Using the LTC6900 Low Power SOT-23 Oscillator as a VCO Design Note 293 Nello Sevastopoulos Introduction The LTC ®6900 is a precision low power oscillator that is extremely easy to use and occupies very little PC board space. It is a lower power version of the LTC1799. controlled by an internal bias, and by the gate to source voltage of a PMOS transistor. The voltage of the SET pin (VSET ) is typically 1.1V below V+. Programming the Output Frequency The output frequency of the LTC6900 can be programmed by altering the value of RSET as shown in Figure 1 and the accuracy of the oscillator will be as specified. The frequency can also be programmed by steering current in or out of the SET pin, as conceptually shown in Figure 3. This technique can degrade accuracy as the ratio of (V+ – VSET )/IRES is no longer uniquely dependent on the value of RSET, as shown in Figure 2. This loss of accuracy will become noticeable when the magnitude of IPROG is comparable to IRES. The frequency variation of the LTC6900 is still monotonic. The output frequency, fOSC, of the LTC6900 can range from 1kHz to 20MHz—programmed via an external resistor, RSET, and a 3-state frequency divider pin, as shown in Figure 1. fOSC = 10MHz 20kΩ • N RSET N = 1, 10, 100 (1) A proprietary feedback loop linearizes the relationship between RSET and the output frequency so the frequency accuracy is already included in the expression above. Unlike other discrete RC oscillators, the LTC6900 does not need correction tables to adjust the formula for determining the output frequency. Figure 4 shows how to implement the concept shown in Figure 3 by connecting a second resistor, RIN, between the SET pin and a ground referenced voltage source VIN. Figure 2 shows a simplified block diagram of the LTC6900. The LTC6900 master oscillator is controlled by the ratio of the voltage between V+ and the SET pin and the current, IRES, entering the SET pin. As long as IRES is precisely the current through resistor RSET, the ratio of (V+ – VSET )/IRES equals RSET and the frequency of the LTC6900 depends solely on the value of RSET. This technique ensures accuracy, typically ±0.5% at ambient temperature. For a given power supply voltage in Figure 4, the output frequency of the LTC6900 is a function of VIN, RIN, RSET, and (V+ – VSET ) = VRES: fOSC = RSET GAIN = 1 3 5V 1 0.1μF 2 V+ OUT LTC6900 1kHz ≤ fOSC ≤ 20MHz 5 10k ≤ RSET ≤ 2M SET DIV PROGRAMMABLE DIVIDER (N) (÷1, 10 OR 100) SET GND ƒMO.)[tLĀt +– VBIAS 4 ÷10 IRES IRES (V + – VSET) DIVIDER SELECT V + – 5 " DIV THREE-STATE INPUT DETECT + – 4 " OPEN ÷1 GND %/' DN293 F01 Figure 1. Basic Connection Diagram 09/02/293_conv OUT + MASTER OSCILLATOR – 5V GND ÷100 3 VRES = (V+ – VSET) = 1.1V TYPICAL V+ + IRES (2) L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. As shown in Figure 2, the voltage of the SET pin is 1 ⎞ 10MHz 20kΩ ⎛ VIN – V + 1 • • 1+ • N RSET //RIN ⎜⎝ VRES 1+RIN /RSET ⎟⎠ Figure 2. Simplified Block Diagram V+ 1 0.1μF 2 RSET V+ OUT LTC6900 Once RIN/RSET is known, calculate RSET from: 5 ÷100 3 SET DIV ( 4 ÷10 OPEN ÷1 IPR ) ⎡ ⎛ RIN ⎞ ⎤ + ⎢ VIN(MAX) – V + VRES ⎜ 1+ ⎥ ⎝ RSET ⎠⎟ ⎥ 10MHz 20kΩ ⎢ RSET = • ⎥ ⎛ R ⎞ N fOSC(MAX) ⎢ VRES ⎜ IN ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝ RSET ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 5V GND (4) DN293 F03 + 0.1μF VRES RSET – VIN + – 2 5 V+ OUT LTC6900 fOSC 5V GND ÷100 3 SET 4 DIV RIN ÷10 OPEN ÷1 DN293 F04 Figure 4. Implementation of the Concept Shown in Figure 3 When VIN = V+ the output frequency of the LTC6900 assumes the highest value and it is set by the parallel combination of RIN and RSET. Also note, the output frequency, fOSC, is independent of the value of VRES = (V+ – VSET ) so, the accuracy of fOSC is within the data sheet limits. When VIN is less than V+, and especially when VIN approaches the ground potential, the oscillator frequency, fOSC, assumes its lowest value and its accuracy is affected by the change of VRES = (V+ – VSET ). At 25°C VRES varies by ±8%, assuming the variation of V+ is ±5%. The temperature coefficient of VRES is 0.02%/°C. Note that if VIN is the output of a DAC referenced to V+, the VRES sensitivity to the power supply is eliminated. By manipulating the algebraic relation for fOSC above, a simple algorithm can be derived to set the values of external resistors RSET and RIN, as shown in Figure 4: 1. Choose the desired value of the maximum oscillator frequency, fOSC(MAX), occurring at maximum input voltage VIN(MAX) ≤ V+. 2. Set the desired value of the minimum oscillator frequency, fOSC(MIN), occurring at minimum input voltage VIN(MIN) ≥ 0. 3. Choose VRES = 1.1V and calculate the ratio of RIN/ RSET from the following: RIN = RSET (V IN(MAX) – V ⎛ fOSC(MAX) ⎞ + ⎟ • VIN(MIN) – V OSC(MIN) ⎠ –1 ⎛ fOSC(MAX) ⎞ VRES ⎜ – 1⎟ ⎝ fOSC(MIN) ⎠ + ) – ⎜⎝ f ( www.linear.com Linear Technology Corporation Example 2: Vary the oscillator frequency by one octave per volt. Assume fOSC(MIN) = 1MHz and fOSC(MAX) = 2MHz, when the input voltage varies by 1V. The minimum input voltage is half supply, that is VIN(MIN) = 1.5V, VIN(MAX) = 2.5V and V+ = 3V. Equation (3) yields RIN/RSET = 1.273 and equation (4) yields RSET = 142.8kΩ. RIN = 1.273RSET = 181.8kΩ. For standard resistor values, use RSET = 143kΩ (1%) and RIN = 182kΩ (1%). Figure 6 shows the measured fOSC vs VIN. For VIN higher than 1.5V the VCO is quite linear; nonlinearities occur when VIN becomes smaller than 1V, although the VCO remains monotonic. The VCO modulation bandwidth is 25kHz that is, the LTC6900 will respond to changes in the frequency programming voltage, VIN, ranging from DC to 25kHz. 2.00 3000 RIN = 1.1M RSET = 110k V + = 3V N=1 1.90 1.70 1.50 ) Data Sheet Download Let V+ = 3V, fOSC(MAX) = 2MHz for VIN(MAX) = 3V and fOSC(MIN) = 1.5MHz for VIN=0V. Solve for RIN/RSET by equation (3), yielding RIN/RSET = 9.9/1. RSET = 110.1kΩ by equation (4). RIN = 9.9RSET = 1.089MΩ. For standard resistor values, use RSET = 110kΩ (1%) and RIN = 1.1MΩ (1%). Figure 5 shows the measured fOSC vs VIN. The 1.5MHz to 2MHz frequency excursion is quite limited, so the curve fOSC vs VIN is linear. fOSC (kHz) 1 V+ Example 1: In this example, the oscillator output frequency has small excursions. This is useful where the frequency of a system should be tuned around some nominal value. fOSC (MHz) Figure 3. Concept for Programming via Current Steering 1000 0 0 2 1 VIN (V) (3) RIN = 182k RSET = 143k V+ = 3V 2000 N = 1 3 0 DN293 F05 1 2 VIN (V) 3 DN293 F06 Figure 5. Output Frequency Figure 6. Output Frequency vs Input Voltage vs Input Voltage For applications help, call (408) 432-1900 dn293f_conv LT/TP 0902 351.5K • PRINTED IN THE USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2002