Keysight N5193A Multi-emitter scenario generator, reference solution Datasheet

Keysight Technologies
Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator,
Reference Solution
Solution
Brochure
–– Simulate realistic and dynamic radar threat-emitter signal
environments consisting of thousands of emitters and millions of
pulses-per-second
–– Make Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements in changing signal environments for real-time radar threat-emitter sorting and direction finding
–– Quickly and easily set up complex AoA signal scenarios with Signal
Studio software
Breakthrough Performance and Reliability at a Fraction of the
Cost of Traditional EW Simulators
Simulating Radar Threat-Emitter Signals for EW
Receiver Test
When it comes to national defense, the stakes are high. In today’s ever changing radar
threat environment, ongoing modernization of electronic warfare (EW) systems is an
imperative for many countries. Identifying and neutralizing radar threats accurately
and reliably is not an easy task in today’s complex battlefield environments. EW tests
are conducted in laboratories to simulate radar threats according to an electronic
order of battle. The purpose of a lab EW test is to make the EW system believe that it
is flying through a hypothetical battlefield (Figure 1). This is far cheaper and far more
time-efficient than putting the system on an airplane and flying over a test range.
Validation and verification of EW systems is heavily dependent on testing with realistic
signal environments. EW test realism increases as high-fidelity emitters are added to
create density. In additon to emitter fidelity and density, platform motion, emitter scan
patterns, receiver antenna models, direction of arrival (angle of arrival), multipath and
atmospheric models enhance the ability to test EW systems under realistic conditions.
EW systems are now designed to identify emitters using precise direction finding and
pulse parameterization in dense environments of 8 to 10 million pulses per second.
These multi-emitter environments are often simulated with large, complex, expensive
custom systems not widely available to EW design engineers as R&D test equipment.
The Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator Reference Solution provides a cost effective
solution for realistic EW simulation using recent innovations in signal generation
including direct digital synthesis, agile frequency and power control.
Figure 1. A hypothetical battle off the coast of California with enemy antenna scan patterns in red and friendly in blue.
03 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Challenges of Simulating Multi-Emitter Environments
The modern spectral environment contains thousands of emitters—radios, wireless
devices, and tens to hundreds of radar threats — producing millions of radar pulses per
second amidst background signals and noise. In EW design, the multiplicity, density,
and bandwidth, make it impractical to use a single source or a small number of sources
to simulate a single emitter or a small number of emitters. Cost, space, and complexity
considerations rule out these approaches. The most practical solution is to simulate
many emitters with a single source, and to employ multiple sources — each typically
simulating many emitters — when required to produce the needed signal density or
to simulate specific phenomena such as angle-of arrival (AoA). The ability to simulate
multiple emitters at multiple frequencies depends on the pulse repetition frequency, duty
cycle and number of emitters, and ability of the source to switch between frequency,
amplitude, and modulation quickly.
In addition to creating emitters with the desired fidelity and density, it is also important
to match the geometry and kinematics of EW scenarios since the AoA of a radar threat to
the EW system changes slowly compared to other parameters such as center frequency
and pulse repetition frequency. EW systems measure AoA and estimate distance using
amplitude comparison, differential Doppler, interferometry (phase difference), and time
difference of arrival (TDOA). Precise AoA measurements enable precise localization
of radar threats. New stand-off jamming systems use active electronically-scanned
arrays capable of precise beam forming to minimize loss of jamming power due to beam
spreading towards a threat. Moreoever, EW receivers with better AoA capability reduce
the need for pulse de-interleaving and sorting. Consequently, AoA is an increasingly
important test requirement.
Angle of Arrival Methodologies
Three common angle of arrival (AoA) or direction finding (DF) methods for EW receivers
include: amplitude comparison, time difference of arrival (TDOA), and interferometry.
These are all passive monopulse methods which require no cooperation from the threat
radar (active homing) and each measures RF pulses from the threat to calculate an AoA.
Amplitude comparison method
Amplitude comparison monopulse, the most common direction finding method used
in radar warning receivers, relies on the ratio signal (P2 /P1 in Figure 2) of two displaced
radiation patterns originating from a single phase center that overlaps in the far field.
The antenna boresights are oriented (physically squinted) 90 degrees from one another
so that the same pulse incident on both patterns has a measureable power difference in
each channel. The power difference gives a meaningful arctangent calculation shown in
the equation in Figure 2. If the two antenna beams were pointed in the same direction
such that P1 and P2 were the same, the arctangent would almost always give 45 degrees.
04 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Figure 2. Amplitude comparison monopulse example.
Amplitude-comparison monopulse gives 10-15 degree direction finding accuracy
because measured cross-channel power levels vary due to aircraft motion and amplitude
attenuation or shadowing by the aircraft. For example, the receive power in one channel
may be inaccurate because the power was attenuated by the airplane. Often, AoA
resolution is more important than the accuracy. The resolution is the ability to distinguish
co-located threats such as different radars within the same SAM site.
Time difference of arrival and interferometry methods
Less commonly used are the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and interferometry AoA
methods. TDOA (Figure 3) derives AoA based on the delta time difference an RF pulse
is seen at two antennas. Knowing that a signal will travel at the speed of light (c) over
a distance equal to the distance between the two antennas, we can take the arcsine
of the ratio (TDOA x c)/d to determine the AoA. Although this method does not depend
directly on wavelength, it does require precise knowledge of delays through each receive
channel, which vary with frequency.
Figure 3. TDOA example.
05 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Figure 4. Interferometry example.
Like TDOA, interferometry (Figure 4) is calculated using the arcsine of a ratio. With
interferometry, the EW receiver is measuring the phase difference between apertures,
φ. Wavelength, λ, is measured by the EW receiver using an instantaneous frequency
measurement receiver (IFM) which gives the frequency of a pulse to ±1 to 3 MHz. The
distance between apertures, called a baseline, is known with some uncertainty level. In
general, longer baselines are used since this provides better accuracy and less sensitivity
to uncertainties. However, at long distances, the phase difference will wrap, leaving
ambiguities in this measurement. This is why most modern systems use more than one
baseline or a shorter baseline to resolve ambiguities.
Cost, size and procurement time benefits
Beyond realistic AoA simulations, the reference solution provides other advantages
including size, cost and procurement time. Traditional EW systems have been developed
using large, expensive proprietary test systems that have long lead times and provide
limited support for ongoing end user customization. The
reference solution hardware, small enough to fit on an
engineer’s desk (Figure 5), is configured with COTS test
equipment at a fraction of the cost of typical EW test
systems. Because it incorporates COTS hardware and
software, it can be delivered in months instead of years.
Figure 5. Full EW simulator now fits on an engineer’s desk.
06 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution
By coherently connecting multiple Keysight N5191A/93A UXG agile signal generators, we
can create complex, high pulse density EW scenarios and simulate AoA and kinematics
(moving platforms) simultaneously. This combination of UXGs connected together to
simulate an electronic battlefield with thousands of emitters is called the Multi-Emitter
Scenario Generator Reference Solution (Figure 6).
Figure 6. The reference solution includes multiple UXGs, Signal Studio software and calibration equipment.
UXG for realistic multi-emitter simulations with AoA
Typically, agile signal generators that switch frequency and settle amplitude in the
hundreds of nanoseconds are used to simulate all the radar threat-emitters in the
environment at different ranges and frequencies with their respective antenna scans.
Fast frequency hopping with phase continuity and repeatability allows Keysight’s UXG
agile signal generator to simulate multiple pulse-Doppler radars (multiple emitters) at
different frequencies while maintaining its original phase (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Accurately simulate multiple emitters with a single UXG by taking advantage of built-in phase
coherency/repeatability.
07 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
With multiple UXGs, you can simulate EW scenarios with thousands of radar
threat-emitters and millions of pulses per second (the pulse density scales with the
number of UXGs). In addition to simulating high pulse density, it’s extremely important
to create AoA on all RF pulses for two reasons: 1) AoA allows the EW receiver to localize
threats for neutralization and 2) AoA is a primary threat sorting parameter and thus
allows the EW receiver to identify groups of pulses as belonging to individual threats.
Creating AoA means staggering identical pulses played out of different ports (different
UXGs) in time, phase, amplitude, or all three. In order to properly stagger these pulses,
the UXGs must be phase, time, frequency and amplitude aligned (calibrated) with
each other. The Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator Reference Solution includes tailored
calibration routines that work with a number of different measurement receivers — the
PNA and PNA-X Vector Network Analyzers, Infiniium oscilloscopes, and U2000 power
sensors so that you can choose the right tool for the job. It is this process of calibration
that ultimately controls how accurately you can simulate AoA for EW receiver test.
Radar warning
receiver(s) under test
N7660B Signal Studio for
Multi-Emitter Scenerio Generation
- PC connected to UXGs via GPIB,
USB or LAN
N5193A UXGs
Figure 8. The Multi-Emitter Scenerio Generator Reference Solution combines multiple UXGs to simulate
thousands of threat emitters with AoA.
Display
08 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Reference Solution Key Performance Characteristics
Hardware characteristics
Frequency range
10 MHz to 40 GHz
Phase noise
–126 dBc at 10 GHz, 10 kHz offset
Non-harmonic spurious
–70 dBc at 18 GHz
Output power
–130 dBm to 10 dBm
Normal/list update rate
< 180 ns in list mode (frequency, amplitude, phase)
Minimum pulse width
10 ns
Pulse rise/fall time
3 ns
Pulse on/off ratio
90 dB
Linear chirp width
10 to 25% of center frequency
Time skew (for TDOA AoA method)
100 ps
Amplitude accuracy (for amplitude comparison
AoA method)
< 0.5 dB
Phase accuracy (for Interferometry AoA
method)
1-3 ° RMS (dependent on center frequency)
Height/UXG
3 rack units (3U)
Pulse parameters
Pulse width stagger
Linear ramp, stepped, or staggered specified by timing parameters and number of pulses
Modulation on pulse parameters
Barker
Nested Barker and Barker codes (2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13) with user control over Barker direction and polarity
Formats
Custom BPSK and FM chirp (sawtooth or triangle FM chirp deviation of 10-25% of center frequency)
Pulse repetition interval parameters
PRI stagger
Bursted, linear ramp, list, stepped
Frequency agility
Offset, linear ramp, list, stepped
Antenna scan parameters
Radiation pattern type
Isotropic, Blackman, Cosine1, Cosine2, Cosine3, Cosine4, Cosine5, Exact Blackman, Hamming,
Programmable, Rectangular, Three Term, Three Term Minimum, Gaussian, Omni, Pyramidal Horn, Sinc,
and Table Lookup
Antenna scan type
Circular, conical, custom, bidirectional raster, unidirectional raster, bidirectional sector, unidirectional
sector, helical, spiral, lobe switching, lobe on target
Antenna properties
Azimuth/Elevation 3 dB beam width
Simulation parameters
Multi-emitter simulation
Multiple emitters are played from a PDW list according to the capability of the UXG to transition
frequency and amplitude according to the number of emitters and their duty cycles
Multi-UXG
Connect to multiple UXGs to increase pulse density and simulate AoA; angle-of-arrival or multi-channel
calibration is provided
Emitter interleaving
Emitters are interleaved to optimize pulse density and minimize dropped pulses while maintaining
accurate pulse width and PRI
Dropped pulse reporting and pulse collision
reporting
Pulse collision percentages and conflicting emitters are reported; modifications to emitter start
time and priority can be made in the report to resolve conflicts; report is recalculated when emitter
parameters are changed
Scenarios
Create a hierarchy of platforms, emitters, modes, and waveforms; user can build up a library of emitters
or modes and reuse them in different simulations
Test system definition
Add one or more UXG agile signal generators with different options to the simulation
System under test definition
Set the minimum simulation power level according to the sensitivity of the receiver under test
09 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Reference Solution Key Performance Characteristics (cont’d)
Kinematics
AoA
Provides a dynamic environment with changing power levels, changing Doppler frequency, and changing
signal phases between ports, throughout the scenario
User-defined ports
SUT can have multiple ports identified by the user for AoA; each port is user-assigned to a different UXG
Streaming mode
LAN streaming
Allows the user to save extremely long scenarios to their PC storage and stream the PDWs to the UXG
SSD playback
Allows the user to store extremely long scenarios (streaming PDW format) on the UXG’s internal SSD
drive instead of to the more limited list point memory
Time domain analysis
Antenna scan display
Click and drag the changeable 3-dimensional axis of the view to visualize the antenna scan pattern of
any emitters (and associated platforms) in the scenario
Trajectory display
The motion of the platforms/SUT and their associated emitters (kinematics) is displayed; this view
provides basic visual feedback to help confirm that the configured paths are correct
10 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Hardware
N5193A UXG Agile Signal Generator
www.keysight.com/find/n5193a
The UXG agile signal generator, the foundation of the reference solution, delivers
unmatched performance in switching speed and phase control. To support realistic multithreat scenarios, the UXG can update frequency, amplitude, and phase in as little as 180
ns, generate wide chirps that are 10 to 25 percent of carrier frequency and create pulses
as narrow as 10 ns with 3 ns rise/fall times and 90 dB on/off ratio. This is made possible
by direct digital synthesis (DDS) technology and a Keysight-proprietary digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) that provides industry-leading spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR).
Based on an ASIC design that minimizes signal crosstalk and reduces the injection of
digital noise into analog circuitry, Keysight’s innovative DAC’s power-supply design and
its resampling algorithm enhance signal quality by reducing noise and ensuring linear
transitions.
Infiniium Oscilloscopes
www.keysight.com/find/oscilloscopes
Keysight’s Infiniium oscilloscopes offer the industry’s deepest memory and lowest noise
floor. Keysight’s RealEdge technology — leading-edge indium phosphide chip technology
and custom thin film packaging —combined with time interleaving, frequency interleaving and proprietary signal processing enables us to provide the highest bandwidth
lowest-noise real-time oscilloscopes in the world. Infiniium oscilloscopes — ranging from
S-Series to Z-Series — are the perfect choice for correcting amplitude and time differences between UXGs.
PNA and PNA-X Vector Network Analyzers
www.keysight.com/find/pna
The PNA and PNA-X Series of microwave network analyzers are the culmination of
Keysight ‘s 40-year legacy of technical leadership and innovation in radio frequency (RF)
network analysis. More than just a vector network analyzer, the PNA-X is the world’s most
integrated and flexible microwave test engine for measuring active devices like amplifiers,
mixers, and frequency converters. The combination of two internal signal sources, a signal
combiner, S-parameter and noise receivers, pulse modulators and generators, and a
flexible set of switches and RF access points provide a powerful hardware core for a broad
range of linear and nonlinear measurements, all with a single set of connections to your
device-under-test (DUT). Providing up to a maximum frequency of 67 GHz with 128 dB of
dynamic range and a noise floor down to -116 dBm, the PNA and PNA-X are perfect for
correcting amplitude and phase differences between UXGs.
U2000 Series USB Power Sensors
www.keysight.com/find/usbsensor
Standalone USB-based U2000 Series power sensors enable power measurements
without power meters. Using USB power and providing built-in triggering, these power
sensors don’t need external power adapters or triggering modules for synchronization
with external instruments or events. The U2000 series makes average power measurements from 9 kHz to 24 GHz from -60 to 24 dBm. These features make the U2000 USB
power sensors the perfect choice for correcting amplitude differences between UXGs.
11 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Software
Software recommended for the reference solution includes the N7660B Signal Studio
software to set-up and visualize scenarios and calibration software to align multiple
UXGs in phase, time and amplitude in order to simulate AoA.
N7660B Signal Studio for Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation
Signal Studio for multi-emitter scenario generation software provides performance-optimized reference signals– validated by Keysight— to enhance the characterization
and verification of your EW systems. Through its application-specific user interface,
you can create custom test signals for EW system test. The new kinematics feature
provides more dynamic and complex scenarios than can be achieved with static pulse
builder software. The dynamic kinematics environment enables changes to power levels,
Doppler frequencies, and signal phases between ports, throughout the scenario. These
signal changes are based on geometric and physics based models. Simulate signal
thresholds and AoA to stimulate the system under test.
–– Create multi-emitter scenarios using one or more UXG agile signal generators for
EW test from 10 MHz to 40 GHz
–– Define radar emitters with a graphical user interface using parameters such as
amplitude, frequency, pulse width, modulation-on-pulse, PRI, coherent processing
interval, and mechanical and electronic antenna scan modulation
–– Define antenna dwells to simulate radars with electronically scanned arrays
–– Combine radar signals into multi-emitter scenarios using dropped pulse reports to
optimize pulse density
–– Reduce pulse collisions by changing emitter start times, priorities, and pulse
repetition intervals, and by toggling emitters on and off
–– Increase pulse density and reduce dropped pulses by adding more UXGs to the
simulation
–– Emulate dynamic EW threat scenarios with kinematics (moving platform) simulation:
dynamic power levels, Doppler frequency and signal phases for changing AoA
simulation
–– Simulate long scenarios and stream to UXGs via LAN or the UXG’s internal SSD
storage
For more information, see webpage at www.keysight.com/find/n7660b.
Figure 9. Signal Studio for multi-emiiter scenario generation computes pulse collisions and creates a dropped
pulse report before simulating multiple emitters.
12 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Software
Calibration software
The reference solution includes calibration software and three measurement receiver
options for calibration: the U2000 series power sensor, the Infiniium series oscilloscopes
and the PNA vector network analyzer. Each option provides a different AoA calibration:
–– U2000 power sensors for amplitude calibration (amplitude comparison AoA)
–– PNA for amplitude and phase calibration (interferometry AoA)
–– Infiniium oscilloscopes for amplitude and time calibration (TDOA AoA)
Below is a description of the amplitude calibration with the U2000 power sensor. For
information on the other calibration methods, contact your Keysight representative.
Amplitude calibration software for the U2000 series power sensor
The software facilitates setup of connections between USB power sensor(s) and the
UXG(s) to measure amplitude corrections over a range of nominal amplitudes and
frequencies. The software also supports automation of the programming commands
necessary to achieve a multi-box synchronous set of UXGs for use in multi-emitter
scenario generation (figure 10). The 32-bit Windows 7 application, exports a comma-separated values (CSV) calibration file compatible with the N7660B Signal Studio for
Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation software.
The number of USB power sensors required for this correction routine is variable from
1-n. For the best measurement repeatability and lowest amount of manual intervention,
we recommend a separate sensor for each UXG. The range of frequencies and amplitudes are constrained by the power sensor used as well as the range of agile frequency
switching (electronic attenuator) of the UXG up to 24 GHz. Corrections to power levels as
low as -60 dBm are possible depending on the particular model of power sensor used.
The maximum power level for a correction is dependent upon the frequency range of the
UXG, specified in the data sheet, literature number 5992-0092EN.
The software will automatically find all compatible UXGs and U2000A power sensors
and add them to a selectable connection grid. Once configured the connections can be
verified by a simple self-check routine that ensures that each USB power sensor “sees”
each UXG it is logically assigned to by making a quick verification on/off measurement.
After a set of correction measurements are made, the software provides results in an
easy to view table with statistics for ensuring that the correction is stable.
Figure 10. Synchronize multiple UXGs with flexible power sensor calibration GUI.
13 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
Recommended Configurations and Ordering Information
Amplitude only calibration
Hardware
N5193A
Amplitude and phase calibration
Hardware
UXG X-Series agile signal generator
N5193A 1
N5193A-540
Frequency range, 10 MHz to 40 GHz
Same options as amplitude only
N5193A-FR1
0.001 Hz Frequency resolution
N5244A
PNA-X microwave network analyzer, 43.5 GHz
N5193A-UNT
AM, FM, phase modulation, LF output and
narrowband chirp
N5244A-200
2 ports, single source
N5244A-219
N5193A-WC1
Wideband chirp
Extended power range and bias-tees to 2 port
analyzer
N5193A-PM1
Pulse modulation
N4692A
Electronic calibration module, 10 MHz to 40 GHz
N5193A-EP1
Enhanced phase noise
N4692A-MOF
One female and one male connector, both 2.92 mm
N5193A-AT1
Mechanical and solid-state attenuator
U2022X
50 MHz - 40 GHz USB power sensor
N5193A-SS2
Switching speed - 250 ns
U2022XA-100
Connector 2.4 mm
N5193A-CC1
100-Pin I/O interface (LVDS)
U2002A
50 MHz - 24 GHz USB power sensor
Software
1
N7660B
Software
N7660B
Signal Studio for Multi-Emitter Scenario
Generation
N7660B-4FP
Connect to N5193A UXG, fixed perpetual license
N7660B-EFP
Basic multiple emitters for 1 or more UXG,
fixed perpetual license
N7660B-FFP
Multi-channel for AoA and kinematics,
fixed perpetual license
Included
Calibration software
Amplitude and time calibration
Hardware
N5193A 1
UXG X-Series agile signal generator
Same options as amplitude only
DSOZ504A
Infiniium oscilloscope: 50 GHz
Software
N7660B
Signal Studio for Multi-Emitter Scenario
Generation
Same options as amplitude only
Included
1.
Calibration software
The N5191A UXG agile signal generator is available for sale without
requiring an export license. For more information, see www.keysight.
com/find/n5191a.
UXG X-Series agile signal generator
Signal Studio for Multi-Emitter Scenario
Generation
Same options as amplitude only
Included
Calibration software
14 | Keysight | Multi-Emitter Scenario Generator, Reference Solution - Brochure
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© Keysight Technologies, 2016
Published in USA, March 15, 2016
5992-1485EN
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