PATCH Antennas

A br acon PT M
I ntroduction to Passive and
A ctive Patch A ntennas
1
WWW.ABRACON.COM
W W W .A B R A C ON.C OM
I ntroduction
Pur pose
•
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
To Introduce Different Types of Antennas Offered by Abracon
Objective
•
Presenting an overview of Applications and Characteristics of Patch
Antenna , External Active GPS Antenna , External GSM Antenna,
External Active GPS+GSM Antenna and Internal Active GPS Antenna.
C ontent
•
27 pages
L ear ning T ime
•
~30 minutes
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Patch A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
A patch antenna is formed by overlaying two metallic plates, one
larger than the other, with a dielectric sheet in the middle
•
Ideal for applications where the antenna sits on a flat surface.
•
Easily blends into most backgrounds.
•
Patch antennas are simple to construct, modify or customize.
Pin
Larger Metal Plate
Dielectric Sheet
Smaller Metal Plate
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Passive Patch A ntenna Ser ies (A PA E )
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C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
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The APAE Series covers a wide range of frequency bands including
GPS, GLONASS, WLAN, SDARS, and RFID.
Low Profile, Light Weight, Pin Type, Inexpensive
RHCP to be compatible with the propagated GPS signals.
Variety in Size (From 9x9mm to 80x80mm)
Optimization offered on all types to match customer’s design
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Positioning the Passive Patch A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
The ideal position for the patch antenna is on top of the GPS receiver in
the center of the printed circuit board.
•
This technique helps eliminate the transmission line on the PCB between
the input of the GPS receiver and the feed point on the antenna.
•
It also limits the radiation plot distortion caused by the potential
impedance mismatch.
•
It is recommended to mount the patch on the center of the ground plane
to maintain circular polarization since the propagated GPS signals are
circularly polarized.
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E lectr ical connection with the boar d
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
Electrical connection with PCB is accomplished by soldering the silver
pin through the hole on the PCB. Subsequently, the RF signal propagates
through the PCB to excite the patch antenna.
•
During final board assembly, only the silver pin is soldered onto the PCB,
by placing it through the hole and soldering it on the back side of the
PCB. The adhesive tape only helps to fix the antenna on the PCB. It is
not recommended to put the patch antenna through reflow process.
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Patch A ntenna G ain
Patch antenna is a passive component and therefore, its gain is
defined as antenna directivity times the radiation efficiency.
•
The antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of the radiated/received
power to the input power.
•
A Patch antenna reaches its highest gain towards the zenith since it
can receive all propagated GPS signals.
•
The larger patches have higher gain than the smaller patches and a
larger ground plane enhances overall antenna gain.
Antenna Gain vs Ground Plane Size
5
4
3
Gain (dBic)
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
2
1
0
-1 30
50
70
-2
-3
GND Plane Size(mm)
Note: GND plane is square
Plot (1)
90
Antenna Type
GPS
Glonass
GPS
RFID
SDARS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
Glonass
Glonass
GPS
Patch Size
25x25x4mm
25x25x4mm
25x25x2mm
25x25x4mm
25x25x4mm
20x20x4mm
18x18x4mm
18x18x2mm
15x15x4mm
13x13x4mm
13x13x5mm
13x13x4mm
Gain
4.5dBic
4.5dBic
4.3dBic
4.5dBic
5.0dBic
3.8dBic
3.3dBic
1.4dBic
1.2dBic
-2dBic
-2dBic
0.6dBic
Table (1)
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Patch A ntenna F requency
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
Center Frequency vs GND plane
Center Frequency (MHz)
1600
1596.6
1595
1593.5
1591.0
1590
1589.2
1585.2
1585
1580.1
1580
1575.4
1575
1570
25
35
45
55
65
75
GND Plan Size (mm)
Note: Ground plan is square
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Tuning (Optimization)
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
•
Antenna’s performance is affected by the environment
•
Tuning methods include moving the feed point, changing the shape
of the top silver electrode, and scratching the corners or sides of the
top silver plate.
•
Customers who tried the standard patch in their application send
their PCB and samples of patch antenna for fine tuning.
•
A custom part number and custom data sheet are issued based on the
tuning results for mass production. Subsequent orders are
manufactured in accordance with the custom data sheet.
Almost in all cases, tuning is required after the patch antenna is
mounted in the end-application.
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I mpedance M atching
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
The concept of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is introduced as
a measure of how well-matched an antenna is to the transmission line.
•
Standard patch antennas are manufactured by matching to 50Ω input
& output impedance on the manufacturers test fixture, in a controlled
environment.
•
When antenna is placed on the end-product PCB, impedance matching
in the end-product PCB is required to optimize the reflection
coefficients.
•
The patch antenna impedance decreases as the feed location
approaches the center.
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I mpedance M atching (C ontinue)
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
Impedance matching may also involve placement of capacitors
and/or inductors onto the PCB.
•
A popular type of matching network is the PI-network, consisting of
two shunt components with one series component in the middle. This
method provides flexibility for impedance matching. PI-network
allows putting the shunt component either before or after the series
component.
Figure (4): Two Possible Matching Networks
Figure (5): PI Network
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R adiation Patter n & I mpact of A djacent A ntennas
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
A patch antenna has a maximum directivity in the direction
perpendicular to the patch.
•
The 3dB bandwidth is where the directivity has dropped by 3dB; with
respect to the maximum directivity.
•
To avoid interference, the GPS antenna should be placed as far away
as possible from other antennas, such as Bluetooth or WWAN, in the
end-application.
•
In order to make sure that the signals from other antennas don’t
interfere with the GPS signal, there should be a 10dB or more
difference between the transmitted and the received signal from an
adjacent antenna.
Plot (4): Radiation Pattern
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I mpact of Sur rounding C omponents
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
Performance of patch antennas is affected by proximity of adjacent
components, housing, display, etc.
•
It is recommended that a clearance of 4~10mm is maintained in all
directions from adjacent components including housing
•
The cable between the feed-line and the power source should not be
bent more than 30 degrees.
•
The cable between the feed-line and the power source should be
routed away from any noisy components such as Digital Integrated
Circuits.
•
If Radom is used to protect the patch antenna and the LNA, frequency
will be shifted down.
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Design R ecommendation
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
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The GPS signal is below the noise floor.
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A GPS grade TCXO with an initial tolerance of no worse than ±2.5 ppm
is required for fast time-to-first-fix (TTFF).
•
SAW BandPass filters can be employed to further improve the overall
system performance.
The best solution to avoid digital noise is isolation.
A low-noise power source is required for LNA to properly function.
To improve noise isolation, reactive filtering is recommended between
the LNA and the bias stage.
Figure (6): Layout of a simplified GPS-receiver
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Product Over view
No.
A br acon Par t #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
APAE868R2540JBDB2-T
APAE915R2540ABDB1-T
APAE1575R1240ABDD1-T
APAE1575R1340ABDD6-T
APAE1575R1540AZDB2F-T
APAE1575R1820ABDC1-T
APAE1575R1840AADB7-T
APAE1575R1840BADB1F-T
APAE1575R2040ABDD2-T
APAE1575R2520ABDD7-T
APAE1575R2540AADBE-T
APAE1575R2540BBDB1-T
APAE1590R2540AKDB1-T
APAE2338L2540DDDB1-T
APAES915R80C16-T
APAES868R8060C16-T
APAES923R4560C16-T
APAES923R3640C16-T
APAES915R6460C16-T
APAEA1575R0940K14-T
APAES1575R1040J34-T
Product center F req. Patch Size Product A pplication B andwidth min V SW R max G ND Plane Size
868MHz
915MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1592-1608MHz
2338MHz
915MHz
868MHz
923MHz
923MHz
915MHz
1575.42-1613MHz
1575.42-1613MHz
25x25x4mm
25x25x4mm
12x12x4mm
13x13x4mm
15x15x4mm
18x18x2mm
18x18x4mm
18x18x4mm
20x20x4mm
25x25x2mm
25x25x4
25x25x4mm
25x25x4mm
25x25x4mm
80x80x6mm
80x80x6mm
45x45x6mm
36x36x4mm
64x64x6mm
9x9x4mm
10x10x4mm
RFID(EU)
RFID(USA)
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS/GLONASS
SDARS
RFID(USA)
RFID(EU)
RFID(USA)
RFID(USA)
RFID(USA)
GPS/WLAN
GPS/WLAN
3MHz
3MHz
4MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
8MHz
15MHz
15MHz
15MHz
15MHz
56MHz
20MHz
20MHz
7MHz
5MHz
15MHz
5MHz
5MHz
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
70x70mm
70x70mm
50x50mm
50x50mm
50x50mm
40x40mm
40x40mm
40x40mm
40x40mm
70x70mm
70x70mm
70x70mm
70x70mm
70x70mm
120x120mm
120x120mm
50x50mm
70x70mm
70x70mm
JL03V2.0
JL01 PCB
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Summar y of Passive Patch A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
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K ey Specifications
Low profile, Flat, Light weight, Easy to mount
High Gain, Narrow Bandwidth
Customization available via the tuning process
Tar get M ar kets and A pplications
Automotive, Navigation, Marine buoys
Surveying equipment, Cell phone, Laptop
Healthcare, medical monitoring
RFID systems for Logistic and Inventory
Management of Retail
A br acon’s A dvantage over other competitor s
Exceptionally Low cost
Optimization is available to fulfill customers’ requirements
____________________________________________________________
•
Patch antennas offered by Abracon have a wide range of applications including automotive
navigation, satellite radio, medical monitoring, and retail management while keeping the cost
exceptionally low compared to the other competitors.
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E xter nal A ntenna M odules Offered by
A br acon
WWW.ABRACON.COM
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A ntenna M odules Types and A pplications
G PS E xter nal A ctive A ntenna M odule
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•
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
Global Positioning System Antenna
Automotive Navigation, Automotive Monitoring,
Mobile Applications, Asset Tracking, etc.
G SM E xter nal A ntenna M odule
•
•
Global System for Mobile Communications
Wireless Communications, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, UMTS,
Vehicle Monitoring, etc.
G PS+G SM E xter nal A ntenna M odule
•
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Combination of GPS and GSM
GPS navigation, Vehicle tracking, Telemetry Applications, Asset
tracking, Emergency call systems, etc.
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G PS E xter nal A ctive A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
A GPS receiver has a built-in antenna to decipher satellite signals
and decode them into the tracking data or maps on the screen.
•
GPS active antenna is a combination of a GPS antenna and a low
noise amplifier (LNA).
•
In closed-off areas, such as mountains, downtown areas with tall
buildings, or inside buildings and cars, signal reception is not as
good as free space. Using an external active GPS antenna improves
the signal reception.
•
GPS external antennas also compensate for temporary signal loss to
internal GPS antenna, while the vehicle is in motion.
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G PS A ntenna M odule C omposition
Top cover
GPS Active
Antenna
Waterproof
seal
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
Base and
magnetic
•
A GPS active antenna has a patch antenna element on one side of
the PCB and LNA soldered on the other side of the PCB, as well
as shielding and cable.
•
GPS receiver can power up the external antenna. Once the GPS
receiver detects the external antenna, the internal antenna is
switched off in order to save battery power.
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E xter nal G SM A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
GSM (Global System for Mobile) antenna is commonly used in
mobile phones and cell towers.
•
GSM antennas operate using certain radio frequencies. In the United
States, different wireless providers use slightly different frequencies
for 3G network.
•
AT&T and Verizon’s GSM frequencies are 850MHz and 1900MHz.
•
T-Mobile and Metro PCS use 1700/2100MHz and 1900MHz for their
3G wireless system.
•
Abracon’s GSM external antenna group covers GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM 1900, UMTS(1900-2170MHz) and 5700~5900MHz(GSM5800
or WIFI)
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E xter nal G PS+G SM A ntenna
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
GPS+GSM antennas are mostly used for tracking/monitoring
objects, animals, or even people.
•
Most of GPS tracking devices can transmit position updates through
text message, therefore they require GSM network connection.
•
GPS+GSM tracking devices update the position by collecting
information from the cellular tower that is closest to the GSM +GPS
tracking device.
•
Some examples of the situations to use GPS+GSM tracking devices
are moving companies who need to keep track of their trucks, Taxi
companies, Car dealerships, remote monitoring of children or elderly
for safety reasons, and telemetry monitoring.
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Product Over view
No. A br acon Par t
#
1
APAMS-101
2
APAMS-102
Pr oduct C enter
F r eq. (G PS)
Pr oduct F r eq. R ange
(G SM )
N/A
820~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1990MHz(GSM1800)
820~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
1850~1990MHz(GSM1900)
1900~2170MHz(UMTS)
N/A
870~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
N/A
3
APAMS-103
4
APAMS-104
N/A
890~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHZ(GSM1800)
5
APAMPS-105
1575.42MHz
806~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
6
APAMPS-106
1575.42MHz
M odule Size
Pr oduct
A pplication
115x22 x7mm
GSM
B andwidth
C onnector T ype
M ounting T ype
FME-J3
Adhesive Base
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
138x21x6mm
GSM
140MHz (@900MHz)
280MHz (@1800MHz)
140MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
140MHz(@1900MHz)
170MHz (@2000MHz)
GSM
90MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
SMA-J3
78 x25x3.8mm
109.5 x Ø30.0 mm
GSM
70MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
SMA-J3
Ø76.8x15.8mm
GPS+GSM
806~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
Ø75x14.1mm
GPS+GSM
>10MHz(GPS)
>10MHz(GPS)
GPS: SMA-J3
GSM: FME-k3
GPS: SMA-J3
GSM: SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
Adhesive Base
Adhesive Base
Screw
Mount+Adhesive Base
7
APAMP-107
1575.42MHz
N/A
48.6x39.2x15.2mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
8
APAMP-108
1575.42MHz
N/A
54.5x44.5x14.8mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
1575.42MHz
N/A
50.6x50.6x15.1mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
SMA-JW3
Adhesive Base
9
APAMP-109
10
APAMP-110
1575.42MHz
N/A
49.20x 40x15.20mm
GPS
>10MHz
11
APAMP-111
1575.42MHz
N/A
38.3x35x12mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
12
APAMP-112
1575.42MHz
N/A
46.0x38 x15mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
13
APAMP-113
1575.42MHz
N/A
38.0x34.0x12mm
GPS
>10MHz
FAKRA-C
Adhesive Base
14
APAMP-114
1575.42MHz
N/A
26.0x23x12mm
GPS
>5MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
15
APAMP-115
1575.42MHz
N/A
40.0x35.0x13.1mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
16
APAMP-116
1575.42MHz
N/A
44.0x37x14.5mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-JW3
Adhesive Base
N/A
44.0x37mm
GPS+GLONA
SS
>8MHz(GPS)
>16MHz(GLONASS)
SMA-J3
Adhesive Base
70MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
SMA-J3strait/right angle
flexible
Through Connector
17 APAMPG-117 1575.42/1602MHz
18
APAMS-118
N/A
890~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
108.1xØ10.0mm
GSM
23
Product Over view (C ontinue)
No. A br acon Par t #
19
APAMS-119
20
APAMS-120
Pr oduct C enter
F r eq. (G PS)
Pr oduct F r eq. R ange
(G SM )
N/A
N/A
M odule Size
Pr oduct
A pplication
890~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHz(GSM1800)
78.0xØ12.0mm
GSM
2350~2450MHz(GSM2400)
5700~5900MHz(GSM5800)
77.0xØ7.0mm
GSM/WIFI
B andwidth
C onnector
T ype
M ounting
T ype
70MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
SMA
Through
Connector
100MHz (@2400MHz)
200MHz (@5800MHz)
SMA-RP
Through
Connector
SMA-RP21
APAMS-121
N/A
100MHz (@2400MHz) strait/right
200MHz (@5800MHz) angle flexible
2350~2450MHz(GSM2400)
5700~5900MHz(GSM5800)
86.0xØ10.0mm
GSM/WIFI
Through
Connector
22
APAMP-122
1575.42MHz
N/A
48.6x39.2x15.2mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Magnet Base
23
APAMP-123
1575.42MHz
N/A
50.6x50.6x15.1mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Magnet Base
24
APAMP-124
1575.42MHz
N/A
49.20x 40x15.20mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-JW3
Magnet Base
25
APAMP-125
1575.42MHz
N/A
38.3x35x12mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Magnet Base
26
APAMP-126
1575.42MHz
N/A
46.0x38 x15mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Magnet Base
27
APAMP-127
1575.42MHz
N/A
38.0x34.0x12mm
GPS
>10MHz
FAKRA-C
Magnet Base
28
APAMP-128
1575.42MHz
N/A
40.0x35.0x13.1mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-J3
Magnet Base
39
APAMP-129
1575.42MHz
N/A
44.0x37x14.5mm
GPS
>10MHz
SMA-JW3
Magnet Base
N/A
44.0x37mm
GPS+GLONASS
>8MHz(GPS)
>16MHz(GLONASS)
SMA-J3
890~960MHz(GSM900)
1710~1880MHZ(GSM1800)
109.5 x Ø30.0 mm
GSM
70MHz (@900MHz)
170MHz (@1800MHz)
SMA-J3
30
31
APAMPG-130 1575.42/1602MHz
APAMS-131
N/A
Magnet Base
Magnet Base
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W W W .A B R A C ON.C OM
Summar y of E xter nal A ntenna M odules
•
•
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
•
•
•
•
•
K ey Specifications:
High Gain, High Reliability/ Sensitivity, Compact size,
Easy to install, Light Weight, ROHS Compliant
Tar get M ar kets and A pplications:
GPS: Automotive Navigation, Automotive Monitoring, Mobile
Applications, Asset Tracking, etc.
GSM: Wireless Communications, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, UMTS,
Vehicle Monitoring, etc.
GPS+GSM: GPS navigation, Vehicle tracking, Telemetry
Applications, Asset tracking, Emergency call systems, etc.
A br acon’s A dvantage over other competitor s:
Exceptionally Low cost
Variety in Applications
Variety in size , mounting type, and connector
____________________________________________________________
In summary, external antennas offered by Abracon have a wide range of applications such as
automotive navigation, asset tracking, wireless communications, and emergency call systems.
Abracon guarantees exceptionally low cost compared to the other competitors while maintaining
quality and variety.
25
I nter nal A ctive A ntenna M odules
WWW.ABRACON.COM
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W W W .A B R A C ON.C OM
I nter nal A ctive G PS A ntenna Str ucture
Internal Active GPS Antenna module is composed of GPS patch (already
installed on a GND plane), PCB (including LNA and matching circuitry),
Metal cover, RF Cable and IPEX connector.
GPS Patch
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
GND Plane
RF Cable
IPEX
Connector
Metal Casing
FR4 PCB
IPEX
Connector
Receptacle on
Board Connector.
27
W W W .A B R A C ON.C OM
K ey Specifications
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compact
Light Weight
Easy to install
Already tuned on a GND Plane (Ready to use)
Built in Amplifier
IPEX Connector
Variety is Size
Custom Length Cable Available
ROHS Compliant
Internal GPS antennas offered by Abracon are compact, light, and easy to
install. Cable length can be modified for all parts in this series according to
customer’s application. Installation involves securing the module in
position and pressing the IPEX connector in receptacle on board connector.
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Product Over view
No.
A br acon Par t #
Product center F req.
Patch Size
Patch G ain
B andwidth (M in)
L NA G ain
PC B
R F C onnector
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
APAM0968JL03V2.0
APAM1068JL01V2.0
APAM1268JL02V2.0
APAM1348YD13V2.0
APAM1368YB13V3.0
APAM1568YE15V2.0
APAM1866YA18
APAM2764YK0175
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
1575.42MHz
9x9x6.8mm
10x10x6.8mm
12x12x6.8mm
13x13x5.6mm
13x13x6.8mm
15x15x6.8mm
18x18x7mm
27x27x7mm
2dBic
-2dBic
0dBic
1dBic
1dBic
1.5dBic
2dBic
5dBic
3MHz
3MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
5MHz
28dB
18dB
18dB
19dB
19dB
18dB
28dB
28dB
FR4
FR4
FR4
FR4
FR4
FR4
FR4
FR4
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
IPEX
29
W W W .A B R A C ON.C OM
Tar get M ar kets and A pplications
C r ystals
Oscillator s
F ilter s
Precision T iming
I nductor s
•
Automotive Navigation, Automotive Monitoring, Mobile
Applications, Asset Tracking, etc.
•
Easy solution for adding a GPS patch to an existing designs.
•
Recommended for customers who are interested in having GPS
features without going though design troubles.
•
Recommended for applications when radiation pattern gets
distorted if the patch is placed directly on the PCB.
A br acon’s A dvantage over other competitor s
•
Exceptionally Low cost
•
Variety in Size
30