TI LM2655 2.5a high efficiency synchronous switching regulator Datasheet

LM2655
LM2655 2.5A High Efficiency Synchronous Switching Regulator
Literature Number: SNVS072C
LM2655
2.5A High Efficiency Synchronous Switching Regulator
General Description
Features
The LM2655 is a current-mode controlled PWM step-down
switching regulator. It has the unique ability to operate in
synchronous or asynchronous mode. This gives the designer flexibility to choose between the high efficiency of
synchronous operation, or the low solution cost of asynchronous operation. Along with flexibility, the LM2655 offers high
power density with the small footprint of a TSSOP-16 package.
High efficiency ( > 90%) is obtained through the use of an
internal low ON-resistance (33mΩ) MOSFET, and an external N-Channel MOSFET. This feature, together with its low
quiescent current, makes the LM2655 an ideal fit in portable
applications.
Integrated in the LM2655 are all the power, control, and drive
functions for asynchronous operation. In addition, a low-side
driver output allows easy synchronous operation. The IC
uses patented current sensing circuitry that eliminates the
external current sensing resistor required by other currentmode DC-DC converters. A programmable soft-start feature
limits start up current surges and provides a means of sequencing multiple power supplies.
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Ultra-high efficiency up to 96%
4V to 14V input voltage range
Internal high-side MOSFET with low RDS(ON) = 0.033Ω
300 kHz fixed frequency internal oscillator
Low-side drive for synchronous operation
Guaranteed less than 12 µA shutdown current
Patented current sensing for current mode control
Programmable soft-start
Input undervoltage lockout
Output overvoltage shutdown protection
Output undervoltage shutdown protection
Thermal Shutdown
16-pin TSSOP package
Applications
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Hard disk drives
Internet appliances
TFT monitors
Computer peripherals
Battery powered devices
Typical Application
10128429
© 2005 National Semiconductor Corporation
DS101284
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LM2655 2.5A High Efficiency Synchronous Switching Regulator
April 2005
LM2655
Connection Diagram
16-Lead TSSOP (MTC)
10128403
Top View
Order Number LM2655MTC-ADJ
See NS Package Number MTC16
Block Diagram
10128404
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2
LM2655
Pin Description
Pin
Name
Function
1-2
SW
Switched-node connection, which is connected to the source of the internal high-side
MOSFET.
3-5
PVIN
Main power supply input pin. Connected to the drain of the internal high-side MOSFET.
6
VCB
Bootstrap capacitor connection for high-side gate drive.
7
AVIN
Input voltage for control and drive circuits.
8
SD(SS)
Shutdown and Soft-start control pin. Pulling this pin below 0.3V shuts off the regulator. A
capacitor connected from this pin to ground provides a control ramp of the input current.
Do not drive this pin with an external source or erroneous operation may result.
9
FB
10
COMP
Output voltage feedback input. Connected to the output voltage.
Compensation network connection. Connected to the output of the voltage error amplifier.
11
LDELAY
A capacitor between this pin to ground sets the delay from when the output voltage
reaches 80% of its nominal to when the undervoltage latch protection is enabled.
12
LDR
Low-side FET gate drive pin.
13
GND
Power ground.
14-16
PVIN
Main power supply input pin. Connected to the drain of the internal high-side MOSFET.
Ordering Information
Supplied as 1000 units
Tape and Reel
Supplied as 3000 units,
Tape and Reel
LM2655MTC-3.3
LM2655MTCX-3.3
LM2655MTC-ADJ
LM2655MTCX-ADJ
3
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LM2655
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
TSSOP-16 Package θJA
Power Dissapation
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (PVIN)
3.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 14V
Supply Voltage (AVIN)
4.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 14V
Feedback Pin Voltage
-0.4V ≤ VFB ≤ 5V
VCB Voltage, (Note 7)
7V
CSS Voltage
2.5V
Comp Voltage
2.5V
LDELAY Voltage
2.5V
LDR Voltage
VSW, (Note 8)
140˚C/W
893mW
Lead Temperature
Vapor Phase (60 sec.)
215˚C
Infrared (15 sec.)
220˚C
ESD Susceptibility(Note 3)
Human Body Model(Note 4)
1kV
Machine Model
200V
Operating Ratings (Note 1)
5V
Storage Temperature Range
−65˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C
14V
Junction Temperature Range
−40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C
Power Dissipation (TA =25˚C),
(Note 2)
LM2655-3.3 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, and those in boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. VIN = 10V unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
VOUT
VOUT
VINUV
Parameter
Output Voltage
Conditions
ILOAD = 1.5 A
Typical
(Note 5)
3.3
Output Voltage Line
Regulation
VIN = 5V to 14V
ILOAD = 1.5 A
0.5
Output Voltage Load
Regulation
ILOAD = 100 mA to 2.5A
VIN =10V
0.6
VIN Undervoltage Lockout
Threshold Voltage
Rising Edge
3.8
VUV_HYST
Hysteresis for the Input
Undervoltage Lockout
ICL(Note 9)
Average Output Current
Limit
Limit
(Note 6)
Units
3.235/3.185
3.392/3.416
V
V(min)
V(max)
0.7
%
%(max)
1.7
%
%(max)
3.95
V
V(max)
210
mV
3.3
VIN = 5V
VOUT = 3.3V
LM2655-ADJ Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, and those in boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. VIN = 10V unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
VFB
VOUT
VINUV
Parameter
Feedback Voltage
ILOAD = 1.5 A
Typical
(Note 5)
VIN = 5V to 14V
ILOAD = 1.5 A
0.5
Output Voltage Load
Regulation
ILOAD = 100 mA to 2.5A
VIN =10V
0.6
VIN Undervoltage Lockout
Threshold Voltage
Rising Edge
3.8
Hysteresis for the Input
Undervoltage Lockout
ICL(Note 9)
Average Output Current
Limit
Limit
(Note 6)
1.238
Output Voltage Line
Regulation
VUV_HYST
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Conditions
VIN = 5V
VOUT = 3.3V
4
Units
1.208/1.181
1.260/1.267
V
V(min)
V(max)
0.7
%
%(max)
1.7
%
%(max)
3.95
V
V(max)
210
mV
3.3
A
Specifications with standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, and those in boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. VIN = 10V unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
IQ
Quiescent Current
Shutdown Pin Floating (Device
On)
Device Not Switching
IQSD
Quiescent Current in
Shutdown Mode
Shutdown Pin Pulled Low
Switch ON Resistance
ISWITCH = 1.5A
RDS(ON)
RSW(ON)
Switch On Resistance
(MOSFET ON Resistance +
Bonding Wire Resistance)
IL
Switch Leakage Current
VBOOT
Bootstrap Regulator Voltage
Typical
(Note 6)
1.7
3
7
5
nA
6.7
6.4
7.0
Error Amplifier Source
Current
VIN = 4V, VFB = .9*VOUT, VCOMP
= 2V
40
Error Amplifier Sink Current
VIN = 4V, VFB = 1.1*VOUT, VCOMP
= 2V
80
Error Amplifier Output Swing
Upper Limit
VIN = 4V, VFB = .9*VOUT, VCOMP
= 2V
2.70
Error Amplifier Output Swing
Lower Limit
VIN = 4V, VFB = .9*VOUT, VCOMP
= 2V
1.25
Oscillator Frequency
Measured at Switch Pin
VIN = 4V
300
VIN = 4V
95
ISS
VOUTUV
Maximum Duty Cycle
Soft-Start Current
1250
ILDELAY__
V
V(min)
V(max)
µmho
100
Voltage at the SS Pin = 1.4V
VOUT Undervoltage Lockout
Threshold Voltage
32/10
µA
µA(min)
53/30
µA
µA(min)
2.50/2.40
V
V(min)
1.35/1.50
V
V(max)
280/255
330/345
kHz
kHz(min)
kHz(max)
92
%
%(min)
14
µA
µA(max)
76
84
%VOUT
%VOUT(min)
%VOUT(max)
11
81
Hysteresis for VOUTUV
VOUTOV
mΩ
mΩ(max)
IBOOT = 1 mA
CBOOT=tbd
Error Amplifier Voltage Gain
DMAX
80
mΩ
IEA_SOURCE
FOSC
µA
µA(max)
72
AV
VEAL
mA
mA(max)
ISWITCH = 1.5A
Error Amplifier
Transconductance
VEAH
Units
12/20
33
GM
IEA_SINK
Limit
(Note 5)
5
VOUT Overvoltage Lockout
Threshold Voltage
%VOUT
108
106
114
%VOUT
%VOUT(min)
%VOUT(max)
Hysteresis for VOUTOV
5
%VOUT
LDELAY Pin Source Current
5
µA
SOURCE
ISHUTDOWN
VSHUTDOWN
TSD
Shutdown Pin Current
Shutdown Pin Threshold
Voltage
Shutdown Pin Pulled Low
Rising Edge
2.2
3.7/4.0
µA
µA(max)
0.25
0.9
V
V(min)
V(max)
0.6
Thermal Shutdown
Temperature
165
5
˚C
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LM2655
All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics
LM2655
All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics
(Continued)
Specifications with standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, and those in boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. VIN = 10V unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
TSD_HYST
Parameter
Conditions
Thermal Shutdown
Hysteresis Temperature
Typical
(Note 6)
Limit
(Note 5)
25
Units
˚C
Low-side Driver (LDR) Parameters
Specifications with standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, and those in boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. VIN = 10V unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
VOH
Parameter
Logic High Level
Conditions
VIN = 10V
Limit
(Note 6)
6.8
VIN = 6.0V
VOL
Typical
(Note 5)
6.6
V
V(min)
5.8
V
V(min)
0.05
V
V(max)
6
Logic Low Level
Units
0
ISINK
LDR Sink Current
LDR Voltage = 1V
500
mA
ISOURCE
LDR Source Current
LDR Voltage = 2V
180
mA
TRR
Rise Time
CGS=1000pF
18
ns
TF
Fall Time
CGS=1000pF
7
ns
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
intended to be functional, but device parameter specifications may not be guaranteed under these conditions. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see
the Electrical Characteristics.
Note 2: The maximum allowable power dissipation is calculated by using PDMAX = (TJMAX − TA)/θJA, where TJMAX is the maximum junction temperature, TA is the
ambient temperature, and θJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of the specified package. The 893 mW rating results from using 150˚C, 25˚C, and
140˚C/W for TJMAX, TA, and θJA respectively. A θJA of 140˚C/W represents the worst-case condition of no heat sinking of the 16-pin TSSOP package. Heat sinking
allows the safe dissipation of more power. The Absolute Maximum power dissipation must be derated by 7.14 mW per ˚C above 25˚C ambient. The LM2655 actively
limits its junction temperatures to about 165˚C.
Note 3: The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200pF capacitor discharged
directly into each pin.
Note 4: ESD susceptibility using the human body model is 500V for VCB, VSW, LDR, and LDELAY.
Note 5: Typical numbers are at 25˚C and represent the most likely norm.
Note 6: All limits guaranteed at room temperature (standard typeface) and at temperature extremes (bold typeface). All room temperature limits are 100%
production tested. All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. All limits are used
to calculate Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
Note 7: Measured with respect to VSW.
Note 8: Measured while switching in closed loop with Vin = 15V.
Note 9: Average output current limit obtained using typical application circuit. This figure is dependant on the the inductor used.
Note 10: Bond wire resistance accounts for approximately 40mΩ of RSW(ON).
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LM2655
Typical Performance Characteristics
Efficiency vs VIN
(ILOAD = 0.5A) (Synchronous)
Efficiency vs Load Current
(VIN = 5V, VOUT = 3.3V)
10128405
10128406
lQ vs VIN
IQSD vs VIN
10128407
10128408
IQSD vs Junction Temperature
Frequency vs Junction Temperature
10128409
10128410
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LM2655
Typical Performance Characteristics
(Continued)
RSW(ON) + Bond Wire Resistance vs
Input Voltage (Note 10) (ILOAD = 1.5A)
RSW(ON) + Bond Wire Resistance vs
Junction Temperature (Note 10) (ILOAD = 1.5A, VIN = 5V )
10128412
10128411
Current Limit vs Input Voltage
(Synchronous)
Current Limit vs Input Voltage
(Asynchronous)
10128413
10128414
Current Limit vs Junction Temperature
(VIN = 5V, VOUT = 3.3V)
Reference Voltage vs Junction Temperature
10128415
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10128416
8
A unique feature of the LM2655 is that it can be operated in
either synchronous or asynchronous mode. When operating
in asynchronous mode, a small amount of efficiency is sacrificed for a less expensive solution. Any diode may be used,
but it is recommended that a low forward drop schottky diode
be use to maximize efficiency. When operating the LM2655
in asynchronous mode, the LDR pin should be terminated
with a large resistor ( > 1 MegΩ), or left floating. Operation in
asynchronous mode is similar to that of synchronous mode,
except the internal low-side MOSFET logic is not used. At
the beginning of a switching cycle, the high-side MOSFET is
on and current from the input source flows through the
inductor and to the load. The current from the high-side
MOSFET is sensed and compared with the output of the
error amplifier (COMP pin). When the sensed current
reaches the COMP pin voltage level, the high-side switch is
turned off. At this instant, the load current is commutated
through the catch diode. The current now flows through the
diode and the inductor and on to the load. At the end of the
switching cycle, the high-side switch is turned on and the
cycle is repeated.
The LM2655 is a constant frequency (300kHz), currentmode PWM switcher that can be operated synchronously or
asynchronously.
SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
A converter is said to be in synchronous operation when a
MOSFET is used in place of the catch diode. In the case of
the buck converter, this MOSFET is known as the low-side
MOSFET (the MOSFET connected between the input
source and the low-side MOSFET is the high-side MOSFET). Converters in synchronous operation exhibit higher
efficiencies compared to asynchronous operation because
the I2R losses are reduced with the use of a MOSFET .
Operation of the LM2655 in synchronous mode is identical to
its operation in asynchronous mode, except that internal
logic drives the low-side MOSFET. At the beginning of a
switching cycle, the high-side MOSFET is on and current
from the input source flows through the inductor and to the
load. The current from the high-side MOSFET is sensed and
compared with the output of the error amplifier (COMP pin).
When the sensed current reaches the COMP pin voltage
level, the high-side switch is turned off. After a 30ns delay
(deadtime), the low-side driver goes high and turns the
low-side MOSFET on. The current now flows through the
low-side MOSFET, through the inductor and on to the load. A
30ns delay is necessary to insure that the MOSFETs are
never on at the same time. During the 30ns deadtime, the
current is forced to flow through the low-side MOSFET’s
body diode. It is recommended that a low forward drop
schottky diode be placed in parallel to the low-side MOSFET
so that current will be more efficiently conducted during this
30ns deadtime. This Schottky diode should be placed within
5mm of the switch pin so that current limit is not effected (see
External Schottky Diode section). At the end of the switching
cycle, the low-side switch is turned off and after another
30ns delay, the cycle is repeated.
PROTECTIONS
The peak current in the system is monitored by cycle-bycycle current limit circuitry. This circuitry will turn the highside MOSFET off whenever the current through the highside MOSFET reaches a preset limit (see plots). A second
level current limit is accomplished by the undervoltage protection: if the load pulls the output voltage down below 80%
of its nominal value, the undervoltage latch protection will
wait for a period of time (set by the capacitor at the LDELAY
pin, see LDELAY CAPACITOR section for more information).
If the output voltage is still below 80% of its nominal after the
waiting period, the latch protection will be enabled. In the
latch protection mode, the low-side MOSFET is on and the
high-side MOSFET is off. The latch protection will also be
enabled immediately whenever the output voltage exceeds
the overvoltage threshold (110% of its nominal). Both protections are disabled during start-up.(See SOFT-START CAPACITOR section and LDELAY CAPACITOR section for
more information.) Toggling the input supply voltage or the
shutdown pin can reset the device from the latched protection mode.
Current through the high-side MOSFET is sensed by patented circuitry that does not require an external sense resistor. As a result, system cost and size are reduced, efficiency
is increased, and noise immunity of the sensed current is
improved. A feedforward from the input voltage is added to
reduce the variation of the current limit over the input voltage
range.
Design Procedure
voltage. The tantalum capacitor should be surge current
tested by the manufacturer to prevent damage by the inrush
current. It is also recommended to put a small ceramic
capacitor (0.1 µF) between the input pin and ground pin to
reduce high frequency noise.
This section presents guidelines for selecting external components.
INPUT CAPACITOR
A low ESR aluminum, tantalum, ceramic, or any other type of
capacitor is needed between the input pin and power
ground. This capacitor prevents large voltage transients from
appearing at the input. The capacitor is selected based on
the RMS current and voltage requirements. The RMS current is given by:
INDUCTOR
The most critical parameters for the inductor are the inductance, peak current and the DC resistance. The inductance
is related to the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current, the
input and the output voltages:
The RMS current reaches its maximum (IOUT/2) when
VIN equals 2VOUT. For an aluminum or ceramic capacitor,
the voltage rating should be at least 25% higher than the
maximum input voltage. If a tantalum capacitor is used, the
voltage rating required is about twice the maximum input
A higher value of ripple current reduces inductance, but
increases the conductance loss, core loss, current stress for
the inductor and switch devices. It also requires a bigger
output capacitor for the same output voltage ripple require9
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LM2655
ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
Operation
LM2655
Design Procedure
Sprague 593D, 594D, AVX TPS, and CDE polymer aluminum) is recommended. An electrolytic capacitor is not recommended for temperatures below −25˚C since its ESR
rises dramatically at cold temperature. A tantalum capacitor
has a much better ESR specification at cold temperature and
is preferred for low temperature applications.
The output voltage ripple in constant frequency mode has to
be less than the sleep mode voltage hysteresis to avoid
entering the sleep mode at full load:
VRIPPLE < 20mV * VOUT /VFB
(Continued)
ment. A reasonable value is setting the ripple current to be
30% of the DC output current. Since the ripple current increases with the input voltage, the maximum input voltage is
always used to determine the inductance. The DC resistance
of the inductor is a key parameter for the efficiency. Lower
DC resistance is available with a bigger winding area. A good
tradeoff between the efficiency and the core size is letting the
inductor copper loss equal 2% of the output power.
OUTPUT CAPACITOR
The selection of COUT is primarily determined by the maximum allowable output voltage ripple. The output ripple in the
constant frequency, PWM mode is approximated by:
The ESR term usually plays the dominant role in determining
the voltage ripple. A low ESR aluminum electrolytic or tantalum capacitor (such as Nichicon PL series, Sanyo OS-CON,
10128421
FIGURE 1. Low-side/high-side driver timing diagram.
TABLE 1. MOSFET Manufacturers
Manufacturer
Model Number
Package Type
Fairchild
Semiconductor
FDC653N
SuperSOT-6
General
Semiconductor
GF4420
International
Rectifier
Vishay Siliconix
Zetex
www Address
Fax
www.fairchildsemi.com 888-522-5372
207-761-6020
SO-8
www.gensemi.com
631-847-3000
631-847-3236
IRF7807
SO-8
www.irf.com
310-322-3331
310-322-3332
Si4812DY
SO-8
www.vishay.com
800-554-5565
408-567-8995
Si4874DY
SO-8
ZXM64N03X
SO-8
www.zetex.com
(44) 161-622-4422
(44) 161-622-4420
LOW-SIDE MOSFET SELECTION
When operating in synchronous mode, special attention
should be given to the selection of the low-side MOSFET.
Besides choosing a MOSFET with minimal size and on
resistance, it is critical that the MOSFET meet certain rise
and fall time specifications. A 30ns deadtime between the
low-side and high-side MOSFET switching transitions is programmed into the LM2655, as shown in Figure 1. The prevent shoot-through current, the low-side MOSFET must turn
off before the high-side MOSFET turns on. Hence, the low-
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side MOSFET has 30ns to turn off from the time the low-side
driver goes low. The fall time of the low-side MOSFET is
governed by the equation:
IC = CIN*dVC/dt.
where IC is the LDR sink current capability, CIN is the equivalent capacitance seen at the LDR pin, and VC is the gate-tosource voltage of the MOSFET. IC is limited by the low-side
driver of the LM2655, but CIN is fixed by the MOSFET.
Therefore, it is important that the chosen MOSFET has a
suitable CIN so that the LM2655 will be able to turn it off
10
TSS = CSS * 0.6V/2 µA + CSS * (2V−0.6V)/10 µA
(Continued)
During start-up, the internal circuit is monitoring the soft-start
voltage. When the softstart voltage reaches 2V, the undervoltage and overvoltage protections are enabled.
If the output voltage doesn’t rise above 80% of the normal
value before the soft-start reaches 2V, undervoltage protection shut down the device. You can avoid this by either
increasing the value of the soft-start capacitor, or using a
LDELAY capacitor.
within 30ns. An input capacitance of less than 1000pF is
recommended. Several suitable MOSFETs are shown in
Table 1.
EXTERNAL SCHOTTKY DIODE (Syncronous)
A Schottky diode is recommended to prevent the intrinsic
body diode of the low-side MOSFET from conducting during
the deadtime in PWM operation. If the body diode turns on,
there is extra power dissipation in the body diode because of
the reverse-recovery current and higher forward voltage
drop. In addition, the high-side MOSFET has more switching
loss because the diode reverse-recovery current adds to the
high-side MOSFET turn-on current. These losses degrade
the efficiency by 1-2%. The improved efficiency and noise
immunity with the Schottky diode become more obvious with
increasing input voltage and load current.
LDELAY CAPACITOR
The LDELAY capacitor (CDELAY) provides a means to control undervoltage latch protection. By changing CDELAY, the
user can adjust the time delay between the output voltage
dropping below 80% of its nominal value and the part shutting off due to undervoltage latch protection. The LDELAY
circuit consists of a 5 µA current source in series with a user
defined capacitor, CDELAY. The 5 µA current source is
turned on whenever the output voltage is below 80% of its
nominal value, otherwise this current source is off. With the
output voltage below 80% of its nominal value, the 5 µA
current source begins to charge CDELAY, as shown in Figure 2. If the potential across CDELAY reaches 2V, undervoltage latch protection will be enabled and the part will shutdown. If the output voltage recovers to above 80% of its
nominal value before the potential across CDELAY reaches
2V, undervoltage latch protection will remain disabled.
Hence, CDELAY sets a time delay by the following equation:
TDELAY (ms) = CDELAY (nF) * 2V/5A
Undervoltage latch protection can be disabled by tying the
LDELAY pin to the ground.
It is important to place the diode very close to the switch pin
of the LM2655. Extra parasitic impedance due to the trace
between the switch pin and the cathode of the diode will
cause the current limit to decrease. The breakdown voltage
rating of the diode is preferred to be 25% higher than the
maximum input voltage. Since it is on for a short period of
time, the diode’s average current rating need only be 30% of
the maximum output current.
EXTERNAL SCHOTTKY DIODE (Asyncronous)
In asyncronous mode, the output current commutates
throught the schottky diode when the high-side MOSFET is
turned off. Using a schottky diode with low forward voltage
drop will minimize the effeciency loss in the diode. However,
to achieve the greatest efficiency, the LM2655 should be
operated in syncronous mode using a low-side MOSFET.
Since the Schottky diode conducts for the entire second half
of the duty cycle in asyncronous mode, it should be rated
higher than the full load current.
BOOST CAPACITOR
The boost capacitor provides the extra votage needed to
turn the high-side, n-channel MOSFET on. A 0.1 µF ceramic
capacitor is recommended for the boost capacitor. The typical voltage across the boost capacitor is 6.7V.
SOFT-START CAPACITOR
A soft-start capacitor is used to provide the soft-start feature.
When the input voltage is first applied, or when the SD(SS)
pin is allowed to go high, the soft-start capacitor is charged
by a current source (approximately 2 µA). When the SD(SS)
pin voltage reaches 0.6V (shutdown threshold), the internal
regulator circuitry starts to operate. The current charging the
soft-start capacitor increases from 2 µA to approximately
10 µA. With the SD(SS) pin voltage between 0.6V and 1.3V,
the level of the current limit is zero, which means the output
voltage is still zero. When the SD(SS) pin voltage increases
beyond 1.3V, the current limit starts to increase. The switch
duty cycle, which is controlled by the level of the current limit,
starts with narrow pulses and gradually gets wider. At the
same time, the output voltage of the converter increases
towards the nominal value, which brings down the output
voltage of the error amplifier. When the output of the error
amplifier is less than the current limit voltage, it takes over
the control of the duty cycle. The converter enters the normal
current-mode PWM operation. The SD(SS) pin voltage is
eventually charged up to about 2V.
The soft-start time can be estimated as:
10128422
FIGURE 2. Undervoltage latch protection.
COMPENSATION COMPONENTS
In the control to output transfer function, the first pole Fp1 can
be estimated as 1/(2πROUTCOUT); The ESR zero Fz1 of the
output capacitor is 1/(2πESRCOUT); Also, there is a high
frequency pole Fp2 in the range of 45kHz to 150kHz:
Fp2 = Fs/(πn(1−D))
where D = VOUT/VIN, n = 1+0.348L/(VIN−VOUT) (L is in µHs
and VIN and VOUT in volts).
The total loop gain G is approximately 1000/IOUT where IOUT
is in amperes.
A Gm amplifier is used inside the LM2655. The output resistor Ro of the Gm amplifier is about 80kΩ. Cc1 and RC
together with Ro give a lag compensation to roll off the gain:
Fpc1 = 1/(2πCc1(Ro+Rc)), Fzc1 = 1/2πCc1Rc.
11
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LM2655
Design Procedure
LM2655
Design Procedure
Application Circuits
(Continued)
In some applications, the ESR zero Fz1 can not be cancelled
by Fp2. Then, Cc2 is needed to introduce Fpc2 to cancel the
ESR zero, Fp2 = 1/(2πCc2Ro\Rc).
PROGRAMMABLE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The rule of thumb is to have more than 45˚ phase margin at
the crossover frequency (G=1).
If COUT is higher than 68µF, Cc1 = 2.2nF, and Rc = 15KΩ are
good choices for most applications. If the ESR zero is too
low to be cancelled by Fp2, add Cc2.
Using the adjustable output version of the LM2655 as shown
in Figure 3, output voltages between 1.24V and 13V can be
achieved. Use the following formula to select the appropriate
resistor values:
RFB1 = RFB2*(VOUT - VREF)/VREF
where VREF = 1.238V.
If the transient response to a step load is important, choose
RC to be higher than 10kΩ.
Select resistors between 10kΩ and 100kΩ. (1% or higher
accuracy metal film resistors for RFB1 and RFB2.)
10128425
FIGURE 3. Programmable output voltage.
capacitor should be connected across this source, and a
small bypass capacitor should be placed physically close to
the AVIN pin to ground. With all the internal circuitry being
powered by a separate source, the only requirement of the
voltage at PVIN is that it be slightly higher (∼500mV) than the
desired output voltage. The source connected to PVIN will
also need an input capacitor and bypass capacitor, but the
input capacitor must be selected following the guidelines
explained in the INPUT CAPACITOR section.
EXTENDING INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE
Figure 4 shows a way to configure the LM2655 so that input
voltages of less than 4V can be converted. This circuit
makes use of the separate analog and power VIN pins. All
the supervisory circuits of the LM2655 are powered through
the AVIN pin, while the source voltage that is to be converted
is input to the PVIN pins. The internal circuitry of the LM2655
has an operating range of 4V < VCC < 14V, so a voltage
within this range must be applied to AVIN. This source may
be low power because it only needs to supply 5mA. An input
10128423
FIGURE 4. Extended input voltage range.
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12
VOUT = (VREF-VADJ)*(RFB1+RFB2)/RFB2 + VADJ
where VREF = 1.24V. VADJ can be any voltage higher than
VREF (1.24V). In Figure 5, VADJ is produced by an LMV431
adjustable reference following the equation:
VADJ = 1.24*(RADJ1/RADJ2 + 1).
(Continued)
OBTAINING OUTPUT VOLTAGES OF LESS THAN 1.25V
Some applications require output voltages less than 1.25V.
The circuit shown in Figure 5 will allow the LM2655 to do
such a conversion. By referencing the two feedback resistors to VADJ (VADJ > 1.24V), VOUT can be adjusted from 0V
to VADJ by the equation:
10128424
FIGURE 5. Obtaining output voltages of less than 1.25V
sources to avoid noise pick up. For applications that
require tight regulation at the output, a dedicated sense
trace (separated from the power trace) is recommended
to connect the top of the resistor divider to the output.
3. If the Schottky diode D is used, minimize the traces
connecting D to SW and PGND pins. Use short and wide
traces.
4. If the low-side MOSFET is used, minimize the trace
connecting the LDR pin to the gate of the MOSFET, and
the traces to SW and PGND pins. Use short and wide
traces for the power traces going from the MOSFET to
SW and PGND pins.
Pcb Layout Considerations
Layout is critical to reduce noise and ensure specified performance. The important guidelines are listed as follows:
1. Minimize the parasitic inductance in the loop of input
capacitors and the internal MOSFETs by connecting the
input capacitors to VIN and PGND pins with short and
wide traces. The high frequency ceramic bypass capacitor, in particular, should be placed as close to and no
more than 5mm from the VIN pin. This is important
because the rapidly switching current, together with wiring inductance can generate large voltage spikes that
may result in noise problems.
2. Minimize the trace from the center of the output resistor
divider to the FB pin and keep it away from noise
13
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LM2655
Application Circuits
LM2655
10128425
Schematic for the Typical Board Layout
Typical PC Board Layout: (2X Size)
10128426
Component Placement Guide
10128427
Component Side PC Board Layout
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14
LM2655
Typical PC Board Layout: (2X Size)
(Continued)
10128428
Solder Side PC Board Layout
15
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LM2655 2.5A High Efficiency Synchronous Switching Regulator
Physical Dimensions
inches (millimeters)
unless otherwise noted
16-Lead TSSOP (MTC)
NS Package Number MTC16
Order Number LM2655MTC-ADJ
LM2655MTCX-ADJ
LM2655MTC-3.3
LM2655MTCX-3.3
See Ordering Information Table For Order Quantities
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.
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(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when
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provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result
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2. A critical component is any component of a life support
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National Semiconductor manufactures products and uses packing materials that meet the provisions of the Customer Products
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