LM25010 42V, 1.0A Step-Down Switching Regulator General Description Features The LM25010 features all the functions needed to implement a low cost, efficient, buck regulator capable of supplying in excess of 1A load current. This high voltage regulator integrates an N-Channel Buck Switch, and is available in thermally enhanced LLP-10 and TSSOP-14EP packages. The constant on-time regulation scheme requires no loop compensation resulting in fast load transient response and simplified circuit implementation. The operating frequency remains constant with line and load variations due to the inverse relationship between the input voltage and the ontime. The valley current limit detection is set at 1.25A. Additional features include: VCC under-voltage lock-out, thermal shutdown, gate drive under-voltage lock-out, and maximum duty cycle limiter. n n n n n n n n n n n n Wide 6V to 42V Input Voltage Range Valley Current Limiting At 1.25A Programmable Switching Frequency Up To 1 MHz Integrated N-Channel Buck Switch Integrated High Voltage Bias Regulator No Loop Compensation Required Ultra-Fast Transient Response Nearly Constant Operating Frequency With Line and Load Variations Adjustable Output Voltage 2.5V, ± 2% Feedback Reference Programmable Soft-Start Thermal shutdown Typical Applications n Non-Isolated Telecommunications Regulator n Secondary Side Post Regulator n Power SUpply for Automotive Electronics Package n LLP-10 (4 mm x 4 mm) n TSSOP-14EP n Both Packages Have Exposed Thermal Pad For Improved Heat Dissipation Basic Step-Down Regulator 20172743 © 2006 National Semiconductor Corporation DS201727 www.national.com LM25010 42V, 1.0A Step-Down Switching Regulator February 2006 LM25010 Connection Diagrams 20172702 20172703 Ordering Information Order Number Package Type NSC Package Drawing Junction Temperature Range Supplied As LM25010SD LLP-10 (4x4) SDC10A −40˚C to + 125˚C 1000 Units on Tape and Reel LM25010SDX LLP-10 (4x4) SDC10A −40˚C to + 125˚C 4500 Units on Tape and Reel LM25010MH TSSOP-14EP MXA14A −40˚C to + 125˚C 94 Units in Rail LM25010MHX TSSOP-14EP MXA14A −40˚C to + 125˚C 2500 Units on Tape and Reel www.national.com 2 LM25010 Pin Descriptions Pin Number LLP-10 TSSOP-14 Name 1 2 SW Switching Node Description Internally connected to the buck switch source. Connect to the inductor, free-wheeling diode, and bootstrap capacitor. 2 3 BST Boost pin for bootstrap capacitor Connect a capacitor from SW to the BST pin. The capacitor is charged from VCC via an internal diode during the buck switch off-time. 3 4 ISEN Current sense During the buck switch off-time, the inductor current flows through the internal sense resistor, and out of the ISEN pin to the free-wheeling diode. The current limit comparator keeps the buck switch off if the ISEN current exceeds 1.25A (typical). 4 5 SGND Current Sense Ground Re-circulating current flows into this pin to the current sense resistor. 5 6 RTN Circuit Ground Ground return for all internal circuitry other than the current sense resistor. 6 9 FB Voltage feedback input from the regulated output Input to both the regulation and over-voltage comparators. The FB pin regulation level is 2.5V. 7 10 SS Softstart An internal 11.5 µA current source charges the SS pin capacitor to 2.5V to soft-start the reference input of the regulation comparator. 8 11 RON/SD On-time control and shutdown An external resistor from VIN to the RON/SD pin sets the buck switch on-time. Grounding this pin shuts down the regulator. 9 12 VCC Output of the bias regulator The voltage at VCC is nominally equal to VIN for VIN < 8.9V, and regulated at 7V for VIN > 8.9V. Connect a 0.47 µF, or larger capacitor from VCC to ground, as close as possible to the pins. An external voltage can be applied to this pin to reduce internal dissipation if VIN is greater than 8.9V. MOSFET body diodes clamp VCC to VIN if VCC > VIN. 10 13 VIN Input supply voltage Nominal input range is 6V to 42V. Input bypass capacitors should be located as close as possible to the VIN pin and RTN pins. 1,7,8,14 NC No connection. No internal connection. Can be connected to ground plane to improve heat dissipation. EP Exposed Pad Exposed metal pad on the underside of the device. It is recommended to connect this pad to the PC board ground plane to aid in heat dissipation. 3 Application Information www.national.com LM25010 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) VIN to SW If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. All Other Inputs to RTN VIN to RTN -0.3V to 45V Storage Temperature Range BST to RTN -0.3V to 59V Lead Temperature (Soldering 4 sec) (Note 4) SW to RTN (Steady State) 45V BST to SW 14V Human Body Model VIN Voltage 260˚C 6.0V to 42V Junction Temperature -0.3V to +0.3V SS to RTN 2kV -65˚C to +150˚C Operating Ratings (Note 1) -0.3V to 14V SGND to RTN -0.3V to 7V ESD Rating (Note 2) -1.5V BST to VCC VCC to RTN 45V LM25010 -0.3V to 4V −40˚C to + 125˚C Electrical Charateristics Specifications with standard type are for TJ = 25˚C only; limits in boldface type apply over the full Operating Junction Temperature (TJ) range. Minimum and Maximum limits are guaranteed through test, design, or statistical correlation. Typical values represent the most likely parametric norm at TJ = 25˚C, and are provided for reference purposes only. Unless otherwise stated the following conditions apply: VIN = 24V, RON = 200kΩ. See (Note 5). Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units 6.6 7 7.4 Volts VCC Regulator VCCReg VCC regulated output VIN - VCC UVLOVcc ICC = 0 mA, FS ≤ 200 kHz, 6.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 8.5V 100 mV VCC Bypass Threshold VIN Increasing 8.9 V VCC Bypass Hysteresis VIN Decreasing 260 mV VCC output impedance (0 mA ≤ ICC ≤ 5 mA) VIN = 6.0V 55 Ω VIN = 8.0V 50 VIN = 24V 0.21 VCC current limit (Note 3) VIN = 24V, VCC = 0V VCC under-voltage lock-out threshold 15 mA VCC Increasing 5.25 V UVLOVCC hysteresis VCC Decreasing 180 mV UVLOVCC filter delay 100 mV overdrive 3 µs IIN operating current Non-switching, FB = 3V 645 920 µA IIN shutdown current RON/SD = 0V 90 170 µA Buck Switch RDS(on) ISW = 200mA 0.35 0.80 Ω Gate Drive UVLO VBST - VSW Increasing 3.0 4.0 Switch Characteristics RDS(on) UVLOGD 1.7 UVLOGD hysteresis 400 V mV SOFT-START Pin ISS Internal current source 8.0 11.5 15 1 1.25 1.5 µA Current Limit ILIM Threshold Current out of ISEN A Resistance from ISEN to SGND 130 mΩ Response time 150 ns On Timer, RON/SD Pin tON - 1 tON - 2 On-time VIN = 10V, RON = 200 kΩ 2.75 3.4 µs ns On-time VIN = 42V, RON = 200 kΩ 500 695 890 Shutdown threshold Voltage at RON/SD rising 0.30 0.7 1.05 Threshold hysteresis www.national.com 2.1 40 4 V mV Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Off Timer tOFF Minimum Off-time 260 ns Regulation and Over-Voltage Comparators (FB Pin) VREF FB regulation threshold 2.445 FB over-voltage threshold 2.50 2.550 V 2.9 V 1 nA Thermal shutdown temperature 175 ˚C Thermal shutdown hysteresis 20 ˚C FB bias current Thermal Shutdown TSD Thermal Resistance θJA Junction to Ambient, 0 LFPM Air Flow SDC Package MXA Package 40 40 ˚C/W θJC Junction to Case SDC Package MXA Package 5.2 5.2 ˚C/W Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation of the device is intended to be functional. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. Note 2: The human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin. Note 3: VCC provides bias for the internal gate drive and control circuits. Device thermal limitations limit external loading. Note 4: For detailed information on soldering plastic TSSOP and LLP packages refer to the Packaging Data Book available from National Semiconductor Corporation. Note 5: Typical specifications represent the most likely parametric norm at 25˚C operation. 5 www.national.com LM25010 Electrical Charateristics Specifications with standard type are for TJ = 25˚C only; limits in boldface type apply over the full Operating Junction Temperature (TJ) range. Minimum and Maximum limits are guaranteed through test, design, or statistical correlation. Typical values represent the most likely parametric norm at TJ = 25˚C, and are provided for reference purposes only. Unless otherwise stated the following conditions apply: VIN = 24V, RON = 200kΩ. See (Note 5). (Continued) LM25010 Typical Performance Characteristics VCC vs VIN VCC vs ICC 20172705 20172704 ICC vs Externally Applied VCC On-Time vs VIN and RON 20172706 20172707 Voltage at RON/SD Pin IIN vs VIN 20172710 20172708 www.national.com 6 LM25010 Block Diagram 20172744 7 www.national.com LM25010 20172711 FIGURE 1. Startup Sequence The LM25010 can be applied in numerous applications to efficiently step-down higher DC voltages. Features include: Thermal shutdown, VCC under-voltage lock-out, gate drive under-voltage lock-out, and maximum duty cycle limit. Functional Description The LM25010 Step-Down Switching Regulator features all the functions needed to implement a low cost, efficient buck DC-DC converter capable of supplying in excess of 1A to the load. This high voltage regulator integrates an N-Channel buck switch, with an easy to implement constant on-time controller. It is available in the thermally enhanced LLP-10 and TSSOP-14EP packages. The regulator compares the feedback voltage to a 2.5V reference to control the buck switch, and provides a switch on-time which varies inversely with VIN. This feature results in the operating frequency remaining relatively constant with load and input voltage variations. The switching frequency can range from less than 100 kHz to 1.0 MHz. The regulator requires no loop compensation resulting in very fast load transient response. The valley current limit circuit holds the buck switch off until the free-wheeling inductor current falls below the current limit threshold, nominally set at 1.25A. www.national.com Control Circuit Overview The LM25010 employs a control scheme based on a comparator and a one-shot on-timer, with the output voltage feedback (FB) compared to an internal reference (2.5V). If the FB voltage is below the reference the buck switch is turned on for a time period determined by the input voltage and a programming resistor (RON). Following the on-time the switch remains off for a fixed 260 ns off-time, or until the FB voltage falls below the reference, whichever is longer. The buck switch then turns on for another on-time period. Referring to the Block Diagram, the output voltage is set by R1 and R2. The regulated output voltage is calculated as follows: (1) VOUT = 2.5V x (R1 + R2) / R2 8 where RL = the load resistance. (Continued) Start-Up Bias Regulator (VCC) The LM25010 requires a minimum of 25 mV of ripple voltage at the FB pin for stable fixed-frequency operation. If the output capacitor’s ESR is insufficient additional series resistance may be required (R3 in the Block Diagram). The LM25010 operates in continuous conduction mode at heavy load currents, and discontinuous conduction mode at light load currents. In continuous conduction mode current always flows through the inductor, never decaying to zero during the off-time. In this mode the operating frequency remains relatively constant with load and line variations. The minimum load current for continuous conduction mode is one-half the inductor’s ripple current amplitude. The operating frequency in the continuous conduction mode is calculated as follows: A high voltage bias regulator is integrated within the LM25010. The input pin (VIN) can be connected directly to line voltages between 6V and 42V. Referring to the block diagram and the graph of VCC vs. VIN, when VIN is between 6V and the bypass threshold (nominally 8.9V), the bypass switch (Q2) is on, and VCC tracks VIN within 100 mV to 150 mV. The bypass switch on-resistance is approximately 50Ω, with inherent current limiting at approximately 100 mA. When VIN is above the bypass threshold, Q2 is turned off, and VCC is regulated at 7V. The VCC regulator output current is limited at approximately 15 mA. When the LM25010 is shutdown using the RON/SD pin, the VCC bypass switch is shut off, regardless of the voltage at VIN. When VIN exceeds the bypass threshold, the time required for Q2 to shut off is approximately 2 - 3 µs. The capacitor at VCC (C3) must be a minimum of 0.47 µF to prevent the voltage at VCC from rising above its absolute maximum rating in response to a step input applied at VIN. C3 must be located as close as possible to the LM25010 pins. In applications with a relatively high input voltage, power dissipation in the bias regulator is a concern. An auxiliary voltage of between 7.5V and 14V can be diode connected to the VCC pin (D2 in Figure 2) to shut off the VCC regulator, reducing internal power dissipation. The current required into the VCC pin is shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics. Internally a diode connects VCC to VIN requiring that the auxiliary voltage be less than VIN. The turn-on sequence is shown in Figure 1. When VCC exceeds the under-voltage lock-out threshold (UVLO) of 5.25V (t1 in Figure 1), the buck switch is enabled, and the SS pin is released to allow the soft-start capacitor (C6) to charge up. The output voltage VOUT is regulated at a reduced level which increases to the desired value as the soft-start voltage increases (t2 in Figure 1). (2) The buck switch duty cycle is equal to: (3) Under light load conditions, the LM25010 operates in discontinuous conduction mode, with zero current flowing through the inductor for a portion of the off-time. The operating frequency is always lower than that of the continuous conduction mode, and the switching frequency varies with load current. Conversion efficiency is maintained at a relatively high level at light loads since the switching losses diminish as the power delivered to the load is reduced. The discontinuous mode operating frequency is approximately: (4) 20172716 FIGURE 2. Self Biased Configuration 9 www.national.com LM25010 Control Circuit Overview LM25010 To set a specific continuous conduction mode switching frequency (Fs), the RON resistor is determined from the following: Regulation Comparator The feedback voltage at the FB pin is compared to the voltage at the SS pin (2.5V, ± 2%). In normal operation an on-time period is initiated when the voltage at FB falls below 2.5V. The buck switch conducts for the on-time programmed by RON, causing the FB voltage to rise above 2.5V. After the on-time period the buck switch remains off until the FB voltage falls below 2.5V. Input bias current at the FB pin is less than 5 nA over temperature. (7) In high frequency applications the minimum value for tON is limited by the maximum duty cycle required for regulation and the minimum off-time of the LM25010 (260 ns, ± 15%). The fixed off-time limits the maximum duty cycle achievable with a low voltage at VIN. The minimum allowed on-time to regulate the desired VOUT at the minimum VIN is determined from the following: Over-Voltage Comparator The feedback voltage at FB is compared to an internal 2.9V reference. If the voltage at FB rises above 2.9V the on-time is immediately terminated. This condition can occur if the input voltage, or the output load, changes suddenly. The buck switch remains off until the voltage at FB falls below 2.5V. ON-Time Control (8) The on-time of the internal buck switch is determined by the RON resistor and the input voltage (VIN), and is calculated as follows: Shutdown The LM25010 can be remotely shut down by forcing the RON/SD pin below 0.7V with a switch or open drain device. See Figure 3. In the shutdown mode the SS pin is internally grounded, the on-time one-shot is disabled, the input current at VIN is reduced, and the VCC bypass switch is turned off. The VCC regulator is not disabled in the shutdown mode. Releasing the RON/SD pin allows normal operation to resume. The nominal voltage at RON/SD is shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics. When switching the RON/SD pin, the transition time should be faster than one to two cycles of the regulator’s nominal switching frequency. (5) The RON resistor can be determined from the desired ontime by re-arranging Equation 5 to the following: (6) 20172718 FIGURE 3. Shutdown Implementation rents below the current limit threshold. When the load current is increased (High Load Current), the ripple waveform maintains the same amplitude and frequency since the current falls below the current limit threshold at the valley of the ripple waveform. Note the average current in the High Load Current portion of Figure 4 is above the current limit threshold. Since the current reduces below the threshold in the normal off-time each cycle, the start of each on-time is not delayed, and the circuit’s output voltage is regulated at the correct value. When the load current is further increased such that the lower peak would be above the threshold, the off-time is lengthened to allow the current to decrease to the threshold before the next on-time begins (Current Limited portion of Figure 4). Both VOUT and the switching frequency are reduced as the circuit operates in a constant current Current Limit Current limit detection occurs during the off-time by monitoring the recirculating current through the internal current sense resistor (RSENSE). The detection threshold is 1.25A, ± 0.25A. Referring to the Block Diagram, if the current into SGND during the off-time exceeds the threshold level the current limit comparator delays the start of the next on-time period. The next on-time starts when the current into SGND is below the threshold and the voltage at FB is below 2.5V. Figure 4 illustrates the inductor current waveform during normal operation and during current limit. The output current IO is the average of the inductor ripple current waveform. The Low Load Current waveform illustrates continuous conduction mode operation with peak and valley inductor curwww.national.com 10 The current limit threshold can be increased by connecting an external resistor (RCL) between SGND and ISEN. RCL typically is less than 1Ω, and the calculation of its value is explained in the Applications Information section. If the current limit threshold is increased by adding RCL, the maximum continuous load current should not exceed 1.5A, and the peak current out of the SW pin should not exceed 2A. (Continued) mode. The load current (IOCL) is equal to the current limit threshold plus half the ripple current (∆I/2). The ripple amplitude (∆I) is calculated from: (9) 20172720 FIGURE 4. Inductor Current - Current Limit Operation ture increases during a fault or abnormal operating condition, the internal Thermal Shutdown circuit activates typically at 175˚C. The Thermal Shutdown circuit reduces power dissipation by disabling the buck switch and the on-timer, and grounding the SS pin. This feature helps prevent catastrophic failures from accidental device overheating. When the junction temperature reduces below approximately 155˚C (20˚C typical hysteresis), the SS pin is released and normal operation resumes. N - Channel Buck Switch and Driver The LM25010 integrates an N-Channel buck switch and associated floating high voltage gate driver. The peak current through the buck switch should not exceed 2A, and the load current should not exceed 1.5A. The gate driver circuit is powered by the external bootstrap capacitor between BST and SW (C4), which is recharged each off-time from VCC through the internal high voltage diode. The minimum offtime, nominally 260 ns, ensures sufficient time during each cycle to recharge the bootstrap capacitor. A 0.022 µF ceramic capacitor is recommended for C4. Applications Information EXTERNAL COMPONENTS The procedure for calculating the external components is illustrated with a design example. Referring to the Block Diagram, the circuit is to be configured for the following specifications: • VOUT = 5V • VIN = 6V to 40V • FS = 175 kHz • Minimum load current = 200 mA Soft-Start The soft-start feature allows the regulator to gradually reach a steady state operating point, thereby reducing startup stresses and current surges. At turn-on, while VCC is below the under-voltage threshold (t1 in Figure 1), the SS pin is internally grounded, and VOUT is held at 0V. When VCC exceeds the under-voltage threshold (UVLO) an internal 11.5 µA current source charges the external capacitor (C6) at the SS pin to 2.5V (t2 in Figure 1). The increasing SS voltage at the non-inverting input of the regulation comparator gradually increases the output voltage from zero to the desired value. The soft-start feature keeps the load inductor current from reaching the current limit threshold during start-up, thereby reducing inrush currents. An internal switch grounds the SS pin if VCC is below the under-voltage lock-out threshold, if a thermal shutdown occurs, or if the circuit is shutdown using the RON/SD pin. • Maximum load current = 1.0A • Softstart time = 5 ms. R1 and R2: These resistors set the output voltage, and their ratio is calculated from: (10) R1/R2 = (VOUT/2.5V) - 1 R1/R2 calculates to 1.0. The resistors should be chosen from standard value resistors in the range of 1.0 kΩ - 10 kΩ. A value of 1.0 kΩ will be used for R1 and for R2. RON, FS: RON can be chosen using Equation 7 to set the nominal frequency, or from Equation 6 if the on-time at a particular VIN is important. A higher frequency generally means a smaller inductor and capacitors (value, size and cost), but higher switching losses. A lower frequency means Thermal Shutdown The LM25010 should be operated below the Maximum Operating Junction Temperature rating. If the junction tempera11 www.national.com LM25010 Current Limit LM25010 Applications Information A value of 200 kΩ will be used for RON, yielding a nominal frequency of 161 kHz at VIN = 6V, and 203 kHz at VIN = 40V. L1: The guideline for choosing the inductor value in this example is that it must keep the circuit’s operation in continuous conduction mode at minimum load current. This is not a strict requirement since the LM25010 regulates correctly when in discontinuous conduction mode, although at a lower frequency. However, to provide an initial value for L1 the above guideline will be used. (Continued) a higher efficiency, but with larger components. Generally, if PC board space is tight, a higher frequency is better. The resulting on-time and frequency have a ± 25% tolerance. Using equation 7 at a nominal VIN of 8V, 20172722 FIGURE 5. Inductor Current RCL: Since it is obvious that the lower peak of the inductor current waveform does not exceed 1.0A at maximum load current (see Figure 5), it is not necessary to increase the current limit threshold. Therefore RCL is not needed for this exercise. For applications where the lower peak exceeds 1.0A, see the section entitled Increasing The Current Limit Threshold. To keep the circuit in continuous conduction mode, the maximum allowed ripple current is twice the minimum load current, or 400 mAp-p. Using this value of ripple current, the inductor (L1) is calculated using the following: C1: This capacitor limits the ripple voltage at VIN resulting from the source impedance of the supply feeding this circuit, and the on/off nature of the switch current into VIN. At maximum load current, when the buck switch turns on, the current into VIN steps up from zero to the lower peak of the inductor current waveform (IPK- in Figure 5), ramps up to the peak value (IPK+), then drops to zero at turn-off. The average current into VIN during this on-time is the load current. For a worst case calculation, C1 must supply this average current during the maximum on-time. The maximum on-time is calculated at VIN = 6V using Equation 5, with a 25% tolerance added: (11) where FS(min) is the minimum frequency of 152 kHz (203 kHz - 25%) at VIN(max). This provides a minimum value for L1 - the next higher standard value (100 µH) will be used. To prevent saturation, and possible destructive current levels, L1 must be rated for the peak current which occurs if the current limit and maximum ripple current are reached simultaneously (IPK in Figure 4). The maximum ripple amplitude is calculated by rearranging Equation 11 using VIN(max), FS(min), and the minimum inductor value, based on the manufacturer’s tolerance. Assume, for this exercise, the inductor’s tolerance is ± 20%. The voltage at VIN should not be allowed to drop below 5.5V in order to maintain VCC above its UVLO. (12) Normally a lower value can be used for C1 since the above calculation is a worst case calculation which assumes the power source has a high source impedance. A quality ceramic capacitor with a low ESR should be used for C1. C2 and R3: Since the LM25010 requires a minimum of 25 mVp-p of ripple at the FB pin for proper operation, the required ripple at VOUT is increased by R1 and R2, and is equal to: VRIPPLE = 25 mVp-p x (R1 + R2)/R2 = 50 mVp-p IPK = ILIM + IOR(max) = 1.5A + 0.36A = 1.86A where ILIM is the maximum guaranteed current limit threshold. At the nominal maximum load current of 1.0A, the peak inductor current is 1.18A. www.national.com 12 C4 supplies the surge current to charge the buck switch gate at each turn-on. A low ESR also ensures a complete recharge during each off-time. C5: This capacitor suppresses transients and ringing due to lead inductance at VIN. A low ESR, 0.1 µF ceramic chip capacitor is recommended, located physically close to the LM25010. (Continued) This necessary ripple voltage is created by the inductor ripple current acting on C2’s ESR + R3. First, the minimum ripple current, which occurs at minimum VIN, maximum inductor value, and maximum frequency, is determined. C6: The capacitor at the SS pin determines the soft-start time, i.e. the time for the reference voltage at the regulation comparator, and the output voltage, to reach their final value. The capacitor value is determined from the following: (13) The minimum ESR for C2 is then equal to: For a 5 ms softstart time, C6 calculates to 0.022 µF. D1: A Schottky diode is recommended. Ultra-fast recovery diodes are not recommended as the high speed transitions at the SW pin may inadvertently affect the IC’s operation through external or internal EMI. The diode should be rated for the maximum VIN (40V), the maximum load current (1A), and the peak current which occurs when current limit and maximum ripple current are reached simultaneously (IPK in Figure 4), previously calculated to be 1.86A. The diode’s forward voltage drop affects efficiency due to the power dissipated during the off-time. The average power dissipation in D1 is calculated from: PD1 = VF x IO x (1 - D) where IO is the load current, and D is the duty cycle. If the capacitor used for C2 does not have sufficient ESR, R3 is added in series as shown in the Block Diagram. The value chosen for C2 is application dependent, and it is recommended that it be no smaller than 3.3 µF. C2 affects the ripple at VOUT, and transient response. Experimentation is usually necessary to determine the optimum value for C2. C3: The capacitor at the VCC pin provides noise filtering and stability, prevents false triggering of the VCC UVLO at the buck switch on/off transitions, and limits the peak voltage at VCC when a high voltage with a short rise time is initially applied at VIN. C3 should be no smaller than 0.47 µF, and should be a good quality, low ESR, ceramic capacitor, physically close to the IC pins. C4: The recommended value for C4 is 0.022 µF. A high quality ceramic capacitor with low ESR is recommended as FINAL CIRCUIT The final circuit is shown in Figure 6, and its performance is shown in Figures 7 & 8. Current limit measured approximately 1.3A. 20172733 FIGURE 6. Example Circuit 13 www.national.com LM25010 Applications Information LM25010 Applications Information (Continued) Item Description Value C1 Ceramic Capacitor (2) 2.2 µF, 50V C2 Ceramic Capacitor 22 µF, 16V C3 Ceramic Capacitor 0.47 µF, 16V C4, C6 Ceramic Capacitor 0.022 µF, 16V C5 Ceramic Capacitor 0.1 µF, 50V D1 Schottky Diode 60V, 2A L1 Inductor 100 µH R1 Resistor 1.0 kΩ R2 Resistor 1.0 kΩ R3 Resistor 1.5 Ω RON Resistor 200 kΩ U1 National Semi LM25010 MINIMUM LOAD CURRENT The LM25010 requires a minimum load current of 500 µA. If the load current falls below that level, the bootstrap capacitor (C4) may discharge during the long off-time, and the circuit will either shutdown, or cycle on and off at a low frequency. If the load current is expected to drop below 500 µA in the application, R1 and R2 should be chosen low enough in value so they provide the minimum required current at nominal VOUT. LOW OUTPUT RIPPLE CONFIGURATIONS For applications where low output voltage ripple is required the output can be taken directly from the low ESR output capacitor (C2) as shown in Figure 9. However, R3 slightly degrades the load regulation. The specific component values, and the application determine if this is suitable. 20172735 FIGURE 7. Efficiency vs Load Current and VIN Circuit of Figure 6 20172715 FIGURE 9. Low Ripple Output Where the circuit of Figure 9 is not suitable, the circuits of Figure 10 or Figure 11 can be used. 20172737 20172748 FIGURE 8. Frequency vs VIN Circuit of Figure 6 www.national.com FIGURE 10. Low Output Ripple Using a Feedforward Capacitor 14 when the circuit is in current limit, the upper peak current out of the SW pin (IPK in Figure 4) can be as high as: (Continued) In Figure 10, Cff is added across R1 to AC-couple the ripple at VOUT directly to the FB pin. This allows the ripple at VOUT to be reduced, in some cases considerably, by reducing R3. In the circuit of Figure 6, the ripple at VOUT ranged from 50 mVp-p at VIN = 6V to 285 mVp-p at VIN = 40V. By adding a 1000 pF capacitor at Cff and reducing R3 to 0.75Ω, the VOUT ripple was reduced by 50%, ranging from 25 mVp-p to 142 mVp-p. where IOR(max) is calculated using Equation 12. The inductor L1 and diode D1 must be rated for this current. If IPK exceeds 2A , the inductor value must be increased to reduce the ripple amplitude. This will necessitate recalculation of IOR(min), IPK-, and RCL. Increasing the circuit’s current limit will increase power dissipation and the junction temperature within the LM25010. See the next section for guidelines on this issue. PC BOARD LAYOUT and THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS The LM25010 regulation, over-voltage, and current limit comparators are very fast, and will respond to short duration noise pulses. Layout considerations are therefore critical for optimum performance. The layout must be as neat and compact as possible, and all the components must be as close as possible to their associated pins. The two major current loops have currents which switch very fast, and so the loops should be as small as possible to minimize conducted and radiated EMI. The first loop is that formed by C1, through the VIN to SW pins, L1, C2, and back to C1. The second loop is that formed by D1, L1, C2, and the SGND and ISEN pins. The ground connection from C2 to C1 should be as short and direct as possible, preferably without going through vias. Directly connect the SGND and RTN pin to each other, and they should be connected as directly as possible to the C1/C2 ground line without going through vias. The power dissipation within the IC can be approximated by determining the total conversion loss (PIN - POUT), and then subtracting the power losses in the free-wheeling diode and the inductor. The power loss in the diode is approximately: PD1 = IO x VF x (1-D) where Io is the load current, VF is the diode’s forward voltage drop, and D is the duty cycle. The power loss in the inductor is approximately: PL1 = IO2 x RL x 1.1 where RL is the inductor’s DC resistance, and the 1.1 factor is an approximation for the AC losses. If it is expected that the internal dissipation of the LM25010 will produce high junction temperatures during normal operation, good use of the PC board’s ground plane can help considerably to dissipate heat. The exposed pad on the IC package bottom should be soldered to a ground plane, and that plane should both extend from beneath the IC, and be connected to exposed ground plane on the board’s other side using as many vias as possible. The exposed pad is internally connected to the IC substrate. The use of wide PC board traces at the pins, where possible, can help conduct heat away from the IC. The four No Connect pins on the TSSOP package are not electrically connected to any part of the IC, and may be connected to ground plane to help dissipate heat from the package. Judicious positioning of the PC board within the end product, along with the use of any available air flow (forced or natural convection) can help reduce the junction temperature. 20172749 FIGURE 11. Low Output Ripple Using Ripple Injection To reduce VOUT ripple further, the circuit of Figure 11 can be used. R3 has been removed, and the output ripple amplitude is determined by C2’s ESR and the inductor ripple current. RA and CA are chosen to generate a 40-50 mVp-p sawtooth at their junction, and that voltage is AC-coupled to the FB pin via CB. In selecting RA and CA, VOUT is considered a virtual ground as the SW pin switches between VIN and -1V. Since the on-time at SW varies inversely with VIN, the waveform amplitude at the RA/CA junction is relatively constant. R1 and R2 must typically be increased to more than 5k each to not significantly attenuate the signal provided to FB through CB. Typical values for the additional components are RA = 200k, CA = 680 pF, and CB = 0.01 µF. INCREASING THE CURRENT LIMIT THRESHOLD The current limit threshold is nominally 1.25A, with a minimum guaranteed value of 1.0A. If, at maximum load current, the lower peak of the inductor current (IPK- in Figure 5) exceeds 1.0A, resistor RCL must be added between SGND and ISEN to increase the current limit threshold to equal or exceed that lower peak current. This resistor diverts some of the recirculating current from the internal sense resistor so that a higher current level is needed to switch the internal current limit comparator. IPK- is calculated from: (14) where IO(max) is the maximum load current, and IOR(min) is the minimum ripple current calculated using Equation 13. RCL is calculated from: (15) where 0.11Ω is the minimum value of the internal resistance from SGND to ISEN. The next smaller standard value resistor should be used for RCL. With the addition of RCL, and 15 www.national.com LM25010 Applications Information LM25010 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 14-Lead TSSOP Package NS Package Number MXA14A 10-Lead LLP Package NS Package Number SDC10A www.national.com 16 LM25010 42V, 1.0A Step-Down Switching Regulator Notes National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com. 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