MAXIM MAX1995

19-2157; Rev 1; 10/02
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
The MAX1895/MAX1995 integrated controllers are optimized to drive cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL)
using a synchronized full-bridge inverter architecture.
Synchronized drive provides near sinusoidal waveforms over the entire input range to maximize the life of
CCFLs. The controllers also operate over a wide input
voltage range with high efficiency and broad dimming
range.
The MAX1895/MAX1995 include safety features that
limit the transformer secondary voltage and protect
against single-point fault conditions including lamp-out
and short-circuit faults.
The MAX1895/MAX1995 regulate the CCFL brightness
in three ways: linearly controlling the lamp current, digital pulse-width modulating (DPWM) the lamp current, or
using both methods simultaneously to achieve the
widest dimming range (>30:1). CCFL brightness can
be controlled with either an analog voltage (both
MAX1895 and MAX1995) or a two-wire SMBus™ compatible interface (MAX1895 only).
The MAX1895/MAX1995 directly drive the four external
N-channel power MOSFETs of the full-bridge inverter.
An internal 5.3V linear regulator powers the MOSFET
drivers, the synchronizable DPWM oscillator, and most
of the internal circuitry. The MAX1895/MAX1995 are
available in the space-saving 28-pin thin QFN package
and operate over the -40°C to +85°C temperature
range.
Applications
Notebook Computers
Features
♦ Synchronized-to-Resonant Frequency
Good Crest Factor for Longer Lamp Life
Ensures Maximum Strike Capability
♦ High Power to Light Efficiency
♦ Wide Dimming Range (3 Methods)
Lamp Current Adjust: >3 to 1
Digital PWM (DPWM): >10 to 1
Combined: >30 to 1
♦ Feed-Forward for Fast Response to Step Change
of Input Voltage
♦ Wide Input Voltage Range (4.6V to 28V)
♦ Transformer Secondary Voltage Limiting to
Reduce Transformer Stress
♦ Lamp-Out Protection with 2s Timeout
♦ Short-Circuit and Other Single-Point Fault
Protections
♦ Synchronizable DPWM Frequency
♦ Dual-Mode Brightness Control Interface
SMBus Serial Interface (MAX1895 Only)
Analog Interface (Both Devices)
♦ High-Accuracy Analog Interface
Separate 100% Brightness Voltage Reference
Pin (CRFSDA)
Separate Minimum Lamp-Current Set-Point Pin
(MINDAC)
♦ Small Footprint 28-Pin Thin QFN (5mm x 5mm)
Package
Car Navigation Displays
28 QFN 5 ✕ 5
*Contact factory for availability.
Pin Configurations continued at end of data sheet.
SMBus is a trademark of Intel Corp.
CCV
CCI
IFB
N.C.
VFB
25
24
23
22
VCC
BATT
27
LX1
CRF/SDA
6
16
GH1
CTL/SCL
7
15
GL1
14
-40°C to +85°C
17
MAX1895
13
MAX1995EGI*
5
GL2
28 Thin QFN 5 ✕ 5
BST1
MODE
PGND
-40°C to +85°C
BST2
18
12
MAX1995ETI
19
4
VDD
28 QFN 5 ✕ 5
3
GND
11
-40°C to +85°C
MINDAC
10
28 Thin QFN 5 ✕ 5
LX2
N.C.
-40°C to +85°C
GH2
20
N.C.
MAX1895EGI*
PIN-PACKAGE
21
2
9
MAX1895ETI
TEMP RANGE
1
REF
8
PART
ILIM
N.C.
Ordering Information
28
TOP VIEW
Portable Display Electronics
SH/SUS
Point-of-Sale Terminals
26
Pin Configurations
LCD Monitors
THIN QFN
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at
1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
1
MAX1895/MAX1995
General Description
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
BATT to GND..........................................................-0.3V to +30V
BST1, BST2 to GND ...............................................-0.3V to +36V
BST1 to LX1, BST2 to LX2 ........................................-0.3V to +6V
GH1 to LX1 ...............................................-0.3V to (BST1 + 0.3V)
GH2 to LX2 ...............................................-0.3V to (BST2 + 0.3V)
VCC, VDD to GND .....................................................-0.3V to +6V
REF, ILIM to GND .......................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)
GL1, GL2 to GND .......................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)
MINDAC, IFB, CCV, CCI to GND .............................-0.3V to +6V
MODE to GND ...........................................................-6V to +12V
VFB to GND..................................................................-6V to +6V
CRF/SDA, CTL/SCL, SH/SUS to GND ......................-0.3V to +6V
PGND to GND .......................................................-0.3V to +0.3V
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
28-Pin QFN (derate 20.84mW/°C above +70°C) .......1667mW
Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VBATT = 12V, MINDAC = GND, VCC = VDD, V SH/SUS = 5.3V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.) (Note1)
PARAMETER
VBATT Input Voltage Range
CONDITIONS
MAX
5.5
VCC = VDD = open
5.5
28
VBATT = 28V
V SH /SUS = 5.5V
VBATT Quiescent Current, Shutdown
SH /SUS = 0
VCC Output Voltage, Normal Operation
V SH /SUS = 5.5V, 6V < VBATT < 28V
0 < ILOAD < 20mA
VCC Output Voltage, Shutdown
SH /SUS = GND, no load
3.2
VBATT = VCC = 5V
Rising edge
VCC POR Hysteresis
Falling edge
REF Output Voltage, Normal Operation
4.5V < VCC < 5.5V, ILOAD = 40µA
GH1, GH2, GL1, GL2 On-Resistance
ITEST = 100mA, VCC = VDD = 5.3V
5.0
5.35
5.5
V
3.5
4.6
5.5
V
4.5
4
0.9
1.75
2.7
50
1.96
Input Resonant Frequency
Guaranteed by design
V
mV
V
mV
2.00
2.04
V
2
6
Ω
1
BST_ = 12V, LX_ = 7V
mA
µA
GH1, GH2, GL1, GL2 Maximum Output
Current
BST1, BST2 Leakage Current
V
20
200
VCC POR Threshold
UNITS
6
VCC rising (leaving lockout)
VCC falling (entering lockout)
6
6
VCC Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis
20
A
5
µA
300
kHz
Minimum Off-Time
200
300
400
ns
Maximum Off-Time
20
30
40
µs
180
200
220
mV
Maximum Current-Limit Threshold
LX1-GND, LX2-GND (Fixed)
Maximum Current-Limit Threshold
LX1-GND, LX2-GND (Adjustable)
2
TYP
4.6
VBATT Quiescent Current
VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold
MIN
VCC = VDD = VBATT
ILIM = VCC
VILIM = 0.5V
80
100
120
VILIM = 2.0V
370
400
430
_______________________________________________________________________________________
mV
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
(VBATT = 12V, MINDAC = GND, VCC = VDD, V SH/SUS = 5.3V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.) (Note1)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
Minimum Current-Crossing Threshold
LX1-GND, LX2-GND
MAX
6
Current-Limit Leading-Edge Blanking
D/A Converter Resolution
TYP
200
Guaranteed monotonic
300
UNITS
mV
400
5
ns
Bits
MINDAC Input Voltage Range
0
2
V
MINDAC Input Bias Current
-2
+2
µA
4.0
V
1.7
V
MINDAC Digital PWM Disable Threshold
MINDAC = VCC
IFB Input Voltage Range
IFB Regulation Point
VMINDAC = 0, DAC code = 11111 binary
368
388
VMINDAC = 0, DAC code = 00100 binary
30
50
70
VMINDAC = 1V, DAC code = 00000 binary
180
200
220
+2
µA
150
175
mV
-2
IFB Lamp-Out Threshold
125
1V < VCCI < 2.5V
VFB = 0
VFB Regulation Point
+2
V
-0.5
0.5
µA
530
mV
+10
mV
490
-10
205
220
32kHz AC signal on MODE
250
100kHz AC signal on MODE
781
fMODE/fDPWM
VIFB < 0.1V
MΩ
235
Hz
128
NO AC signal on MODE
Lamp-Out Detection Timeout Timer
(Note 2)
µS
20
No AC signal on MODE
MODE to DPWM Sync Ratio
510
40
CCV Output Impedance
Digital PWM Chop-Mode Frequency
MΩ
-2
1V < VCCV < 2.7V
VFB Zero-Voltage Crossing Threshold
mV
µS
20
VFB Input Voltage Range
VFB to CCV Transconductance
408
100
CCI Output Impedance
VFB Input Bias Current
3.5
0
IFB Input Bias Current
IFB to CCI Transconductance
2.4
2.10
32kHz AC signal on MODE
2.60
s
2.05
100kHz AC signal on MODE
MODE Operating Voltage Range
2.33
0.66
-5.5
+11.0
V
-1
+1
µA
0.6
V
2.6
V
MODE Input Current
MODE = GND or VCC
Positive Analog Interface Mode
MODE = GND Threshold (VCTL/SCL = 0
sets minimum brightness)
Sync clock average value on MODE to sync
DPWM oscillator, not in shutdown. (Note 3)
Negative Analog Interface Mode
MODE = REF Threshold (VCTL/SCL = 0
sets maximum brightness = 0)
Sync clock average value on MODE to sync
DPWM oscillator, not in shutdown. (Note 3)
1.4
SMBus Interface Mode
MODE = VCC Threshold
Sync clock average value on MODE to sync
DPWM oscillator, not in shutdown. (Note 3)
VCC 0.6
V
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
MAX1895/MAX1995
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VBATT = 12V, MINDAC = GND, VCC = VDD, V SH/SUS = 5.3V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at
TA = +25°C.) (Note1)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MODE AC Signal Amplitude
Peak-to-peak (Note 4)
MODE AC Signal Synchronization Range
Chopping oscillator synchronized to MODE
CRF/SDA Input Range
CRF/SDA Input Current
MIN
MAX
UNITS
2
TYP
5
V
32
100
kHz
2.7
5.5
V
VCRF/SDA = 5.5V, SH /SUS = VCC
VCRF/SDA = 5.5V, SH /SUS = 0
CTL/SCL Input Range
CTL/SCL Input Current
MODE = REF or GND
A/D Converter Resolution
Guaranteed monotonic
20
-1
+1
0
VCRF/SDA
-1
A/D Converter Hysteresis
+1
SH /SUS Input Bias Current
-1
1
LSB
+1
SDA, SCL Input Low Voltage
0.8
2.1
SDA, SCL Input Hysteresis
V
V
mV
300
SDA, SCL Input High Voltage
µA
bits
0.8
2.1
V
5
SH /SUS Input Low Voltage
SH /SUS Input High Voltage
SH /SUS Input Hysteresis
µA
µA
V
V
300
mV
SDA Output Low Sink Current
VCRF/SDA = 0.4V
4
SCL Serial Clock High Period
THIGH
4
mA
µs
SCL Serial Clock Low Period
TLOW
4.7
µs
Start Condition Setup-Time
tSU:STA
4.7
µs
Start Condition Hold-Time
tHD:STA
4
µs
SDA Valid to SCL Rising-Edge Setup
Time, Slave Clocking in Data
tSU:DAT
250
ns
SCL Falling-Edge to SDA Transition
tHD:DAT
0
ns
SCL Falling-Edge to SDA Valid, Reading
Out Data
TDV
700
ns
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VBATT = 12V, MINDAC = GND, VCC = VDD, V SH/SUS = 5.3V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note1)
PARAMETER
VBATT Input Voltage Range
CONDITIONS
TYP
MAX
4.6
5.5
VCC = VDD = open
5.5
28.0
VBATT Quiescent Current
V SH/SUS = 5.5V
VBATT Quiescent Current, Shutdown
V SH/SUS = 0
4
MIN
VCC = VDD = VBATT
VBATT = 28V
6
VBATT = VCC = 5V
6
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20
UNITS
V
mA
µA
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
(VBATT = 12V, MINDAC = GND, VCC = VDD, V SH/SUS = 5.3V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note1)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
VCC Output Voltage, Normal Operation
VCC Output Voltage, Shutdown
VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold
V SH/SUS = 5.5V, 6V < VBATT < 28V
0 < ILOAD < 20mA
SH/SUS = GND, no load
MIN
MAX
UNITS
5.0
5.5
V
3.5
5.5
V
VCC rising (leaving lockout)
VCC rising (entering lockout)
TYP
4.5
4.0
V
VCC POR Threshold
Rising edge
0.9
2.7
REF Output Voltage, Normal Operation
4.5V < VCC < 5.5V, ILOAD = 40µA
1.96
2.04
V
GH1, GH2, GL1, GL2 On-Resistance
ITEST = 100mA
10
Ω
Maximum Current-Limit Threshold
LX1-GND, LX2-GND (Fixed)
ILIM = VCC
220
mV
180
V
VILIM = 0.5V
80
120
VILIM = 2.0V
360
440
0
1.7
V
335
440
mV
-1
+1
µA
IFB Lamp-Out Threshold
120
180
mV
VFB Input Voltage Range
-2
+2
V
Maximum Current-Limit Threshold
LX1-GND, LX2-GND (Adjustable)
IFB Input Voltage Range
IFB Regulation Point
VMINDAC = 0, DAC code = 11111 binary
IFB Input Bias Current
VFB Input Bias Current
VFB = 0
mV
-0.1
+0.1
µA
VFB Regulation Point
480
540
mV
VFB Zero-Voltage Crossing Threshold
-20
+20
mV
0.8
V
0.8
V
SHVSUS Input Low Voltage
SHVSUS Input High Voltage
2.1
SDA, SCL Input Low Voltage
SDA, SCL Input High Voltage
SDA Output Low Sink Current
VCRF/SDA = 0.4V
V
2.1
V
4
mA
Note 1: Specifications to -40°C are guaranteed by design based on final test characterization results.
Note 2: Corresponds to 512 DPWM cycles or 65536 MODE cycles.
Note 3: The MODE pin thresholds are only valid while the part is operating. When in shutdown VREF = 0 and the part only differentiates between SMB mode and ADC mode. When in shutdown and with ADC mode selected the CRF/SDA and CTL/SCL pins
are at high impedance and will not cause extra supply current when their voltages are not at GND or VCC.
Note 4: The amplitude is measured with the following circuit:
VAMPLITUDE > 2V
500pF
MODE
10kΩ
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
MAX1895/MAX1995
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
Typical Operating Characteristics
(VBATT = 12V, VCTL = VCRF, VMINDAC = 1V, MODE = GND, circuit of Figure 1, Table 4.)
HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE OPERATION
(VBATT = 20V)
MAX1895 toc01
FEED-FORWARD COMPENSATION
MAX1895 toc03
MAX1895 toc02
VFB
2V/div
20V
VBATT
10V
VFB
2V/div
IFB
2V/div
IFB
2V/div
LX1
10V/div
LX1
10V/div
LX2
10V/div
LX2
10V/div
VFB
2V/div
IFB
2V/div
LX1
10V/div
10µs/div
10µs/div
20µs/div
STARTUP
SYNCHRONIZED DPWM
(fMODE = 100kHz, DPWM = 50%)
SYNCHRONIZED DPWM
(fMODE = 32kHz, DPWM = 50%)
MAX1895 toc05
MAX1895 toc04
12V
VBATT
0V
VFB
2V/div
IFB
2V/div
IBATT
500mA/div
MAX1895 toc06
IFB
1V/div
IFB
1V/div
VFB
1V/div
VFB
1V/div
LX1
10V/div
LX1
10V/div
LX2
10V/div
LX2
10V/div
1ms/div
1ms/div
LAMP-OUT VOLTAGE LIMITING
1ms/div
LAMP-OUT PROTECTION
MAX1895 toc07
VCC vs. VBATT
MAX1895 toc08
6
NORMAL OPERATION
2s
VSECONDARY
2kV/div
5
VSECONDARY
2kV/div
SHUTDOWN
4
VFB
2V/div
LAMP REMOVED
2ms/div
IFB
1V/div
VFB
2V/div
LAMP REMOVED
400ms/div
IFB
1V/div
3
2
1
0
0
5
10
15
VBATT (V)
6
MAX1895 toc09
LOW INPUT VOLTAGE OPERATION
(VBATT = 8V)
VCC (V)
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20
25
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
VCC vs. TEMPERATURE
VCC LOAD REGULATION
MAX1895 toc10
5.40
4.6
5.36
4.5
5.35
NORMAL OPERATION
4.3
5.20
4.2
5.15
4.1
4.0
5.10
1
10
100
4.55
4.50
5.34
NORMAL OPERATION
5.33
4.45
5.32
4.40
5.31
SHUTDOWN VCC (V)
VCC (V)
5.25
VCC (V)
4.4
5.30
SHUTDOWN VCC (V)
SHUTDOWN
0.1
4.60
SHUTDOWN
5.35
0.01
MAX1895 toc11
4.35
-40
-15
10
35
60
85
TEMPERATURE (°C)
ILOAD (mA)
Pin Description
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
1
ILIM
Current-Limit Threshold Adjustment. Bias ILIM with a resistive voltage-divider between REF or VCC
and GND. The current-limit threshold measured between LX_ and GND is 1/5th of the voltage at
ILIM, ILIM adjustment range is 0 to 3V. Connect ILIM to VCC to set the default current-limit threshold
to 0.2V.
2
REF
2V Reference Output. Bypass REF to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor. REF is discharged to GND when
shutdown.
3
MINDAC
4
GND
DAC Zero-Scale Input. VMINDAC sets the D/A converter’s minimum-scale output voltage. Disable
DPWM by connecting MINDAC to VCC.
System Ground. The GND input to the maximum and minimum current-limit comparators. The
comparators sense the low-side FET NL1 and NL2 for zero-current crossing and current limit.
5
MODE
Interface Selection Input and Sync Input for DPWM Chopping. The average voltage on the MODE
pin selects one of three CCFL brightness control interfaces:
MODE = VCC enables SMBus serial interface.
MODE = GND enables the analog interface (positive analog interface mode), VCTL/SCL = 0 sets
minimum brightness.
MODE = REF enables the analog interface (reverse analog interface mode), VCTL/SCL = 0 sets
maximum brightness.
An AC clocking signal superimposed on the DC average MODE pin voltage can be used to
synchronize the DPWM chopping frequency. See Synchronizing the DPWM Frequency.
6
CRF/SDA
Reference and Serial Data Input. In analog interface mode, pin 6 is the reference input to the 5-bit
brightness control ADC. Bypass CRF to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor. In SMBus Interface mode
(MAX1895 only), SDA is an SMBus serial data input/open-drain output.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7
MAX1895/MAX1995
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(VBATT = 12V, VCTL = VCRF, VMINDAC = 1V, MODE = GND, circuit of Figure 1, Table 4.)
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
MAX1895/MAX1995
Pin Description (continued)
PIN
NAME
7
CTL/SCL
Brightness Control and Serial Clock Input. In analog interface mode, pin 7 is a CCFL brightness
control input. CTL varies from 0V to REF to linearly control lamp brightness. In SMBus Interface
mode (MAX1895 only), SCL is an SMBus serial clock input.
8
SH/SUS
Shutdown and Suspend Mode Control. In analog interface mode, pin 8 is an active-low shutdown
input. In SMBus interface mode (MAX1895 only), pin 8 is an SMBus suspend control input.
9, 10, 11, 23
N.C.
No Connection. Not internally connected.
12
VDD
Power Supply for Gate Drivers. Connect VDD to the output of the linear regulator (VCC). Bypass VDD
with a 0.1µF capacitor to PGND.
13
PGND
14
GL2
Low-Side FET NL2 Gate-Driver Output
15
GL1
Low-Side FET NL1 Gate-Driver Output
16
GH1
High-Side FET NH1 Gate-Driver Output
17
LX1
Switching Node Connection. LX1 is the internal lower supply rail for the GH1 high-side gate driver.
LX1 is also the sense input to the current comparators.
18
BST1
High-Side FET NH1 Driver Bootstrap Input. Connect BST1 through a diode to VDD and through a
0.1µF capacitor to LX1. (See Figure 1.)
19
BST2
High-Side FET NH2 Driver Bootstrap Input. Connect BST2 through a diode to VDD and through a
0.1µF capacitor to LX2. (See Figure 1.)
20
LX2
Switching Node Connection. LX2 is the internal lower supply rail for the GH2 high-side gate driver.
LX2 is also the sense input to the current comparators.
21
GH2
High-Side FET NH2 Gate-Driver Output
22
VFB
Lamp-Output Feedback-Sense Input. The average value on VFB is regulated during startup and
open-lamp conditions to 0.5V by controlling the on time of high-side switches. A capacitive voltagedivider between the CCFL lamp output and GND is sensed to set the maximum average lamp
output voltage.
24
IFB
Lamp Current-Sense Input. The voltage on IFB is used to regulate the lamp current. If the IFB input
falls below 150mV for 2 seconds, then the MAX1895/MAX1995 signals an open-lamp fault.
CCI
Current-Loop Compensation Pin. CCI is the output of the current-loop transconductance amplifier
(GMI) that regulates the CCFL current. The CCI voltage controls the time interval in which fullbridge applies the input voltage (BATT) to transformer network. Connect CCI to GND through a
0.1µF capacitor. CCI is internally discharged to GND in shutdown.
26
CCV
Voltage-Loop Compensation Pin. CCV is the output of the voltage-loop transconductance amplifier
(GMV) that regulates the maximum average secondary transformer voltage. Load CCV to GND with
a 10nF capacitor. The pin voltage controls the time interval that the full bridge applies the input
voltage (BATT) to transformer network. CCV is internally discharged to GND in shutdown.
27
BATT
Supply Input. Input to the internal 5.3V linear regulator that provides power (VCC) to the chip.
Bypass BATT to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor.
28
VCC
5.3V Linear-Regulator Output. VCC is the supply voltage for the MAX1895. Bypass VCC to GND with
a 0.47µF ceramic capacitor. VCC can also be connected to BATT if VBATT < 5.5V.
25
8
FUNCTION
Power Ground. Gate-driver current flows through this pin.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
MAX1895/MAX1995
VIN
5V TO 28V
C1
NH1
NH2
D1
C2
T1
CCFL
C3
NL1
GL2
GH2
PGND
BATT
GH1
GL1
C4
LX1
R1
NL2
R2
LX2
C5
C6
BST1
BST2
VCC
VDD
D2-2
D2-1
C7
MAX1895
GND
VFB
CCV
IFB
MODE
SH/SUS
CRF/SDA
CTL/SCL
CCI
REF
C9
MINDAC
C8
ILIM
R3
ON/OFF
R4
C10
REFERENCE INPUT
CONTROL INPUT
Figure 1. Standard Application Circuit
Detailed Description
The MAX1895/MAX1995 are optimized to drive coldcathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) using a synchronized full-bridge inverter architecture. The drive to the
full-bridge MOSFETs is synchronized to the resonant
frequency of the tank circuit so that the CCFL’s fullstrike voltage develops for all operating conditions. The
synchronized architecture provides near sinusoidal
drive waveforms over the entire input range to maximize the life of CCFLs. The MAX1895/MAX1995 operate
over a wide input voltage range (4.6V to 28V), achieve
high efficiency, and maximize dimming range.
The MAX1895/MAX1995 regulate the brightness of a
CCFL in 3 ways:
1) Linearly controlling the lamp current.
2) Digitally pulse-width modulating (or chopping) the
lamp current (DPWM).
3) Using both methods simultaneously for widest dimming range.
DPWM is implemented by pulse-width modulating the
lamp current at a rate faster than the eye can detect.
The MAX1895/MAX1995 include a 5.3V linear regulator
to power the drivers for full-bridge switches, the synchronizable DPWM oscillator, and most of the internal
circuitry. The MAX1895 is very flexible and can be controlled with an analog interface or with an SMBus interface. The MAX1995 only supports analog interface.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
VBATT
VBATT
NH1
ON
NH2
OFF
NH1
OFF
NH2
ON
T1
T1
C2
C2
LX1
LX1
LX2
NL1
OFF
NL2
ON
LX2
NL1
NL2
ON
OFF
(a)
(c)
VBATT
VBATT
NH1
OFF
NH2
OFF
NH1
OFF
NH2
OFF
T1
T1
C2
C2
LX1
LX2
NL1
ON
LX1
NL2
ON
LX2
NL1
ON
NL2
ON
(BODY DIODE TURNS ON FIRST)
(BODY DIODE TURNS ON FIRST)
(b)
(d)
Figure 2. Resonant Operation
Resonant Operation
The MAX1895/MAX1995 drive the four N-channel
power MOSFETs that make up the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) full-bridge inverter as shown in Figure 1. The
LX1 and LX2 switching nodes are AC coupled to the
primary side of the transformer.
Assume that NH1 and NL2 are turned on at the beginning of the cycle as shown in Figure 2(a). The primary
current flows through MOSFET NH1, DC blocking cap
C2, the primary side of transformer T1, and finally MOSFET NL2. During this interval, the primary current ramps
up until the controller turns off NH1. When NH1 is off,
the primary current forward biases the body diode of
NL1 and brings the LX1 node down as shown in Figure
2(b). When the controller turns on NL1, its drain-tosource voltage is near zero because its forward-biased
body diode clamps the drain. Since NL2 is still on, the
primary current flows through NL1, C2, the primary side
of T1, and finally NL2. Once the primary current drops
10
to the minimum current threshold (6mV/RDSON), the
controller turns off NL2. The remaining energy in T1
charges up the LX2 node until the body diode of NH2 is
forward biased. When NH2 turns on, it does so with
near zero drain-to-source voltage. The primary current
reverses polarity as shown in Figure 2(c), beginning a
new cycle with the current flowing in the opposite direction, with NH2 and NL1 on. The primary current ramps
up until the controller turns off NH2. When NH2 is off,
the primary current forward biases the body diode of
NL2, and brings the LX2 node down as shown in Figure
2(d). After the LX2 node goes low, the controller losslessly turns on NL2. Once the primary current drops to
the minimum current threshold, the controller turns off
NL1. The remaining energy charges up the LX1 node
until the body diode of NH1 is forward biased. Finally,
NH1 losslessly turns on, beginning a new cycle as
shown in Figure 2(a).
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
AC
SOURCE
CP
CS/(NxN)
AC
SOURCE
CCFL
1:N
LI
CP
RB
Figure 3. Equivalent Circuit
Note that switching transitions on all four power
MOSFETs occur under ZVS conditions, which reduces
transient power losses and EMI.
The equivalent circuit of the resonant tank is shown in
Figure 3. The resonant frequency is determined by the
RLC resonant tank elements: CS, CP, LL, and RB. CS is
the series capacitance on the primary side of the transformer. CP is the parallel cap on the transformer’s secondary. L L is the transformer secondary leakage
inductance. RB is an idealized resistance which models
the CCFL load in normal operation.
Current and Voltage Control Loops
The MAX1895/MAX1995 use a current loop and a voltage loop to control the energy applied to the CCFL. The
current loop is the dominant control in setting the lamp
brightness. The rectified lamp current is measured with
a sense resistor in series with the CCFL. The voltage
across this resistor is applied to the IFB input to regulate
the average lamp current. The voltage loop controls the
voltage across the lamp and is active during the beginning of DPWM on-cycles and the open-lamp fault condition. It limits the energy applied to the resonant network
once the transformer secondary voltage is above the
threshold of 500mV average measured at VFB.
Both voltage and current circuits use transconductance-error amplifiers to compensate the loops. The
voltage-error amplifier creates an error current based
upon the voltage difference between VFB and the internal reference level (typically 500mV) (Figure 4). The
error current is then used to charge and discharge a
capacitor at the CCV output (CCCV) to create an error
voltage CCCV. The current loop produces a similar signal at CCI based on the voltage difference between IFB
and the dimming control signal. This signal is set by
either the SMBus interface (MAX1895 only) or the analog interface (both MAX1895 and MAX1995) (see
Dimming Range section). This error voltage is called
VCCI. In normal operation, the current loop is in control
of the regulator so long as VCCI is less than VCCV. The
control signal is compared with an internal ramp signal
to set the high-side switch on time (tON).
When DPWM is employed, the two control loops work
together to limit the transformer voltage and to allow
wide dimming range with good line rejection. During the
DPWM off-cycle, VCCV is set to 1.2V and the currentloop error amplifier output is high impedance. VVFB is
set to 0.6V to create a soft-start at the beginning of each
DPWM on-cycle in order to avoid overshoot on the transformer’s secondary. When the transconductance amplifier in the current loop is high impedance, it acts like a
sample-and-hold circuit, to keep VCCI from changing
during the off-cycles. This action allows the current control loop to regulate the average lamp current.
See the Current Sense Resistor and the Voltage Sense
Capacitors sections for information regarding setting
the current- and voltage-loop thresholds.
Startup
Operation during startup differs from the steady-state
condition described in the current and voltage loop
section. Upon power-up, VCCI slowly rises, increasing
the duty cycle, which provides soft-start. During this
time, VCCV, which is the faster control loop, is limited to
150mV above VCCI. Once the secondary voltage reaches the strike voltage, the lamp current begins to
increase. When the lamp current reaches the regulation
point, VCCI exceeds VCCV and it reaches steady state.
With MINDAC = VCC, DPWM is disabled and the current loop remains in control regulating the lamp current.
Feed-Forward Control
The MAX1895/MAX1995 have a feed-forward control
circuit, which influences both control loops. Feed-forward control instantly adjusts the tON time to changes
in input voltage. This feature provides immunity to
changes in input voltage at all brightness levels and
makes compensation over wide input ranges easier.
The feed-forward circuit improves line regulation for
short DPWM on times and makes startup transients less
dependent on input voltage.
Feed-forward control is implemented by varying the
internal voltage ramp rate. This has the effect of varying
tON as a function of input voltage while maintaining
about the same signal levels at VCCI and VCCV. Since
the required voltage change across the compensation
capacitors is minimal, the controller’s response to
change in VBATT is essentially instantaneous.
______________________________________________________________________________________
11
MAX1895/MAX1995
CS
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
REFERENCE
INPUT
CRF/SDA
LAMP CURRENT AND
DPWM CONTROL
MINDAC
CTL/SCL
SMBus
CONTROL
INPUT
BATT
MODE
DPWM
OSC
VCC
DPWM
COMP
SUPPLY
REF
SH/SUS
MINDAC = VCC
Y = 1, N =0
GND
0.15V
CCV
BST1
0.5V
PWM COMP
GH1
GMV
VFB
LX1
CCV
CLAMP
RAMP
GENERATOR
PEAK
DETECTOR
GMI
IFB
CONTROL
LOGIC
PK_DET
CLAMP
GH2
IMIN COMP
LX2
4mV
LX2
LX1
BST2
CCFL
CCI
GL1
MUX
VDD
REF
GL2
ILMIT
IMAX COMP
GND
MAX1895
MAX1995
PGND
Figure 4. Functional Diagram
Transient Overvoltage Protection
from Dropout
The MAX1895/MAX1995 are designed to maintain tight
control of the transformer secondary under all transient
conditions including dropout. To maximize run time, it is
desirable to allow the circuit to operate in dropout at
extremely low battery voltages where the backlight’s
performance is not critical. When VBATT is very low, the
controller can lose regulation and run at maximum duty
cycle. Under these circumstances, a transient overvoltage condition could occur when the AC adapter is suddenly applied to power the circuit. But the feed-forward
circuitry minimizes variations in lamp voltage due to
such input voltage steps. The regulator also clamps the
voltage on VCCI. Both features ensure that overvoltage
12
transients do not appear on the transformer when leaving dropout.
The VCCI clamp is unique in that it limits at the peaks of
the voltage-ramp generator. As the circuit reaches
dropout, VCCI approaches the peaks of the ramp generator in order to reach maximum t ON . If V BATT
decreases further, the control loop loses regulation and
VCCI tries to reach its positive supply rail. The clamp on
VCCI prevents this from happening and VCCI rides just
above the peaks of the PWM ramp. If VBATT continues
to decrease, the feed-forward PWM ramp generator
loses amplitude and the clamp drags VCCI down with it
to a voltage below where VCCI would have been if the
circuit were not in dropout. When VBATT suddenly steps
out of dropout, VCCI is still low and maintains the drive
on the transformer at the old dropout level. The control
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
DIGITAL INTERFACE
(MAX1895 ONLY)
ANALOG INTERFACE
PIN
MODE = REF
VCTL/SCL = 0 = maximum brightness
MODE = VCC
MODE = GND
VCTL/SCL = 0 = minimum brightness
SH/SUS
SMBus suspend
Logic level shutdown control input
CRF/SDA
SMBus data I/O
Reference input for minimum brightness
CTL/SCL
SMBus clock input
Analog control input to set brightness (range from 0 to CRF/SDA)
loop then slowly corrects and increases VCCI to bring
the circuit back into regulation.
Interface Selection
Table 1 describes the functionality of SH/SUS, CRF/
SDA, and CTL/SCL in each of the MAX1895’s three
interface modes. The MAX1895 features both an
SMBus Digital Interface and an Analog Interface. Note
that the MODE signal can also synchronize the DPWM
frequency. (See Synchronizing the DPWM Frequency.)
Dimming Range
The brightness is controlled by either the Analog
Interface (for both MAX1895 and MAX1995, see Analog
Interface section) or the SMBus Interface (for MAX1895
only, see SMBus Interface section). The brightness of
the CCFL is adjusted in the following three ways:
1) Lamp-current control, where the magnitude of the
average lamp current is adjusted.
2) DPWM control, where the average lamp current is
pulsed to the set level with a variable duty cycle.
3) The combination of the first two methods.
In each of the three methods, a 5-bit brightness code is
generated from the selected interface and is used to
set the lamp current and/or DPWM duty cycle.
The 5-bit brightness code defines the lamp current
level with 00000\b representing minimum lamp current
and 11111\b representing maximum lamp current. The
average lamp current is measured across an external
sense resistor (see Current-Sense Resistor section).
The voltage on the sense resistor is measured at IFB.
The brightness code adjusts the regulation voltage at
IFB (VIFB). The minimum average VIFB is VMINDAC/5
(VMINDAC = 0~2V) and the maximum average is set by
the following formula:
VIFB = VREF ✕ 31/160 +VMINDAC /160
which is between 387.5mV and 400mV.
Reference input for maximum
If VIFB does not exceed 150mV peak (which is about
47.7mV/R1 RMS lamp current) for greater than 2s, the
MAX1895/MAX1995 assumes a lamp-out condition and
shuts down (see Lamp-Out Detection section).
The equation relating brightness code to IFB regulation
voltage is:
VIFB = VREF ✕ n/160 + VMINDAC ✕ (32 - n)/160
where n is the brightness code.
To always use maximum average lamp current when
using DPWM control, set VMINDAC to VREF.
DPWM control works similarly to lamp-current control as
it also responds to the 5-bit brightness code. A brightness code of 00000\b corresponds to a 9% DPWM duty
cycle and a brightness code of 11111\b corresponds to
a 100% DPWM duty cycle. The duty cycle changes by
3.125% per step, but codes 00000\b to 00011\b all produce 9% (Figure 5).
To disable DPWM and always use 100% duty cycle, set
VMINDAC to VCC. Note that with DPWM disabled, the
equations shown above should assume VMINDAC = 0
instead of VMINDAC = VCC. Table 2 describes MINDAC’s functionality and Table 3 shows some typical
settings for the brightness adjustment.
In normal operation, VMINDAC is set between 0 and
VREF and the MAX1895/MAX1995 use both lamp-current control and DPWM control to vary the lamp brightness. In this mode, lamp-current control regulates the
average lamp current during a DPWM on-cycle.
Analog Interface and Brightness Code
The MAX1895/MAX1995’s analog interface uses an
internal ADC with 1-bit hysteresis to generate the brightness code used to dim the lamp (see Dimming Range
section). CTL/SCL is the ADC’s input and CRF/SDA is its
reference voltage. The ADC can operate in either positive-scale ADC mode or negative-scale ADC mode. In
positive-scale ADC mode, the brightness code increases from 0 to 31 as VCTL increases from 0 to VCRF. In
______________________________________________________________________________________
13
MAX1895/MAX1995
Table 1. Interface Modes
COMBINED POWER LEVEL (BOTH
DPWM AND LAMP-CONTROL CURRENT)
DPWM SETTINGS
100
100
90
COMBINED POWER LEVEL (%)
90
80
DPWM DUTY CYCLE (%)
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
70
60
50
40
30
20
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
0
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
0
32
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
BRIGHTNESS CODE
BRIGHTNESS CODE
Figure 6. Combined Power Level
Figure 5. DPWM Settings
Table 2. MINDAC Functionality
CONDITION
FUNCTION
MINDAC = VCC
DPWM disabled (always on 100% duty cycle). Operates in lamp-current control only.
(Use VMINDAC = 0 in the equations.)
MINDAC = REF
DPWM control enabled, duty cycle ranges from 9% to 100%.
Lamp-current control is disabled (always maximum current).
0 ≤ VMINDAC < VREF
The device uses both lamp-current control and DPWM.
Table 3. Brightness Adjustment Ranges
SMBus
DAC
OUTPUT
DPWM
DUTY
CYCLE
COMBINED
POWER
LEVEL
MODE = REF
VCRF/SDA = 0
Bright [4:0] = 11111
Full-scale
DAC output =
387.5mV
100%
100%
MODE = REF
VCRF/SDA = VCTL/SCL
VMINDAC = 1/3VREF
Bright [4:0] = 00000
VMINDAC = 1/3VREF
Zero-scale
DAC output =
VMINDAC / 5
9%
3%
POSITIVE-SCALE
ADC MODE
NEGATIVE-SCALE
ADC MODE
Maximum
Brightness
MODE = GND
VCRF/SDA =
VCTL/SCL
Minimum
Brightness
MODE = GND
VCRF/SDA = 0
VMINDAC = 1/3VREF
RANGE
Note: The current level range is solely determined by the MINDAC to REF ratio and is externally set.
negative-scale mode, the brightness scale decreases
from 31 to 0 as VCTL increases from 0 to VCRF.
The analog interface’s internal ADC uses 1-bit hysteresis to keep the lamp from flickering between two codes.
14
V CTL ’s positive threshold (V CTL(TH) ) is the voltage
required to transition the brightness code as V CTL
increases and can be calculated as follows:
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
VCTL’s negative threshold is the voltage required to
transition the brightness code as VCTL decreases and
can be calculated as follows:
VCCA
CONVENTIONAL
INTERFACE
MAX1895/MAX1995
VCTL(TH) = (n + 2)/33 VCRF (Positive-Scale ADC mode,
MODE = GND)
VCTL(TH) = (33 - n)/33 VCRF (Negative-Scale ADC
mode, MODE = REF)
VCCB
DIMMING
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
MIN.
DIM
CKT.
VCTL
INVERTER
CONTROLLER
0 TO VMAX
VCTL(TH) = n/33 VCRF (Positive-Scale ADC mode,
MODE = GND)
VCTL(TH) = (31 - n)/33 VCRF (Negative-Scale ADC
mode, MODE = REF)
where n is the brightness code. See Figure 7 for a
graphical representation of the thresholds.
See the Digital Interface section for instructions on
using the SMBus interface.
Unlike conventional dimming control circuits that have
separate supplies and require additional minimum
brightness circuitry, the MAX1895/MAX1995 provide
dedicated pins for dimming control. The advantages of
31
BRIGHTNESS CODE
30
29
3
2
VCCA
VCCB
VCRF
MAX1895/MAX1995
INTERFACE
DIMMING
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
VCTL
MAX1895
MINDAC
REF
Figure 8. Analog Interface for Dimming
the MAX1895/MAX1995’s analog interface are illustrated in Figure 8. The analog interface is very simple in
that the output voltage range of the dimming control circuit matches the input voltage range of the inverter
control IC. With this method it is possible to guarantee
the maximum dimming range (Figure 9). For the conventional interface, the control voltage and the input
voltage have different ranges. To avoid nonuniform
lighting across the CCFL tube, or the “thermometer
effect”, the lower limits of maximum and minimum control voltages have to be above the upper limits of the
maximum and minimum input voltages, respectively.
Therefore, the useful dimming range is reduced. For the
MAX1895/MAX1995’s analog interface, the control voltage has the same range as the input voltage, so the
useful dimming range is maximized.
Synchronizing the DPWM Frequency
1
0
1
33
2
33
3
33
4
33
VCTL
VCRF
1
32
33
31
33
30
33
29
33
VCTL
VCRF
Figure 7. Brightness Code
30
33
31
33
32
33
1
(MODE = GND)
3
33
(MODE = REF)
2
33
1
33
0
MODE has two functions: one is to select the Interface
mode as described in Interface Selection and the other
is to synchronize the DPWM “chopping” frequency to
an external signal to prevent unwanted artifacts in the
display screen.
To synchronize the DPWM frequency, connect MODE
to VCC, REF, or GND through a 10kΩ resistor. Then
connect a 500pF capacitor from an AC signal source to
MODE as shown in Figure 10. The amplitude of the AC
signal must be at least 2V peak-to-peak but no greater
than 5V peak-to-peak for accurate operation. The transition time of the AC signal should be less than 200µs.
The synchronization range is 32kHz to 100kHz, which
______________________________________________________________________________________
15
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
MAX. BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL VOLTAGE
TOLERANCE
MAX. BRIGHTNESS
INPUT VOLTAGE
CONVENTIONAL INTERFACE
TYPICAL DIMMING
RANGE
MIN. BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL VOLTAGE
TYPICAL DIMMING
RANGE LOST
MIN. BRIGHTNESS
INPUT VOLTAGE
GND
MAX. BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL VOLTAGE
MAX. BRIGHTNESS
INPUT VOLTAGE
TOLERANCE
MAX1895/MAX1995
INTERFACE
MIN. BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL VOLTAGE
TYPICAL DIMMING RANGE
MIN. BRIGHTNESS
INPUT VOLTAGE
GND
Figure 9. Useful Dimming Range
corresponds to a DPWM frequency range of 250Hz to
781Hz (128 MODE pulses per DPWM cycle). High
DPWM frequencies limit the dimming range. See Loop
Compensation for more information concerning high
DPWM frequencies.
A simple oscillator circuit as shown in Figure 11 can be
used to generate the synchronization signal. The core
of the oscillator is the MAX9031, which is a low-cost,
single-supply comparator in a 5-pin SC70 package.
The VCC and REF of the MAX1895/MAX1995 provide
the supply voltage and the reference voltage for the
16
oscillator. The positive threshold of the oscillator is:
VTH+ = (VCC + VREF)/2. The negative threshold is given
by: VTH+ = VREF/2. The frequency of the oscillator is
calculated as follows:
f=
1
VTH+ (VCC − VTH− )
RCln
VTH− (VCC − VTH+ )
For C = 330pF, a 13kΩ resistor generates a 100kHz
signal and a 39kΩ resistor generates a 32kHz signal.
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
REF
MODE
VCC
100kΩ
1%
ADC10kΩ
100kΩ
1%
REF
MAX1895
MAX1995
MAX9031
SMBus
TO MODE
ADC+
R
500pF
GND
DPWM
SYNCHRONIZATION
SIGNAL
C
Figure 10. DPWM Synchronization
Figure 11. A Simple RC Oscillator
POR and UVLO
The MAX1895/MAX1995 include power-on reset (POR)
and undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuits. The POR
resets all internal registers such as DAC output, fault
conditions, and all SMBus registers. POR occurs when
VCC is below 1.5V. The SMBus input-logic thresholds
are only guaranteed to meet electrical characteristic
limits for VCC as low as 3.5V, but the interface will continue to function down to the POR threshold.
The UVLO is activated and disables both high-side and
low-side switch drivers when VCC is below 4.2V (typ).
Low-Power Shutdown
When the MAX1895/MAX1995 are placed in shutdown,
all functions of the IC are turned off except for the 5.3V
linear regulator that powers all internal registers and the
SMBus interface (MAX1895 only). The SMBus interface
is accessible in shutdown. In shutdown, the linear regulator output voltage drops to about 4.5V and the supply
current is 6µA (typ), which is the required power to
maintain all internal register states. While in shutdown,
lamp-out detection and short-circuit detection latches
are reset. The device can be placed into shutdown by
either writing to the shutdown mode register (MAX1895
SMBus mode only) or with SH/SUS.
Lamp-Out Detection
For safety, the MAX1895/MAX1995 monitor the lamp
current to detect the open-lamp fault. When the peak
voltage on IFB drops below 150mV (IFB regulation point
must be set above 48mV) the lamp-out timer starts.
Before the timer times out, VCCI increases the secondary voltage in an attempt to maintain lamp-current
regulation. As VCCI rises, VCCV rises with it until the secondary voltage reaches its preset limit. At this point,
VCCV stops and limits the secondary voltage by limiting
tON. Because VCCV is limited to 150mV above VCCI the
voltage control loop is able to quickly limit the secondary voltage. Without this clamping feature, the transformer voltage would overshoot to dangerous levels
because VCCV would take more time to slew down from
its supply rail. If the peak voltage on IFB does not rise
above 150mV before timeout, the MAX1895/MAX1995
shut down the full bridge.
Overcurrent Fault Detection
and Protection
The MAX1895/MAX1995 sense overcurrent faults on
each switching cycle. The current comparator monitors
the voltage drop from LX_ to GND. If the voltage
exceeds the current-limit threshold, the regulator turns
off the high-side switch to prevent the transformer primary current from increasing further.
Applications Information
The MAX1895’s standard application circuit, shown in
Figure 1, regulates the current of a 4.5W CCFL. The
IC’s analog voltage interface sets the lamp brightness
with a greater than 30 to 1 power adjustment range.
This circuit operates from a wide supply voltage range
of 4.6V to 28V. Typical applications for this circuit
include notebook, desktop monitor, and car navigation
displays. Table 4 shows the recommended components for the power stage of the 4.5W application. To
select the correct component values, several CCFL
parameters (Table 6) and the DC input characteristics
must be specified.
MOSFETs
The MAX1895/MAX1995 require four external switches
NL1, NL2, NH1, and NH2 to form a full bridge to drive
CCFL. The regulator senses drain-to-source voltage of
NL1 and NL2 to detect the transformer primary minimum current crossing and overcurrent fault condition.
______________________________________________________________________________________
17
MAX1895/MAX1995
VL
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
Table 4. Components for the Standard Application Circuit
DESIGNATION
DESCRIPTION
RECOMMENDED DEVICE
TMK325BJ475MN
C1
4.7µF, 25V, X5R ceramic capacitor
C2
1µF, 25V, X7R ceramic capacitor
C3
15pF, 3.1kV, high-voltage ceramic
capacitor
C3225X7R1E475M
Taiyo Yuden
www.t-yuden.com
TDK
www.tdk.com
TMK316BJ105KL
C3216X7R1E105K
Taiyo Yuden
TDK
GHM1038-SL-150J-3K
C4520C0G3F150K
Murata
www.murata.com
TDK
0.015µF, 16V, X7R ceramic capacitor
EMK105BJ153KV
GRM36X7R153K016
Taiyo Yuden
Murata
C5, C6, C7, C8,
C10
0.1µF,10V, X5R ceramic capacitors
LMK105BJ104MV
GRM36X5R104K010
C10055R1A104K
Taiyo Yuden
Murata
TDK
C9
0.01µF, 16V, X7R ceramic capacitor
ECJ-0EB1C103K
Panasonic
www.panasonic.com
C4
MMBD4148SE
D1
100mA dual-series diode
MMBD7000
CMPD7000
D2
NH1/NL1,
NH2/NL2
R1
100mA dual Schottky
diode common anode
Dual N-channel MOSFETs
(30V, 0.095Ω, SOT23-6)
BAT54AW
Fairchild Semiconductor
www.fairchildsemi.com
General Semiconductor
www.gensemi.com
Central Semiconductor
www.centralsemi.com
Diodes Incorporates
www.diodes.com
CMSSH-3A
Central Semiconductor
FDC6561AN
Fairchild Semiconductor
TPC6201
Toshiba
www.toshiba.com
150Ω ±1% resistor
R2
2kΩ ±5% resistor
R3
100kΩ ±1% resistor
R4
49.9kΩ ±1% resistor
T1
1:100 transformer
RDSON of NL1 and NL2 should be matched. Select a
dual logic-level N-channel MOSFET with low RDSON to
minimize conduction loss for NL1/NL2 and NH1/NH2
(Fairchild FDC6561). The regulator softly turns on each
of four switches in the full bridge. ZVS (zero-voltage
switching) occurs when the external power MOSFETs
18
MANUFACTURER
T912MG-1018
Toko
www.tokoam.com
are turned on while their respective drain-to-source
voltages are near zero volts. ZVS effectively eliminates
the MOSFET transition losses caused by CRSS (drainto-source capacitance) and parasitic capacitance discharge. ZVS improves efficiency and reduces
switching-related EMI.
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
Voltage-Sense Capacitors
The MAX1895/MAX1995 limit the transformer secondary
voltage during open-lamp fault through the capacitive
divider C3/C4. The voltage of VFB is proportional to
CCFL voltage. To set the maximum RMS secondary
transformer voltage, choose C3 around 10pF to 22pF,
and select C4 such that C4 = VT(MAX)/1.11V x C3, where
VT(MAX) is the maximum RMS secondary transformer
voltage (above the strike voltage). R2 sets the VFB DC
bias point to 0V. Choose R2 =10/(C4 ✕ 6.28 ✕ FSW),
where FSW is the nominal resonant operating frequency.
Loop Compensation
CCI sets the speed of the current loop that is used during startup, maintaining lamp current regulation, and
during transients caused by changing the lamp-current
settling. The typical CCI capacitor value is 0.1µF.
Larger values limit lamp-current overshoot, but
increase setting time. Smaller values speed up its
response time, but extremely small values can lead to
instability.
CCV sets the speed of the voltage loop that affects
startup, DPWM transients and operation in an opentube fault condition. If DPWM is not used, the voltage
control loop should only be active during startup or an
open-lamp fault. The CCV capacitor typical value is
0.01µF. Use the smallest value of CCV capacitor necessary to set an acceptable fault-transient response
and not cause excessive ringing at the beginning of a
DPWM pulse. Larger CCV capacitor values reduce
transient overshoot, but can degrade regulation at low
DPWM duty cycles by increasing the delay to strike
voltage.
Resonant Components
The MAX1895/MAX1995 work well with air-gap transformers with turns ratio N in the order of NP:NS = 1:90
to 1:100 for most applications. The transformer secondary resonant frequency must be controlled. A lowprofile CCFL transformer typically operates between
50kHz (Fmin) and 200kHz (Fmax). The transformer T1,
the DC blocking capacitor C2, the parallel capacitor
C3, and the CCFL lamp form a resonant tank. The resonant frequency is determined by the transformer secondary leakage inductance L, C2, and C3. The tank is
a bandpass filter whose lower frequency is bounded by
L, N, and C2. N is the transformer’s turns ratio. Choose
C2 ≤ N 2 (10 ✕ F 2 MIN ✕ L). The upper frequency is
bounded by L and C3. Choose C3 ≥ 1/(40 ✕ F2MIN ✕ L).
Other Components
The high-side MOSFET drivers (GH1 and GH2) are
powered by the external bootstrap circuit formed by
D2, C5 and C6. Connect BST1/BST2 through a dual
signal-level Schottky diode D2 to VDD, and connect it to
LX1/LX2 with 0.1µF ceramic capacitors. Use a dualseries signal-level diode (D1) to generate the half-wave
rectified current-sense voltage across R1. The current
through these diodes is the lamp current.
Dual-Lamp Regulator
The MAX1895/MAX1995 can be used to drive two
CCFL tubes as shown in Figure 12. See Table 5 for
component selection. The circuit consists of two identical transformers with primary windings connected in
parallel and secondary windings in series. The two
transformers can also be replaced with a single transformer, which has one primary winding and two secondary windings. The advantage of the series
secondary windings is that the same current flows
through both lamps resulting in approximately the same
brightness.
In normal operation, C12 is charged to approximately
6V biasing N1 on, which permits current to flow in the
loop as follows: in the first half-cycle, current flows
through the secondary winding of T1, CCFL1, diode
D1, MOSFET N1, sense resistor R1, Zener diode D4
(forward bias), CCFL2, finally returning to T2. In the
second half-cycle the lamp current flows through T2,
CCFL2, D4 (breakdown), D3 (forward bias), CCFL1,
and back to T1.
The roundabout path of current flow is necessary in
order to detect an open-lamp condition when either
CCFL is removed. If CCFL1 is open, the lamp current
cannot flow through the sense resistor R1. When IFB
drops below 150mV the controller detects the condition
and shuts down after a 2s delay. During the delay current can flow from T2 through CCFL2, D4 (breakdown),
and R6 back to T2. If CCFL2 is removed, the voltage
across D4 drops to zero and C11 is discharged
through R5. N1 is biased off which forces the voltage at
IFB to drop to zero once again. During the 2s turn-off
delay, current flows from T1 to CCFL1 through D3
______________________________________________________________________________________
19
MAX1895/MAX1995
Current-Sense Resistor
The MAX1895/MAX1995 regulate the CCFL average
current through the sense resistor R1 in Figure 1. The
voltage at IFB is the half-wave rectified representation
of the current through the lamp. The inverter regulates
the average voltage at IFB, which is controlled by either
the analog interface or the SMBus interface. To set the
maximum lamp RMS current, determine R1 as follows:
R1 = 0.444V/ICCFL, RMS, MAX, where ICCFL, RMS,
MAX is the maximum RMS lamp current. MINDAC and
the wave shape influence the actual maximum RMS
lamp current. If necessary, use an RMS current meter
to make final adjustments to R1.
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
VIN
5V TO 28V
C1
NH1
NH2
C2
D1
T1
C3
NL1
N1
CCFL
R1
D3
D6
NL2
C4
R2
C11
R6
R7
GL2
GH2
PGND
BATT
GH1
LX1
GL1
R6
T2
LX2
C5
C6
BST2
BST1
VCC
C13
VDD
C7
C12
D4
D2-2
D2-1
R5
D5
CCFL2
MAX1895
GND
VFB
CCV
IFB
MODE
SH/SUS
CRF/SDA
CTL/SCL
CCI
REF
C9
MINDAC
C8
ILIM
R3
ON/OFF
R4
C10
REFERENCE INPUT
CONTROL INPUT
Figure 12. Dual-Lamp Application Circuit
(breakdown) and R6 back to T1. D3 clamps the drain of
N1 enabling the use of a MOSFET with modest breakdown characteristics.
The secondary voltages of both transformers are monitored through the two identical capacitive voltage
dividers (C3/C4 and C13/C11). The dual diode D6 rectifies the two sensed voltages and passes the signal to
the VFB pin. A full-wave rectified sinusoidal waveform
appears at the VFB pin. The RMS value of this new VFB
signal is greater than the half-wave rectified signal in
the single-lamp application. To compensate for the
waveform change and the forward voltage drop in the
diodes, the capacitive voltage-divider ratio must be
decreased. Choose C3 around 10pF to 22pF, and
select C4 according to C4 = VT, MAX /1.33V ✕ C3,
20
where VT, MAX is the maximum transformer secondary
RMS voltage.
Layout Guidelines
Careful PC board layout is critical to achieve low
switching losses and clean, stable operation. The high
voltage and switching power stages require particular
attention (Figure 13). The high-voltage sections of the
layout need to be well separated from the control circuit. Most layouts are constrained to long narrow PC
boards, so this separation occurs naturally. Follow
these guidelines for good PC board layout:
1) Keep the high-current paths short and wide, especially at the ground terminals. This is essential for
stable, jitter-free operation, and high efficiency.
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
DESIGNATION
DESCRIPTION
RECOMMENDED DEVICE
TMK325BJ475MN
C1
4.7µF, 25V, X5R ceramic capacitor
C2
1µF, 25V, X7R ceramic capacitor
C3225X7R1E475M
MANUFACTURER
Taiyo Yuden
www.t-yuden.com
TDK
www.tdk.com
TMK316BJ105KL
C3216X7R1E105K
Taiyo Yuden
TDK
GHM1038-SL-150J-3K
C4520C0G3F150K
Murata
www.murata.
TDK
0.015µF, 16V, X7R ceramic
capacitors
EMK105BJ153KV
GRM36X7R153K016
Taiyo Yuden
Murata
C5, C6, C7, C8,
C10, C12
0.1µF, 10V, X5R ceramic capacitors
LMK105BJ104MV
GRM36X5R104K010
C1005X5R1A104K
Taiyo Yuden
Murata
TDK
C9
0.01µF, 16V, X7R ceramic capacitor
ECJ-0EB1C103K
Panasonic
www.panasonic.com
C3, C13
C4, C11
15pF, 3.1kV, high-voltage ceramic
capacitors
MMBD4148
D1, D5
100mA diodes
IMBD4148
MMBD4148
Fairchild Semiconductor
www.fairchildsemi.com
General Semiconductor
www.gensemi.com
Diodes Incorporated
www.diodes.com
BAT54AW
CMSSH-3A
Diodes Incorporated
Central Semiconductor
www.centralsemi.com
6.2V zener diodes
CMPZ5234B
BZX84C6V2
Central Semiconductor
Diodes Incorporated
D6
Dual diode, common cathode
CMPD2838
BAV70
Central Semiconductor
Diodes Incorporated
N1
N-channel MOSFET (SOT23)
2N7002
2N7002
2N7002
Fairchild Semiconductor
General Semiconductor
Central Semiconductor
FDC6561AN
TPC6201
Fairchild Semiconductor
Toshiba
www.toshiba.com
D2
D3, D4
NH1/NL1,
NH2/NL2
R1
100mA dual Schottky diode, common
anode
Dual N-channel MOSFETs
(30V, 0.095Ω, SOT23-6)
MAX1895/MAX1995
Table 5. Components for the Dual-Lamp Application Circuit
150Ω ±1% resistor
R2, R6
2kΩ ±5% resistors
R3
100kΩ ±1% resistor
R4
49.9kΩ ±1% resistor
R5
1kΩ ±5% resistor
R7
20kΩ ±5% resistor
T1, T2
1:100 transformers
T912MG-1018
Toko
www.tokoam.com
______________________________________________________________________________________
21
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
C4
D1
C2
N1
N2
T1
HIGH-CURRENT PRIMARY CONNECTION
C3
R2
LAMP
HIGH-VOLTAGE SECONDARY CONNECTION
NOTE: DUAL MOSFET N2 IS MOUNTED ON THE BOTTOM SIDE OF THE PC BOARD DIRECTLY UNDER N1.
Figure 13. Layout Example
Table 6. CCFL Specifications
SPECIFICATION
CCFL Minimum Strike Voltage
(“Kick-Off Voltage”)
CCFL Typical Operating
Voltage (“Lamp Voltage”)
SYMBOL
VS
VL
UNITS
DESCRIPTION
VRMS
Although CCFLs typically operate at <550VRMS, a higher voltage
(up to 1000VRMS and beyond) is required initially to start the tube. The
strike voltage is typically higher at cold temperatures and at the end of
life of the tube.
VRMS
Once a CCFL has been struck, the voltage is required to maintain light
output falls to approximately 550VRMS. Shorter tubes may operate on
as little as 250VRMS. The operating voltage of the CCFL stays relatively
constant, even as the tube’s brightness is varied.
CCFL Maximum Operating
Current (“Lamp Current”)
IL
mARMS
The maximum AC current through a CCFL is typically 5mARMS. DC
current is not allowed through CCFLs. The maximum lamp current is
set by the sense resistor, R1, and the maximum brightness setting.
R1 = 2.2 ✕ VIFBMAX/ILMAX.
CCFL Maximum Frequency
(“Lamp Frequency”)
fL
kHz
The maximum AC lamp-current frequency. The MAX1895/MAX1995
are designed to operate between 20kHz and 300kHz.
2) Utilize a star ground configuration for power and
analog grounds. The power ground and analog
ground should be completely isolated—meeting
only at the center of the star. The center should be
placed at the backside contact to the QFN package. Using separate copper planes for these
planes may simplify this task. Quiet analog ground
is used for REF, CCV, CCI, RX, and MINDAC (if a
resistive voltage-divider is used).
3) Route high-speed switching nodes away from sensitive analog areas (IFB, VFB, REF, ILIM). Make all pinstrap control input connections (ILIM, etc.) to analog
ground or VCC rather than power ground or VDD.
4) Mount the decoupling capacitor from VCC to GND
as close as possible to the IC with dedicated traces
that are not shared with other signal paths.
22
5) The current sense paths for LX1 and LX2 to GND
must be made using Kelvin sense connections to
guarantee the current-limit accuracy. With SO-8
MOSFETs, this is best done by routing power to the
MOSFETs from outside using the top copper layer,
while connecting GND and LX inside (underneath)
the SO-8 package.
6) Ensure the feedback connections are short and
direct. To the extent possible, IFB and VFB connections should be far away from the high voltage
traces and the transformer.
7) To the extent possible, high-voltage trace clearance
on the transformer’s secondary should be widely
separated. The high voltage traces should also be
separated from adjacent ground planes to prevent
capacitive coupling losses.
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
MAX1895/MAX1995
Write-Byte Format
S
ADDRESS
WR
ACK
COMMAND
ACK
DATA
ACK
7 bits
1b
1b
8 bits
1b
8 bits
1b
Slave Address
Command Byte: selects
which register you are
writing to
P
Data Byte: data goes into the register
set by the command byte
Read-Byte Format
S
ADDRESS
WR
ACK
COMMAND
ACK
7 bits
1b
1b
8 bits
1b
Slave Address
Command Byte: selects
which register you are
reading from
Send-Byte Format
S
S
RD
ACK
DATA
///
7 bits
1b
1b
8 bits
1b
Slave Address: repeated
due to change in dataflow direction
P
Data Byte: reads from
the register set by the
command byte
Receive-Byte Format
ADDRESS
WR
ACK
7 bits
1b
1b
COMMAND
ACK
8 bits
1b
P
S
Command Byte: sends command
with no data; usually used for oneshot command
S = Start condition
P = Stop condition
ADDRESS
Shaded = Slave transmission
Ack= Acknowledged = 0
/// = Not acknowledged = 1
ADDRESS
RD
ACK
7 bits
1b
1b
Slave Address
WR = Write = 0
RD = Read =1
DATA
///
8 bits
1b
P
Data Byte: reads data from
the register commanded
by the last read-byte or
write-byte transmission;
also used for SMBus Alert
Response return address
Figure 14. SMBus Protocols
8) The traces to the capacitive voltage-divider on the
transformer’s secondary need to be widely separated to prevent arcing. Moving these traces to opposite sides of the board can be beneficial in some
cases (Figure 13).
Digital Interface
With MODE connected to V CC , the CRF/SDA and
CTL/SCL pins no longer behave as analog inputs;
instead they function as an Intel SMBus-compatible
two-wire digital interface. CRF/SDA is the bidirectional
data line and CTL/SCL is the clock line of the two-wire
interface corresponding respectively to SMBDATA and
SMBCLK lines of the SMBus. The MAX1895 uses the
Write-Byte, Read-Byte, Send-Byte, and Receive-Byte
protocols (Figure 14). The SMBus protocols are documented in “System Management Bus Specification
v1.08” and are available at www.sbs-forum.org.
The MAX1895 is a slave-only device and responds to
the 7-bit address 0b0101101 (i.e., with the RW bit clear
indicating a write, this corresponds to 0x5A). The
MAX1895 has three functional registers: a 5-bit bright-
ness register (BRIGHT4–BRIGHT0), a 3-bit shutdown
mode register (SHMD2–SHMDE0), and a 2-bit status
register (STATUS1–STATUS0). In addition, the device
has three identification (ID) registers: an 8-bit chip ID
register, an 8-bit chip revision register, and an 8-bit
manufacturer ID register.
CRF/SDA and CTL/SCL pins have Schmidt-trigger
inputs that can accommodate slow edges; however,
the rising and falling edges should still be faster than
1µs and 300ns, respectively.
Communication starts with the master signaling the
beginning of a transmission with a START condition,
which is a high-to-low transition on CRF/SDA, while
CTL/SCL is high. When the master has finished communicating with the slave, the master issues a STOP
condition (P), which is low-to-high transition on
CRF/SDA, while CTL/SCL is high. The bus is then free
for another transmission. Figures 15 and 16 show the
timing diagram for signals on the 2-wire interface. The
address-byte, command-byte, and data-byte are transmitted between the START and STOP conditions. The
CRF/SDA state is allowed to change only while
______________________________________________________________________________________
23
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
A
B
tLOW
tHIGH
C
E
D
F
G
I
H
J
K
L
M
SMBCLK
SMBDATA
tSU:STA
tHD:STA
tSU:DAT
A = START CONDITION
B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW
tHD:DAT
tHD:DAT
tSU:STO tBUF
J = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCKED INTO MASTER
K = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE
L = STOP CONDITION, DATA EXECUTED BY SLAVE
M = NEW START CONDITION
F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER
G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
I = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW
Figure 15. SMBus Write Timing
A
B
tLOW
C
D
E
F
G
H
tHIGH
J
I
K
SMBCLK
SMBDATA
tSU:STA tHD:STA
A = START CONDITION
B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE
tSU:DAT
tHD:DAT
E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW
F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER
G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER
H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER
tSU:STO
tSU:DAT
tBUF
I = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE
J = STOP CONDITION
K = NEW START CONDITION
Figure 16. SMBus Read Timing
CTL/SCL is low, except for the START and STOP conditions. Data is transmitted in 8-bit words and is sampled
on the rising edge of CTL/SCL. Nine clock cycles are
required to transfer each byte in or out of the MAX1895
since either the master or the slave acknowledges the
receipt of the correct byte during the ninth clock. If the
MAX1895 receives its correct slave address followed
by RW = 0, it expects to receive one or two bytes of
information (depending on the protocol). If the device
detects a start or stop condition prior to clocking in the
bytes of data, it considers this an error condition and
disregards all of the data. If the transmission is completed correctly the registers are updated immediately
after a STOP (or RESTART) condition. If the MAX1895
receives its correct slave address followed by RW = 1,
it expects to clock out the register data selected by the
previous command byte.
24
SMBus Commands
The MAX1895 registers are accessible through several
different redundant commands (i.e., the command-byte
in the read-byte and write-byte protocols), which can
be used to read or write the brightness, SHMD, status,
or ID registers.
Table 6 summarizes the command-byte’s register
assignments as well as each register’s power-on state.
The MAX1895 also supports the receive-byte protocol
for quicker data transfers. This protocol accesses the
register configuration pointed to by the last command
byte. Immediately after power-up, the data-byte
returned by the receive-byte protocol is the contents of
the brightness register, left justified (i.e. BRIGHT4 will
be in the most significant bit position of the data byte)
with the remaining bits containing a one, STATUS1, and
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
DATA REGISTER BIT ASSIGNMENT
SMBus
PROTOCOL
COMMAND
BYTE*
POR
STATE
Read and
Write Byte
0x01
0b0XXX XX01
0x17
Read and
Write Byte
0x02
0b0XXX XX10
0xF9
Read Byte
only
0x03
0b0XXX XX11
0x96
Read Byte
only
0x04
0b0XXX XX00
0x00
ChipRev7 ChipRev6 ChipRev5 ChipRev4
0
0
0
0
ChipRev3 ChipRev2 ChipRev1
0
0
0
ChipRev0
0
Read and
Write Byte
0x80
0b10XX XX0X
0xBF
BRIGHT4
BRIGHT3 BRIGHT2
(MSB)
BRIGHT1
BRIGHT0
(LSB)
1
STATUS1
STATUS0
Read Byte
only
0xFE
0b11XX XXX0
0x4D
MfgID7
0
MfgID6
1
MfgID5
0
MfgID4
0
MfgID3
1
MfgID2
1
MfgID1
0
MfgID0
1
Read Byte
only
0xFF
0b11XX XXX1
0x96
ChipID7
1
ChipID6
0
ChipID5
0
ChipID4
1
ChipID3
0
ChipID2
1
ChipID1
1
ChipID0
0
BIT 0
(LSB)
BIT 7
(MSB)
BIT 6
BIT 5
BIT 4
BIT 3
0
0
0
BRIGHT4
(MSB)
BRIGHT3
1
1
1
SHMD2
SHMD1
SHMD0
ChipID5
0
ChipID4
1
ChipID3
0
ChipID2
1
ChipID1
1
ChipID0
0
STATUS1 STATUS0
ChipID7
1
ChipID6
0
BIT 2
BIT 1
BRIGHT2 BRIGHT1
BRIGHT0
(LSB)
Note: The hexadecimal command byte shown is recommended for maximum forward compatibility with future products.
X = Don’t Care
STATUS0. This will give the same result as using the
read-word protocol with 0b10XXXXXX (0x80) command. Use caution with the shorter protocols in multimaster systems, since a second master could
overwrite the command byte without informing the first
master. During shutdown the serial interface remains
fully functional.
Brightness Register
[BRIGHT4–BRIGHT0] (POR = 0b10111)
The 5-bit brightness register corresponds with the 5-bit
brightness code used in the dimming control (see
Dimming Control). BRIGHT4–BRIGHT0 = 0b00000 sets
minimum brightness and BRIGHT4–BRIGHT0 =
0b11111 sets maximum brightness. The SMBus interface does not control whether the device regulates the
current by analog dimming, DPWM dimming or both,
this is done by MINDAC (see Multimode Pin
Description section)
Status Register
[STATUS1–STATUS0] (POR = 0b11)
The status register returns information on fault conditions. If a lamp is not connected to the secondary of
the transformer, the MAX1895 will detect that the lamp
current has not exceeded the IFB detection threshold
and after 2s will clear the STATUS1 bit (see Lamp-Out
Detection section). The STATUS1 bit is latched; i.e. it
will remain 0 even if the lamp-out condition goes away.
When STATUS1 = 0, the lamp is forced off. STATUS0
reports ‘1’ as long as no overcurrent conditions are
detected. If an overcurrent condition is detected in any
given digital PWM period, STATUS0 is cleared for the
duration of the following digital PWM period. If an overcurrent condition is not detected in any given digital
PWM period, STATUS0 is set for the duration of the following digital PWM period. Forcing the CCFL lamp off
by entering shutdown, writing to the mode register, or
by toggling SHB/SUS sets STATUS1.
Shutdown Mode Register
[SHMD2–SHMD0] (POR = 0b001)
The 3-bit shutdown mode register configures the operation of the device when SH/SUS pin is toggled as
described in Table 8. The shutdown mode register can
also be used to directly shut off the CCFL regardless of
the state of SH/SUS (Table 9).
______________________________________________________________________________________
25
MAX1895/MAX1995
Table 7. Command Byte Description
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
Table 8. SHMD Register Bit Descriptions
BIT
NAME
POR
STATE
2
SHMD2
0
SHMD2 = 1 forces the lamp off and sets STATUS1. SHMD2 = 0 allows the lamp to operate
although it may still be shutdown by the SH/SUS pin (depending on the state of SHMD1
and SHMD0).
1
SHMD1
0
When SH/SUS = 0, this bit has no effect. SH/SUS = 1 and SHMD1 = 1 forces the lamp off
and sets STATUS1. SH/SUS = 1 and SHMD1 = 0 allows the lamp to operate although it
may still be shutdown by the SHMD2 bit.
0
SHMD0
1
When SH/SUS = 1, this bit has no effect. SH/SUS = 0 and SHMD0 = 1 forces the lamp off
and sets STATUS1. SH/SUS = 0 and SHMD0 = 0 allows the lamp to operate although it
may still be shutdown by the SHMD2 bit.
DESCRIPTION
Table 9. SH/SUS and SHMD Register Truth Table
SH/SUS
SHMD2
SHMD1
SHMD0
0
0
X
0
Operate
0
0
X
1
Shutdown, STATUS1 set
1
0
0
X
Operate
1
0
1
X
Shutdown, STATUS1 set
X
1
X
X
Shutdown, STATUS1 set
OPERATING MODE
X = Don’t care.
Table 10. Status Register Bit Descriptions (Read Only/Writes Have No Effect)
BIT
NAME
POR
STATE
1
STATUS1
1
STATUS1 = 0 means that a lamp-out condition has been detected. The STATUS1 bit stays
clear even after the lamp-out condition has gone away. The only way to set STATUS1 is to
shut off the lamp by programming the mode register or by toggling SHB/SUS.
0
STATUS0
1
STATUS0 = 0 means that an overcurrent condition was detected during the previous
digital PWM period. STATUS0 = 1 means that no overcurrent condition was detected
during the previous digital PWM period.
DESCRIPTION
ID Registers
The ID registers return information on the manufacturer,
the chip ID, and the chip revision number. The
MAX1895 is the first-generation advanced CCFL controller and its ChipRev is 0x00. Reading from MfgID
register returns 0x4D, which is the ASCII code for “M”
(for Maxim), the ChipID register returns 0x96. Writing to
these registers has no effect.
26
Chip Information
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 7364
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
VCC
BATT
CCV
CCI
IFB
N.C.
VFB
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
TOP VIEW
ILIM
1
21
GH2
REF
2
20
LX2
MINDAC
3
19
BST2
GND
4
18
BST1
MODE
5
17
LX1
CRF
6
16
GH1
CTL
7
15
GL1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SH
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
VDD
PGND
GL2
MAX1995
THIN QFN
______________________________________________________________________________________
27
MAX1895/MAX1995
Pin Configurations (continued)
Package Information
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
32L QFN.EPS
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
28
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
______________________________________________________________________________________
29
MAX1895/MAX1995
Package Information (continued)
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
Package Information (continued)
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
D2
0.15 C A
D
b
CL
0.10 M C A B
D2/2
D/2
PIN # 1
I.D.
QFN THIN 5x5x0.8 .EPS
MAX1895/MAX1995
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
k
0.15 C B
PIN # 1 I.D.
0.35x45
E/2
E2/2
CL
(NE-1) X e
E
E2
k
L
DETAIL A
e
(ND-1) X e
CL
CL
L
L
e
e
0.10 C
A
C
0.08 C
A1 A3
PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
TITLE:
PACKAGE OUTLINE
16, 20, 28, 32L, QFN THIN, 5x5x0.8 mm
APPROVAL
30
DOCUMENT CONTROL NO.
REV.
21-0140
C
______________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
High-Efficiency, Wide Brightness
Range, CCFL Backlight Controllers
COMMON DIMENSIONS
EXPOSED PAD VARIATIONS
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING CONFORM TO ASME Y14.5M-1994.
2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. ANGLES ARE IN DEGREES.
3. N IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TERMINALS.
4. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER AND TERMINAL NUMBERING CONVENTION SHALL CONFORM TO JESD 95-1
SPP-012. DETAILS OF TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER ARE OPTIONAL, BUT MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE
ZONE INDICATED. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER MAY BE EITHER A MOLD OR MARKED FEATURE.
5. DIMENSION b APPLIES TO METALLIZED TERMINAL AND IS MEASURED BETWEEN 0.25 mm AND 0.30 mm
FROM TERMINAL TIP.
6. ND AND NE REFER TO THE NUMBER OF TERMINALS ON EACH D AND E SIDE RESPECTIVELY.
7. DEPOPULATION IS POSSIBLE IN A SYMMETRICAL FASHION.
8. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED HEAT SINK SLUG AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS.
PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
9. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC MO220.
TITLE:
PACKAGE OUTLINE
16, 20, 28, 32L, QFN THIN, 5x5x0.8 mm
10. WARPAGE SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.10 mm.
APPROVAL
DOCUMENT CONTROL NO.
REV.
21-0140
C
2
2
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 31
© 2002 Maxim Integrated Products
Printed USA
is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.
MAX1895/MAX1995
Package Information (continued)
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)