DESIGN FEATURES Low Dropout Linear Li-Ion Charge Controllers Prevent Overcharging, by James Herr Save Board Space Introduction Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries are the power source of choice for today’s small handheld electronic devices due to their light weight and high energy density. There are a number of difficulties involved in charging these batteries. If overcharged, they can become hazardous to users. The LTC1731/LTC1732 are constant-current/constant-voltage linear charger controllers for single-cell lithium-ion batteries. Output voltage accuracy is 1% (max) over the –40°C to 85°C range, thus preventing the At the beginning of the charging cycle, if the battery voltage is low (less than 2.457V), the LTC1731/LTC1732 will precharge the battery with 10% of the full-scale current to avoid stressing the depleted battery. Charging is terminated by a user-programmed timer. After the timer has run out, the charging can be restarted by removing and reapplying the input voltage source or by shutting down the part momentarily. A built-in end-of-charge (C/10) comparator indicates that the charging current has dropped to 10% possibility of overcharging. The output float potential is internally set to either 4.1V or 4.2V for the LTC1731 and is pin selectable for the LTC1732, eliminating the need for an expensive external 0.1% resistor divider. The charging current is user programmable with 7% accuracy. The small size of the LTC1731 and LTC1732, along with the small number of external parts required, makes them ideal for use in portable and handheld products, where board space is at a premium. VCC 7 LTC1731 RSENSE SENSE + 2 + – 800Ω 80Ω C1 – CHRG 8 54mV + C4 – – C/10 STOP C/10 TIMER + DRV CA SLP OSCILLATOR BAT – SHDN 3 720Ω LOGIC LBO COUNTER 6 1 C2 + 100µA VREF – + – VA VCC A1 – + + C3 2.5µA VREF 2.457V CHARGE 5 BATTERY CURRENT IBAT = (2.457V • 800Ω)/(RPROG • RSENSE) PROG GND 4 RPROG Figure 1. LTC1731 block diagram 18 Linear Technology Magazine • November 2000 DESIGN FEATURES of the full scale current. The output of this comparator can also be used to stop charging before the timer runs out. The LTC1731 is available in the 8-pin MSOP and SO packages, whereas the LTC1732 is available in the 10-pin MSOP package. LTC1731/LTC1732 Features The LTC1731 and LTC1732 provide the following features: ❏ Complete linear charger controller ❏ 1% voltage accuracy ❏ Preset 4.1V or 4.2V output versions ❏ Programmable charge termination timer ❏ Programmable charge current ❏ C/10 charge current detection output ❏ Automatic sleep mode when input supply is removed ❏ Automatic trickle charging of low voltage cells ❏ Low dropout ❏ Select pin to set either 4.1V or 4.2V (LTC1732) ❏ Battery insertion detect and automatic low battery charging (LTC1732) Circuit Description Figure 1 is a block diagram of the LTC1731. The charge current is programmed by the combination of a program resistor, RPROG, and a sense resistor, R SENSE . R PROG sets the programming current through an internal, trimmed 800Ω resistor, setting up a voltage drop from VCC to the input of the current amplifier (CA). The current amplifier controls the gate of an external P-channel MOSFET to force an equal voltage drop across RSENSE, which, in turn, sets the charge current. When the potential at the BAT pin approaches the preset float voltage, the voltage amplifier (VA) starts sinking current, which decreases the required voltage drop across RSENSE, reducing the charge current. Linear Technology Magazine • November 2000 Charging begins when the potential at the VCC pin rises above the UVLO level and a program resistor is connected from the PROG pin to ground. At the beginning of the charge cycle, if the battery voltage is below 2.457V, the charger goes into trickle charge mode. The trickle charge current is 10% of the full-scale current. If the battery voltage stays low for one quarter of the total programmed charge time, the charge sequence will be terminated. The charger goes into the fastcharge, constant-current mode after the voltage on the BAT pin rises above 2.457V. In constant-current mode, the charge current is set by the combination of RSENSE and RPROG. When the battery approaches the final float voltage, the voltage loop takes control and the charge current begins to decrease. When the current drops to 10% of the full-scale charge current, an internal comparator turns off the pull-down N-channel MOSFET at the CHRG pin and connects a weak current source to ground to indicate an end-of-charge (C/10) condition. An external capacitor on the TIMER pin sets the total charge time. After a time-out occurs, the charging is terminated immediately and the CHRG pin is forced to a high impedance state. To restart the charge cycle, simply remove the input supply and reapply it or float the PROG pin momentarily. For batteries such as lithium-ion that require accurate final float potential, the internal 2.457V reference, voltage amplifier and the resistor divider provide regulation with better than 1% accuracy. For NiMH and NiCd batteries, the LTC1731/ LTC1732 can be turned into a current source by connecting the TIMER pin to VCC. When in the constantcurrent only mode, the voltage amplifier, timer and the trickle charge function are disabled. When the input voltage is not present, the charger goes into a sleep mode, dropping ICC to 7µA. This greatly reduces the current drain on the battery and increases the standby time. The charger can be shut down by floating the PROG pin. An internal current source will pull this pin’s voltage high and clamp it at 3.5V. The LTC1732 is equipped with an AC power (ACPR) pin to indicate that the input supply (wall adapter) is applied and above the undervoltage lockout level. The SEL pin allows users to set the final float potential of the battery to either 4.1V or 4.2V. The LTC1732 also has an internal comparator that monitors the battery potential and turns the charger back on when VBAT drops below 3.8V. This feature will keep the battery near fully charged after a time-out has occurred while the battery remains inserted. VIN 5V TO 12V MBRM120T3 1k 1k RSENSE 0.2Ω LTC1732-4 9 VCC SENSE 3 7 CHRG DRV 10 ACPR 1 4 BAT TIMER 6 2 PROG SEL 8 CTIMER 0.1µF GND 5 1µF Q1 Si9430DY IBAT = 500mA RPROG* 19.6k + Li-Ion 10µF CELL *SHUTDOWN INVOKED BY FLOATING THE PROG PIN Figure 2. LTC1732-4 5V to 12V in, single-cell Li-Ion charger 19 DESIGN FEATURES Programming Charge Current The formula for the battery charge current is: IBAT = (IPROG) • (800Ω/RSENSE) = (2.457V/RPROG) • (800Ω/RSENSE) where RPROG is the total resistance from the PROG pin to ground. For example, if a 500mA charge current is needed, select a value for RSENSE that will drop 100mV at the maximum charge current. RSENSE = 0.1V/0.5A = 0.2Ω, then calculate: RPROG = (2.457V/500mA) • (800Ω/0.2Ω) = 19.656k MOSFET pull-down to a weak 25µA pull-down current source to indicate the C/10 condition. Once the timer runs out (three hours), the DRV pin is pulled high and the CHRG pin output goes to a high impedance state. The SEL pin is shorted to ground to set the final battery float potential to 4.1V. charger, the charge current is set by R3 and R4. The CHRG pin output will indicate an end-of-charge (C/10) condition when the average current drops down to 10% of the full-scale value. A 220µF bypass capacitor is required at the BAT pin to keep the ripple voltage low. Conclusion 1.5A Single-Cell Battery Charger The LTC1731 can also be connected as a switcher-based battery charger for higher charging current applications (see Figure 3). As in the linear The LTC1731 makes a very compact, low parts count and low cost lithiumion battery charger. The onboard programmable timer provides charge termination without interfacing to a microprocessor. For best accuracy over temperature and time, 1% resistors are recommended. The closest 1% resistor value is 19.6k. Typical Applications 500mA Single-Cell Linear Battery Charger Figure 2 shows a typical single-cell battery charger using the LTC1732-4 with a 5V to 12V input range and a 500mA charging current. A program resistor (RPROG) sets a 100mV voltage drop across the sense resistor (RSENSE). With RSENSE = 0.2Ω, the charging current is set at 500mA. When the battery voltage rises to the preset level of 4.1V, the LTC1732 goes into constant voltage mode and the charging current is gradually reduced. When the charging current reaches 10% of the full-scale current, the CHRG pin output switches from a strong N-channel VIN = 6V D2 R1 330Ω U1 LTC1731-4.1 7 D3 2 3 C1 0.1µF 4 VCC CHRG TIMER GND C4 0.47µF SENSE DRV BAT PROG 8 + R3 0.82Ω 1/4W R2 4.7Ω 5 6 U2 3 2 1 4 5 Q1 L1 15µH R4 19.6k 1-CELL Li-Ion D1, D2: Q1: L1: U2: C2 22µF ON SEMICONDUCTOR MBRS130LT3 SILICONIX Si2305DS SUMIDA CDRH6D28-150NC TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TPS2829DBVR + D1 C3 220µF (602) 244-6600 (800) 554-5565 (847) 956-0666 (800) 477-8924 Figure 3. The LTC1731 configured as a switcher-based charger for higher current applications Authors can be contacted at (408) 432-1900 http://www.linear-tech.com/ezone/zone.html Articles, Design Ideas, Tips from the Lab… 20 Linear Technology Magazine • November 2000