!!"# $% &' % %' %% & ( $'$ )* +,- +./) !!" 01-2/)-3-/4*3 5 ,*6!*.4-27)-.1!*3+/0+,72-8!012*,#)-9+.6-:1+24+. +.4*63-4*0 /+3/1+4, )* +.4*63-4*0 /+3/1+4 /.4-+., ,*3+-2 0-4- +.714# :+4, ,)+4 3*6+,4*3 03+9*3 14714 -.0 :3+6)4.*,, /.432 )+, 0*9+/* 14+2+;*, 3*0 3-.6* /)+7,# <)+/)-3*!-0*3!-,.-43-.,7-3*.4-,1:,43-4*#-.0 )-,-63-8-/*-.0<)+4*,*6!*.4,)*+.4*63-4*0/+3/1+4, -3*7301/*0<+4)/)-..*2,+2+/.6-4*4*/).268 1-2)-3-/4*3#<+4)3+9*3 220+!*.,+.,-3*+.!+22+!*4*3,2*3-./*,-3*±=!! >"1.2*,,4)*3<+,*.4*0 = = %% = %% %% % ? % ' ' @ = 'A 'A %% B & !"# 17728'24-6*A .714'24-6* 4-4*14714'24-6* ' = ' ' = ' = ' ' ' " 17728'24-6* ' = <*3+,,+7-4+.A= " !$ 17728133*.4 7*3-4+.6*!7*3-413*-.6* ! 43-6**!7*3-413*-.6* 20*3*!7*3-413*!-C= 3!-C,*/-4!!:*2<,*-4+.672-.* 4*22924-6*-3*<+4)3*,7*/44',, " =<*30+,,+7-4+.+,6+9*.:8D ''"E "E *6!*.4,"F !"E '" A'+, 3<-30924-6* !"# 17728'24-6* ' .714'24-6* 6+/-2>G *9*2 6+/-2>G *9*2 6+/-2>G *9*2 ' ' == '= ' ' ' ' ' 3+6)4.*,,.714133*.4 ! 3+6)4.*,,.714'24-6* ' ' 4-4*'24-6* ' " ' 14714+.K133*.4 *6!*.4 *6!*.4. .7142/K(3*L1*./8 ( 14714-4/)+.6 = ! ! M H.714+-, 'I'I=' 'J=' .714133*.4D DH DH D=H N $%&!"# ! " = µ/0 D! λ7 .! D! 7*/43-2 +.*-2$+04) ∆λ .! D! !+.-.4$-9*2*.64) λ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