin stops all clocks linked to the
digital transmit data path and resets the CIC filter. Deasserting
PWRDN reactivates all clocks. The CIC filter is held in a reset
state for 80 MCLK cycles after the rising edge of PWRDN to
allow for flushing of the half-band filters with new input data.
Transmit data bursts should be padded with at least 20 symbols
of null data directly before the PWRDN pin is asserted.
Immediately after the PWRDN pin is deasserted, the transmit
burst should start with a minimum of 20 null data symbols.
This avoids unintended DAC output samples caused by the
transmit path latency and filter settling time.
Software Power-Down Digital Tx (Bit 5 in Register 0x02) is
functionally equivalent to the hardware PWRDN pin and takes
effect immediately after the last register bit has been written
over the serial port.
5 MCLK
DATA SYMBOLS
20 NULL SYMBOLS
0
0
0
0
20 NULL SYMBOLS
0
0
0
0
02716-018
TxIQ
VS
02716-017
RESET AND TRANSMIT POWER-DOWN
TxSYNC
Figure 18. Timing Sequence to Flush Tx Data Path
Rev. B | Page 16 of 36
AD9877
Σ-Δ OUTPUTS
The AD9877 contains two independent Σ-Δ outputs that
provide a digital logic bit stream with an average duty cycle that
varies between 0% and (4095/4096)%, depending on the
programmed code, as shown in Figure 19.
In set-top box and cable modem applications, the outputs can
be used to control external variable gain amplifiers and RF
tuners. A simple single-pole RC low-pass filter provides
sufficient filtering (Figure 20).
These bit streams can be low-pass filtered to generate
programmable dc voltages of
In more demanding applications where additional gain, level
shift, or drive capability is required, a first or second order
active filter might be considered for each Σ-Δ output (Figure 21).
VDC = (Σ-Δ Code/4096)(VH) + VL
where:
VH = VDRVDD − 0.6 V.
VL = 0.4 V.
8 tMCLK
4096 × 8 tMCLK
AD9877
0x000
SIGMA-DELTA 0
12
Σ-Δ
CONTROL
WORD 0
0x001
R
DC (0.4 TO
DRVDD – 0.6V)
C
÷8
12
CONTROL
WORD 1
0x800
Σ-Δ
SIGMA-DELTA 1
0xFFF
4096 × 8 tMCLK
TYPICAL:
02716-019
Figure 19. Σ-Δ Output Signals
C
R1
AD9877
Σ-Δ
R
VOUT
R
VSD
OP250
C
R
VOUT = (VSD + VOFFSET) (1 + R/R1)/2
VOFFSET
TYPICAL:
R = 50kΩ
C = 0.01μF
f–3dB = 1/(2πRC) = 318Hz
Figure 21. Σ-Δ Active Filter with Gain and Offset
Rev. B | Page 17 of 36
DC (0.4 TO
DRVDD – 0.6V)
C
R = 50kΩ
C = 0.01μF
f–3dB = 1/(2πRC) = 318Hz
Figure 20. Σ-Δ RC Filter
02716-021
8 tMCLK
R
02716-020
MCLK
0x002
AD9877
REGISTER MAP AND BIT DEFINITIONS
Table 4. Register Map 1
Address
(Hex)
0x00
0x01
Bit 7
SDIO
Bidirectional
PLL Lock
Detect
Bit 6
LSB First
SYSCLK
Divider
N=3
(N = 4
Default)
PowerDown
DAC Tx
Bit 5
RESET
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
OSCIN Multiplier M [4]
MCLK Divider R [5:0]
0x02
PowerDown PLL
0x03
Σ-Δ Output [0] Control Word [3:0] LSB
0x04
0x05
Flag [0]
Σ-Δ Output 0 Control Word [11:4] MSB
Σ-Δ Output [0] Control Word [3:0] LSB
0
0x06
0x07
0x08
Flag [1]
0
ADC Clock
Select
0x09
0x0A
0x0B
0x0C
0x0D
0x0E
0x0F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tx Frequency Tuning
Word Profile 3 LSBs [1:0]
0
0
0
0
0x10
0x11
0x12
0x13
0x14
0x15
0x16
0x17
0x18
0x19
1A
0x1B
0x1C
0x1D
0x1E
0x1F
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 0 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 0 [17:10]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 0 [25:18]
CA Interface Transmit Word Control Profile 0 [7:4]
DAC Gain Control Profile 0 [3:0]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 1 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 1 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 1 [9:2]
CA Interface Transmit Word Control Profile 1 [7:4]
DAC Gain Control Profile 1 [3:0]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 2 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 2 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 2 [9:2]
CA Interface Transmit Word Control Profile 2 [7:4]
DAC Gain Control Profile 2 [3:0]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 3 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 3 [9:2]
Tx Frequency Turning Word Profile 3 [9:2]
CA Interface Transmit Word Control Profile 3 [7:4]
DAC Gain Control Profile 3 [3:0]
1
0
0
Power-Down
Digital Tx
PowerDown
12-Bit
ADC
Power-Down
12-Bit ADC
Reference
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flag [1]
Enable
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Σ-Δ Output 1 Control Word [11:4] MSB
0
0
0
0
0
Power0
0
Down
RxSYNC
and 8Bit ADC
Clock
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Tx Frequency Tuning
Tx Frequency Tuning
Word Profile 2 LSBs [1:0]
Word Profile 1 LSB [1:0]
0
0
DAC Gain Control [3:0]
Profile Select [1:0]
CA Interface
0
Mode Select
Register bits denoted with 0 must be programmed with a 0 each time that register is written.
Rev. B | Page 18 of 36
PowerDown
8-Bit
ADC
Flag [0]
Enable
Version [3:0]
Tx Frequency Tuning
Word Profile 3 LSBs [1:0]
Spectral
Inversion Tx
SingleTone Tx
Mode
Default
(Hex)
08
Type
Read/write
00
Read/write
00
Read/write
00
Read/write Σ-Δ
00
00
Read/write Σ-Δ
Read/write Σ-Δ
00
00
80
Read/write Σ-Δ
Read/write Tx
Read/write
ADC
00
00
00
10
00
Read/write
Read only
Read/write
Read only
Read/write Tx
00
00
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
Read/write Tx
AD9877
Bit 6: SYSCLK Divider
REGISTER 0x00—INITIALIZATION
Bits 0–4: OSCIN Multiplier
This register field is used to program the on-chip multiplier
(PLL) that generates the chip’s high frequency system clock fSYSCLK.
To multiply the external crystal clock fOSCIN by 16 decimals, for
example, program Register 0x00, Bits 4:0 as 0x10. The default
value of M is 0x08. Valid entries range from M = 1 to 31. When
M equals 1, the PLL is disabled. All internal clocks are derived
directly from OSCIN.
The PLL requires 200 MCLK cycles to regain frequency lock
after a change in M, the clock multiplier value. After the
recapture time of the PLL, the frequency of fSYSCLK is stable.
For timing integrity, certain restrictions on the values of M and
N apply when both AD9877 transmit and receive paths are
used. The supported modes are shown in Table 5.
0, fMCLK (PLL derived)
N
3
4
3
4
Bit 7: PLL Lock Detect
When this bit is set low, the REFCLK pin functions in its default
mode and provides an output clock with frequency fMCLK/R, as
described previously.
If this bit is set to 1, the REFCLK pin is configured to indicate
whether the PLL is locked to fOSCIN. In this mode, the REFCLK
pin should be low-pass filtered with an RC filter of 1.0 kΩ and
0.1 μF. A high output on REFCLK indicates the PLL has
achieved lock with fOSCIN.
REGISTER 0x02—POWER-DOWN
Sections of the chip that are not used can be powered down
when the corresponding bits are set high. This register has a
default value of 0x00, with all sections active.
Table 5. ADC Clock Select
ADC Clock Select
1, fOSCIN
The OSCIN multiplier output clock, fSYSCLK, can be divided by 4
or 3 to generate the chip’s master clock. Active high indicates a
divide ratio of N = 3. Default low configures a divide ratio of
N = 4.
M
6
8
12
16
Bit 0: Power-Down 8-Bit ADC
Active high powers down the 8-bit ADC.
Bit 3: Power-Down 12-Bit ADC Reference
Bit 5: RESET
Writing a 1 to this bit resets the registers to their default values
and restarts the chip. The RESET bit always reads back 0. The
bits in Register 0x00 are not affected by this software reset. A
low level at the RESET pin, however, would force all registers,
including all bits in Register 0x00, to their default state.
Bit 6: LSB First
Active high indicates SPI serial port access of instruction byte
and data registers are least significant bit (LSB) first. Default low
indicates most significant bit (MSB) first format.
Active high powers down the 12-bit ADC reference.
Bit 4: Power-Down 12-Bit ADC
Active high powers down the 12-bit ADC.
Bit 5: Power-Down Digital Tx
Active high powers down the digital transmit section of the
chip, similar to the function of the PWRDN pin.
Bit 6: Power-Down DAC Tx
Active high powers down the DAC.
Bit 7: SDIO Bidirectional
Bit 7: Power-Down PLL
Active high configures the serial port as a three-signal port with
the SDIO pin used as a bidirectional input/output pin. Default
low indicates the serial port uses four signals with SDIO configured as an input and SDO configured as an output.
Active high powers down the OSCIN multiplier.
REGISTER 0x01—CLOCK CONFIGURATION
Bits 0–5: MCLK Divider
This register determines the output clock on the REFCLK pin.
At default zero (R = 0), REFCLK provides a buffered version of
the OSCIN clock signal for other chips.
The register can also be used to divide the chip’s master clock,
fMCLK, by R, where R is an integer between 2 and 63. The
generated reference clock on the REFCLK pin can be used for
external frequency controlled devices.
REGISTER 0x03–0x06—Σ-Δ CONTROL WORDS
The Σ-Δ control words are 12 bits wide and split into MSB Bits
[11:4] and LSB Bits [3:0]. Changes to the Σ-Δ control words
take effect immediately for every MSB or LSB register write.
Σ-Δ output control words have a default value of 0. The control
words are in straight binary format, with 0x000 corresponding
to the bottom of the scale and 0xFFF corresponding to the top
of the scale (see Figure 19 for details).
If flag enable (Bit 0 of Register 0x03 or 0x05) is set high, the
SDELTA pins maintains a fixed logic level determined directly
by the MSB of the Σ-Δ control word.
Rev. B | Page 19 of 36
AD9877
Default is logic low, noninverted modulation.
REGISTER 0x08—ADC CLOCK CONFIGURATION
Bit 4: Power-Down RxSYNC and 8-Bit ADC Clock
MODULATOR_OUT = [I cos(ωt) − Q sin(ωt)]
Setting this bit to 1 powers down the sampling clock of the 8-bit
ADC and stops the RxSYNC output pin. It can be used for
additional power saving on top of the power-down selections in
Register 0x02.
Bit 7: ADC Clock Select
When set high, the input clock at OSCIN is used directly as the
ADC sampling clock. When set low, the internally generated
master clock, MCLK, is used as the ADC sampling clock. Best
ADC performance is achieved when the ADCs are sampled
directly from fOSCIN using an external crystal or low jitter crystal
oscillator.
REGISTER 0x0C—DIE REVISION
Bits 0–3: Version
The die version of the chip can be read from this register.
REGISTER 0x0D—Tx FREQUENCY TUNING WORDS
LSBs
This register accommodates 2 LSBs for each of the four
frequency tuning words (see the Registers 0X10–0X1F—Burst
Parameter section).
REGISTER 0x0E—DAC GAIN CONTROL
This bit changes the manner in which transmit gain control is
performed. Typically, either AD8321/AD8325 (Default 0) or
AD8322/AD8327 (Default 1) variable gain cable amplifiers are
programmed over the chip’s 3-wire cable amplifier (CA)
interface. The Tx gain control select changes the interpretation
of the bits in Registers 0x13, 0x17, 0x1B, and 0x1F (see the
Cable Driver Gain Control section).
Bits 4–5: Profile Select
The AD9877 quadrature digital upconverter is capable of
storing four preconfigured modulation modes called profiles.
Each profile defines a transmit frequency tuning word and cable
driver amplifier gain (DAC gain) setting. Profile Select [1:0] bits
or PROFILE [1:0] pins program the current register profile to
be used. Profile Select bits should always be 0 if PROFILE[1:0]
pins are used to switch between profiles. Using the Profile Select
bits as a means of switching between different profiles requires
the PROFILE [1:0] pins to be tied low.
REGISTERS 0x10–0x1F—BURST PARAMETER
Tx Frequency Tuning Words
The frequency tuning word (FTW) determines the DDSgenerated carrier frequency (fC) and is formed via a
concatenation of register addresses.
This register allows the user to program the DAC gain if Tx
Gain Control Select Bit 3 in Register 0x0F is set to 0.
Table 6. DAC Gain Control
Bits [3:0]
0000
0001
0010
0011
...
1110
1111
Bit 3: CA Interface Mode Select
The 26-bit FTW is spread over four register addresses. Bit 25 is
the MSB, and Bit 0 is the LSB.
DAC Gain
0.0 dB (default)
0.5 dB
1.0 dB
1.5 dB
...
7.0 dB
7.5 dB
The carrier frequency equation is given as
fc = [FTW × fSYSCLK]/226
where:
fSYSCLK = M × fOSCIN.
FTW < 0 × 2000000.
REGISTER 0x0F—Tx PATH CONFIGURATION
Bit 0: Single-Tone Tx Mode
Changes to FTW bytes take effect immediately.
Active high configures the AD9877 for single-tone applications
such as FSK. The AD9877 will supply a single-frequency output
as determined by the frequency tuning word selected by the
active profile. In this mode, the TxIQ input data pins are
ignored but should be tied to a valid logic voltage level. Default
value is 0 (inactive).
Cable Driver Gain Control
Bit 1: Spectral Inversion Tx
When set to 1, inverted modulation is performed.
The AD9877 has a three-pin interface to the AD832x family of
programmable gain cable driver amplifiers. This allows direct
control of the cable driver’s gain through the AD9877.
In its default mode, the complete 8-bit register value is
transmitted over the 3-wire CA interface.
If Bit 3 of Register 0x0F is set high, Bits [7:4] determine the
8-bit word sent over the CA interface according to Table 7.
MODULATOR_OUT = [I cos(ωt) + Q sin(ωt)]
Rev. B | Page 20 of 36
AD9877
Table 7. Cable Driver Gain Control
Bits [7:4]
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
New data is automatically sent over the 3-wire CA interface
(and DAC gain adjust) whenever the value of the active gain
control register changes or a new profile is selected. The default
value is 0x00 (lowest gain).
CA Interface Transmit Word
0000 0000 (default)
0000 0001
0000 0010
0000 0100
0000 1000
0001 0000
0010 0000
0100 0000
1000 0000
The formula for the combined output level calculation of the
AD9877 fine gain and the AD8327 or AD8322 coarse gain is
V8327 = V9877(0) + (fine)/2 + 6(coarse) − 19
V8322 = V9877(0) + (fine)/2 + 6(coarse) − 14
In this mode, the lower bits determine the fine gain setting of
the DAC output.
Table 8. DAC Output Fine Gain Setting
Bits [3:0]
0000
0001
0010
0011
...
1110
1111
DAC Fine Gain
0.0 dB (default)
0.5 dB
1.0 dB
1.5 dB
...
7.0 dB
7.5 dB
where:
fine is the decimal value of Bits [3:0].
coarse is the decimal value of Bits [7:8].
V9877(0) is the level at AD9877 output in dBmV for fine = 0.
V8327 is the level at output of the AD8327 in dBmV.
V8322 is the level at output of the AD8322 in dBmV.
Rev. B | Page 21 of 36
AD9877
SERIAL INTERFACE FOR REGISTER CONTROL
The AD9877 serial port is a flexible, synchronous serial
communication port allowing easy interface to many industrystandard microcontrollers and microprocessors. The interface
allows read/write access to all registers that configure the
AD9877. Single or multiple byte transfers are supported. Also,
the interface can be programmed to read words either MSB first
or LSB first. The serial interface port I/O of the AD9877 can be
configured to have one bidirectional I/O (SDIO) pin or two
unidirectional I/O (SDIO/SDO) pins.
GENERAL OPERATION OF THE SERIAL INTERFACE
There are two phases to a communication cycle with the
AD9877. Phase 1 is the instruction cycle, which is the writing of
an instruction byte into the AD9877 that is coincident with the
first eight SCLK rising edges. The instruction byte provides the
AD9877 serial port controller with information regarding the
data transfer cycle, Phase 2 of the communication cycle. The
Phase 1 instruction byte defines whether the upcoming data
transfer is a read or write, the number of bytes in the data
transfer, and the starting register address for the first byte of the
data transfer. The first eight SCLK rising edges of each
communication cycle are used to write the instruction byte into
the AD9877.
The eight remaining SCLK edges are for Phase 2 of the
communication cycle. Phase 2 is the actual data transfer
between the AD9877 and the system controller. Phase 2 of the
communication cycle is a transfer of 1 to 4 data bytes as
determined by the instruction byte. Registers change
immediately upon writing to the last bit of each transfer byte.
INSTRUCTION BYTE
Table 9 illustrates the information contained in the instruction byte.
Table 9. Instruction Byte Information
MSB
I7
R/W
I6
N1
I5
N0
I4
A4
I3
A3
I2
A2
I1
A1
Table 10. Bit Decodes
N1
0
0
1
1
N0
0
1
0
1
Description
Transfer 1 byte
Transfer 2 bytes
Transfer 3 bytes
Transfer 4 bytes
The Bits A4:A0 determine which register is accessed during the
data transfer portion of the communication cycle. For multibyte
transfers, this address is the starting byte address. The
remaining register addresses are generated by the AD9877.
SERIAL INTERFACE PORT PIN DESCRIPTION
SCLK—Serial Clock
The serial clock pin is used to synchronize data transfers from
the AD9877 and to run the serial port state machine. The
maximum SCLK frequency is 15 MHz. Input data to the
AD9877 is sampled upon the rising edge of SCLK. Output data
changes upon the falling edge of SCLK.
CS—Chip Select
Active low input starts and gates a communication cycle. It
allows multiple devices to share a common serial port bus. The
SDO and SDIO pins go to a high impedance state when CS is
high. Chip select should stay low during the entire
communication cycle.
SDIO—Serial Data I/O
Data is always written into the AD9877 on this pin. However,
this pin can be used as a bidirectional data line. The configuration
of this pin is controlled by Bit 7 of Register 0x00. The default is
Logic 0, which configures the SDIO pin as unidirectional.
SDO—Serial Data Out
Data is read from this pin for protocols that use separate lines
for transmitting and receiving data. When the AD9877 operates
in a single bidirectional I/O mode, this pin does not output data
and is set to a high impedance state.
LSB
I0
A0
The R/W bit of the instruction byte determines whether a read
or a write data transfer will occur after the instruction byte
write. Logic high indicates a read operation. Logic low indicates
a write operation. The N1:N0 bits determine the number of
bytes to be transferred during the data transfer cycle. The bit
decodes are shown in Table 10.
MSB/LSB TRANSFERS
The AD9877 serial port can support both the MSB-first or the
least significant bit LSB-first data formats. This functionality is
controlled by the LSB-first bit in Register 0x00. The default is
MSB first.
When this bit is set active high, the AD9877 serial port is in
LSB-first format. In LSB-first mode, the instruction byte and
data bytes must be written from the LSB to the MSB. In LSBfirst mode, the serial port internal byte address generator
increments for each byte of the multibyte communication cycle.
Rev. B | Page 22 of 36
AD9877
When this bit is set default low, the AD9877 serial port is in
MSB-first format. In MSB-first mode, the instruction byte and
data bytes must be written from the MSB to the LSB. In MSBfirst mode, the serial port internal byte address generator
decrements for each byte of the multibyte communication cycle.
When incrementing from 0x1F, the address generator changes
to 0x00. When decrementing from 0x00, the address generator
changes to 0x1F.
NOTES ON SERIAL PORT OPERATION
The AD9877 serial port configuration bits reside in Bit 6 and
Bit 7 of Register 0x00. It is important to note that the
configuration changes immediately upon writing to the last bit
of the register. For multibyte transfers, writing to this register
may occur during the middle of the communication cycle.
Care must be taken to compensate for this new configuration
for the remaining bytes of the current communication cycle.
The same considerations apply to setting the RESET bit in
Register 0x00. All other registers are set to their default values,
but the software reset does not affect the bits in Register 0x00. It
is recommended to use only single-byte transfers when changing serial port configurations or initiating a software reset.
A write to Bits 1, 2, and 3 of Register 0x00 with the same logic
levels as Bits 7, 6, and 5 (bit pattern: XY1001YX binary) allows
the host processor to reprogram a lost serial port configuration
and to reset the registers to their default values. A second write
to Register 0x00 with RESET bit low and serial port configuration as specified above (XY) reprograms the OSCIN multiplier
setting. A changed fSYSCLK frequency is stable after a maximum
of 200 fMCLK cycles.
tDS
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
CS
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
tSCLK
CS
tPWH
SCLK
tPWL
N0
A4
A3
A2
A1
SDO
A0 D7n D6n
D20 D10 D00
D7n D6n
D20 D10 D00
tDS
SDIO
Figure 22. Serial Register Interface Timing MSB First
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
CS
INSTRUCTION BIT 6
CS
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
SCLK
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
N0
N1 R/W D00 D10 D20
D00 D10 D20
D6n D7n
D6n D7n
02716-023
SDO
INSTRUCTION BIT 7
Figure 24. Timing Diagram for Register Write to AD9877
SCLK
SDIO
tDH
02716-024
R/W N1
tDV
SDIO
SDO
DATA BIT N
DATA BIT N – 1
Figure 25. Timing Diagram for Register Read from AD9877
Figure 23. Serial Register Interface Timing LSB First
Rev. B | Page 23 of 36
02716-025
SDIO
02716-022
SCLK
AD9877
TRANSMIT PATH (Tx)
tSU
MCLK
tHD
TxIQ
TxI[11:6]
TxI[5:0]
TxQ[11:6]
TxQ[5:0]
TxI[11:6]
TxI[5:0]
TxQ[11:6]
TxQ[5:0]
TxI[11:6]
02716-026
TxSYNC
TxI[5:0]
Figure 26. Transmit Timing Diagram
TRANSMIT TIMING
The AD9877 provides a master clock, MCLK, and expects 6-bit
multiplexed TxIQ data upon each rising edge. Transmit
symbols are framed with the TxSYNC input. TxSYNC high
indicates the start of a transmit symbol. Four consecutive 6-bit
data packages form a symbol (I MSB, I LSB, Q MSB, and Q LSB).
DATA ASSEMBLER
The input data stream is representative complex data. Two 6-bit
words form a 12-bit symbol component (twos complement
format). Four input samples are required to produce one I/Q
data pair. The I/Q sample rate, fIQCLK, at the input to the first
half-band filter is a quarter of the input data rate, fMCLK.
The I/Q sample rate, fIQCLK, puts a bandwidth limit on the
maximum transmit spectrum. This is the familiar Nyquist limit
and is equal to one-half fIQCLK, hereafter referred to as fNYQ.
HALF-BAND FILTERS (HBFs)
HBF 1 and HBF 2 are both interpolating filters, each of which
doubles the sampling rate. Together, HBF 1 and HBF 2 have
26 taps and provide a factor of 4 increase in the sampling rate
(4 × fIQCLK or 8 × fNYQ).
In relation to phase response, both HBFs are linear phase filters.
As such, virtually no phase distortion is introduced within the
pass band of the filters. This is an important feature, because
phase distortion is generally intolerable in a data transmission
system.
The frequency response of a CIC filter is dependent on three
factors:
•
The rate change ratio, R.
•
The order of the filter, n.
•
The number of unit delays per stage, m.
It can be shown that the system function H(z) of a CIC filter is
given by
⎛ 1 1 − z − Rm ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Rm − 1 − k ⎞
⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ ∑ z ⎟
Hz = ⎜⎜ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
−1 ⎟
⎜
⎟
⎝⎝ R ⎠ 1 − z ⎠ ⎝⎝ R ⎠ k =0
⎠
The form on the far right has the advantage of providing a
result for z = 1 (corresponding to zero frequency or dc). The
alternate form yields an indeterminate form (0/0) for z = 1, but
is otherwise identical. The only variable parameter for the CIC
filter of the AD9877 is R; m and n are fixed at 1 and 3,
respectively. Thus, the CIC system function for the AD9877
simplifies to
⎛ 1 1 − z −R
Hz = ⎜⎜ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
−1
⎝⎝ R ⎠ 1− z
⎞ ⎛⎜ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Rm −1 −k ⎞⎟
⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ∑ z
⎟
⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎝ R ⎠ k = 0
⎠
3
3
The transfer function is given by
⎛ 1 1 − e − j (2 π / R ) ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ sin (πfR ) ⎞
⎟ =⎜
⎟
= ⎜ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎝ R ⎠ 1 − e − j (2 πf ) ⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ sin(πf ) ⎟⎠
⎝
⎠
3
H( f )
CASCADED INTEGRATOR-COMB (CIC) FILTER
A CIC filter is unlike a typical FIR filter in that it offers the
flexibility to handle differing input and output sample rates in
any integer ratios. In the AD9877, the CIC filter is configured as
a programmable interpolator and provides a sample rate
increase by a factor of R = 3 or R = 4. In addition to the ability
to provide a change in the sample rate between the input and
output, a CIC filter has an intrinsic low-pass frequency response
characteristic.
n
3
The frequency response in this form is such that f is scaled to
the output sample rate of the CIC filter. That is, f = 1
corresponds to the frequency of the output sample rate of the
CIC filter. H(z) yields the frequency response with respect to
the input sample of the CIC filter.
Rev. B | Page 24 of 36
AD9877
COMBINED FILTER RESPONSE
The combined frequency response of HBF 1, HBF 2, and CIC is
shown in Figure 27, Figure 28, Figure 29, Figure 31, Figure 32,
and Figure 33.
The usable bandwidth of the filter chain puts a limit on the
maximum data rate that can be propagated through the
AD9877. A look at the pass-band detail of the combined filter
response (Figure 30 and Figure 34) indicates that to maintain an
amplitude error of no more than 1 dB, use signals having a
bandwidth of no more than about 60% of fNYQ.
To keep the bandwidth of the data in the flat portion of the filter
pass band, the user must oversample the baseband data by at
least a factor of 2 prior to representing it to the AD9877. Without oversampling, the Nyquist bandwidth of the baseband data
corresponds to the fNYQ. Consequently, the upper end of the data
bandwidth suffers 6 dB or more of attenuation due to the
frequency response of the digital filters.
Thus, with 2× oversampling of the baseband data and α = 1, the
Nyquist bandwidth of the data corresponds with the I/Q
Nyquist bandwidth. As stated earlier, this results in problems
near the upper edge of the data bandwidth due to the frequency
response of the filters. The maximum value of α that can be
implemented is 0.45. This is because the data bandwidth
becomes
1
(1 + α ) f NYQ = 0.725 f NYQ
2
which puts the data bandwidth at the extreme edge of the flat
portion of the filter response.
If a particular application requires an α value between 0.45
and 1, the user must oversample the baseband data by at least a
factor of 4. The combined HBF1, HBF2, and CIC filter
introduces a worst-case droop of less than 0.2 dB over the
frequency range of the data to be transmitted.
10
0
0
–10
–10
–20
–20
MAGNITUDE (dB)
10
–30
–40
–50
–30
–40
–50
–70
–80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
02716-028
–60
–60
02716-027
MAGNITUDE (dB)
There is an additional concern if the baseband data applied to
the AD9877 has been pulse shaped. Typically, pulse shaping is
applied to the baseband data via a filter having a raised cosine
response.
In such cases, an α value is used to modify the bandwidth of the
data where the value of α is such that 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. A value of 0
causes the data bandwidth to correspond to the Nyquist
bandwidth. A value of 1 causes the data bandwidth to be
extended to twice the Nyquist bandwidth.
–70
–80
0
1.0
Figure 27. Cascaded Filter 12× Interpolator (N = 3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
Figure 28. Input Signal Spectrum (N = 3), α = 0.25
Rev. B | Page 25 of 36
1.0
10
10
0
0
–10
–10
–20
–20
MAGNITUDE (dB)
–30
–40
–50
–40
–50
–60
02716-029
–60
–30
–70
–80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
02716-032
MAGNITUDE (dB)
AD9877
–70
–80
1.0
0
Figure 29. Response to Input Signal Spectrum (N = 3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 32. Input Signal Spectrum (N = 4), α = 0.25
1
10
0
0
–10
MAGNITUDE (dB)
MAGNITUDE (dB)
–1
–2
–3
–20
–30
–40
–50
–4
02716-030
–6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
0.8
0.9
FREQUENCY RELATIVE TO I/Q NYQUIST BW
02716-033
–60
–5
–70
–80
1.0
0
Figure 30. Cascaded Filter Pass-Band Detail (N = 3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 33. Response to Input Signal Spectrum (N = 4)
1
10
0
0
–10
MAGNITUDE (dB)
–30
–40
–50
–2
–3
–4
–60
–70
–80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
FREQUENCY (fS/2)
0.8
0.9
02716-034
–5
02716-031
MAGNITUDE (dB)
–1
–20
–6
0
1.0
Figure 31. Cascaded Filter 16× Interpolator (N = 4)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
0.8
0.9
FREQUENCY RELATIVE TO I/Q NYQUIST BW
Figure 34. Cascaded Filter Pass-Band Detail (N = 4)
Rev. B | Page 26 of 36
1.0
AD9877
+0.2dB
X
I
I
ATTENUATOR
MODULATOR
≤3dB MAX
COMPLEX DATA INPUT
Z
I
+0.2dB
12 O
02716-035
X
–3dB
HBF + CIC
INTERPOLATOR
–3dB
HBF + CIC
INTERPOLATOR
O
ATTENUATOR
O
TWOS COMPLEMENT FORMAT
Figure 35. 16-Quadrature Modulation
DAC
02716-036
12 I
Q
Figure 36. Signal Level Contribution
Tx SIGNAL LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
Tx THROUGHPUT AND LATENCY
The quadrature modulator introduces a maximum gain of 3 dB
in the signal level. To visualize this, assume that both the I data
and Q data are fixed at the maximum possible digital value, x.
Then the output of the modulator, z, is
Data inputs impact the output fairly quickly but remain
effective due to the filter characteristics of the AD9877. Data
transmit latency through the AD9877 is easiest to describe in
terms of fSYSCLK clock cycles (4 fMCLK). The numbers quoted are
when an effect is first seen after an input value changes.
z = [x cos(ωt) − x sin(ωt)]
It can be shown that |z| assumes a maximum value of
z =
(x2 + x2 ) = x 2 (a gain of +3 dB)
However, if the same number of bits are used to represent the |z|
values as is used to represent the x values, an overflow occurs.
To prevent this possibility, an effective −3 dB attenuation is
internally implemented on the I and Q data path.
(z =
(1/ 2 + 1/ 2 ) = x )
Latency of I/Q data entering the data assembler (AD9877 input)
to the DAC output is 119 fSYSCLK clock cycles (29.75 fMCLK cycles).
DC values applied to the data assembler input take up to 176
fSYSCLK clock cycles (44 fMCLK cycles) to propagate and settle at the
DAC output.
Frequency hopping is accomplished via changing the PROFILE
input pins. The time required to switch from one frequency to
another is less than 232 fSYSCLK cycles (58.5 fMCLK cycles).
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER
A 12-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is used to convert
the digitally processed waveform into an analog signal. The
worst-case spurious signals due to the DAC are the harmonics
of the fundamental signal and their aliases. The conversion
process produces aliased components of the fundamental signal
at n × fSYSCLK ± fCARRIER (n = 1, 2, and 3). These are typically
filtered with an external RLC filter at the DAC output.
The following example assumes a Pk/rms level of 10 dB:
Maximum Symbol Component Input Value =
±(2,047 LSBs − 0.2 dB) = ±2,000 LSBs
Maximum Complex Input RMS Value =
2,000 LSBs + 6 dB − Pk/rms (dB) = 1,265 LSBs rms
Maximum complex input rms value calculation uses both I and
Q symbol components, which adds a factor of 2 (6 dB) to the
formula.
Table 11 shows typical IQ input test signals with amplitude
levels related to 12-bit full scale (FS).
It is important for this analog filter to have a sufficiently flat
gain and linear phase response across the bandwidth of interest
to avoid modulation impairments. A relatively inexpensive
seventh-order elliptical low-pass filter is sufficient to suppress
the aliased components for HFC network applications.
Table 11. IQ Input Test Signals
Analog Output
Single Tone (fC − f)
Single Tone (fC + f)
Dual Tone (fC ± f)
Digital Input
I = cos(f)
Q = cos(f + 90°) = −sin(f)
I = cos(f)
Q = cos(f + 270°) = +sin(f)
I = cos(f)
Q = cos(f + 180°) = −cos(f) or Q = +cos(f)
Rev. B | Page 27 of 36
Input Level
FS − 0.2 dB
FS − 0.2 dB
FS − 0.2 dB
FS − 0.2 dB
FS − 0.2 dB
FS − 0.2 dB
Modulator Output Level
FS − 3.0 dB
FS − 3.0 dB
FS
AD9877
The AD9877 provides true and complement current outputs.
The full-scale output current is set by the RSET resistor at Pin 49
and the DAC gain register. Assuming maximum DAC gain, the
value of RSET for a particular full-scale IOUT is determined using
the following equation:
RSET = 32 VDACRSET/IOUT = 39.4/IOUT
For example, if a full-scale output current of 20 mA is desired,
then RSET = (39.4/0.02) Ω or approximately 2 kΩ.
The following equation calculates the full-scale output current,
including the programmable DAC gain control.
IOUT = [39.4/RSET] × 10(−7.5 + 0.5 NGAIN)/20
where NGAIN is the value of DAC fine gain control [3:0].
The full-scale output current range of the AD9877 is 4 to
20 mA. Full-scale output currents outside of this range degrade
SFDR performance. SFDR is also slightly affected by output
matching; the two outputs should be terminated equally for best
SFDR performance. The output load should be located as close
as possible to the AD9877 package to minimize stray
capacitance and inductance. The load can be a simple resistor to
ground, an op amp current-to-voltage converter, or a
transformer-coupled circuit. It is best not to attempt to directly
drive highly reactive loads (such as an LC filter). Driving an LC
filter without a transformer requires that the filter be doubly
terminated for best performance.
The filter input and output should both be resistively
terminated with the appropriate values. The parallel
combination of the two terminations will determine the load
that the AD9877 will see for signals within the filter pass band.
For example, a 50 Ω terminated input/output low-pass filter will
look like a 25 Ω load to the AD9877. The output compliance
voltage of the AD9877 is −0.5 V to +1.5 V. To avoid signal
distortion, any signal developed at the DAC output should not
exceed 1.5 V. Furthermore, the signal may extend below ground
as much as 0.5 V without damage or signal distortion.
The AD9877 true and complement outputs can be differentially
combined for common-mode rejection using a broadband 1:1
transformer. Using a grounded center tap results in signals at
the AD9877 DAC output pins that are symmetrical about
ground. As previously mentioned, by differentially combining
the two signals, the user can provide some degree of commonmode signal rejection. A differential combiner might consist of
a transformer or an operational amplifier. The object is to
combine or amplify only the difference between two signals and
to reject any common, usually undesirable characteristic, such
as 60 Hz hum or clock feedthrough that is equally present on
both individual signals.
Connecting the AD9877 true and complement outputs to the
differential inputs of the gain programmable cable drivers
AD8321/AD8323 or AD8322/AD8327 provides an optimized
solution for the standard compliant cable modem upstream
channel. The cable driver’s gain can be programmed through a
direct 3-wire interface using the profile registers of the AD9877.
AD832x
DAC
Tx
CA
LOW-PASS
FILTER
8 tMCLK
75Ω
8 tMCLK
CA_EN
3
4 tMCLK
8 tMCLK
4 tMCLK
VARIABLE GAIN
CABLE DRIVER
AMPLIFIER
CA_CLK
CA_DATA
Figure 37. Cable Amplifier Connection
MSB
LSB
Figure 38. Cable Amplifier Interface Timing
Rev. B | Page 28 of 36
02716-038
CA_EN
CA_DATA
CA_CLK
02716-037
AD9877
AD9877
PROGRAMMING THE AD8321/AD8325 OR AD8322/AD8327 CABLE DRIVER AMPLIFIER
GAIN CONTROL
Programming the gain of the AD832x family cable driver
amplifier can be accomplished via the AD9877 cable amplifier
control interface. Four 8-bit registers within the AD9877 (one
per profile) store the gain value to be written to the serial 3-wire
port. Typically either AD8321/AD8325 or AD8322/AD8327
variable gain cable amplifiers are connected to the chip’s 3-wire
cable amplifier interface. The Tx gain control select bit in
Register 0x0F changes the interpretation of the bits in Registers
0x13, 0x17, 0x1B, and 0x1F. See the Cable Driver Gain Control
section register description.
3.
Change in Profile Selection—The AD9877 samples the
PROFILE(1) and PROFILE(2) input pins together with the
two profile select bits and writes to the AD832x gain
control registers if a change in profile and gain is
determined. The data written to the cable driver amplifier
comes from the AD9877 gain control register associated
with the current profile.
4.
Write to AD9877 Cable Driver Amplifier Control
Registers—The AD9877 will write gain control data
associated with the current profile to the AD832x
whenever the selected AD9877 cable driver amplifier gain
setting is changed.
Data transfers to the gain programmable cable driver amplifier
are initiated by the following four conditions.
1.
Power-Up and Hardware Reset—Upon initial power-up
and every hardware reset, the AD9877 clears the contents
of the gain control registers to 0, which defines the lowest
gain setting of the AD832x. Thus, the AD9877 writes all 0s
out of the 3-wire cable amplifier control interface.
2.
Software Reset—Writing a 1 to Bit 5 of Address 0x00
initiates a software reset. Upon a software reset, the
AD9877 clears the contents of the gain control registers to
0 for the lowest gain and sets the profile select to 0. The
AD9877 writes all 0s out of the 3-wire cable amplifier
control interface if the gain was previously on a different
setting (other than 0).
Once a new stable gain value has been detected (48 MCLK to
64 MCLK cycles after initiation), a data write starts with CA_CS
going low. The AD9877 always finishes a write sequence to the
cable driver amplifier once it is started. The logic controlling
data transfers to the cable driver amplifier uses up to 200 MCLK
cycles and is designed to prevent erroneous write cycles from
occurring.
Rev. B | Page 29 of 36
AD9877
RECEIVE PATH (Rx)
ADC THEORY OF OPERATION
RECEIVE TIMING
The analog-to-digital converters of the AD9877 implement
pipelined multistage architectures to achieve high sample rates
while consuming low power. Each ADC distributes the
conversion over several smaller ADC subblocks, refining the
conversion with progressively higher accuracy as it passes the
results from stage to stage.
The AD9877 sends multiplexed data to the RxIQ outputs upon
every rising edge of MCLK. The data stream consists of two
nibbles of I data followed by two nibbles of Q data. The
RxSYNC pulse frames the I/Q data and is coincidentally high
with the most significant nibble of the I data-word. If the 8-bit
I/Q ADC is in power-down mode, the RxSYNC signal will not
be generated.
The analog inputs of the AD9877 incorporate a novel structure
that merges the input sample-and-hold amplifiers (SHA) and
the first pipeline residue amplifiers into single, compact
switched capacitor circuits. This structure achieves considerable
noise and power savings over a conventional implementation
that uses separate amplifiers by eliminating one amplifier in the
pipeline. By matching the sampling network of the input SHA
with the first stage flash ADC, the ADCs can sample inputs well
beyond the Nyquist frequency with no degradation in
performance.
The digital data outputs of the ADCs are represented in straight
binary format. They saturate to full scale or zero scale when the
input signal exceeds the input voltage range.
AINP
AINN
The 12-bit ADC data is sent to the IF[11:0] outputs upon every
second falling edge of MCLK.
In its default setting, the REFCLK pin provides a buffered
version of fOSCIN. REFCLK can be used as a qualifying clock for
the Rx data when the ratio between the OSCIN multiplier and
the OSCIN divider is programmed to be 2 (M/N = 2) or when
the ADC sampling is selected to be derived from fOSCIN directly.
DRIVING THE ANALOG INPUTS
Figure 40 illustrates the equivalent analog inputs of the AD9877
(a switched capacitor input). Bringing CLK to a logic high
opens Switch S3 and closes Switches S1 and S2. The input
source is connected to AIN and must charge capacitor CH
during this time. Bringing CLK to a logic low opens switch S2,
and then Switch S1 opens followed by closing switch S3. This
places the input into hold mode.
The structure of the input SHA places certain requirements on
the input drive source. The combination of the pin capacitance
and the hold capacitance of CH is typically less than 5 pF. The
input source must be able to charge or discharge this
capacitance to its n-bit accuracy in one-half of a clock cycle.
When the SHA goes into track mode, the input source must
charge or discharge capacitor CH from the voltage already stored
on CH to the new voltage. In the worst case, a full-scale voltage
step on the input source must provide the charging current
through the RON (100 Ω) of Switch S1 and quickly (within
1/2 CLK period) settle. This situation corresponds to driving a
low input impedance.
AD9877
A/D
A/D
D/A
A/D
AINP
GAIN
SHA
D/A
AD9877
CORRECTION LOGIC
CP
2kΩ
AINN
Figure 39. ADC Architecture
CH
S1
2kΩ V
BIAS
02716-039
SHA
S3
CH
S2
CP
Figure 40. Differential Input Architecture
Rev. B | Page 30 of 36
02716-040
As a consequence of the distributed conversion, ADCs require a
small fraction of the 2n comparators used in a traditional n-bit
flash-type ADC. A sample-and-hold function within each of the
stages permits the first stage to operate on a new input sample
while the remaining stages operate on preceding samples. Each
stage of the pipeline, excluding the last, consists of a low
resolution flash ADC connected to a switched capacitor DAC
and interstage residue amplifier (MDAC). The residue amplifier
amplifies the difference between the reconstructed DAC output
and the flash input for the next stage in the pipeline. One bit of
redundancy is used in each stage to facilitate digital correction
of flash errors. The last stage simply consists of a flash ADC.
AD9877
On the other hand, when the source voltage equals the value
previously stored on CH, the hold capacitor requires no input
current and the equivalent input impedance is extremely high.
Adding series resistance between the output of the signal source
and the AIN pin reduces the drive requirements placed on the
signal source. Figure 41 shows this configuration.
<50Ω
AINP
ADC DIFFERENTIAL INPUTS
AINN
Figure 41. Simple ADC Drive Configuration
The bandwidth of the particular application limits the size of
this resistor. To maintain the performance outlined in the data
sheet specifications, the resistor should be limited to 50 Ω or
less. For applications with signal bandwidths less than 10 MHz,
the user can proportionally increase the size of the series
resistor. Alternatively, adding a shunt capacitance between the
AIN pins can lower the ac load impedance. The value of this
capacitance will depend on the source resistance and the
required signal bandwidth. In systems that must use dccoupling, use an op amp to comply with the input requirements
of the AD9877.
OP AMP SELECTION GUIDE
Op amp selection for the AD9877 is highly application
dependent. In general, the performance requirements of any
given application can be characterized by either time domain or
frequency domain constraints. In either case, one should
carefully select an op amp that preserves the performance of the
ADC. This task becomes challenging when one considers the
high performance capabilities of the AD9877 coupled with
other system level requirements, such as power consumption
and cost. The ability to select the optimal op amp can be further
complicated by either limited power supply availability and/or
limited acceptable supplies for a desired op amp.
The AD9877 uses a 1 V p-p input span for the 8-bit ADC inputs
and a 2 V p-p for the 12-bit ADC. Since not all applications
have a signal preconditioned for differential operation, there is
often a need to perform a single-ended-to-differential
conversion. In systems that do not need a dc input, an RF
transformer with a center tap is the best method to generate
differential inputs beyond 20 MHz for the AD9877. This
provides all the benefits of operating the ADC in the differential
mode without contributing additional noise or distortion. An
RF transformer also has the added benefit of providing
electrical isolation between the signal source and the ADC. An
improvement in THD and SFDR performance can be realized
by operating the AD9877 in differential mode. The
performance enhancement between the differential and singleended mode is most considerable as the input frequency
approaches and goes beyond the Nyquist frequency (fIN > fS/2).
The AD8131 provides a convenient method of converting a
single-ended signal to a differential signal. This is an ideal
method for generating a signal directly coupled to the AD9877.
The AD8131 will accept a signal swinging below 0 V and shift it
to an externally provided common-mode voltage. The AD8131
configuration is shown in Figure 42.
AD9877
R1
R2
SINGLE-ENDED
ANALOG INPUT
Newer, high performance op amps typically have input and
output range limitations in accordance with their lower supply
voltages. As a result, some op amps will be more appropriate in
systems where ac coupling is allowed. When dc coupling is
required, op amp headroom constraints (such as rail-to-rail op
amps), or instances where larger supplies can be used, should be
considered.
Rev. B | Page 31 of 36
AINP
+
AD8131
R1
–
R2
AINN
Figure 42. Single-Ended-to-Differential Input Drive
02716-042
<50Ω
02716-041
SHUNT
VS
Analog Devices offers differential output operational amplifiers,
such as the AD8131, with a fixed gain of 2. They can be used for
differential or single-ended-to-differential signal conditioning
with 8-bit performance to directly drive ADC inputs. The
AD8138 is a higher performance version of the AD8131. It
provides 12-bit performance and allows different gain settings.
Please contact the local sales office for updates on the latest
Analog Devices amplifier product offerings.
AD9877
Figure 43 shows the schematic of a possible transformer
coupled circuit. Transformers with turn ratios (n2/n1) other than
1 can be selected to optimize the performance of a given
application. For example, selecting a transformer with a higher
impedance ratio (such as minicircuits T16 to 6T with an
impedance ratio of (z2/z1) = 16 = (n2/n1)2) effectively steps up
the signal amplitude, thus further reducing the output voltage
swing of the signal source.
AINP
R1
AINN
02716-043
C
The AD9877 has two independent internal references for its
8-bit and 12-bit ADCs. Both 8-bit ADCs have a 1 V p-p input
and share one internal reference source. The 12-bit ADC,
however, is designed for 2 V p-p input voltages and provides its
own internal reference. Figure 16 shows the proper connections
of the reference pins REFT and REFB.
External references may be necessary for systems that require
high accuracy gain matching between ADCs or improvements
in temperature drift and noise characteristics. External
references REFT and REFB need to be centered at AVDD/2
with offset voltages as specified:
AD9877
R
ADC VOLTAGE REFERENCES
REFT8: AVDDIQ/2 + 0.25 V
REFB8: AVDDIQ/2 − 0.25 V
Figure 43. Transformer Coupled Input
REFT12: AVDD/2 + 0.5 V
REFB12: AVDD/2 − 0.5 V
In Figure 43, a resistor R1 is added between the analog inputs to
match the source impedance R as in the formula
R = [R1||RAIN](Z1/Z2)
A differential level of 0.5 V between the reference pins results in
a 1 V p-p ADC input level AIN. A differential level of 1 V
between the reference pins results in a 2 V p-p ADC input level
AIN. Internal reference sources can be powered down when
external references are used (Register Address 0x002).
Rev. B | Page 32 of 36
AD9877
PCB DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Although the AD9877 is a mixed-signal device, it should be
treated as an analog component. The on-chip digital circuitry is
specially designed to minimize the impact the digital switching
noise has on the operation of the analog circuits. The power,
grounding, and layout recommendations in this section will
help provide the best performance from the MxFE.
COMPONENT PLACEMENT
Chances for obtaining the best performance from the MxFE are
greatly increased if the three following guidelines of component
placement are followed.
•
Manage the path of return currents flowing into the ground
plane so that high frequency switching currents from the
digital circuits do not flow onto the ground plane under the
MxFE or analog circuits.
•
Keep noisy digital signal paths and sensitive receive signal
paths as short as possible.
•
Keep digital (noise generating) and analog (noise
susceptible) circuits as far away from each other as possible.
To best manage the return currents, pure digital circuits that
generate high switching currents should be closest to the power
supply entry. This keeps the highest frequency return current
paths short and prevents them from traveling over the sensitive
MxFE and analog portions of the ground plane. Also, these
circuits should be generously bypassed at each device, further
reducing the high frequency ground currents. The MxFE
should be placed adjacent to the digital circuits, such that the
ground return currents from the digital sections do not flow
into the ground plane under the MxFE. The analog circuits
should be placed furthest from the power supply.
POWER PLANES AND DECOUPLING
The AD9877 evaluation board demonstrates a good power
supply distribution and decoupling strategy. The board has four
layers: two signal layers, one ground plane, and one power
plane. The power plane is split into a 3 VDD section used for
the 3 V analog supply pins of the AD9877 and a VANLG
section that supplies the higher voltage analog components on
the board.
That 3 VDD section typically has the highest frequency
currents on the power plane and should be kept the farthest
from the MxFE and analog sections of the board. The DVDD
portion of the plane brings the current used to power the digital
portion of the MxFE to the device. This should be treated
similarly to the 3 VDD power plane and be kept from going
underneath the MxFE or analog components. The MxFE
should sit above the AVDD portion of the power plane.
The AVDD and DVDD power planes can be fed from the same
low noise voltage source. They should be decoupled from each
other, however, to prevent the noise generated in the DVDD
portion of the MxFE from corrupting the AVDD supply. This
can be done by using ferrite beads between the voltage source
and DVDD and between the source and AVDD. Both DVDD
and AVDD should have a low ESR, bulk decoupling capacitor
on the MxFE side of the ferrite as well as low ESR, low ESL
decoupling capacitors on each supply pin (for example, the
AD9877 requires 17 power supply decoupling caps). The
decoupling capacitors should be placed as close as possible to
the MxFE supply pins. An example of the proper decoupling is
shown in the AD9877 evaluation board schematic.
GROUND PLANES
The AD9877 has several pins that are used to decouple sensitive
internal nodes. These pins are REFIO, REFB8, REFT8, REFB12,
and REFT12. The decoupling capacitors connected to these
points should have low ESR and ESL. These capacitors should
be placed as close as possible to the MxFE and be connected
directly to the analog ground plane.
In general, if the component placing guidelines discussed in the
Component Placement section can be implemented, it is best to
have at least one continuous ground plane for the entire board.
All ground connections should be made as short as possible.
This results in the lowest impedance return paths and the
quietest ground connections.
The resistor connected to the FSADJ pin and the RC network
connected to the PLLFILT pin should also be placed close to the
device and connected directly to the analog ground plane.
If the components cannot be placed in a manner that keeps the
high frequency ground currents from traversing under the
MxFE and analog components, it may be necessary to put
current steering channels into the ground plane to route the
high frequency currents around these sensitive areas. These
current steering channels should be made only when and where
necessary.
Rev. B | Page 33 of 36
AD9877
SIGNAL ROUTING
The digital Rx and Tx signal paths should be kept as short as
possible. Also, these traces should have a controlled impedance
of about 50 Ω. This prevents poor signal integrity and the high
currents that can occur during undershoot or overshoot caused
by ringing. If the signal traces cannot be kept shorter than
approximately 1.5 inches, then series termination resistors
(33 Ω to 47 Ω) should be placed close to all signal sources. It is a
good idea to series terminate all clock signals at their source
regardless of trace length.
The receive (I IN, Q IN, and RF IN) signals are the most
sensitive signals on the board. Careful routing of these signals is
essential for good receive path performance. The Rx± signals
form a differential pair and should be routed together as a pair.
By keeping the traces adjacent to each other, noise coupled onto
the signals appears as common-mode and is largely rejected by
the MxFE receive input. Keeping the driving point impedance
of the receive signal low and placing any low-pass filtering of
the signals close to the MxFE further reduces the possibility of
noise corrupting these signals.
Rev. B | Page 34 of 36
AD9877
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
23.20 BSC
20.00 BSC
3.40
MAX
1.03
0.88
0.73
18.85 REF
80
51
81
50
SEATING
PLANE
14.00
BSC
TOP VIEW
(PINS DOWN)
12.35
REF
VIEW A
17.20
BSC
PIN 1
2.90
2.70
2.50
0.23
0.11
100
7°
0°
0.50
0.25
31
1
30
0.65 BSC
LEAD PITCH
0.10
COPLANARITY
0.40
0.22
LEAD WIDTH
VIEW A
ROTATED 90° CCW
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-022-GC-1
Figure 44. 100-Lead Metric Quad Flat Package [MQFP]
(S-100-3)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
AD9877ABS
AD9877-EB
Temperature Range
−40°C to +85°C
Package Description
100-Lead Metric Quad Flat Package [MQFP]
Evaluation Board
Rev. B | Page 35 of 36
Package Option
S-100-3
AD9877
NOTES
© 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
C02716-0-6/05(B)
Rev. B | Page 36 of 36